Compiled By:-Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus

Compiled By:- Free Students’ Union, Lamjung Campus
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Final examination- 2072

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE Essay type question: 10
RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. What are the characteristics of purely competitive market?
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2073
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 1st Semester FM: 40 How monopoly market differs from monopolistic one?
Subject: Principle of economics PM: 16 Describe price determination under monopolistic competition.
Time: 2 hrs. Short questions (attempt any ten) 10x3=30
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. Define economics. Among several definitions which do
margin indicates full marks. you feel the best one land. Why?
Essay type Questions 10 3. List out various types of consumption and describe any
1. Explain characteristics of monopoly, monopolistic and three important characteristics of indifference curve.
perfect competition market with suitable examples in 4. Explain income effect and substitution effect of price
nepalese economy. How equilibrium price and outputs are change for inferior good with the help of a clean diagram.
determined under perfect competition?
Short questions(attempt any ten) 10x3=30 5. Define law of supply. How can you measure the elasticity
2. What is the subject matter of economics? Critically analyze of supply?
scarcity definition of economics. 6. Differentiate between implicit and explicit cost. Explain
3. Define the following terms: with the help of clean diagram the relationship among
a) Macro- economics b) Monopsony c) Liquidity trap short run marginal cost, short run average cost, average
d) Ridge line e) Marginal cost f) Break -even point
4. What are the major limitation of Malthusian theory of variable cost and average fixed cost.
population? Explain briefly the modern theory of population. 7. Discuss on the degrees of price elasticity of demand. How
5. Conceptualize the opportunity cost, social cost, explicit can you know the relationship between two goods based
cost and implicit cost. Why average cost curve is U-shaped? on the values of cross elasticity of demand?
6. What do you mean by elasticity? How can you derive 8. Define land. Discuss the recardian theory of rent.
point elasticity of a demand? 9. List the characteristics of labour. Explain the optimum
7. Define law of supply. Explain degrees of elasticity of
supply with appropriate examples. theory of population.
8. What are the reasons for law of demand? Describe the law 10. What do you mean by liquidity preference? Explain the
of diminishing marginal utility. modern theory of interest.
9. Write short notes on any three: 11. Differentiate between gross profit and net profit. Write
a) Importance of economics b) Marginal rate of substitution about any one type of organization which aims to protect
c) Capital d) Indifference map
10. What does profit mean? Explain liquidity preference the poor sections of society.
theory of interest. 12. Write short notes on any three.
11. Define rent. Discuss on marginal productivity theory of wage. a) Goods b) Law of diminishing marginal utility
12. Differentiate between inferior and giffen goods. Explain c) Equillibrium d) Importance of economics
the price effect for rise in price in case of normal good.
Final examinations- 2071 Final examination -2074

Essay type question: 10 Essay type question: 10
1. What are the various types of costs? Explain the relation- 1. What is the importance of demand and supply in econom
ics? Discuss on law of demand and elasticity of demand
ship among various types of cost curves. Discuss
with examples.
application of different cost concepts.
Short questions (attempt any ten) 10x3=30
Short questions (attempt any ten) 10x3=30 2. Highlight the major points of material welfare definition of
2. Explain economics according to the view of robins. economics. "Robbins definition is self contradictory."
3. What are the constant factors while preparing demand Justify the statement with reasons.
curve? What happens when there are changes in these 3. Define indifference curve and indifference map. Explain
constant factors? the reasons for diminishing marginal rate of substation.
4. What is the law of diminishing marginal return? How is it 4. Differentiate between normal and inferior goods. Explain
applicable in our daily life? the price effect in case of Gifen's good with the help of
5. Explain indifferent curve and enlists its properties with neat and clean graph.
graphical illustration. 5. Why does marginal utility of a commodity diminish?
6. Describe income and substitution effect of price due to fall Explain the law of diminishing marginal utility along with
in price of normal good. its assumptions.
7. What is the cross elasticity of demand? Explain it for 6. Discuss on change in demand with appropriate graphs.
Explain the geometric method of measurement of elasticity
substitute and complementary goods.
of supply.
8. Differentiate monopoly market with perfect competition
7. Explain the optimum theory of population.
market. 8. Define economic rent. Discuss on Recardian theory of
9. Explain recardian theory of rent. Discuss its validity. rent in brief.
10. How far do you agree with the applicability of Malthusian 9. Define wage. Discuss on modern theory of wage.
theory of population? 10. What are the functions of an entrepreneur? Discuss
11. What is schumpter's innovation theory? different types of organization in brief.
12. Write short notes on: 11. Describe the characteristics of purely competitive market.
a) Profit Explain price and output determination under monopolistic
b) Transaction demand for money competition with clean graphs.
c) Wealth 12. Write short notes on:
a) Economics as normative science
b) IS and LM curves
c) Law
Compiled By:- Free Students’ Union, of supply
Lamjung Campus
1
Final examination - 2070 Final examination - 2068
1. Compare and contrast the definitions of economics as 1. Define indifferent curve. Logically explain the properties
given by Marshal and robbins and give your opinion on of indifferent curve with necessary illustration.
which one of them you fing a better one. Short questions (attempt any ten) 10x3=30
2. What are the basic assumptions of economics? Explain
Short questions (attempt any ten) 10x3=30
your agreement on classificatory definition of economics.
2. Write short notes on:
3. Explin the factors affecting the demand of any good.
a) Inter- related supply 4. State and explain the law of diminishing marginal utility.
b) Equilibrium 5. Give logical explanations:
c) Cross elasticity a) AC is "U" shaped
3. Discuss different properties of indifference curve. b) Supply curve of perishable good is perfectly inelastic
4. Define demand. Discuss different types of demand. c) Elasticity of demand for salt is zero.
5. Defines cost. Discuss different types of cost. 6. Classify the market on the basis of time. What are the
6. State and explain the law of diminishing marginal utility. causes of monopoly market?
Does it apply to money? 7. Explain the following:
7. "demand and supply determine the market price". Discuss a) MR=MC
8. State and explain recardian theory of rent. b) Ed =1
9. Define wages. Distinguish between nominal and real c) AVC= AR
wages. 8. Write short note on:
10. State and explain the Malthusian theory of population. a) Minimum reserve price
How is it valid today? b) Marginal rate of substitution
c) Law of equimarginal utility
11. What do you mean by liquidity preference? Explain how
9. Differentiate between:
interest is determined according to the liquidity preference
a) Wealth and money
theory. b) Explicit and implicit cost
12. State and explain the innovation theory of profit. c) Rent and interest
10. Critically explain the optimum theory of population.
11. Graphically illustrate the following:
a) Breakeven point
b) Market equilibrium
c) Super normal profit under PCM
12. State and explaintheRecardian theory of rent.
Final examination - 2067 Back examination- 2073

1. Define law of demand and law of suply. Explain the 1. Define market. Which market structure you prefer most
different typss of elasticity of demand and methods of and why? How price and output determine under mo-
measurement of elasticity of demand. nopoly?
Short questions (attempt any ten) 10x3=30 Short questions (attempt any ten) 10x3=30
2. Degine economics. Discuss nature and subject matter of 2. Define economics. Discuss the assumptions of economics.
economics in brief. 3. Write short notes on:
3. Define indifference curve. Explain the properties of a) Type of utility
indifference curve in brief. b) Goods
4. Discuss price effect for decreasing price on normal goods. c) Economic cost
5. Define various cost concepts. Graphically illustrate the 4. Discuss the price effect between two commodities.
relationship among the various cost curves. 5. Define elasticity of demand. Discuss the importance of
6. Graphically illustrate how price and quantity are deter- price elasticity of demand.
mined under perfectly competitive market in short run. 6. What are the determinants of supply? Discuss.
7. Briefly discuss the recardian theory of rent. 7. What do you mean by rent? Differentiate between rent
8. Define labor and its characteristics. Briefly discuss the and quasi- rent.
optimum theory of population. 8. "Is still valid Malthusian theory of population in develop-
9. Briefly discuss the liquidity preference of interest. ing country." Justify the statement.
10. What is organization? Disscuss the Schumpter's theory of 9. Enlist the characteristics of capital. Why do people prefer
profit. liquidity?
11. Write short notes on: 10. What do you mean by profit? Write about types of
I. Utility organizations.
II. Value 11. Differentiate between perfect competition and monopolis-
III. Money and wealth tic market.
12. Define: 12. Suppose the price of sugar is Rs. 30/kg and its demand is
a) Shut down point and break even point 1500 kg inRampur if the price falls to Rs. 25/k, the amount
b) Shot run supply and long run supply goes upto 30 quintals. Calculate the price elasticity of
demand of sugar and interpret the results.

