Name : Umar Ali

Roll Number : 522

Class # : Bcs 6th Semester

Assignment # : 01

Submitted to : Sir Wajid Ali

Subject : “CS-513-Database
Administration”
What is Data:
In simple words, data can be facts related to any object in
consideration. For example, your name, age, height, weight, etc. are some
data related to you. A picture, image, file, pdf, etc. can also be considered
data.

Database:
A database is a systematic collection of data. They support electronic storage
and manipulation of data. Databases make data management easy.Let us
discuss a database example: An online telephone directory uses a database
to store data of people, phone numbers, and other contact details. Your
electricity service provider uses a database to manage billing, client-related
issues, handle fault data, etc.Let us also consider Facebook. It needs to store,
manipulate, and present data related to members, their friends, member
activities, messages, advertisements, and a lot more. We can provide a
countless number of examples for the usage of databases.

Types of Databases:
Here are some popular types of databases.

Distributed databases:
A distributed database is a type of database that has contributions from the
common database and information captured by local computers. In this type
of database system, the data is not in one place and is distributed at various
organizations.

Relational databases:
This type of database defines database relationships in the form of tables. It is
also called Relational DBMS, which is the most popular DBMS type in the
market. Database example of the RDBMS system include MySQL, Oracle,
and Microsoft SQL Server database.
Object-oriented databases:
This type of computers database supports the storage of all data types. The
data is stored in the form of objects. The objects to be held in the database
have attributes and methods that define what to do with the data. PostgreSQL
is an example of an object-oriented relational DBMS.

Centralized database:
It is a centralized location, and users from different backgrounds can access
this data. This type of computers databases store application procedures that
help users access the data even from a remote location.

Open-source databases:
This kind of database stored information related to operations. It is mainly
used in the field of marketing, employee relations, customer service, of
databases.

Cloud databases:
A cloud database is a database which is optimized or built for such a
virtualized environment. There are so many advantages of a cloud database,
some of which can pay for storage capacity and bandwidth. It also offers
scalability on-demand, along with high availability.

Data warehouses:
Data Warehouse is to facilitate a single version of truth for a company for
decision making and forecasting. A Data warehouse is an information system
that contains historical and commutative data from single or multiple sources.
Data Warehouse concept simplifies the reporting and analysis process of the
organization.

NoSQL databases:
NoSQL database is used for large sets of distributed data. There are a few big
data performance problems that are effectively handled by relational
databases. This type of computers database is very efficient in analyzing
large-size unstructured data.
Graph databases:
A graph-oriented database uses graph theory to store, map, and query
relationships. These kinds of computers databases are mostly used for
analyzing interconnections. For example, an organization can use a graph
database to mine data about customers from social media.

OLTP databases:
OLTP another database type which able to perform fast query processing and
maintaining data integrity in multi-access environments.

Personal database:
A personal database is used to store data stored on personal computers that
are smaller and easily manageable. The data is mostly used by the same
department of the company and is accessed by a small group of people.

Multimodal database:
The multimodal database is a type of data processing platform that supports
multiple data models that define how the certain knowledge and information in
a database should be organized and arranged.

Document/JSON database:
In a document-oriented database, the data is kept in document collections,
usually using the XML, JSON, BSON formats. One record can store as much
data as you want, in any data type (or types) you prefer.

Hierarchical:
This type of DBMS employs the "parent-child" relationship of storing data. Its
structure is like a tree with nodes representing records and branches
representing fields. The windows registry used in Windows XP is a
hierarchical database example.
Network DBMS:
This type of DBMS supports many-to-many relations. It usually results in
complex database structures. RDM Server is an example of database
management system that implements the network model.

Database Components

Database Components

There are five main components of a database:

Hardware:
The hardware consists of physical, electronic devices like computers, I/O
devices, storage devices, etc. This offers the interface between computers
and real-world systems.

Software:
This is a set of programs used to manage and control the overall database.
This includes the database software itself, the Operating System, the network
software used to share the data among users, and the application programs
for accessing data in the database.
Database Access Language:
Database Access language is used to access the data to and from the
database, enter new data, update already existing data, or retrieve required
data from DBMS. The user writes some specific commands in a database
access language and submits these to the database.

Database Management System (DBMS):

Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of programs that
enable its users to access databases, manipulate data, report, and represent
data. It also helps to control access to the database. Database
Management Systems are not a new concept and, as such, had been first
implemented in the 1960s.

Charles Bachman's Integrated Data Store (IDS) is said to be the first DBMS in
history. With time database, technologies evolved a lot, while usage and
expected functionalities of databases increased immensely.

