2016-Cmc-Supplement (California Mechanical Code)
2016-Cmc-Supplement (California Mechanical Code)
2016-Cmc-Supplement (California Mechanical Code)
July 1, 2018
General Information:
1. The date of this Supplement is for identification purposes only. See the History Note
Appendix on the backside or accompanying page.
3. Health and Safety Code Section 18938.5 establishes that only building standards in effect
at the time of the application for a building permit may be applied to the project plans and
construction. This rule applies to both adoptions of building standards for Title 24 by the
California Building Standards Commission, and local adoptions and ordinances imposing
building standards. The new building standards provided with the enclosed blue
supplement pages must not be enforced before the effective date.
4. Not all code text on the enclosed blue supplement pages is a new building standard. New,
amended, or repealed building standards are identified by margin symbols. An explanation
of margin symbols is provided in the code before the Table of Contents.
5. You may wish to retain the superseded material with this revision record so that the prior
wording of any section can be easily ascertained.
Adopting Agency
BSC- HCD DSA OSHPD
BSC SFM BSCC DPH AGR DWR CEC CA SL SLC
Adopting Agency
BSC- HCD DSA OSHPD
BSC SFM BSCC DPH AGR DWR CEC CA SL SLC
CG 1 2 1-AC AC SS SS/CC 1 2 3 4
Adopting Agency
BSC- HCD DSA OSHPD
BSC SFM BSCC DPH AGR DWR CEC CA SL SLC
CG 1 2 1-AC AC SS SS/CC 1 2 3 4
»
tion for specific sections).
construction shall be in accordance with Section 316.5. Note: This section has no corresponding provisions in the
316.8 Firewalls. A pipe sleeve through a firewall shall have UMC. For the scope and authority of each state agency, refer
the space around the pipe or tubing completely sealed with to Chapter 1.
an approved fire-resistive material in accordance with other
»
318.2 Services/Systems and Utilities. Refer to Section
codes. 1224.4.1 of the California Building Code.
316.9 Structural Members. A structural member weakened
or impaired by cutting, notching, or otherwise shall be rein- 319.0 Steam and Hot-Water Systems.
forced, repaired, or replaced so as to be left in a safe structural
condition in accordance with the requirements of the building 319.1 Requirements for Hospitals and Optional Services
»
code. Provided in Correctional Treatment Centers. [OSHPD 1 & 4]
319.1.1 Boilers shall have the capacity, based upon the
316.10 Rodentproofing. Mechanical system shall be
rest ratings published by the Hydronics Institute or
constructed in such a manner as to restrict rodents or vermin
another acceptable national standard to supply the
from entering a building by following the ductwork from the
»
normal operating requirements of all connected systems
outside into the building. and equipment.
316.11 Metal Collars. In or on buildings where openings 319.1.2 A minimum of two boilers shall be provided. The
have been made in walls, floors, or ceilings for the passage of arrangement of boilers shall be based on the capacity
ductwork or pipes, such openings shall be closed and and capability of a boiler or boilers to operate all
protected by the installation of approved metal collars systems during-periods of breakdown or maintenance of
securely fastened to the adjoining structure. any one boiler.
319.1.3 Boiler systems providing space heating shall be
»
317.0 Trenching, Excavation, and Backfill. designed to maintain a minimum temperature of 60°F
317.1 Trenches. Trenches deeper than the footings of a (15.6°C) in general patient areas and the temperatures
specified in Table 4-A for sensitive areas during periods
building or structure, and paralleling the same, shall be
of breakdown or maintenance of any one boiler.
located not less than 45 degrees (0.79 rad) from the bottom
exterior edge of the footing, or as approved in accordance 319.1.4 Boiler feed pumps, condensate return pumps,
»
with Section 302.0. fuel oil pumps, and heating circulating pumps shall be
connected and installed to provide standby service in the
317.2 Tunneling and Driving. Tunneling and driving shall event of pump failure. Installation of duplex pumps or
be permitted to be done in yards, courts, or driveways of a provision of a spare pump will meet this requirement.
building site. Where sufficient depth is available to permit,
319.1.5 At least two sources of heat (e.g. two pieces of
tunnels shall be permitted to be used between open-cut
equipment) shall be provided for supplying essential
trenches. Tunnels shall have a clear height of 2 feet (610 mm) services such as sterilizers, hot water for dishwashing,
above the pipe and shall be limited in length to one-half the and domestic hot water for minimum patient service,
depth of the trench, with a maximum length of 8 feet (2438 such as handwashing and baths. Booster heaters for
mm). Where pipes are driven, the drive pipe shall be not less dishwashing providing 125°F to 180°F (52°C to 82°C)
than one size larger than the pipe to be laid. water may be counted as the second source of heat for
317.3 Open Trenches. Excavations required to be made for that service.
the installation of a mechanical system or part thereof, within 319.2 Requirements for Skilled Nursing, Intermediate Care
the walls of a building, shall be open trench work and shall be
»
Facilities and Basic Services Provided in Correctional
kept open until it has been inspected, tested, and accepted. Treatment Centers. [For OSHPD 2 & 4]
317.4 Excavations. Excavations shall be completely back- 319.2.1 Boilers, if provided, shall accommodate Section
filled as soon after inspection as practicable. Precaution shall 319.1.
be taken to ensure compactness of backfill around piping 319.2.2 Two or more interconnected water heaters are
without damage to such piping. Trenches shall be backfilled an acceptable means to provide two sources of heat for
in thin layers to 12 inches (305 mm) above the top of the hot water (See Section 319.1.5).
piping with clean earth, which shall not contain stones, boul-
ders, cinderfill, frozen earth, construction debris, or other
materials that will damage or break the piping or cause 320.0 Air Conditioning and Heating Systems.
corrosive action. Mechanical devices such as bulldozers, 320.1 Requirements for Hospitals and Optional Services
graders, etc., shall be permitted to then be used to complete Provided in Correctional Treatment Centers. [OSHPD 1 & 4]
backfill to grade. Fill shall be properly compacted. Precau- 320.1.1 The systems shall be designed to provide the
tions shall be taken to ensure permanent stability for pipe laid temperatures and relative humidity for sensitive areas or
in filled or made ground. rooms shown in Table 4-A. When outdoor humidity and
internal moisture sources are not sufficient to meet the psychiatric hospitals, general acute-care hospitals, and
requirements of sensitive areas or rooms in Table 4-A, special treatment program service units in skilled nursing
humidification shall be provided by means of the health- facilities, psychiatric, seclusion, and holding-patient rooms
care facility air-handling systems. Temperature shall be shall be designed with security diffusers, grilles, and registers.
individually controlled for each operating and delivery
room. Burn unit patient rooms that require humidifiers
321.0 Essential Mechanical Provisions. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3
to comply with the requirements of sensitive areas or
(Surgical Clinics only) & 4] During periods of power
rooms in Table 4-A shall be provided with individual
outages essential electrical power shall be provided for the
humidity control. All humidifiers shall use dry steam.
following equipment:
Humidifiers shall be located within air handling systems
or ductwork to avoid moisture accumulation in down- 321.1 (Does not apply to OSHPD 3 surgical clinic.) All
stream components, including filters and insulation. heating equipment necessary to maintain a minimum temper-
ature of 60°F (15.6°) in patient areas which are not specified
320.1.2 Heating systems shall be designed based on the
in Section 322.0.
“Heating DB 99.6%” column of the Climatic Design
Data in ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals. The systems 321.2 All heating equipment necessary to maintain the
shall be thermostatically controlled with appropriate minimum temperatures listed in Table 4-A for sensitive areas
zoning to achieve the above conditions. specified in Section 322.0.
320.1.3 Cooling systems shall be designed based on the 321.3 Equipment necessary for humidification of the areas
0.4% columns of the four Annual Design Conditions listed in Section 322.0.
titled Cooling, Evaporation, Dehumidification, and 321.4 All supply, return, and exhaust fans required to maintain
Enthalpy shown by the Climate Design Data in ASHRAE the positive and negative air balances as required in Table 4-A.
Handbook-Fundamentals. The systems shall be thermo- 321.5 All control components and control systems necessary
statically controlled with appropriate zoning to achieve for the normal operation of equipment required to have essen-
the above conditions. tial electrical power.
320.2 Requirements for Skilled Nursing, Intermediate Care 321.6 Alarms for airborne infection isolation rooms and
Facilities and Basic Services Provided in Correctional protective environment rooms.
Treatment Centers. [For OSHPD 2 & 4]
320.2.1 Systems shall accommodate the provisions of 322.0 Sensitive Areas or Rooms. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 (Surgical
Sections 320.1.2 through 320.1.3. Clinics) & 4] The following are sensitive areas or rooms:
320.2.2 Where air conditioning is provided, the system (1) Operating room, hybrid operation room
shall be thermostatically controlled in one or more zones.