2
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE Essay Type Question: 10
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Differentiate between soil fertility and productivity.
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 1st Semester FM: 40 Discuss the fundamental principles for the maintainance
Subject: Principle of agronomy PM: 16 of soil productivity in long-run.
Time: 2 hrs. Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. Mention the role of present agronomist in brief.
margin indicates full marks.
3. Differentiate between conservation and conventional
Essay Type Question: 10 tillage. What are the effect of tillage on crop production?
1. Define agronomy. Enlist the major problemsof Nepalese 4. Enlist the basic elements of weather and mention the role
Agriculture and briefly explain the role of Agronomist to
solve the food problemsof Nepal. duration in crop production.
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 5. Write short notes on:
2. Define soil erosion. Briefly explain the factors affecting a. Bio- fertilizer b. cropping system c. Rainfed Farming
water erosion. 6. What is weed? How would you say weeds are "friends
3. Write short notes on: and enemies " both?
4. What is plant nutrient? Differentiate between soil fertility 7. What do you mean by irrigation scheduling? Write down
and soil productivity.
5. Define quality seed and write down the importance of the critical growth stages of paddy, wheat, mustard, gram
quality seed in brief. and cotton.
6. What do you mean by weather? Write down the photope- 8. Define cropping scheme and enlist the basic principles of
riodic effect of solar radiation on crop production. scientific cropping scheme.
7. Define bio fertilizer and also explain the different types of 9. What is the role of plant density to determine crop yield?
biofertilizer used in Agriculture. Suggest the appropriate ways to maintain the uniform
8. Define allelopathic weed. Explain the preventive and
curative methods of weed management in agronomic plant population.
crops. 10. Differentiate the followings:
9. Define tillage and differentiate between conservation and a) Cropping intensity and land utilization index.
conventional tillage. b) Splash and sheet erosion
10. What is sequential farming? Write down the major c) Silage and soiling crop
principles of crop rotation. 11. Write down the perspective of minimum tillage in present
11. Define seed germination. Enlist the different factors
affecting seed germination. days agriculture.
12. What is intercropping? Write down the merits and 12. What do you know about quality seeds? Also mention the
demerits of intercropping. importance of quality seeed in crop production.
Final Examination - 2072 Final examination - 2071

Essay Type Question: 10 Essay Type Question: 10
1. Define weather and climate. Write the effect of tempera- 1. Define tillage and differentiate between conventional and
ture on crop growth, development and yield of crop. conservation tillage. Mention the advantage and disad
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 vantage of conventional and conservation tillage in
2. Define agronomy and write the role of agronomist in details.
solving the food problem. Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
3. What is the concept of land equivalent ratio? How does it 2. Define agronomy. How agronomy is interrelated with
estimate? different branches of agriculture? Mention briefly.
4. What is ideotype? Describe th desirable features of rice, 3. All productive soils are fertile but all fertile soils may not
wheat and maize ideotype? be productive. Justify the statement.
5. Write the role of organic manure in improving the soil 4. What is weed? Enlist the various weed management
practices applied in crop fields.
productivity.
5. Define the role of water in crop plants. Write down the
6. What is a weed? Mention in brief the various losses
water requirements of crops.
caused by weed inn crop production.
7. Define tillage. Write down the modern concept of tillage. a) Farming system b) Crop rotation
8. What do you know about optimum soil moisture regime? c) Sequential cropping
9. What do you understand by the term macro and micro 7. Differentiate climate and weather. Enlist the various
nutrients? Enlist the essential plant nutrients needed by a weather factors affecting crop production. How tempera-
plant for its growth and development. ture and solar radiation are important in crop production?
10. Why starch crop produce more yield in cool climate as 8. Define seed. Differentiate seeds with grains. Also mention
compared to warmer climate? the characteristics of quality seed.
11. Write short notes on (any three): 9. Differentiate the following:
a) Multiple cropping a) Monocropping and multiple cropping
b) Quality seed b) Surface and sub-surface drainage
c) Zero tillage c) Dry land and rainfed agriculture
d) Cropping intensity 10. Define soil erosion and explain various damage caused by
12. Differentiate the following (any three): water erosion and their control measure.
a) Light compensation point and light saturation point 11. Write down the common ideotypes of rice and maize. Also
b) Silage and soiling crop mention the role of plant population in crop production.
c) Exhaustive and restorative crop 12. Enlst bio-fertilizer and explain the role of bio-fertilizer in
d) Cropping system andCompiled By:- Free Students’ Union, crop
farming system production.
Lamjung Campus
3
Final examination- 2070 Final examination 2069
Essay Type Question: 10
Essay Type Question: 10 1. Define the term agronomy and agriculture. Enlist and
1. Define the term agronomy and describe in brief the role of discuss in brief the relation of agronomy with other
agronomist in increasing food crop production to meet the sciences.
increasing demand of growing population of Nepal. Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 2. What is crop classifiacation? Classify the agronomical
2. Define crop rotation. Write the principles and advantages crops on the basis of season of growing with example.
of crop rotation. 3. Define macro and micro climate. Briefly explain the effect
3. What do you understand by ideal plant type? List the of light on crop growth and development.
desirable characteristics of ideal plant type of rice and wheat. 4. Enlist the different types of tillage and explain the objec-
4. What are the differences between soil fertility and soil tive of tillage.
productivity? 5. Differentiate between seed and grain. What are the
5. Write the short notes on: determinants of quality seeds?
a) Biofertilizers b) Seed dormancy 6. Define the following terms:
c) Minimum tillage a) Land equivalent ratio b) Farming system
6. Differentiate between: c) Seed viability and seed dormancy
a) Mixed cropping vs intercropping d) Cropping scheme
b) Trap vs brake crop 7. What do you mean by irrigation scheduling? Enlist the
c) Cash crop vs catch crop methods of surface irrigation with brief description.
7. Define weed. Describe the various disadvantages caused 8. Define soil fertility and soil productivity. Explain briefly
by weeds. the different practices to reclaim acid and alkaline soils.
8. Describe the characteristics of quality see and its impor- 9. What is agricultural drainage? Describe in brief the effect
tance in crop production. of poor drainage on crop growth and development.
9. Write the formula to calculate any three of the followings: 10. What is soil erosion. Explain the types of soil erosion
a) Growing degree day(GDD) b) Water use efficiency (WUE) caused by water erosion.
c) Harvest index(HI) d) Cropping intensity(CI) 11. Define weeds. Briefly explain the looses caused by weed
10. Describe in brief the role of temperature and humidity on and benefit obtained by it.
the production of agronomical crops. 12. Write short notes on:
11. What do you mean by rainfed farming? Why is it impor- a) Rainfed farming b) Ratoon crops
tant in Nepal? c) Crop ideotype d) Biofertilizers
12. Describe the various methods of irrigation in brief? e) Silage crops
Final examination 2068 Final examination 2067