History of Database Management System:

Here, are the important landmarks from the history:

 1960 - Charles Bachman designed first DBMS system.

 1970 - Codd introduced IBM'S Information Management System (IMS).
 1976 - Peter Chen coined and defined the Entity-relationship model also
know as the ER model.
 1980 - Relational model becomes a widely accepted database
component.
 1985 - Object-oriented DBMS develops.
 1990 - Incorporation of object-orientation in relational DBMS.
 1991 - Microsoft ships MS access, a personal DBMS and that displaces
all other personal DBMS products.
 1995 - First Internet database applications.
 1997 - XML applied to database processing. Many vendors begin to
integrate XML into DBMS products.
Advantages of DBMS:
 DBMS offers a variety of techniques to store & retrieve data.
 DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple
applications using the same data.
 Uniform administration procedures for data.
 Application programmers never exposed to details of data
representation and storage.
 A DBMS uses various powerful functions to store and retrieve data
efficiently.
 Offers Data Integrity and Security.
 The DBMS implies integrity constraints to get a high level of protection
against prohibited access to data.
 A DBMS schedules concurrent access to the data in such a manner that
only one user can access the same data at a time.
 Reduced Application Development Time.

Disadvantage of DBMS:
DBMS may offer plenty of advantages but, it has certain flaws-

 Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which

increases the budget of your organization.
 Most database management systems are often complex systems, so
the training for users to use the DBMS is required.
 In some organizations, all data is integrated into a single database
which can be damaged because of electric failure or database is
corrupted on the storage media.
 Use of the same program at a time by many users sometimes leads to
the loss of some data.
 DBMS can't perform sophisticated calculations.
Characteristics of Database Management System
 Provides security and removes redundancy
 Self-describing nature of a database system
 Insulation between programs and data abstraction
 Support of multiple views of the data
 Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing
 DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form tables.
 It follows the ACID concept ( Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and
Durability).
 DBMS supports multi-user environment that allows users to access and
manipulate data in parallel.

DBMS vs. Flat File

DBMS Flat File Management System

Multi-user access It does not support multi-user access

Design to fulfill the need for small and It is only limited to smaller DBMS system.
large businesses

Remove redundancy and Integrity Redundancy and Integrity issues

Expensive. But in the long term Total It's cheaper

Cost of Ownership is cheap

Easy to implement complicated No support for complicated transactions

transactions
Users in a DBMS environment:
Following, are the various category of users of a DBMS system

Component Name Task

Application Programmers The Application programmers write

programs in various programming
languages to interact with databases.

Database Administrators Database Admin is responsible for

managing the entire DBMS system.
He/She is called Database admin or
DBA.

End-Users The end users are the people who

interact with the database management
system. They conduct various operations
on database like retrieving, updating,
deleting, etc.

Popular DBMS Software:

Here, is the list of some popular DBMS system:

 MySQL
 Microsoft Access
 Oracle
 PostgreSQL
 dBASE
 FoxPro
 SQLite
 IBM DB2
 LibreOffice Base
 MariaDB
 Microsoft SQL Server etc.
Application of DBMS
Sector Use of DBMS

Banking For customer information, account activities, payments,

deposits, loans, etc.

Airlines For reservations and schedule information.

Universities For student information, course registrations, colleges

and grades.

Telecommunication It helps to keep call records, monthly bills, maintaining

balances, etc.

Finance For storing information about stock, sales, and

purchases of financial instruments like stocks and
bonds.

Sales Use for storing customer, product & sales information.

Manufacturing It is used for the management of supply chain and for

tracking production of items. Inventories status in
warehouses.

HR Management For information about employees, salaries, payroll,

deduction, generation of paychecks, etc.

Types of DBMS

Types of DBMS
Four Types of DBMS systems are:
 Hierarchical database
 Network database
 Relational database
 Object-Oriented database

Hierarchical DBMS:

In a Hierarchical database, model data is organized in a tree-like structure.

Data is Stored Hierarchically (top down or bottom up) format. Data is
represented using a parent-child relationship. In Hierarchical DBMS parent
may have many children, but children have only one parent.

Network Model:

The network database model allows each child to have multiple parents. It
helps you to address the need to model more complex relationships like as
the orders/parts many-to-many relationship. In this model, entities are
organized in a graph which can be accessed through several paths.

Relational model:

Relational DBMS is the most widely used DBMS model because it is one of
the easiest. This model is based on normalizing data in the rows and columns
of the tables. Relational model stored in fixed structures and manipulated
using SQL.

Object-Oriented Model:

In Object-oriented Model data stored in the form of objects. The structure

which is called classes which display data within it. It defines a database as a
collection of objects which stores both data members values and operations.