(2) Cystoscopy
320.3 Requirements for Outpatient Facilities and Licensed (3) Cardiac catheterization lab
Clinics. [For OSHPD 3]
(4) Trauma/cardiac room
320.3.1 The system shall be designed to provide the
temperature and humidity’s for sensitive areas for rooms (5) Delivery room, cesarean operating room
shown in Table 4-A. (6) Gastrointestinal endoscopy procedure room
320.4 Telephone and Data Equipment Rooms. [OSHPD 1 & (7) Post-anesthesia care unit
4] Where telecommunications service entrance rooms, tech- (8) Newborn nursery
nology equipment centers, or technology distribution rooms (9) Newborn intensive-care nursery unit
are provided in accordance with Section 1224.5 of the Cali-
(10) Intensive care
fornia Building Code, the following requirements shall apply:
(11) Burn unit
320.4.1 Power for HVAC systems serving the room(s)
shall be supplied by the Equipment Branch pursuant to 322.1 The following conditions shall be met for sensitive
the California Electrical Code. Where redundant systems areas or rooms:
are provided, only one shall be required to be supplied by (1) Thermostats and humidistats shall be either locally reset-
the Equipment Branch. table and of the non-locking type or remotely resettable
320.4.2 Mechanical equipment or fixtures that are not and of the locking type.
directly related to the support of the room shall not be (2) Systems shall be capable of maintaining the rooms within
installed in or pass through the room. the temperature range in Table 4-A during normal oper-
ation. Lower or higher temperature shall be permitted
Exception: Unrelated ductwork may be installed and shall
when patients’ comfort and/or medical conditions require
be not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) above the finished floor.
those conditions.
320.4.3 HVAC systems shall be provided to maintain
(3) The humidity ranges listed in Table 4-A are the minimum
environmental conditions recommended in ASHRAE’s
and maximum limits where control is specifically needed.
Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environment
and the requirements of the specific equipment installed. (4) Types of intensive care service spaces are listed in the
California Building Code.
320.5 Psychiatric Services. [OSHPD 1, 2, & 4] For projects
associated with provision of psychiatric services in acute
Adopting Agency
BSC- HCD DSA OSHPD
BSC SFM BSCC DPH AGR DWR CEC CA SL SLC
CG 1 2 1-AC AC SS SS/CC 1 2 3 4
402.2.2 Location and Size of Openings. Spaces, or zone outdoor airflow (Vbz), shall be not less than the
portions of spaces, to be naturally ventilated shall be value determined in accordance with Equation 403.2.1.
permanently open to operable wall openings directly to
the outdoors, the openable area of which is a minimum of
Vbz = Rp• Pz + Ra• Az (Equation 403.2.1)
4 percent of the net occupiable floor area. Where openings
are covered with louvers or otherwise obstructed, open-
able area shall be based on the net free unobstructed area Where:
through the opening. Where interior rooms, or portions of Az = zone floor area: the net occupiable floor area of
rooms, without direct openings to the outdoors are venti- the ventilation zone, square feet (m2).
lated through adjoining rooms, the opening between rooms Pz = zone population: The number of people in the venti-
shall be permanently unobstructed and shall have a free lation zone during typical usage.
area of not less than 8 percent of the area of the interior
room nor less than 25 square feet (2.3 m2). [ASHRAE Rp = outdoor airflow rate required per person as deter-
»
62.1:6.4.2] mined from Table 402.1.
402.2.3 Control and Accessibility. The means to open Ra = outdoor airflow rate required per unit area as deter-
required operable openings shall be readily accessible to mined from Table 402.1. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.2.1]
building occupants where the space is occupied. Controls 403.2.2 Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness. The zone
shall be designed to coordinate operation of the natural air distribution effectiveness (Ez ) shall be not greater
and mechanical ventilation systems. [ASHRAE than the default value determined in accordance with
62.1:6.4.3] Table 403.2.2. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.2.2]
402.3 Mechanical Ventilation. Where natural ventilation is 403.2.3 Zone Outdoor Airflow. The zone outdoor
not permitted by this section or the building code, mechanical airflow (Voz), i.e., the outdoor airflow rate that shall be
ventilation systems shall be designed, constructed, and provided to the ventilation zone by the supply air distri-
installed to provide a method of supply air and exhaust air. bution system, shall be determined in accordance with
Mechanical ventilation systems shall include controls, manual Equation 403.2.3. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.2.3]
or automatic, that enable the fan system to operate wherever
the spaces served are occupied. The system shall be designed Voz = Vbz / Ez (Equation 403.2.3)
to maintain minimum outdoor airflow as required by Section
403.0 under any load conditions.
403.3 Single-Zone Systems. For ventilation systems where
402.4 Outdoor Air Intake Protection. Required outdoor-air
one or more air handlers supply a mixture of outdoor air and
intakes shall be covered with a screen having not less than 1⁄4
recirculated air to only one ventilation zone, the outdoor air
of an inch (6.4 mm) openings, and shall have not more than 1⁄2
intake flow (Vot) shall be determined in accordance with
of an inch (12.7 mm) openings.
Equation 403.3. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.3]
402.4.1 Weather Protections. Outdoor air intakes that
are part of the mechanical ventilation system shall be
designed to manage rain entrainment, to prevent rain Vot = Voz (Equation 403.3)
intrusion, and manage water from snow in accordance
with ASHRAE 62.1. 403.4 One Hundred Percent Outdoor Air Systems. For
402.5 Bathroom Exhaust Fans. [HCD 1 & HCD 2] Each ventilation systems where one or more air handlers supply
bathroom shall be mechanically ventilated in accordance with only outdoor air to one or more ventilation zones, the outdoor
Division 4.5 of the California Green Building Standards Code air intake flow (Vot ) shall be determined in accordance with
(CALGreen). Equation 403.4. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.4]
403.0 Ventilation Rates. [Not permitted for OSHPD 1, 2, 3 Vot = ∑ all zones Voz (Equation 403.4)
& 4]
403.1 General. The design outdoor air intake flow rate for a 403.5 Multiple-Zone Recirculating Systems. For ventila-
ventilation system shall be determined in accordance with tion systems where one or more air handlers supply a mixture
Section 403.2 through Section 403.9.4. of outdoor air and recirculated air to more than one ventila-
403.2 Zone Calculations. Ventilation zone parameters shall tion zone, the outdoor air intake flow (Vot) shall be deter-
be determined in accordance with Section 403.2.1 through mined in accordance with Section 403.5.1 through Section
Section 403.2.3 for each ventilation zone served by the venti- 403.5.4. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.5]
lation system. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.2] 403.5.1 Primary Outdoor Air Fraction. The primary
403.2.1 Breathing Zone Outdoor Airflow. The outdoor outdoor air fraction (Zpz ) shall be determined for venti-
airflow required in the breathing zone of the occupiable lation zones in accordance with Equation 403.5.1.
space or spaces in a ventilation zone, i.e., the breathing [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.5.1]
(6608 L/s) of exhaust air for each operating vehicle. 403.9.4 Class 4 Air. Class 4 air shall not be recirculated
Number of operating vehicles shall be determined or transferred to other spaces or be recirculated within
based on 2.5 percent of all parking spaces (and not the space of origin. [ASHRAE 62.1:5.16.3.4]
less than one vehicle).
403.7.2.3 Exhaust Inlet Distribution. [HCD 1 & 2] 404.0 Multiple-Zone Systems.
To ensure proper exhaust of contaminated air and
fumes from parking garages, exhaust systems 404.1 General. This section presents an alternative procedure
utilizing multiple exhaust inlets shall be designed so for calculating the system ventilation efficiency (Ev) where
that exhaust inlets are distributed in such a manner values in Table 403.5.2 are not used. The system ventilation
that no portion of the parking garage is more than efficiency shall equal the lowest zone ventilation efficiency
50 feet (15 240 mm) from an exhaust inlet. Such among the ventilation zones served by the air handler in
exhaust inlets shall be installed so that the highest accordance with Equation 404.1. [ASHRAE 62.1:A1.3]
elevation of the exhaust inlet is no greater than 12
inches (305 mm) below the lowest ceiling level. Ev = minimum (Evz) (Equation 404.1)
Exception: Garage exhaust systems designed without
distributed exhaust inlets may have their exhaust
inlets designed based on the principles of engineering 404.2 Average Outdoor Air Fraction. The average outdoor
and mechanics and shall provide the minimum air fraction (Xs) for the ventilation system shall be determined
required exhaust rate in Table 403.7. in accordance with Equation 404.2.
403.7.2.4 Exhaust System Operation. [HCD 1 & 2]
Exhaust systems shall operate continuously unless Xs =Vou/Vps (Equation 404.2)
one of the exceptions to continuous operation of
Section 403.7 is utilized.