1. What are the objective of tillage? Explain the conventional
and conservation tillages? With their advantages and
1. Define the term agronomy and give its role in
disadvantages. increasing food production.
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
2. Define agriculture and agronomy. List the roles of agrono- 2. Enlist the factor affecting optimum plant population.
mist insolving the food problems in Nepal. 3. What is ideotype? Enlist the desirable features of
3. Draw and discuss the light response curve to show the
wheat ideotype.
effects of solar radiation on photosynthesis of crops.
4. Describe the chracteristics of quality seeds for optimum 4. What is a weed? What are the different losses
crop yield. caused by the weed?
5. Define multiple cropping. Discuss the sequence and 5. Differentiate between soil fertility and soil productivity.
intercropping with examples. 6. What are the major and minor plant nutrients?
6. Explain the methods of fertilizer application in the field crops. Explain in brief the major functions of N.P.K. an Zn
7. Enlist the method of weed control.discuss the physical
methods with its merits and demerits. in relation to crop growth and yield.
8. Mention the losses caused by soil erosion and by water 7. Interpret water harvesting in dry farming.
and suggest the conservation practices for such soil 8. Write down the ole of water for normal plant
erosion. growth and yield.
9. What is optimum plant population? List the factors 9. Write short notes on the following.
affecting optimum plant population. Explain one of them.
10. List the different approaches of scheduling irrigation in a) Seed dormancy b) Minimum tillage c)Bio-fertilizers
field crops and describe the critical stage approach. 10.Define macro and micro climate and explain in brief
11. Differentiate between : the role of light in crop production.
a) Soil fertility and soil productivity 11.Describe the characteristics of good quality seed
b) Dry land and rainfed farming c) Saltation and surface creep and its importance in crop production.
d) Macro and micro nutrients
12.Differentiate between:
a) Use of biofertiliser in agriculture a) Mixed ccropping and intercropping
b) Cash crops and catch crops c) Water requirement of crops b) Primary and secondary tillage
d) Selective and non selective crops
Compiled By:- Free Students’ c)Union,
Crop rotation
Lamjung andCampus
sole cropping
4
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Final examination - 2073
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Define and step out glycolysis and TCA cycle. Also
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 1st Semester FM: 40 briefly point out its regulation. Show the energetic as one
Subject: General Biochemistry PM: 16 molecule of glucose gets completely oxidized to CO2.
Time: 2 hrs. Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. What are buffers? Give Henderson- Hasselbalch equation
and its significances.
Essay Type Question: 10 3. Classify amino acids on the basis of their side chain.
1. How is glucose completely degraded? Give the outline 4. Define structural organization of proteins. What may
reactions of the pathways involved. happen if there is a mis-folding while undergoing protein
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 organization?
2. Mention the importance of biochemistry in agriculture and 5. Write the full form of IUBMB. And classify enzymes with
medicine. examples.
3. Name the biological buffers. Derive Handerson - 6. Give a short note on DNA. Also name the different types
Hassalbalch equation and mention its application. of RNAs.
4. Classify carbohydrates with examples. 7. Describe electron transport chain with the help of a
5. What do you mean by essential and non- essential amino diagrammatic representation.
acids? Give the structure of five essential and five non - 8. What is Lobry de Van Ekensteintransformation.
9. Explain beta-oxidation in short.
essential amino acids.
10. Outline the Calvin - Bension cycle.
6. How is protein synthesized?
11. Draw the structures of
7. Classify lipids with examples. Write about any one group.
a) Amino-sugars
8. Mention the salient features of Watson and Crick DNA model. b) Proline
9. Define "enzyme". Describe the mechanisms of enzyme action. c) Pyruvate
10. Give the structure of sucrose. How is it synthesized and degraded? d) Maltose
11. Name the common fatty acids found in lipids. Describe the e) TAG
oxidation of fatty acids. f) adenosine
12. Give the structure of any four of the following: 12. Classify lipids with example. Differentiate between
a) Starch b)Pectin c) Lactose saturated fat and unsaturated fat.
d) Lecithin e)Chitin

1. Give outline reactions of kreb's cycle including the name 1. Classify carbohydrates with examples. Mention the
of enzymes and structures of initial compounds, intermedi- functions of carbohydrates.
ates and products. Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 2. Give TCA cycle and draw the structures of intermediates.
2. Define buffer. Give the Handerson-Harshalbalch equation. 3. Give the outline reaction of calvin cycle.
3. What are biomolecules? Classify carbohydrates on the 4. Define enzyme and write about the mechanism of enzyme
basis of hydrolysis. Give examples of each. action
4. Define nucleotides. Explain the Watson- Crick model of 5. Draw the structures of glycogen, tryptophan, sucrose,
DNA. cholesterol, TAG and ATP.
5. What do you mean by essential and semi- essential amino 6. Describe the biosynthesis and degradation of amino
acids? Name them and give the structure of two essential acids.
and two non- essential amino acids. 7. Describe the beta- oxidation of fatty acid and calculate the
6. Define polypeptide and classify it. Give general structure ATP production in the oxidation of one palmitic acid
of a dipeptide. molecule.
7. What do you mean by reducing and non-reducing 8. Define nucleosides and nucleotides. Explain double helical
sugars? Give example. Write structure of one reducing and structure of DNA.
non-reducing sugar. 9. Define and classify phosphor lipis with examples and
8. Describe briefly about the enzyme nomenclature and structures.
classification. 10. Describe the biosynthesis and degradation of starch.
9. Explain about the synthesis and degradation of fat. 11. Classify amino acids on the basis of polarity of R- group.
10. Give the structural formula of lecithin, glutamic acid, 12. Classify proteins with examples.
cholesterol, adenine, lactose and pectin.
11. Describe the biosynthesis and degradation of starch.
a) Importance of biochemistry
b) Transamination
5
1. Define protein and classify them according to structural Essay Type Question: 10
composition and functions. 1. Classify protein with suitable examples. Write the func-
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 tions of proteins.
2. Define biochemistry and cell. Describe the structure and Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
functions of endoplasmic reticulum. 2. What is Henderson Hassel balch equation? Mention the
3. Explain the titration curve and zone of buffer action of role of haemoglobin in buffer action?
acetic acid. 3. Define biomolecules, pH and buffer action.
4. Write the structural composition of anomers and epimers 4. Classify amino acids on the basis of R group or structure.
of blood sugar. 5. Define fatty acids. Classify them and write the properties
5. Describe the carbohydrate derivatives of bacterial cell of fatty acid.
wall. 6. Define enzyme and prosthetic group. Classify enzymes
6. Explain the importance and fate of pyruvate molecule. with suitable examples.
7. What is the biological importance of pyridoxal phosphate? 7. Describe the structure of t- RNA.
8. Calculate the energy content released from the palmitic 8. Describe glycolysis in erythrocytes.
acid breakdown. 9. Describe the metabolism of triacylglycerol(TAG)
9. Write the structural composition and functions of NADH 10. Describe protein synthesis pathway.
and FADH2. 11. Write the properties of enzymes.
10. What do you know about common terminal pathway? 12. Write short notes on:
11. What are chargaffis rules and okazaki fragments? a) Nucleotide
12. Describe the principle and applications of spectro- b) Peptide bond
photometry in the field of agriculture. c) Glycosidic bond
Final examination - 2066 Back examination - 2075