The uncorrected outdoor air intake (Vou) shall be deter-
403.8 Dynamic Reset. The system shall be permitted to be mined in accordance with Section 403.5.3, and the system
designed to reset the outdoor air intake flow (Vot ), the space primary airflow (Vps) shall be determined at the condition
«
or ventilation zone airflow (Voz ) as operating conditions
analyzed. [ASHRAE 62.1:A1.1]
change. [ASHRAE 62.1:6.2.7]
404.3 Zone Ventilation Efficiency. The zone ventilation effi-
403.9 Air Classification and Recirculation. Air shall be
ciency (Evz) shall be the efficiency with which a system
classified, and the recirculation or transfer shall be limited in
accordance with Section 403.9.1 through Section 403.9.4. distributes outdoor air from the intake to an individual
«
[ASHRAE 62.1:5.16] Recirculated air shall not be taken from breathing zone, and shall be determined in accordance with
prohibited locations in accordance with Section 311.3. Section 404.3.1 or Section 404.3.2. [ASHRAE 62.1:A1.2]
403.9.1 Class 1 Air. Recirculation or transfer of Class 1 404.3.1 Single Supply Systems. For single supply
air to other spaces shall be permitted. [ASHRAE systems, where the air supplied to a ventilation zone is a
62.1:5.16.3.1] mixture of outdoor air and system-level recirculated air,
zone ventilation efficiency (Evz) shall be determined in
403.9.2 Class 2 Air. Recirculation of Class 2 air within accordance with Equation 404.3.1. Examples of single
the space of origin shall be permitted. Recirculation or
supply systems include constant-volume reheat, single-
transfer of Class 2 air to other Class 2 or Class 3 spaces
duct VAV, single-fan dual-duct, and multizone systems.
shall be permitted, provided the other spaces are used for
the same or similar purpose or task and involve the same
or similar pollutant sources as the Class 2 space. Transfer Evz = 1+Xs–Zpz (Equation 404.3.1)
of Class 2 air to toilet rooms shall be permitted. Recir-
culation or transfer of Class 2 air to Class 4 spaces shall
be permitted. Class 2 air shall not be recirculated or trans- The average outdoor air fraction for the system (Xs)
ferred to Class 1 spaces. Where using an energy recover shall be determined in accordance with Equation 404.2
device, recirculation from leakage, carryover, or transfer and the primary outdoor air fraction for the zone (Zpz)
shall be determined in accordance with Section 403.5.1.
«
from the exhaust side of the energy recovery device shall
be permitted and the recirculated Class 2 air shall not [ASHRAE 62.1:A1.2.1]
exceed 10 percent of the outdoor air intake flow. 404.3.2 Secondary-Recirculation Systems. For
[ASHRAE 62.1:5.16.3.2] secondary-recirculation systems where the supply air or a
403.9.3 Class 3 Air. Recirculation of Class 3 air within portion thereof to a ventilation zone is recirculated air
the space of origin shall be permitted. Class 3 air shall from other zones, without being directly mixed with
not be recirculated or transferred to other spaces. Where outdoor air, the zone ventilation efficiency (Evz) shall be
using an energy recover device, recirculation from determined in accordance with Equation 404.3.2(1).
leakage, carryover, or transfer from the exhaust side of Examples of secondary-recirculation systems include
the energy recovery device shall be permitted and the dual-fan dual-duct and fan-powered mixing box systems,
recirculated Class 3 air shall not exceed 5 percent of the and systems that include transfer fans for conference
outdoor air intake flow. [ASHRAE 62.1:5.16.3.3] rooms.
fumes. Plumbing vents shall be located in relation to Exception: For airborne infection isolation rooms
outdoor air intakes per California Plumbing Code. The and protective environment rooms, see Sections
bottom of outdoor air intakes shall be located as high as 414.0 and 415.0.
practicable, but not less than 10 feet (3048 mm) above 407.4.1.2 Room supply air outlets and room recir-
ground level. If installed above the roof, they shall be culation and exhaust air inlets installed in nonsen-
located 18 inches (457 mm) above roof level or 3 feet (914 sitive areas shall be located not less than 3 inches
mm) above a flat roof where heavy snowfall is anticipated.
(76 mm) above the floor.
Exceptions:
Exception: For airborne infection isolation rooms
(1) These dimensions may be reduced if it is demon- and protective environment rooms, see Sections
strated by the submission of details and calculations 414.0 and 415.0.
that location of intakes with respect to exhausts and
407.4.1.3 Corridors shall not be used to convey
their orientation, or the use of special filters,
supply, return, or exhaust air to or from any room if
provides equal performance.
the corridor is required to be of fire resistive
(2) The requirements regarding the bottom of outdoor construction per the California Building Code.
air intakes and installation through the roof do not
apply to skilled nursing facilities, intermediate-care Exceptions:
facilities or nonsensitive areas in correctional treat- (1) Mechanically exhausted toilet rooms of 50
ment centers. square feet (4.7 m2) or less and small rooms of
407.2.2 Exhaust Outlets. Exhaust outlets shall be 30 square feet (2.79 m2) or less such as janitor
located a minimum of 10 feet (3048 mm) above adjoining closets, housekeeping rooms, and electrical or
grade and 10 feet (3048 mm) from doors, occupied areas, telephone closets opening directly onto
and operable windows. corridor.
Exception: Airborne infection isolation rooms shall (2) Air transfer caused by pressure differentials in
comply with Section 414.1. rooms required to have a positive or negative
> 407.3 Air Balance.
air balance by Table 4-A.
407.4.1.4 No space above a ceiling may be utilized
407.3.1 The ventilation systems shall be designed and
as an outside-air, relief-air, supply-air, exhaust-air,
balanced to provide the general air balance relationship
or return-air plenum.
to adjacent areas, shown in Table 4-A. The ventilation
systems shall be balanced in accordance with the latest Exception: Designs specifically approved by the
edition of standards published by the Associated Air enforcing agency.
Balance Council (AABC), the National Environmental 407.4.1.5 Air from a patient room, exam room, treat-
Balancing Bureau (NEBB), or the Testing, Adjusting and ment room shall not be transferred to another
Balancing Bureau (TABB). similar room without first having passed through air
> 407.4 Air Circulation.
407.4.1 Design of the ventilation system shall provide air
filters as required by Table 4-B or Table 4-C.
407.4.1.6 Supply outlets and return and exhaust air
movement that is generally from clean to less clean inlets shall be located to prevent short-circuiting.
areas. 407.5 Variable Air Volume.
407.4.1.1 Air supplied to operating rooms, cesarean 407.5.1 Variable Air Volume Systems (VAV). Variable
operating rooms, cardiac catheterization labs, air volume systems subjecting the patient to a fluctuating
cystoscopy rooms, delivery rooms, and nurseries air movement are not acceptable for airborne infection
shall be delivered at or near the ceiling of the area isolation rooms, protective environment rooms or those
served. In these areas and in morgues and autopsy critically sensitive areas listed in Table 320.0. For
rooms all air removed from the area shall be nonsensitive areas, variable air volume systems meeting
removed near floor level. Exhaust or recirculation the following criteria can be considered:
inlets shall be located not less than 3 inches (76 mm)
407.5.1.1 The VAV system shall comply with code
nor more than 8 inches (203 mm) above the finished
requirements for outside air, total air, and pressure
floor, except in morgues and autopsy rooms where
relationship through the full range of operation from
all of the exhaust air is removed through an autopsy
minimum to maximum.
table designed for this purpose. At least two exhaust
or recirculation air inlets of equal capacity shall be 407.5.1.2 The central return or exhaust fan shall be
used in all cardiac catheterization labs, cystoscopy controlled to accomplish the variable air volume
rooms, operating rooms, and delivery rooms and requirements of the individual rooms served by the
shall be located not less than 3 inches (76 mm) nor fan as described in Section 407.5.1.3.
more than 8 inches (203 mm) above the finished 407.5.1.3 Variable air volume for return or exhaust
floor. air shall be accomplished by utilizing an automatic
modulating damper in the return or exhaust air for 408.2.3 Noncentral air systems serving any areas not
each zone. The damper will modulate from full open listed in Table 4-B shall be provided with filter arrange-
to minimum position in conjunction with the supply ment and efficiency specifically approved by the
air VAV terminal box. enforcing agency.
408.2.4 Noncentral recirculating air handling systems,
408.0 Filters. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4] for example, through-the-wall units, fan coil units, and
heat pumps may be utilized for single patient rooms of
408.1 General. Filter efficiencies shall be certified by the
one or more beds. Filtration for these units shall have a
manufacturer and shall be based on ASHRAE 52.2 Method
minimum weight arrestance value of 50 percent, based
of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for
Removal Efficiency by Particle Size when specifically set on ASHRAE 52.2 or a minimum efficiency reporting
forth in these standards. value (MERV) of 1, based on ASHRAE 52.2. The air
ventilation system providing the minimum air changes of
408.1.1 A filter gauge shall be installed across each filter outdoor air shall comply with Table 4-B. These units may
bank serving central air systems. The gauge shall be red be used as recirculating units only. All outdoor air
lined or a filter alarm light installed to signal when the requirements shall be met by a separate central air
recommended maximum static pressure drop has been handling systems.
reached.