1. Give the outline reactions of kreb's cycle including 1. Sketch the outline of anaerobic glycolytic pathway
the name of enzymes and structure of initial com- accounting its energy production. How is it regu-
pounds, intermediates and final products. lated? Give the significance of lactic acid formation
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 during this process.
2. Define buffer. Give HandersonHassalbalch equation.
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
3. What are biomolecules? Classify carbohydrates on
the basic of hydrolysis. Give examples of each. 2. Derive Michaelis- Menten equation.
4. Define nucloetides. Explain the Watson- Crick model 3. What is photophosphorylation? Sketch cyclic photo
of DNA. phosphorylation?
5. What do you mean by essential and semi-essential 4. Differentiate between secondary and tertiary
aminoacids? Name them and give the structures of structure of protein.
semi-essential aminoacids. 5. Draw the linear and cyclic structure of glucose,
6. Define polypeptide. Give the general structure of a fructose and galactose.
dipeptide. 6. Give a brief account of glycogen and show its
7. Define the terms saponification and hydrogenation. biosynthesis?
8. Explain about the synthesis of fat. 7. List out alcohol containing amino acid and sulphur
9. Write short notes on: containing amino acid with at least one structure of
a) pH and pH meter. each group.
b) Water and its importance 8. Sketch the outline for ?-oxidation of fatty acids.
c) Degradation of amino acids
9. Using schematic diagram, give the features of DNA.
10.Describe briefly about enzyme nomenclature
and functions. 10. What is phospholipid? Explain their types with
11.What do you mean by reducing and non-reducing examples.
sugars? Give the structure of one reducing and one 11. Define pH? Write down its significance.
non-reducing sugar. 12. Classify enzymes with an example of each class.
12.Write short notes on:
a) Zwitterions
b) Biosynthesis of triacyl glycerol.
6
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY FINAL EXAMINATION -2073
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 1. Define rural sociology and describe the importance
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 1st Semester FM: 40 of rural sociology in Nepalese context.
Subject: Rural Sociology PM: 16 Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
Time: 2 hrs. 2. What is social movement? Write about the precondi-
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the
margin indicates full marks. tion of social movement with examples.
3. Why is it difficult to differentiate between rural and
urban societies? What are the relative differences
1. How do you conceptualize social movement? Discuss
about types of social movement with necessary condition between rural and urban socieites?
for the emergence of social movement. 4. Define social stratification. Explain about Marxian
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 views od social stratification.
2. "Sociology is the mother of all social sciences" Briefly 5. What do you mean by social system? What are the
discuss. elements of social system?
3. What is social change? Explain its causes. 6. What is social change? Explain why economic factor
4. What do you mean by social process? Enlist different is important for social changes.
types of social interactions. 7. What do you mean by social institution? Explain
5. What are the differences between rural and urban society?
6. What is social stratification? Discuss its major bases of
about the essential features and functions of the
social stratification. family.
7. What do you mean by family? explain its function in a 8. What are the forms of social interaction? Write on
social stratification. importance of accommodation in the social process.
8. What is social institution? Discuss the importance of 9. What do you mean by social problem? List the types
economic institution in development paradigm. of social problems and explain the genereal mecha-
9. What are the common social problems in Nepal? write nism of social control.
about its control measures. 10.Define socialization. Describe about the agencies
10. What is social system? Write about major elements of
and stages of socialization.
social system.
11. Define socialization process. Explain different stages of 11.Differentiate the following: (a) Gender and Sex (b)
socialization Primary groups and secondary groups
12. What is social deviance? Write about the agencies of 12.Write short notes on the following: (a) Culture (b)
social deviance with appropriate examples. Social Norms and Social Values (c) Ethnocentrism.
FINAL EXAMINATION -2072 FINAL EXAMINATION -2071
1. Define rural sociology and explain why students 1. Define social institution? Discuss types of institution
need the knowledge of rural social systems of Nepal. and interrelationship among social institution.
2. Define the following term in details: (a) sociology (b) 2. Differentiate between "sociology" and "rural sociol-
social movement (c) social deviance ogy" with appropriate examples.
3. Describe about the differentiation of "Rural" and 3. What is social movement? Discuss on the types of
"Urban" ways of life styles in detail. social movement.
4. Define the following social process in detail: (a) 4. What is social process? Write about the role of
social competition (b) social conflict accommodation in social system.
5. Explain how age nad gender influence on social 5. Define social stratification. Discuss on Karl Marx
stratification in rural Nepal. and Max Weber's viewpoint on stratification.
6. Describe the differences among caste, race, tribal 6. Define "ethnicity" and ethnic group". Also write the
group and thnic group clearly. importance of interethnic relationship for country's
7. List and describe the types of familiesont eh basis of development.
marriage. 7. What is culture? Discuss impact on cultural lag in
8. Explain, with examples, the exogamournad endoga- relation to social system.
mous normative structures of marriage systems in 8. Define the term social norm, social value and social
rural Nepal. belief with appropriate examples.
9. Explain the role of Pancha- Bhaladmi on finding the 9. What is social group? Write about the role of refer-
solutions of rural social problems in Nepal, ence group in social development.
10.Define how yourself is defined by the society in 10.Define socialization process. Discuss various ele-
detail. ments of social system.
11. Explain on the impacts of technological advance- 11. What is social system? Discuss various elements of
ments in rural social changes in Nepal. social system.
12.Describe by differentiating between primary and 12.Define social deviance. Write about the causes of
secondary groups in detail. social deviance.
7 Compiled By:- Free Students’ Union, Lamjung Campus
7
1. What do you mean by stratification? Elaborate social 1. What is "Social institution?" Breifly discuss the type
stratification in the Nepalese context. Describe of social instutions, and e;laborate your points on
different theories of social stratification in brief. why social institutions should thrive in the rural
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 society.
2. "Sociology is the mother of all social sciences" Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
Justify the statement/ 2. What is socialization? Briefly describe the term
3. Define social institutions. Describe briefly the types "looking glass- self in relation to socialization process".
of marriage practiced in the Nepalese society. 3. Define social movement. Discuss the types of social
4. Family is the primary and fundamental unit of movement,
society. How? Justify your ansmer. 4. Define rural sociology and write about the character-
5. What do you understand by deviance? What are the istics of rural society.
causes of deviant behavior? 5. What do you understand by social change? Write in
6. Name the elemnets of social system, explain the brief about the effect of technological change in the
Parson's view. society.
7. What do you mean by the term "Ethnocentrism"? 6. What are the major social problems of Nepal? What
describe briefly the inter-ethnic relationship in the solutions you can offer to solve those problems?
Nepalese context. 7. Define culture. Differentiate between cultural
8. Socialization is the life long process, examine in brief. ethnocentrism and cultural lag.
Explain Sigmund Freud's view in short. 8. What are the major causes of 'deviance'? Write
9. "Culture is the way of life." Explain briefly. What do about the types of deviance.
you mean by cultural lag? 9. Differentiate between ethnicity and ethnic group?
10.Include briefly the affecting factors of social change. 10. Write the importance of festivals commonly valued in
11. Distinguish between social ceremonies and festivals the Nepalese society. Discuss bay two of them.
of Nepal. Describe any two common Nepalese 11. Differentiate between 'values' and 'norms' with five
ceremonies. examples.
12.Differentiate abount social norm, values and belief 12. Define 'reference group.' Differentiate between
system with appropriate example. 'primary' and 'secondary' group with examples.
1. What do you understand by social system and what 1. Discuss the term "socialization" and explain the
socialization process with illustrations. Also describe
are the elements of social system according to
how different theories of socialization work in the
Charlis P. Loomis? "development of self".
2. What is social problem? Make a list of social prob- 2. Discuss briefly on the interrelationship among social
lems discuss about the unemployment. institutions.
3. What do you understand by social change? Describe 3. What is social stratification? Discuss the views of
the natural factors in social change. Karl Marx.
4. Define social institution and classify marriage on the 4. What is social deviance and social control? Write
different types of social deviance and its impact on
basic of different criteria. the society.
5. Define social stratification. Differentiate between 5. Define culture. Differentiate between cultural
class and caste. ethnocentrism and cultural lag.
6. What do you mean by socialization? Describe the 6. Differentiate between 'primary' and 'secondary'
various agencies of socialization. group with examples.
7. Define or explain the following terms: (a) conflict (b) 7. What is social change? Briefly discuss the impact of
Poverty (c) accommodation technological change in the society.
8. What are the major social problems of Nepal? what
8. Differentiate the following (a) Rural life and urban solutions you can offer to solve those problems?
life (b) Reform and revolutionary movement (c) Co- 9. What is social movement? Write its impact in the
operation and Conflict country's development.
9. What do you mean by social movement? Describe 10. Name major festivals found in the Nepalese society.
the types of social movement. Describe any two of them with reference to their
10.What are the mores? How do mores differ from folk roles in social and economic aspects of the society,
ways. 11. Define social process. Differentiate between
'Cooperation' and 'Conflict'
11.Describe the condition of child labor in Nepal. 12. Differentiate between social norms and social
12.What role can rural sociology play in the present values. Also briefly explain the role of social norms
situation of deteriorating economical condition in Nepal? in the society.
Compiled By:- Free Students’ Union, Lamjung Campus 8
8
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Final examination 2073
RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. Define horticulture and explain in detail the factors to
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 be considered before and during establishment of
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 1st Semester FM: 40 an orchard.
Subject: Introductory Horticulture PM: 16 2. Briefly mention the economic importance of horticul-
Time: 2 hrs. tural crops and also give how horticulture is interre-
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the lated with other discipline of applied sciences.
margin indicates full marks. 3. Discuss about the feasibility of horticultural develop-
Essay Type Question: 10 ment in Nepal. Enlist ecological regions of Nepal for
1. Define plant growth Regulators. Enlist the types/classes/ horticultural crops with scientific and common names
groups of plant growth regulators with examples and of five potential crops of each.
describe the uses of plant growth regulators in the field of 4. Define the term stress. How does temperature
horticulture. stress affect the plant growth? List some measures
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 to overcome it in orchard.
2. Define horticulture and relate it to other sciences.
3. Define the term propagation. Mention the advantages and 5. What do you mean by organic farming? Write down
disadvantages of vegetative propagation. the techniques of off-season vegetable production.
4. Define orchard layout and briefly describe the different 6. Briefly describe the training system in fruit crops.
systems of layout with their merits and diagrams. How does the training and pruning system play a
5. What is organic farming? Why organic farming on major role in high density planting of fruit trees?
horticultural crop is getting popularity in this modern age? 7. Discuss the characteristics of phytohormones and
6. What do you mean by stress? How moisture stress affect classify them. Enlist major role or physiological
the plant growth and development? Mention the measures actions of Giberellin.
to overcome the moisture effect. 8. Define and discuss the seed dormancy and its types.
7. What are the objectives of training and pruning? Describe What are the major stages of seed germination?
the modified leader system of training with examples.
8. What is unfruitfulness? Briefly discuss the suitable 9. Define propagation. What are the advantages of
measures to overcome the unfruitfulness in fruit crops. asexual propagation over sexual methods of propagation?
9. Briefly describe the principles f off-season and protected 10. A prepared plan has 1600 plants/ha in square system
cultivation of horticultural crops. of planting if you are assigned to arrange the plants
10. What do you mean by irrigation and drainage? Briefly describe in equilateral triangular system how many plants can
the importance of drip irrigation on horticultural crops. be accommodated? Explain in detail.
11. Write short notes on (any three): 11. Differentiate between (any three):
a. Soilless culture b. Soils for fruit tress a. Growth and development b. Scarification and stratification
c. Micro propagation d. Dormancy c. Physiological and horticultural maturity
12. Differentiate between (any three): d. Double working and top working
a. Growth and Development b. Scion and Stock
c. Top working and Double working 12. Write short notes on (any three):
d. Abscission and Senescence a. Major events during flowering b. Parthenocarpy
c. Micro-propagation d.Multi-stories cropping in Nepal
Final Examination-2072 Final Examination 2071
1. Define horticulture and show its relation with other
disciplines. Discuss the feasibility of horticultural develop- 1. Give the meaning of Growth and Development in
ment in Nepal. horticulture. Explain the causes of unfruitfulness
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 along with remedies with suitable examples.
2. What is meant by the term 'niche'? enlist various ecologi- Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
cal regions of Nepal for horticultural crops with five 2. What do you know about genetic resources and
potential crops for each region.
3. Describe the importance of heat unit and discuss the effect indigenous horticultural plant of Nepal?
of light on plant growth and development. 3. Briefly describe the principles of protected horticul-
4. Define the term stress and discuss the measures to ture.
overcome moisture stress. 4. What is organic farming? Give its importance in the
5. Briefly discuss the factors to be considered for the
present context.
successful establishment of an orchard.
6. Enlist the merit of asexual propagation nd discuss the 5. What is Plant Growth Regulator (PGR)? Give their
advantages of budding over methods of grafting. major uses in horticulture.
7. What is juvenility and enlist the major characteristics of 6. Discuss about the soil fertility management in an
juvenility. orchard.
8. What do you mean by seed and bud dormancy? Mention
different ways to overcome dormancy.
7. How pruning differs from training? Explain why
9. Enlist phytohormones along with their major characteris- pruning has dwarfing effect?
tics. Describe the influence on different plant growth 8. Discuss about mist and micro propagation with
substances on germination, flowering and sex expression. examples.
10. What is high density planting? Explain the objectives of 9. Briefly describe how would you select a site for an
pruning in brief.
11. Differentiate between: orchard establishment and do planting of fruit saplings.
a. Scarification and stratification 10.Explain how temperature and light affect horticul-
b. Growth and development tural production.
c. Quincunx and square system of planting 11. What are the different branches of horticulture and
12. Write short notes on: its relationship with other disciplines?
a. Major events during flowering
b. Soilless culture 12.Explain the terms: hydroponics, aeroponics and multi-
Compiled
c. Needs and prospects of organic By:- Free Students’ Union,
farming Lamjung
storied Campus
cropping.
9
Final Examination 2068 Final Examination 2067
1. Define plant growth substances. Mention the types/ 1. Define horticulture and describe its relationship with
classes/groups of plant growth regulators with examples other sciences.
and describe the uses of plant growth regulators in the
field of horticulture.
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 2. Discuss different methods of irrigation of horticul-
2. Define horticulture and relate it to other sciences. tural crops.
3. Define the term propagation. Mention the advantages and 3. Classify horticultural crops on the following basis:
disadvantages of sexual and asexual propagation. a. Life span b. Growth habit c. Physiology
4. What is organic farming? Why organic farming on 4. Discuss different causes of unfruitfulness with
horticultural crop is getting popularity in this modern age? suitable remedies to overcome them.
5. Discuss the needs of high density planting with examples. 5. What are the objectives of layout systems? Describe
6. Briefly discuss the different methods of orchard layout the different steps involved in planting of fruit trees
system with clean diagrams. with neat and clean diagram.
7. Discuss different causes of unfruitfulness with suitable
6. What is a Plant Growth Regulator? Describe uses of
remedies to overcome them.
8. What do you mean by stress? How moisture stress affect auxins in horticultural crops.
the plant growth and development? Mention the measures 7. Write short notes on any four of the following:
to overcome the moisture effect. a. Branches of Horticulture b. Mist propagation
9. What do you mean by irrigation and drainage? Briefly c. Dormancy d.Germination e. Senescence
describe the most suitable irrigation method for fruit crop. 8. Differentiate between the following horticultural terms:
10. What are the objectives of training and pruning? Briefly a. Training and Pruning b. Inhibitors and Retardants
describe the different systems of training of fruit trees. c. Sexual and asexual propagation
11. Write short notes on (any three): d. Top working and Double working
a. Dormancy 9. Discuss the following:
b. Multi-stories cropping
a. Physiological basis of rooting b.Formation of graft union
c. Soilless culture
d. Soils for fruit trees 10.Explain in brief effect of low temperature on horti
12. Differentiate between (any three): cultural crops.
a. Climacteric and non-climacteric fruit 11. How off-season vegetables are produced by adjust-
b. Double working and top working ment of planting time?
c. Mono embryonic and poly embryonic 12.What are the advantages of High Density planting?
d. Scarification and stratification. Discuss about Multi-storied cropping.
Final examination 2066 Final examination 2065

1. Define horticulture and describe the importance and
1. How would you plan and establish an orchard including scope of horticultural development in Nepal.
site selection, preparation of site, layout and planting? Explain. Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 2. Enlist the propagation methods and briefly describe the
2. How climatic factors influence the growth of horticultural methods of cutting.
3. Define phytohormones and describe the commercial uses
plants? Discuss. of PGR in horticulture.
3. Describe in what ways is horticulture important to every 4. Write down the factors causing unfruitfulness of fruit
sphere of life in a society. trees. How do you overcome the problem of
4. What are the major purposes of asexual propagation? unfruitfulness?
5. Briefly discuss the principle of off-season and protected
Give limitation of vegetable propagation also. horticulture.
5. Describe the mechanism of healing of a graft union. 6. Classify the horticultural plants based on uses with
6. Describe mechanism of flowering initiation in horticultural plants. examples.
7. What are the developmental stages of growth of horticul- 7. Write down the basic principle of orchard establishment
and describe the different planting system.
tural plants? Describe juvenile phase. 8. Enlist the objectives of pruning and training. Describe the
8. Give roles of auxins in horticulture. rule of training and pruning of fruit trees.
9. Describe various orchard soil management practices. 9. Describe the influence of climatic factors on the growth of
10. Give objectives of training and pruning. Discuss major plants.
10. Briefly mention the temperature stress on plants and
forms of training in fruit crops. describe how to overcome temperature stress on horticul-
11. Differentiate between: tural plants.
a. Hydroponics and aeroponics 11. Write short notes on:
b. Thinning-out and heading-back cut a. Juvenility b. Approach grafting
c. High density cropping d. Peri-urban horticulture
c. Division and separation 12. Differentiate between
12. Define the following terms: a. Top working and double working
a. Senescence b. Ripening c. Apical dominance b. Stratification and scarification
d. Hormones e. Explants f. Callusing c. Hot bed and cold frame d. Shrubs and herbs
e. Hydroponics and aeroponics
g. Apomixes h. Etiolation f. Climacteric and non climacteric g.Tropical and temperate zones
i. Environmental pollutants. Compiled By:- Free Students’ h. Union,
Shrubs Lamjung
and herbs Campus
10
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Essay Type Question: 10
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE 1. "Soil is made by nature not by man." Justify this statement
RAMPUR, CHITWAN with examples. Explain chemical weathering of rocks and
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 minerals with suitable reactions.
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 1st Semester FM: 40 Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
Subject: Fundamental of Soil Science and Geology PM: 16 2. Define soil in your own words. Describe in brief the
Time: 2 hrs. different approaches to study soil.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 3. Enlist the physical properties of soil and derive the
margin indicates full marks. relationship among bulk density, particle density and
Essay Type Question: 10 porosity.
1. Compare among saline, saline- sodic and sodic soils. What 4. What are the causes of soil acidity? Mention the effective
are the techniques to measure and quantity such soils. management practices of acidic soils for better crop
Explain the reclamation of such soils to improve their production.
productivity for optimum plant growth.
5. Describe in short, the management practices of saline-
2. What is soil? Write its concept and uses for various fields of life. sodic soils for better crop production.
3. Differentiate between sandy loam and loamy sand soils. 6. Define CEC, mention its measurement unit. Describe the
Describe the properties of loam soils. importance of cation and anion exchange phenomena in
4. List the reasons of soil acidity. soils.
5. Soil colloids serve as the "Bank" of plant nutrients. Justify 7. Define soil colloids. Enlist the different types of colloids
this statement with figure. with examples. Illustrate the fundamental of silicate clay
6. Differentiate between cation and anion structures.
exchange phenomena in soils. Describe their importance in 8. Mention the physiographic regions of Nepal. Briefly, the
agriculture. soils of terai region of Nepal.
7. Sketch a rock cycle with its components. Discuss in brief 9. Differentiate between: (i) Soil fertility and soil productivity
the mechanical weathering of rocks and minerals. (ii) montmorillinite and kaolinite (iii) isomorphic substitu
8. Derive the relationship among bulk density, particle tion and pH dependent charges.
density, porosity of soils. 10. You are supposed to deliver a training session on 'soil
9. Mention various type of silicate clay minerals, describe nutrient management' to the progressive farmer group of
the general properties of smectites.
10. What is solar system? Describe any one hypothesis for Rampur. How would you illustrate on 'Ideal soil' to them.
the evolution of the earth. Describe in brief.
11. Terai is called the "Breadbasket of Nepal". Justify this 11. Define soil profile. Draw a well labelled diagram showing
statement with reference to soil properties, all the master horizons with their characteristics features in short.
12. Write short notes on: 12. What is solar system? Describe in short for about the
a) Composition of the earth b) Soil structure c)Soil-plant relationship evolution of earth.
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2073 FINAL EXAMINATION - 2072