408.3 Filters for Skilled Nursing Facilities, Intermediate
408.1.2 Central air-handling systems are defined as any
Care Facilities, and Correctional Treatment Centers.
unit requiring duct work on the supply or inlet side that
serve more than one room. 408.3.1 The air ventilation systems shall comply with
code requirements of this section for skilled nursing facil-
408.1.3 Filter banks shall be visually inspected for torn
ities, intermediate care facilities and correctional treat-
media and bypass in filter frames by means of a flash-
ment centers and shall have filter bank efficiencies as
light or equivalent, both with fans in operation and
listed in Table 4-C.
stopped. Tears in media and bypass in filter frames shall
be eliminated in accordance with the manufacturer’s 408.3.2 Noncentral air systems serving single patient
directions and the requirements of the enforcing agency rooms of one or more beds shall comply with Table 4-C.
prior to commencing operation of the system. 408.3.3 Noncentral recirculating air-handling systems,
408.1.4 Central air-handling systems shall be maintained i.e. through the wall units, may be utilized for each
in a reasonably clean condition during construction and patient room with one or more beds. Filtration for these
shall be cleaned as necessary prior to replacement of units shall have a minimum weight arrestance value of 50
temporary filter used during construction to ensure that percent, based on ASHRAE 52.2 or a minimum efficiency
clean air will be delivered to the occupied spaces. reporting value (MERV) of 1, based on ASHRAE 52.2.
408.1.5 Filter bank No. 1 shall be located upstream of The air ventilation system providing the minimum air
the air-conditioning equipment. Filter bank No. 2 and changes of outdoor air shall comply with Table 4-C.
filter bank No. 3 shall be located downstream of the These units may be used as recirculating units only. All
supply fan and all cooling and humidification equipment outdoor air requirements shall be met by a separate
with efficiencies as indicated in Table 4-B or Table 4-C. central air handling system.
Exception: Dry steam-type humidifiers for local room 408.3.4 Airborne infection isolation rooms, protective
humidity control may be installed in the supply air duct environment rooms, and sensitive areas in correctional
downstream of the final filter bank where designs are treatment centers shall comply with Section 408.2.
specifically approved by the enforcing agency. Dry steam 408.4 Filters for Outpatient Facilities.
is that which is defined in the ASHRAE HVAC Systems 408.4.1 The air ventilation systems shall comply with
and Equipment Handbook. code requirements of this section for outpatient facilities
408.1.6 Filter bank No. 2 and filter bank No. 3 media and shall have filter bank efficiencies as listed in Table
shall be rigid or supported (noncollapsing type) and 4-B.
shall operate on the principles of impingement, straining, 408.4.2 Noncentral air systems serving individual rooms
and diffusion. shall comply with Table 4-B.
408.2 Filters for Hospitals.
408.2.1 All air-ventilation systems shall comply with 409.0 Ducts. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4]
code requirements of this section and shall have filter
bank efficiencies as listed in Table 4-B. 409.1 Ducts which penetrate construction, intended for X-ray
or other radiation protection, shall not impair the effective-
408.2.2 Noncentral recirculating air systems providing ness of the protection.
cooling to high heat producing equipment located in
nonsensitive areas shall have a filter with 30 percent 409.2 Duct linings and their use shall meet the requirements
average efficiency based on ASHRAE 52.2 or a minimum of Chapter 6, California Mechanical Code.
efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 8 based on 409.3 Insulation of Ducts. Cold air ducts shall be insulated
ASHRAE 52.2. wherever necessary or to prevent condensation.
409.4 The anchorage and supporting structural elements for filter with at least an 80 percent average efficiency based on
airducts shall be designed to withstand the lateral forces as ASHRAE 52.2 or a minimum efficiency reporting value
required by the California Building Code, Title 24, Part 2. (MERV) of 13, based on ASHRAE 52.2.
Exception: For skilled nursing facilities, intermediate care
410.0 Laboratory Ventilating Systems and Hoods. [OSHPD facilities and correctional treatment centers, the air from dining
1, 2, 3 & 4] area may be used to ventilate food preparation areas only after
it has passed through a filter with a 50 percent average effi-
410.1 Laboratory Ventilating Systems. Laboratory venti-
ciency based on ASHRAE 52.2 or a minimum efficiency
lating systems shall comply with NFPA 99, as required by
Section 1224.4.6.4 of the California Building Code. reporting value (MERV) of 10, based on ASHRAE 52.2.
410.2 Exhaust Hoods and Safety Cabinets. Hoods and safety
cabinets may be used for normal exhaust of a space provided 412.0 Boiler, Mechanical, and Electrical Rooms. [OSHPD
minimum air change rates are maintained. If air change stan- 1, 2, 3 & 4]
dards in Table 4-A do not provide sufficient air for proper 412.1 Boiler, heater and electrical equipment rooms shall be
operation of exhaust hoods and safety cabinets (when in use), provided with outdoor air so as to maintain combustion rates
supplementary makeup air (filtered and preheated) shall be of equipment and temperatures in the rooms and in adjoining
provided around these units to maintain the required airflow areas as rated in this chapter.
direction and exhaust velocity. Makeup systems for hoods shall 412.2 Floor surfaces in occupied spaces above such rooms
be arranged to minimize “short circuiting” of air and to avoid should not exceed a temperature of 85°F (29.4°C), and suit-
reduction in air velocity at the point of contaminant capture. able insulation may be required.
410.3 Laboratory Fume Hoods. Laboratory fume hoods shall
meet the following standards:
413.0 Odorous Rooms. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4]
410.3.1 General Standard. Average face velocity shall
be at least 75 feet per minute (0.38 meters per second). 413.1 Rooms in areas where excessive heat or moisture is
Exhaust system shall be separate from the building generated, where objectional odors or dust are present, or
exhaust system. Exhaust fan shall be located at the where flammable or toxic gases may accumulate, which are
discharge end of the system. Exhaust duct system shall be used by health facility personnel or patients, shall be provided
of noncombustible corrosion-resistant material as with exhaust ventilation to change the air a minimum of ten
required to meet the planned usage of the hood. times per hour.
410.3.2 Special Standards for Use with Strong Oxidants. 413.2 Kitchen, morgues and laundries located inside a
Fume hoods and their associated equipment in the air hospital building or skilled nursing facility in which patients
stream intended for use with perchloric acid and other are accommodated, or treated, shall be ventilated with
strong oxidants shall be constructed of stainless steel or exhaust systems which will provide a minimum of ten air
other material consistent with special exposures. Hoods changes per hour and prevent odors from entering patient
and equipment shall be provided with a water wash and areas.
drain system to permit periodic flushing of duct and hood.
When perchloric acid or other strong oxidants are only 414.0 Airborne Infection Isolations Rooms. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3
transferred from one container to another, standard labo- & 4]
ratory fume hoods and the associated equipment may be
used in lieu of stainless steel construction. 414.1 Exhaust Systems. A separate, dedicated exhaust
system shall be provided for airborne infection isolation
410.3.3 Special Standards for Use with Infectious or rooms. The dedicated system may serve more than one
Radioactive Materials. Each hood shall have a minimum
airborne infection isolation room, adjoining toilet room and
face velocity of 90 to 110 feet per minute (0.45 to 0.56
anteroom. The exhaust ducts shall be identified by appro-
meters per second) with suitable pressure-independent
priate labeling with the words "Caution Airborne Infection
air-modulating devices and alarms to alert staff of fan
Isolation Rooms Exhaust" or similar terminology. Such
shutdown or loss of airflow. Each hood shall have filters
labeling shall be in a manner which is not readily removable
with a 99.97 percent efficiency (based on the DOP test
and shall appear on the exhaust duct at intervals of not more
method) in the exhaust stream and be designed and
equipped to permit the safe removal, disposal, and than 20 feet (6096 mm) and at least once near each room
replacement of contaminated filters. Filters shall be as and each story traversed by the exhaust system. Exhaust fans
close to the hood as practical to minimize duct contam- shall comply with Section 407.1.2. The discharge from
ination. Fume hoods intended for use with radioactive exhaust fans shall be located above the roof and shall be
isotopes shall be constructed of stainless steel or other located a minimum of 25 feet (7620 mm) from areas that may
material suitable for the particular exposure. be occupied, doors, operable windows, outdoor air intakes,
or other openings into the building. The exhaust fan
discharge shall be labeled in a manner which readily iden-
411.0 Kitchen and Dining Areas. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4] tifies the precautions which should be observed. To ensure
411.1 The air from dining areas may be used to ventilate the that the airborne contaminates do not reenter the building,
food preparation areas only after it has passed through a one of the following shall be provided:
414.1.1 Exhaust discharge from fan shall extend at least near the door to the room and a visual and audible alarm
7 feet (2134 mm) above the roof and discharge vertically which annunciates at the room and at a nurses' station or other
upward. Self-draining stacks or equivalent shall be used suitable location that will provide responsible surveillance. A
for rain protection. Rain caps which divert the exhaust time delay shall be provided to allow for routine openings of
toward the roof shall be prohibited. doors. The alarm shall annunciate when the supply, return, or
414.1.2 Exhaust shall discharge above roof level and exhaust fans are interrupted and when one of the following
through an accessible HEPA filter. The HEPA filter shall conditions is not being met during closed door conditions:
be located upstream of the exhaust fan and have a (1) When the minimum air quantity difference of 75 cfm
minimum efficiency of 99.97 percent based on the DOP (35.4 L/s) required by Table 4-A is not being maintained;
method in accordance with Mil-Std. 282 or a minimum or
efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 17, based on (2) When a minimum pressure differential of 0.01 inch
ASHRAE 52.2. Filter gage shall be installed across the (0.003 kPa) of water and a minimum inward (outward
filter. For maintenance of air balance relationship, see for protective environment rooms) air velocity of 100 feet
Section 407.3.2. The 25-foot (7620 mm) dimension per minute (0.508 m/s) is not being maintained at the air
required by Section 414.1 may be reduced when a 99.97 transfer opening required by Table 4-A.