1. Define and explain cation exchange phenomena in soil. 1. What is soil reaction? Explain the major sources of
Write down the importance of cation exchange capacity in soil acidity with suitable management options.
soil fertility. Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 2. Define soil structures and explain its significance in
2. Define soil and explain why soil is considered as a agriculture.
dynamic body.
3. How does phosphorous become unavailable to acid
3. Explain the unique contributions of nay two great scientist
and alkaline soils? Explain.
in the field of soil science,
4. Define soil colloids and discuss their characteristics
4. Explain the general propertied of soil colloids and their
in brief.
types and explain their importance in soil science,
5. Explain the buffering capacity of soil and why some soils
5. How do you confirm that a given soil in saline? How
are highly and some are poorly buffered?
does halophyte tolerate salinity?
6. Define soil texture. Compare physical, chemical and 6. Vermiculites have higher cation exchange capacity
mineralogical properties of sand and clay particles? than that of Semctites, why?
7. Define soil structure? How are soil aggregates formed and 7. Calculate the amount of CaCO3 required per hectare
which constituents are responsible for their stability? of clayey land to replace 2.5 cmol H+ per kg soil
8. Derive the formula used to calculate the percentage of from the exchange complex.
total pore-space in soil and differentiate between sulk 8. Explain the effects of soil moisture regimes on soil
density and particle density of soil? color development.
9. What is soil pH? Describe the causes of soil acidity. 9. Describe the characteristics of soil of middle moun-
10. Explain the effects of pH on availability of plant nutrients tain region of Nepal.
in soil. 10.Differentiate between active alluvial plains and
11. Explain these terms in relation to salt in soil: ESP, SAR and recent alluvial plains.
EC. Summarize the properties of salt affected soil, 11. What is the significance of soil buffering capacity?
12. Describe these landforms in brief (any three): Explain the mechanisms of acid to buffer soil pH
a) Flood plain when lime is added.
b) Alluvial plain 12.Write short notes on:
c) Aeolian deposits a) Soil consistency
d) Colluvium Compiled By:- Free Students’b)Union, Lamjung
Isomorphic Campus
substitution
11 11
1. Explain the types of soil colloids. Discuss the mineralogi- 1. Define the cases that develop specify type of soil reaction.
cal composition of layered silicate lays. Explain in detail the causes of osil acidity and suggest a
Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30 farmer who might have to solve the problem.
2. How do different people perceive soil? Define soil in your Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 10x3=30
own words. 2. Define soil in your own words. Describe soil as natural
3. "Weathering is the combination of disintegration and body and medium for the plant growth,
synthesis process". Justify the statement. 3. Soil is three phase system. Justify the statement with
4. Why is soil bulk density always lower than particle components of soils.
density? Discuss the importance of soil aeration in crop 4. "Weathering is the combination of disintegration and
growth. synthesis process". Justify the statement.
5. Is there any relation between soil pH and plan nutrients 5. Define soil porosity and derive the relationship between
availability? Discuss. the bulk density and particle density of soil.
6. What are the basic cause of soil acidity? Discuss in brief 6. Soil texture is relatively permanent property of soil,
the type of soil acidity. discuss the importance of soil structure in soil
7. Compare and contrast the Kaolinite, Smecticite and management.
Vermiculite type of silicate clay mineral in term of nutrient 7. Define soil colloids. How do soil colloids serve as 'bank'
exchange capacity, water absorption and swelling properties. for plant nutrients?
8. Differentiate between the soil texture and soil structure. 8. Discuss the importance of cation exchange in soil system.
Explain thy types of soil structure. 9. What do you mean by salinity and sodicity? Give some
9. Why is ion exchange considered as an important reaction management options to reclaim saline sodic soil.
in soil? Describe in brief the cation exchange the phenom- 10. Write three hypotheses proposed for the evolution of
ena in soil. solar system. Briefly discuss the Nebular hypothesis.
10. Discuss the "Nebular Hypothesis" about the origin of the earth. 11. Define primary and secondary minerals with examples.
11. Differentiate between sedimentary rocks and metaphoric Differentiate between sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
rocks. Also the list the names of some minerals founds in 12. Write physiographic units of Nepal. Discuss the geologi-
these rocks, cal status of the Siwalik in detail.
12. Enlist the different physiographic units of Nepal. Describe
the soil of middle mountain unit of Nepal.

1. Define soil colloid and describe the general characteristics 1. Define soil colloids and describe the general characteris-
of soil colloids and their types. tics of soil colloids, classify silicate clays with examples.
2. What do you mean by soil? Explain briefly the concept of soil 2. What is soil? What are the uses of soil in economic life of
3. "Soil is a natural body." Justify with examples. the society?
4. How doe soil detoxify the chemical pollutants present in 3. Is soil natural dynamic body? Justify your answer.
the soil? 4. How does the soil become a medium for plant growth?
5. What are the differences between soil air and atmospheric air? Describe soil plant relationship.
6. Define soil separates and describe the importance of soil 5. List the components of soil? Explain the soil water.
structure in agriculture. 6. Define soil separates and describe the importance of
7. What is soil acidity? Explain how soil become acidic. cohesion and adhesion in agriculture soils,
8. What is CEC and what creates difference in CEC of the 7. Enlist types of soil structures and describe the properties
soils? of the most suitable soil structure for crop cultivation.
9. What are the characteristics of saline soil and how it can 8. Write down the different types of soil acidity and explain
be reclaimed? the exchangeable soil acidity.
10. List how the liming materials and explain eh benefits of 9. What are the liming materials? Describe briefly the
liming in intensive agriculture, management of acidic soils for agricultural purposes.
11. Mention the land forms available in Nepal and describe 10. Describe relationship between soil pH and nutrients
about the alluvial soils availability of crop plants.
12. Write short notes on: 11. Write short notes on:
a) Planetesimal hypothesis of the origin of the earth a) Planetesimal hypothesis for the origin of the earth.
b) Black color in the soil b) Phosphorous and iron containing minerals
c) Soil pH and nutrient availability. c) Physiographic and iron containing minerals.
a) Chemical and physical weathering of rocks and minerals
b) White and black alkali soils
c) Cation and anion exchange phenomena
12 12
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Back examination 2073 poush
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
RAMPUR, CHITWAN Essay Type Question: 6
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 1st Semester FM: 20 1. Livestock production is a major occupation of hilly
region's farmers in Nepal. Justify this statement with your
Subject: Intoductory of Animal Science PM: 8
Time: 1:30 hrs. own logic.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 7x2=14
margin indicates full marks. 2. What do you mean by sanitation? Also mention its
importance in animal production.
3. Differentiate between ruminant and non ruminant animals
1. Discuss about importance, scope and constraints of
with suitable examples.
livestock and poultry production in contest of the
4. Give zoological classification of the following .
Nepalese farming system.
a. Sheep b. Duck
5. Write in detail about animal marketing system in Nepal.
2. Give the zoological classification of cattle, buffalo, sheep
6. Classify feed stuffs and also write major importance of
and goat.
silage in ruminant production.
3. Write about care and management of new born calf.
7. Draw a labelled diagram of buffalo digestive system.
4. Write about sign of health and disease.
8. Write in detail on coccidiosis or tapeworm.
5. Discuss about transportation and marketing of animal in
9. Define the following terms (any six).
Nepal.
a. Hay b. Farrowing c. Adlibitum d. Pellet ration
e. Gutter f. Forage g. T-T Housing system
a) Aging b) Branding c) Casting
10. Define sick aniamls and also write about general care and
7. Enlist the indigenous breeds of cattle buffalo sheep and goat.
management of sick animals.
8. Write the incubation period, sign and symptom and
11. Write general symptoms and prevention methods of FMD
prevention and control of FMD.
or Ranikhet.
12. Write short notes on following (any three).
a) Farm record keeping b) Tattoing
a. Restraining b. Importance of farm record
10. Classify feed stuff on the basis of TDN content.
c.Liver fluke d. Management of new born calf
11. What are the major factors affecting barn sanitation and
also write about the characteristics of good disinfectants.
12. Write about differences between ruminant and non-
ruminant.
Final examination- 2073 Back examination 2072

1. Define animal husbandry. Discuss importance, future Essay Type Question: 6
1. Cattles are grazing on the pasture land; you need to
scope and limitations of overall livestock farming in Nepal.
vaccinate those animals. How do you handle them?
Explain different method of restraining animals.
2. What are the significance of identification of farm ani- Short Questions: (Attempt Any Ten) 7x2=14
mals? Briefly discuss the method of tagging with suitable 2. Livestock and poultry are the assets of farming commu-
example. nity, explain.
3. What are the rules of scientific naming? Zoologically 3. Differences between ruminants and non-ruminants.
classify the following: a) Goat b) Fowl 4. Zoologically classify the cattle and poultry.
4. Write in brief transportation of farm animals. 5. What are the means of transportation and how do you
5. Enlist the importance of colostrum feeding. Write general transport live animals and animal products?
care and management of newly born calf. 6. In a farm there are 100 animals and among them 7 are sick.
6. Mention the significance of barn sanitation. Discuss the How do you find animals are healthy or sick?
factors that affect barn sanitation. 7. You are a farm manager and new calf are born today, how
do you handle, care and manage them?
7. Classify the feedstuffs. Give the major advantages of
8. What do you understand by feed, fodder and feeding?
fodder conservation in Nepal.
Differentiate concentrate and roughages.
8. Discuss the sign and symptoms of sick animals. 9. You are establishing a new dairy farm, what are the
9. What are the importance of farm recording keeping? records you maintain and prepare?
Prepare a sample of herd book record. 10. What do you understand by bran sanitation, write its
10. Write the prevention and control measures of FMD or importance.
Ranikhet. 11. You need to buy ruminants, in absence of record hoe do
11. Write short notes n (any three): you identify the age of ruminants? Write dental formula of
a) Ageing of farm animals b) Characteristics of disinfec- pig.
tants 12. Write short notes on:
c) Casting of farm animals d) Gestation ration a. H.S b.F.M.D c.Ranikhet d.Branding
12.Differentiate between Ruminant and non- ruminant
animals
13 13
Back examination 2071 Back examination- 2068

1. Define Barn Sanitation. Why Sanitation is done? Describe 1. How can you justify the importance of animal husbandry
factor affecting barn sanitation. Write the characteristics in Nepal? Discuss the major scope, constraints and
of good disinfectants and classify it. possible solution of livestock farming in Nepal.
2. Mention the major importance and constraints of livestock 2. What is hierarchy of taxonomy? Zoologically classify the
farming in Nepal. following animals.
3. Define hierarchy of taxonomy. Zoologically classify the a. Cattle b. Sheep c. Pig d. Fowl
followings: 3. What are the importance of identification of farm animals?
a. Fowl b. Cattle c. Horse Discuss its methods with special referee to tattowing.
4. What are the importance of identification of farm animals? 4. Explain the common appliances used for approaching
Describe its methods. handling and controlling of farm animals.
5. Mention the signs and symptoms of healthy and diseased 5. Discuss the method of marketing of poultry and swine.
animals. 6. Discuss the sign and symptoms of healthy cow.
6. Describe the methods of transportation of farm animals. 7. Mention the importance of colostrum feeding. Explain the
7. Define the following terms; care and management of newly born calf.
a. Free martin b. non-layer c. concentrate 8. What is the significance of farm record keeping? Give the
8. Describe care and management of draft animals. sample of Herd book record.
9. What are the significances of maintaining farm records? 9. Mention the objectives of barn sanitation. Explain the key
Mention the major characteristics of a good farm records. points of factor affecting the maintenance of barn.
10. Describe the process of hay making. Mention the charac 10. Classify the feed stuffs. Write the importance of fodder
teristics of good quality hay. production.
11. Write the prevention and control measures of Black 11. Write casual organisms, prevention and control of FMD
Quarter and Ranikhet . and BQ.
12. Write short notes on: 12. Write short notes on:
a. Reuffs method of casting b. Classify the feed stuffs a. Aging by dentition b. Casting c. Characteristics of
b. Weighing of farm animals disinfectants
Final examination- 2068 Back examination- 2067

Essay Type Question: 6 1. What are feedstuffs? Classify the feedstuffs and
1. Define animal husbandary. Discuss importance, future
scope and limitations of overall livestock farming in Nepal.
describe each of them.
2. What are the significance of identification of farm ani-2. Write down the zoological classification of cattle
mals? Briefly discuss the method of tagging with suitable and buffalo.
example. 3. What are the Ecto and Endo parasites? Write in
3. What are the rules of scientific naming? Zoologically clas- brief about liver fluke and Ticks.
sify the following: a. Goat b. Fowl
4. What are the digestive organs of ruminants? Write
4. Write in brief transportation of farm animals.
5. Enlist the importance of colostrums feeding. Write general down the structure and function of a cow stomach.
care and management of newly born calf. 5. Why is numbering or marking important in an animal
6. Mention the significance of barn sanitation. Discuss the farm? What are the common methods of identifica-
factors that affect barn sanitation. tion?
7. Classify feedstuffs. Give the major advantages of fodder6. Classify the teeth of farm animals and give the
conservation in Nepal. dental formula of cattle, sheep and goat.
8. Discuss the sign and symptoms of sick animals.
9. What is the importance of farm record keeping? Prepare a
7. Why is record keeping done? Describe some
sample of herd book record. important records that should be kept in the farm.
10. Write the prevention and control measures of FMD and 8. How can the body weight of farm animals be
Ranikhet. estimated in the absence of weighing scale? Discuss.
11. Write short notes on (any three): 9. What is casting? Write down the different steps of
a. Ageing of farm aniamls casting by the use of alternate methids.
b. Characteristics of disinfectants 10.How will you differentiate a healthy animal from
c. Casting of farm animals
d. Gestation ration
that of a sick one?
11.Discuss the care and management of a newly born calf.
12. Differentiate between Ruminant and non- ruminant animals.
12.What is Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (H.S.)? Write
Compiled By:- Free Students’down
Union,
theLamjung
symptomsCampus
and control measures of it.
14 14
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074
RAMPUR, CHITWAN Essay type Questions 10
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2075 1. Define farm management. Discuss the importance of farm
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 2nd Semester FM: 40 management in Nepalese context.
Subject: Farm management, Production PM: 16
Economics & Planning Time: 2 hrs. Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. Define linear programming. Discuss the uses of linear pro
margin indicates full marks. gramming technique to solve farm management problems
Essay type Questions 10 with numeric example.
1. What is production function? Explain three zones of 3. Define marginal production. Explain law of equimarginal re-
production function along with the relationship among TP, turns.
AP and MP. 4. Discuss different types of enterprises relationships and eco-
Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10 nomic decisions in each relationships.
2. Show the nutrient cycle in a hill farming system.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of farm 5. Define production function. How can you determine the least
mechanization? cost combination of two variable inputs?
4. What is least cost combination? 6. What are the major uncertainties affecting Nepalese farm-
5. What are the relationships among enterprises? Explain it ers? Discuss on safeguard measures against them.
along with the view of decision making. 7. What are the causes of poor labour use efficiency in agricul-
6. Enlist the principles involved in decision making and ture sector of Nepal? Discuss on production efficiency indi-
explain the principle of equimarginal return. cators with examples.
7. What is farm planning? Why is it important?
8. What is farm inventory? 8. What does farm planning mean? Develop a form for monthly
9. What is linear programming? Explain the graphical method feed record to be used in raising 1000 broiler chicken in Terai
of linera programming for solving problem through a condition of Nepal.
hypothetical example. 9. Estimate a partial budget of manual versus machine harvest-
10. Differentiate: ing of wheat on the basis of best information you have re-
1. Farm management and Production Economics garding the effect of machine use on yield and cost per
2. Balance sheet and cash flow statement ropani.
3. Partial budgeting and complete budgeting
11. What are the types of risk and uncertainity? 10. Define land management. Discuss on good farm layout and
12. Write short note on (any three): its importance in agriculture.
a. Farm records 11. Write short notes on:
b. Factors affecting farm cost and income a. Strategic management decisions
c. Expansion path b. Time value of money
d. Scope of farm management