percent HEPA filter or a minimum efficiency reporting 416.2 Other acceptable alarm systems will be allowed when
value (MERV) of 17, based on ASHRAE 52.2 is used and designs are specifically approved by the enforcing agency.
the reduced dimension is specifically approved by the 416.3 [For OSHPD 4] For correctional treatment centers,
enforcing agency. the alarm system shall not create false alarms or security
414.2 Air Distribution. The supply outlets and exhaust inlets hazards.
shall be located to provide airflow patterns that prevent stag- 416.4 Prior to acceptance of the rooms, the alarm system
nation of the air and eliminate short circuiting of the supply shall be tested and operated to demonstrate to the owner or
to the exhaust, and minimize exposure of health care workers designated representative that the installation and perform-
to airborne infectious particles. Supply-air outlets shall be ance of the system conforms to design intent.
located at or near the ceiling and at the end of the airborne
infection isolation room which is opposite the head of the bed.
417.0 Testing and Balancing Airborne Infection Isolation
Exhaust registers shall be located on the wall behind the
Rooms and Protective Environment Rooms. [OSHPD 1, 2,
patient's head, or as close to that wall as practical and shall
3 & 4] Prior to acceptance of the rooms, all mechanical
be located not less than 3 inches (76 mm) nor more than 24
systems shall be tested, balanced, and operated to demon-
inches (610 mm) above the finished floor.
strate to the owner or designated representative that the
Exception: For correctional treatment centers, the location installation and performance of the systems conform to
and design of the supply outlets an exhaust or return inlets design intent. All testing and balancing shall be performed
shall not compromise the safety, security and protection of by a qualified independent agency certified by the Associated
staff, inmates and property. Air Balance Council (AABC): the National Environmental
Balancing Bureau (NEBB); or the Testing, Adjusting and
Balancing Bureau (TABB).
415.0 Protective Environment Rooms. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4]
415.1 Air Distribution. The supply outlets and exhaust and
return inlets shall be located to provide airflow patterns that 418.0 Design Requirements for Ethylene Oxide (ETO) Ster-
prevent stagnation of the air and eliminate short circuiting of ilization Areas. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4]
the supply to the exhaust or return. Supply air shall be deliv- 418.1 Air Changes. The ETO sterilization equipment room
ered at or near the ceiling and near the patient's bed. All shall be provided with minimum air changes per hour per
exhaust or return registers shall be located near the entrance Table 4-A and be maintained at a negative air balance.
to the protective environment room and not less than 3 inches 418.2 Exhaust Requirements.
(76 mm) nor more than 8 inches (203 mm) above the finished 418.2.1 All air from the ETO sterilizer equipment room
floor. shall be exhausted to the outside by a dedicated system
Exception: For correctional treatment centers, the location or other approved method.
and design of the supply outlets and exhaust or return inlets 418.2.2 The exhaust fan for the dedicated system shall
shall not compromise the safety, security, and protection of be located at the discharge point of the system and iden-
staff, inmates and property. tified as ETO Equipment Room Exhaust.
418.2.3 Discharge Point. The discharge point shall be a
416.0 Alarms – Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms and minimum of 25 feet (7620 mm) away from any outside
Protective Environment Rooms. [OSHPD 1, 2, 3 & 4] intake, operable window or personnel passage.
416.1 An alarm system which is based on static pressure 418.3 Ventilation Requirements.
control, volumetric control, or directional flow measurement 418.3.1 Aeration Units. The aeration units shall be venti-
shall be provided for each isolation room. The alarm system lated through a nonrecirculating dedicated ventilation
shall consist of a display monitor located on the corridor wall exhaust system.
TABLE 4-A
PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP AND VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FOR GENERAL ACUTE CARE
HOSPITALS, SKILLED NURSING FACILITIES, INTERMEDIATE CARE FACILITIES, CORRECTIONAL
TREATMENT CENTERS, OUTPATIENT FACILITIES, AND LICENSED CLINICS
AIR
PRESSURE MINIMUM ALL ROOM AIR DESIGN
MINIMUM MINIMUM RECIRCULATED DESIGN
RELATIONSHIP TOTAL ACH EXHAUSTED RELATIVE
FUNCTION OR SPACE OUTDOOR TOTAL BY MEANS TEMPERATURE
TO ADJACENT IF 100% DIRECTLY TO HUMIDITY(k),
ACH ACH OF ROOM (l),°F/°C
AREAS (f) (n) O.A. OUTDOORS (j) %
Administrative NR 2 4 2 NR NR NR NR
UNITS (a)
Gamma camera NR 2 6 6 NR No NR NR
Gastrointestinal endoscopy
NR 2 6 12 NR No 20-60 68-73/20-23
procedure room (x)
Hazardous material storage Negative 2 10 10 Yes No NR NR
Hydrotherapy Negative 2 6 6 NR NR NR 72-80/22-27
Infusion room Positive 2 6 6 NR NR NR NR
Intermediate care (s) NR 2 6 6 NR NR max 60 70-75/21-24
Interventional imaging
Positive 5 15 12 NR NR NR NR
procedure room
IV Prep. room Positive 2 6 6 NR NR NR NR
Janitor’s closet, housekeeping Negative NR 10 10 Yes No NR NR
Labor/delivery/recovery
NR 2 6 2 NR NR max 60 70-75/21-24
(LDR) (s)
Labor/delivery/recovery/
NR 2 6 2 NR NR max 60 70-75/21-24
postpartum (LDRP) (s)
Laboratory, bacteriology (v) Negative 2 6 6 Yes NR NR 70-75/21-24
Laboratory, biochemistry (v) Negative 2 6 6 Yes NR NR 70-75/21-24
Laboratory, cytology (v) Negative 2 6 6 Yes NR NR 70-75/21-24
Laboratory, general (v) Negative 2 6 6 NR NR NR 70-75/21-24
Laboratory, glasswashing Negative 2 10 10 Yes NR NR NR
Laboratory, histology (v)
Negative 2 6 6 Yes NR NR 70-75/21-24
Laboratory, infectious disease
Negative 2 6 6 Yes NR NR 70-75/21-24
and virus
Laboratory, media transfer
Positive 2 4 4 NR NR NR 70-75/21-24
(v)
Laboratory, microbiology (v) Negative 2 6 6 Yes NR NR 70-75/21-24
Laboratory, nuclear medicine
Negative 2 6 6 Yes NR NR 70-75/21-24
(v)
Laboratory, pathology (v) Negative 2 6 6 Yes NR NR 70-75/21-24
Laboratory, serology (v) Negative 2 6 6 Yes NR NR 70-75/21-24
Laboratory, sterilizing Negative 2 10 10 Yes NR NR 70-75/21-24
Lactation NR 2 6 2 NR NR NR NR
Laser eye room Positive 3 15 15 NR No 20-60 70-75/21-24
Laundry, general Negative 2 10 10 Yes No NR NR
Linen and trash chute room Negative NR 10 10 Yes No NR NR
Medical/anesthesia gas
Negative NR 8 8 Yes NR NR NR
storage (r)
Medication room NR 2 4 2 NR NR max 60 70-75/21-24
Morgues and autopsy room
Negative 2 12 12 Yes No NR 68-75/20-24
(n)
MRI room NR 2 6 6 NR NR NR NR
Multipurpose room NR 2 6 6 NR NR NR NR
Semi-restricted corridor NR 2 4 2 NR NR NR NR
UNITS (a)
sure requirements of NFPA 96, or the maximum defined in the table. During operation, a reduction to the number of air changes to any extent required for
odor control shall be permitted when the space is not in use. (See FGI [2010] in Informative Appendix B.)
j. In some areas with potential contamination and/or odor problems, exhaust air shall be discharged directly to the outdoors and not recirculated to other
areas. Individual circumstances may require special consideration for air exhausted to the outdoors. To satisfy exhaust needs, constant replacement air from
the outdoors is necessary when the system is in operation.
k. The RH ranges listed are the minimum and/or maximum allowable at any point within the design temperature range required for that space.
l. Systems shall be capable of maintaining the rooms within the range during normal operation. Lower or higher temperature shall be permitted when patients’
comfort and/or medical conditions require those conditions.
m. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 7(NIOSH) criteria documents regarding occupational exposure to waste anesthetic gases and vapors,
and control of occupational exposure to nitrous oxide indicate a need for both local exhaust (scavenging) systems and general ventilation of the areas in
which the respective gases are utilized. Refer to NFPA 99 for other requirements.
8
n. If pressure-monitoring device alarms are installed, allowances shall be made to prevent nuisance alarms. Short-term excursions from required pressure rela-
tionships shall be allowed while doors are moving or temporarily open. Simple visual methods such as smoke trail, ball-in-tube, or flutterstrip shall be
permitted for verification of airflow direction.
o. Surgeons or surgical procedures may require room temperatures, ventilation rates, humidity ranges, and/or air distribution methods that exceed the minimum
indicated ranges.
p. Treatment rooms used for bronchoscopy shall be treated as bronchoscopy rooms. Treatment rooms used for procedures with nitrous oxide shall contain provi-
sions for exhausting anesthetic waste gases.
q. In a recirculating ventilation system, HEPA filters shall be permitted instead of exhausting the air from these spaces to the outdoors provided that the return
air passes through the HEPA filters before it is introduced into any other spaces. The entire minimum total air changes per hour of recirculating airflow shall
pass through HEPA filters. When these areas are open to larger, nonwaiting spaces, the exhaust air volume shall be calculated based on the seating area of
the waiting area. (Note: The intent here is to not require the volume calculation to include a very large space [e.g., an atrium] just because a waiting area
opens onto it.)
r. See NFPA 99 for further requirements. 8
s. For intermediate care, labor/delivery/recovery rooms, and labor/delivery/recovery/postpartum rooms, four total ach shall be permitted when supplemental
heating and/or cooling systems (radiant heating and cooling, baseboard heating, etc.) areused.
t. The protective environment airflow design specifications protect the patient from common environmental airborne infectious microbes (i.e., Aspergillus spores).
The anteroom shall have negative air pressure in relation to the protective environment room. A door louver, transfer grille, or other acceptable means shall
be provided to allow for airflow from the protective environment room to the anteroom. The protective environment room shall have positive-pressure in rela-
tion to the anteroom and adjoining toilet room. Recirculation HEPA filters shall be permitted to increase the equivalent room air exchanges; however, the
outdoor air changes are still required. Constant-volume airflow is required for consistent ventilation for the protected environment. The pressure relation-
ship to adjacent areas shall remain unchanged if the PE room is utilized as a normal patient room. Rooms with reversible airflow provisions for the purpose
of switching between protective environment and AII functions shall not be permitted. Positive pressure in each anteroom shall be achieved by balancing the
supply cfm to not less than 75 cfm (35.4 L/s) greater than the exhaust and return cfm. Positive-pressure for each protective environment room the anteroom
serves shall be achieved by balancing the supply cfm to not less than 75 cfm (35.4 L/s) greater than the exhaust and return cfm.
u. The AII room described in this standard shall be used for isolating the airborne spread of infectious diseases, such as measles, varicella, or tuberculosis.
The airborne infection isolation room shall have negative pressure in relation to the anteroom, and the adjoining toilet room shall have negative pressure
in relation to the airborne infection isolation room. Supplemental recirculating devices using HEPA filters shall be permitted in the AII room to increase the
equivalent room air exchanges; however, the minimum outdoor air changes of Table 4-A are still required. AII rooms that are retrofitted from standard patient
rooms from which it is impractical to exhaust directly outdoors may be recirculated with air from the AII room, provided that air first passes through a HEPA
filter. When the AII room is not utilized for airborne infection isolation, the pressure relationship to adjacent areas, when measured with the door closed, shall
remain unchanged and the minimum total air change rate shall be 6 ach. Switching controls for reversible airflow provisions shall not be permitted. Nega-
tive pressure shall be achieved by balancing the exhaust cfm to not less than 75 cfm (35.4 L/s) greater than the supply cfm for each airborne infection isola-
tion room the anteroom serves. The anteroom shall have positive air pressure in relation to the airborne infection isolation room. A door louver, transfer
grille, or other acceptable means shall be provided to allow for airflow from the anteroom to the airborne infection isolation room.
v. When required, appropriate hoods and exhaust devices for the removal of noxious gases or chemical vapors shall be provided in accordance with NFPA 99.
8
w. The requirement that all room air is exhausted directly to outdoors applies only to radiology waiting rooms programmed to hold patients who are waiting for
chest x-rays for diagnosis of respiratory disease.
x. If the planned space is designated in the organization’s operational plan to be utilized for both bronchoscopy and gastrointestinal endoscopy, the design param-
eters for “bronchoscopy, sputum collection, and pentamidine administration” shall beused.
y. For single-bed patient rooms using Group D diffusers, a minimum of six total ach shall be provided and calculated based on the volume from finished floor
to 6 ft (1.83 m) above the floor.
z. This table is based on Table 7.1 in ASHRAE 170, “Ventilation of Healthcare Facilities”, and is used with expressed written permission from ASHRAE.
TABLE 4-B
FILTER EFFICIENCIES FOR CENTRAL VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL ACUTE
CARE HOSPITALS, ACUTE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS, OUTPATIENT FACILITIES, AND LICENSED CLINICS1
FILTER EFFICIENCY % FILTER BANK
MINIMUM NUMBER OF
AREA DESIGNATION (MINIMUM EFFICIENCY REPORTING VALUE MERV)5
FILTER BANKS
one positive-pressure isolation room. HEPA filter or a filter with minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 17 installation shall be designed and
equipped to permit safe removal, disposal and replacement of filters.
5 The numbers in parentheses represent MERV rating based on ASHRAE 52.2.
TABLE 4-C
FILTER EFFICIENCIES FOR CENTRAL VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS IN SKILLED
NURSING FACILITIES AND INTERMEDIATE CARE FACILITIES AND CORRECTIONAL TREATMENT CENTERS1
FILTER EFFICIENCY % FILTER BANK
MINIMUM NUMBER OF
AREA DESIGNATION (MINIMUM EFFICIENCY REPORTING VALUE MERV)3
FILTER BANKS
NO. 11 NO. 21
All areas for inpatient care, treatment 30% 80%
and/or diagnosis, and those areas 2
providing direct service or cleaning supplies) (8) (13)
Administrative, bulk storage, soiled 30% 2 ––
1
holding, laundries and food prep areas (8) ––
1 Based on ASHRAE 52.2.
2 Filters are not required for evaporative coolers serving laundries and food preparation areas.
3 The numbers in parentheses represent MERV rating based on ASHRAE 52.2.
TABLE 402.1
MINIMUM VENTILATION RATES IN BREATHING ZONE1, 2, 4
[ASHRAE 62.1: TABLE 6.2.2.1]
Note: Ventilation air supply requirements for occupancies regulated by the California Energy Commission are found in the California Energy Code.
PEOPLE OUTDOOR AREA OUTDOOR DEFAULT OCCUPANT
AIR
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY4 Air Rate RP Air Rate RA Density3
CLASS
(cfm/person) (cfm/ft2) (people/1000 ft2)
Cell 5 0.12 25 2
Day room 5 0.06 30 1
Guard stations 5 0.06 15 1
Breakrooms 5 0.12 50 1
OFFICE BUILDINGS
Courtrooms 5 0.06 70 1
Legislative chambers 5 0.06 50 1
Libraries 5 0.12 10 1
Lobbies 5 0.06 150 1
Museums (children’s) 7.5 0.12 40 1
Museums/galleries 7.5 0.06 40 1
Places of religious worship 5 0.06 120 1
c
Rate does not allow for humidity control. Additional ventilation or dehumidification shall be permitted to remove moisture. “Deck area” refers to the area
surrounding the pool that would be expected to be wetted during normal pool use, i.e., where the pool is occupied. Deck area that is not expected to be wetted
shall be designated as a space type (for example, “spectator area”).
d
Rate does not include special exhaust for stage effects, e.g., dry ice vapors, smoke.
e
Where combustion equipment is intended to be used on the playing surface or in the space, additional dilution ventilation, source control, or both shall be
provided.
f
Default occupancy for dwelling units shall be two persons for studio and one-bedroom units, with one additional person for each additional bedroom.
g
Air from one residential dwelling shall not be recirculated or transferred to other spaces outside of that dwelling.
TABLE 403.2.2
ZONE AIR DISTRIBUTION EFFECTIVENESS1, 2, 3, 4, 5
[ASHRAE 62.1: TABLE 6.2.2.2]
AIR DISTRIBUTION CONFIGURATION Ez
TABLE 403.5.2
SYSTEM VENTILATION EFFICIENCY1, 2, 3
[ASHRAE 62.1: TABLE 6.2.5.2]
≤ 0.15 1.0
MAX (ZPz) Ev
≤ 0.25 0.9
≤ 0.35 0.8
≤ 0.45 0.7
≤ 0.55 0.6
> 0.55 Use Section 404.0
Notes:
1
“Max Zpz” refers to the largest value of Zpz, calculated in accordance with Equation 403.5.1, among the
ventilation zones served by the system.
2
For values of Max (Zpz) between 0.15 and 0.55, the corresponding value of Ev shall be permitted to be
determined by interpolating the values in the table.
3
The values of Ev in this table are based on a 0.15 average outdoor air fraction for the system (i.e., the ratio
of the uncorrected outdoor air intake (Vou) to the total zone primary airflow for the zones served by the air
handler). For systems with higher values of the average outdoor air fraction, this table is capable of resulting
in unrealistically low values of Ev and the use of Section 404.0 is capable of yielding more practical results.
TABLE 403.7
MINIMUM EXHAUST RATES
[ASHRAE 62.1: TABLE 6.5]
EXHAUST RATE EXHAUST RATE AIR
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY8
(cfm/unit) (cfm/ft2) CLASS
Arenas2 – 0.50 1
Art classrooms – 0.70 2
Auto repair rooms1 – 1.50 2
Barber shops – 0.50 2
Bathroom10,11 20/50 – 2
Beauty and nail salons – 0.60 2
Cells with toilet – 1.00 2
Copy, printing rooms – 0.50 2
Darkrooms – 1.00 2
Educational science laboratories – 1.00 2
Janitor closets, trash rooms, recycling – 1.00 3
Kitchens – commercial – 0.70 2
Kitchenettes – 0.30 2
Locker rooms – 0.50 2
Locker/dressing rooms – 0.25 2
Paint spray booths – – 4
Parking garages 3
– 0.75 2
Pet shops (animal areas) – 0.90 2
Refrigerating machinery rooms6 – – 3
Residential – kitchens7 50/100 – 2
Soiled laundry storage rooms – 1.00 3
Storage rooms, chemical – 1.50 4
Toilets – private5, 9 25/50 – 2
Toilets – public4, 9 50/70 – 2
Woodwork shop/classrooms – 0.50 2
For SI units: 1 cubic foot per minute = 0.0283 m3⁄min, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2
Notes:
1
Stands where engines are run shall have exhaust systems that directly connect to the engine exhaust and prevent escape of fumes.
2
Where combustion equipment is intended to be used on the playing surface, additional dilution ventilation, source control, or both shall be provided.
3
Exhaust rate is not required for open parking garages as defined in accordance with the building code.
4
Rate is per water closet, urinal, or both. Provide the higher rate where periods of heavy use are expected to occur, e.g., toilets in theatres, schools, and sports
facilities. Otherwise the lower rate shall be permitted to be used.
5
Rate is for a toilet room intended to be occupied by one person at a time. For continuous system operation during normal hours of use, the lower rate shall
be permitted to be used. Otherwise the higher rate shall be used.
6
For refrigeration machinery rooms, the exhaust rate shall comply with Chapter 11.
7
For continuous system operation, the lower rates shall be permitted. Otherwise the higher rate shall be used.
8
For unlisted occupancies for a proposed space not listed in the table, the requirements for the listed occupancy that is most similar in terms of occupant density
and occupancy type shall be used.
9
Exhaust air that has been cleaned in accordance with the criteria of Class 1 shall be permitted to be recirculated.
10
[HCD 1 & HCD 2] A bathroom is any room containing a bathtub, a shower, a spa, or a similar source of moisture.
11
[HCD 1 & HCD 2] ANSI/ASHRAE 62.2: Tables 5.1 and 5.2.
Adopting Agency
BSC- HCD DSA OSHPD
BSC SFM BSCC DPH AGR DWR CEC CA SL SLC
CG 1 2 1-AC AC SS SS/CC 1 2 3 4
Chapter/Section
503.3 X X X
503.3 Exception 1 & 2 X X X
503.3.1 X X X
504.1.1 X X X
505.7 X
505.7.1 X
508.5 X X X
509.2.3 X
509.2.3.4 X
511.1.6 X X X
513.2.2 X X X
513.2.2 Exception 2 X X
513.3.2 X
513.11 X
513.11.1 X
516.2.7 Exception X
516.2.9 X
This state agency does not adopt sections identified with the following symbol: †
The Office of the State Fire Marshal’s adoption of this chapter or individual sections is applicable to structures regulated by other state agencies pursuant to
Section 1.11.
»
bearings shall not be within the airstream, and parts of the fan
502.2.3. shall be grounded. Fans in systems handling materials that
502.2.1 Environmental Air Ducts. Environmental air are likely to clog the blades, and fans in buffing or wood-
duct exhaust shall terminate not less than 3 feet (914 mm) working exhaust systems, shall be of the radial-blade or
from a property line, 10 feet (3048 mm) from a forced tube-axial type.
air inlet, and 3 feet (914 mm) from openings into the Equipment used to exhaust explosive or flammable
building. Environmental exhaust ducts shall not
»
vapors, fumes, or dusts shall bear an identification plate
discharge onto a public walkway. stating the ventilation rate for which the system was designed.
502.2.2 Product Conveying Ducts. Ducts conveying Fans located in systems conveying corrosives shall be of
explosive or flammable vapors, fumes, or dusts shall materials that are resistant to the corrosive or shall be coated
terminate not less than 30 feet (9144 mm) from a property with corrosion-resistant materials.
line, 10 feet (3048 mm) from openings into the building,
503.3 Filters. [BSC-CG], [DSA-SS & DSA-SS/CC] In
6 feet (1829 mm) from exterior walls or roofs, 30 feet
mechanically ventilated buildings, provide regularly occu-
(9144 mm) from combustible walls or openings into the pied areas of the building with air filtration media for outside
building that are in the direction of the exhaust discharge, and return air that provides at least a Minimum Efficiency
and 10 feet (3048 mm) above adjoining grade. Reporting Value (MERV) of 8. MERV 8 filters shall be
Other product-conveying outlets shall terminate not installed prior to occupancy, and recommendations for main-
less than 10 feet (3048 mm) from a property line, 3 feet tenance with filters of the same value shall be included in the
(914 mm) from exterior walls or roofs, 10 feet (3048 operation and maintenance manual in compliance with
mm) from openings into the building, and 10 feet (3048 Chapter 5, Division 5.5. of the California Green Building
mm) above adjoining grade. Standards Code (CALGreen).
502.2.3 Commercial Kitchen Ducts. Commercial Exceptions:
kitchens exhaust ducts shall terminate in accordance with 1. An ASHRAE 10-percent to 15-percent efficiency filter
Section 510.9 or Section 510.10. shall be permitted for an HVAC unit meeting the 2013
California Energy Code having 60,000 Btu/h (17.6 kW)
Part I – Environmental Air Ducts and Product- or less capacity per fan coil, if the energy use of the air
Conveying Systems. delivery system is 0.4 W/cfm [848 W/(m3/s)] or less at
design air flow.
2. Existing mechanical equipment.
503.0 Motors, Fans, and Filters.
503.3.1 Labeling. Installed filters shall be clearly
503.1 General. Motors and fans shall be sized to provide the labeled by the manufacturer indicating the MERV rating.
required air movement. Motors in areas that contain flam-
mable vapors or dusts shall be of a type approved for such
environments. A manually operated remote control installed 504.0 Environmental Air Ducts.
at an approved location shall be provided to shut off fans or 504.1 General. Where not specified in this chapter, exhaust
blowers in flammable vapor or dust systems. Equipment used ducts shall be constructed and installed in accordance with
Chapter 6 and shall be airtight as approved by the Authority Devices, such as fire or smoke dampers, that will obstruct the
Having Jurisdiction. Environmental air ducts that have an alter- flow of the exhaust shall not be used. Where joining of ducts,
«
nate function as a part of an approved smoke-control system the male end shall be inserted in the direction of airflow.
do not require design as Class 1 product-conveying ducts. 504.4.1 Provisions for Makeup Air. Makeup air shall
Exceptions: be provided in accordance with the following:
(1) Ductless range hoods where installed in accordance with (1) Makeup air shall be provided for Type 1 clothes
the manufacturer’s installation instructions. dryers in accordance with the manufacturer’s
(2) Condensing clothes dryers where installed in accordance instructions. [NFPA 54:10.4.3.1]. Where a closet is
with the manufacturer’s installation instructions. designed for the installation of a clothes dryer, an
504.1.1 Backdraft Protection. Exhaust ducts shall opening of not less than 100 square inches (0.065
terminate outside the building and shall be equipped with m2) for makeup air shall be provided in the door or
backdraft dampers or with motorized dampers that auto- by other approved means.
matically shut where the systems or spaces served are (2) Provision for makeup air shall be provided for Type
not in use. [OSHPD 1, 2 & 4] Exception: Backdraft 2 clothes dryers, with a free area of not less than 1
dampers are not required when the exhaust fan must square inch (0.0006 m2) for each 1000 British
thermal units per hour (Btu/h) (0.293 kW) total input
«
operate continuously.
rating of the dryer(s) installed. [NFPA 54:10.4.3.2]
Exception: Where the exhaust duct does not discharge
into a common exhaust plenum and one of the following: 504.4.2 Domestic Clothes Dryers. Where a compartment
or space for a Type 1 clothes dryer is provided, not less
(1) The exhaust fan runs continuously.
than a 4 inch diameter (102 mm) exhaust duct of approved
(2) The exhaust duct serves space(s) that are not mechan- material shall be installed in accordance with Section
ically heated or cooled. 504.0.
(3) The space served is maintained at positive pressure. Type 1 clothes dryer exhaust ducts shall be of rigid
504.2 Independent Exhaust Systems. Single or combined metal and shall have smooth interior surfaces. The diam-
mechanical exhaust systems shall be independent of other eter shall be not less than 4 inches nominal (100 mm)
»
exhaust systems. and the thickness shall be not less than 0.016 of an inch
«
504.3 Domestic Range. Ducts used for domestic kitchen (0.406 mm).
range ventilation shall be of metal and shall have smooth inte- 504.4.2.1 Length Limitation. Unless otherwise
rior surfaces. permitted or required by the dryer manufacturer’s
instructions and approved by the Authority Having
Exception: Ducts for domestic kitchen downdraft grill-range
Jurisdiction, domestic dryer moisture exhaust ducts
ventilation installed under a concrete slab floor shall be
shall not exceed a total combined horizontal and
permitted to be of approved Schedule 40 PVC provided:
vertical length of 14 feet (4267 mm), including two
(1) The under-floor trench in which the duct is installed shall 90 degree (1.57 rad) elbows. A length of 2 feet (610
be completely backfilled with sand or gravel. mm) shall be deducted for each 90 degree (1.57 rad)
(2) Not more than 1 inch (25.4 mm) of 6 inch diameter (152 elbow in excess of two.
mm) PVC coupling shall be permitted to protrude above 504.4.2.2 Transition Ducts. Listed clothes dryer
the concrete floor surface. transition ducts not more than 6 feet (1829 mm) in
(3) PVC pipe joints shall be solvent cemented to provide an length shall be permitted to be used to connect the
air and greasetight duct. Type 1 dryer to the exhaust ducts. Transition ducts
(4) The duct shall terminate above grade outside the building and flexible clothes dryer transition ducts shall not
»
and shall be equipped with a back-draft damper. be concealed within construction, and shall be
installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
«
504.4 Clothes Dryers. A clothes dryer exhaust duct shall not installation instructions.
be connected to a vent connector, gas vent, chimney, and shall
504.4.3 Commercial Clothes Dryers. Commercial
not terminate into a crawl space, attic, or other concealed
dryer exhaust ducts shall be installed in accordance with
space. Exhaust ducts shall not be assembled with screws or
their listings. The installation of commercial clothes
other fastening means that extend into the duct and that are
dryer exhaust ducts shall comply with the appliance
«
capable of catching lint, and that reduce the efficiency of the
manufacturer’s installation instructions.
exhaust system. Exhaust ducts shall be constructed of rigid
metallic material. Transition ducts used to connect the dryer 504.4.3.1 Exhaust Ducts for Type 2 Clothes
to the exhaust duct shall be listed for that application or Dryers. Exhaust ducts for Type 2 clothes dryers
installed in accordance with the clothes dryer manufacturer’s shall comply with the following:
installation instructions. Clothes dryer exhaust ducts shall (1) Exhaust ducts for Type 2 clothes dryers shall
terminate to the outside of the building in accordance with comply with Section 504.4. [NFPA 54:10.4.5.1]
Section 502.2.1 and shall be equipped with a backdraft (2) Exhaust ducts for Type 2 clothes dryers shall be
damper. Screens shall not be installed at the duct termination. constructed of sheet metal or other noncom-
513.2.6 Water Valve Supervision. Valves controlling the shall not require more than 40 pounds-force (lbf) (178 N) of
water supply to listed fixed baffle hood assemblies, auto- force, with a pull movement not to exceed 14 inches (356
matic fire-extinguishing systems, or both shall be listed mm) to activate the automatic fire extinguishing system. The
indicating type of valve and shall be supervised open by automatic and manual means of system activation external to
one of the following methods: the control head or releasing device shall be separate and
(1) Central station, proprietary, or remote station alarm independent of each other so that failure of one will not
service. impair the operation of the other except as permitted in
(2) Local alarm service that will cause the sounding of Section 513.5.1. [NFPA 96:10.5.1 – 10.5.2]
an audible signal at a constantly attended point. 513.5.1 Location of Manual Activation Device. The
(3) Locking valves open. manual means of system activation shall be permitted to
be common with the automatic means where the manual
(4) Sealing of valves and approved weekly recorded activation device is located between the control head or
inspection. [NFPA 96:10.2.10]
releasing device and the first fusible link. [NFPA
513.3 Simultaneous Operation. Fixed pipe extinguishing 96:10.5.3]
systems in a single hazard area shall be arranged for simulta-
513.5.2 Automatic Sprinkler System. An automatic sprin-
neous automatic operation upon actuation of any one of the
kler system shall not require a manual means of system
systems. [NFPA 96:10.3.1]
activation. [NFPA 96:10.5.4]
513.3.1 Automatic Sprinkler System. Simultaneous
513.5.3 Manual Actuator(s). The means for manual acti-
operation shall not be required where the one fixed pipe
vation shall be mechanical or rely on electrical power for
extinguishing system is an automatic sprinkler system.
Where an automatic sprinkler system is used in conjunc- activation in accordance with Section 513.5.4. [NFPA
tion with a water-based fire-extinguishing system served 96:10.5.5]
by the same water supply, hydraulic calculations shall 513.5.4 Standby Power Supply. Electrical power shall
consider both systems operating simultaneously. [NFPA be permitted to be used for manual activation where a
96:10.3.2, 10.3.2.1] standby power supply is provided or where supervision
513.3.2 Dry or Wet Chemical Systems. Simultaneous is provided in accordance with Section 513.7. [NFPA
96:10.5.6]
operation shall be required where a dry or wet chemical
system is used to protect common exhaust ductwork by 513.6 System Annunciation. Upon activation of an auto-
NFPA 17A, Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems. matic fire-extinguishing system, an audible alarm or visual
indicator shall be provided to show that the system has acti-
513.4 Fuel and Electric Power Shutoff. Upon activation of a vated. [NFPA 96:10.6.1]
fire-extinguishing system for a cooking operation, sources of
513.6.1 Signaling. Where a fire alarm signaling system is
fuel and electric power that produce heat to equipment requiring
serving the occupancy where the extinguishing system is
protection by that system shall automatically shut off. [NFPA located, the activation of the automatic fire-extinguishing
96:10.4.1] system shall activate the fire alarm signaling system.
Exception: Solid-fuel cooking operations. [NFPA 96:10.6.2]
513.4.1 Steam. Steam supplied from an external source 513.7 System Supervision. Where electrical power is required
shall not be required to automatically shut off. [NFPA to operate the fixed automatic fire-extinguishing system, the
96:10.4.2] system shall be provided with a reserve power supply and be
monitored by a supervisory alarm except as permitted in
513.4.2 Protection Not Required. A gas appliance
accordance with Section 513.7.1. [NFPA 96:10.7.1]
not requiring protection, but located under ventilating
equipment where protected appliances are located, shall 513.7.1 Automatic Fire-Extinguishing System. Where a
be automatically shut off upon activation of the extin- fixed automatic fire-extinguishing system includes auto-
matic mechanical detection and actuation as a backup
guishing system. [NFPA 96:10.4.3]
detection system, electrical power monitoring and reserve
513.4.3 Manual Reset. Shutoff devices shall require power supply shall not be required. [NFPA 96:10.7.2]
manual reset. [NFPA 96:10.4.4]
513.7.2 Supervision. System supervision shall not be
513.5 Manual Activation. A readily accessible means for required where a fire-extinguishing system(s) is inter-
manual activation shall be located between 42 inches and 48 connected or interlocked with the cooking equipment
inches (1067 mm and 1219 mm) above the floor, be acces- power source(s) so that where the fire-extinguishing
sible in the event of a fire, be located in a path of egress, and system becomes inoperable due to power failure, sources
clearly identify the hazard protected. Not less than one of fuel or electric power that produce heat to cooking
manual actuation device shall be located not less than 10 feet equipment serviced by that hood shall automatically shut
(3048 mm) and not more than 20 feet (6096 mm) from the off. [NFPA 96:10.7.3]
protected exhaust system(s) within the path of egress or at an 513.7.3 Listed Water Wash System. System supervi-
alternative location acceptable to the Authority Having Juris- sion shall not be required where an automatic fire-extin-
diction. Manual actuation using a cable-operated pull station guishing system, including automatic mechanical
For prior history, see the History Note Appendix to the Cali-
fornia Mechanical Code, 2013 Triennial Edition effective
January 1, 2014.