Essay type Questions 10 Essay type Questions 10
1. Conceptualize the term production economics. Discuss the 1. Define farm management along with its scope. Differentiate
stages of classical production function in detail. it with production economics and show the relationship of
Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10 farm management with other sciences.
2. What is linear programming? Explain the principle Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10
of comparative advantage with example. 2. Show the relationship among total product, marginal
3. Explain the decision making process of a typical farm product and average product in various zones of clas
in detail. sical production function.
4. What is farm inventory? Describe the methods of 3. Explain input input relationship and profit maximiza
computing depreciation of farm assets. tion under this relationship.
4. What are the characters of a good farm plan? Why is
5. List out the types of risks prevailing in livestock sec-
it important to prepare a farm plan?
tor. Also briefly describe the steps of farm planning.
5. Define linear programming. What are the assumptions
6. ' Properly maintained farm records are key to suc-
and application of linear programming?
cessful farm business'. Comment.
6. What is net worth statement? How is it different from
7. Discuss relationship between various production income statement?
curves in agriculture sectors. 7. Explain nutrient cycle in Nepalese farming system.
8. What are the techniques of valuating farm assests? 8. Enlist various method to calculate depreciation and
Explain how will you arrive at least cost point graphically. explain straight line method.
9. Discuss the relationship of farm management with other 9. What is the importance of preparing a farm inventory? What
sciences in detail. are the methods of valuation?
10.Explain the relationship among enterprises in detail. 10.What are the various types of risk and uncertainity?
11.Describe the strategies to be adopted by farm manager to Enlist risk management strategies for mango orchard.
minimize the effect of risk in livestock and agriculture sector 11.Write short notes on:
in detail. a. Isoquant curve
12. Write short note on (any two): b. Production possibility curve
a. Partial budget c. Land use efficiency
b. Elasticity of production 12. Differentiate between:
c. Net worth statement a. Risk and Uncertainty
b. Fixed and variable resources
Compiled By:- Free Students’c.Union, Lamjung
Complete Campus
and partial budgeting
15
1. Define farm management. Discuss scope and importance 1. What is farm management? How farm management is
of farm management in Nepalese context. important in commercializing agriculture in Nepal?
Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10 Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10
2. Enlist different farm management decisions. Explain 2. What are the production relationships? Explain why
production and organization decision with suitable example.
3. What does production function mean? Explain satge of pro second zone of production function is rational?
duction function in detail. 3. What are the objectives of a farm manager? If you are a
4. Write short notes on: a. Expansion path farm manager and provided with limited resources, the,
b.Production possibility curve c.Land use efficiency how would you manage the farm to achieve the objectives?
5. Briefly explain the types of factor - factor relationship. How 4. Write the implications of following in farm management:
can you obtain the least cost combination of two variable inputs? a. Production possibility curve b. Least cost point
6. Draw an iso-revenue line. Describe different types of enter- c. Derivative
prise combinations aand profit maximizing rules in each com- 5. Suppose you have following relationship of profit:
bination. ?= Py.Y- [Px.X+FC] where ?= profit, Py = Price of
7. What are the principles of farm management? Explain law of commodity,
equi0marginal returns with suitable example.
8. A commercial farmer in Terai need tractor for his farm opera- Y= total production, Px= Price of inputs, X= Total input,
tion. Alternatives to him are; a. purchase a new tractor at Rs. FC= Fixec cost
100,000 that will last for 15 years or b. purchase a old at Rs. 6. Write short notes on:
60,000 and replace it by the next old tractor of value Rs. a. Opportunity cost
50,000 after 8 years. Suggest him which option will be eco b. Principle of comparative advantage
nomical to him if he has limited capital. Also check which 7. What is linear programming? Describe the different budget
option is best if he has unlimited capital. types and its importance in agricultural planning.
9. What do you mean by partial budgeting? Prepare an enter 8. What is efficiency? Discuss various efficiency ratios in brief.
prise budget of raising a lot of 500 broilers in your condition. 9. " Nepalese agriculture is not well managed", how would
10. Differentiate between risk and uncertainty. Explain the you justify this statement?
graphical method of linear programming in solving farm
10. Differentiate following" a. Short run and long run
management problems.
11. What is the importance of farm inventory preparation? b. Variable cost and fixed codt c. Average cost and marginal cost
Describe method of valuation along with the suitability of 11. Draw graph for following: a. Isoquant Vs Iscocost line
each method for valuation of different types of assets. b. PPC vs budget line c. Economies of scale
12. What do you mean by balance sheet? Prepare an income d. Supplementary product e. Factor- product relation
statement a farmer for the year 2070/71 putting hypothetical 12. Conceptualize risk and uncertainity. Discuss the safeguard
data relevant to an average Nepalese farmer. measures of risk and uncertainity.

1. What are the assumptions of linear programming? Explain
the relationship of farm management with other discipline 1. Define farm management. Explain the scope and
in detail. major issues of farm management in Nepal.
Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10
2. Discuss the relationship between inputs in brief. Also Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10
explain the steps of arriving at optimum combination of 2. Explain least cost combination.
enterprises. 3. Define product and describe its types.
3. How is income statement different from cash flow state-
ment? Discuss liquidity and solvency ratios for a typical 4. First and third zone of production function are
livestock farm. called irrational, why?
4. 'In order to maximize resource use efficiency, a farm
manager must operate his business in second region of 5. What do you mean by risk and uncertainty? List the
classical production function'. Justify this statement. safe measures of risk and uncertainty.
5. What are the principles involved in farm management 6. Define linear programming. Describe the graphical
decisions? Discuss any two principlkes that you consider method of linear programming with an example.
most important in brief. 7. Explain the comparative advantage principle.
6. Differentiate risk and uncertainty. Also write down the
steps to be followed to arrive at least cost point. 8. Differentiate farm plan and farm budgeting. Enlist
7. What do you mean by farm planning and budgeting? the farm management decisions.
Construct a hypothetical linear programming model. 9. Explain nutrient cycle in Nepalese context.
8. What are the characteristics of a good farm plan? Discuss
the importance of farm management studies in Nepalese's 10.Explain the methods of calculating depreciation.
condition. 11.Law of diminishing return is applied in agriculture.
9. What do you mean by farm resources? Explain the 12. Define:
valuation techniques of farm assets in detail.
10. What is partial budget? Discuss the strategies to mitigate a. Expansion path
risk and uncertainity. b. Product transformation curve
11. Explain decision making process in detail. c. Network statement
12. Differentiate between (any two):
a. Input Vs Output
b. Isoquant Vs Product transformation curve
c. Total value product Vs Total return
16
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY FINAL EXAMINATION - 2073
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE Essay type Questions 10
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Write about the spacing, climatic and edhapic require-
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 2nd Semester FM: 40 ments of rice, maize and wheat. Also enlist each five
Subject: Cereal Crop Production PM: 16 varieties of rice, maize and wheat with domain.
Time: 2 hrs. Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. Classify maize on the basis of endosperm.
3. Write down the soil and climatic requirements, seed rate
Essay type Questions 10 and spacing of barley.
1. What are the causes and effects of late sown wheat in 4. Fingermillet crop is also called "poor's food" why? Write
Nepal? Describe in details. the importance of fingermillet crop.
Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10
5. Explain the different growth stages of rice.
2. Classify rice cultivars grown in the world and describe
them in Brief. 6. Define baby corn. Write down the importances and uses
3. Write short notes on (any three): of baby corn.
a. Dalbhat combination of ration in Nepalese diet 7. Mention the scientific ways to increase the nitrogen use
b. Baby-corn c. Crown root initiation stage in wheat. efficiency in lowland rice.
d. System of rice intensification. 8. Enlist the five major weeds of maize filed na dexplain the
4. Describe the reasons for higher yields of winter maize than
the spring and summer maize in Nepal. weed control practices in maize crop.
5. Mention the scientific ways to increase the nitrogen use 9. Differentiate between:
efficiency in lowland rice. a. Direct seeding rice system and system of rice intensification.
6. Write about the buckwheat species, soil requirement and b. Photosensitive and photo insensitive crops
fertilizer management for their higher yield in Nepal. c. Japonica and indica cultivar
7. Mention the seed rate, planting seasons and planting 10. What are the causes and effects of late sown wheat in Nepal?
methods of finger millet in brief.
8. Enlist the major weeds of direct seeded rice and suggest 11. Suggest the major cereal based cropping systems for terai,
the ways for their scientific management. mid hill and high hill regions of Nepal.
9. Write down the sunshine hour, temperature and rainfall 12. What are the reasons of higher yield of winter maize than
required for main season rice grown in Nepal and South Asia. the spring and summer maize in Nepal?
10. Enlist the latest five cultivars of rice, maize and wheat
recommended for mid-hill region of Nepal.
11. Write down the water and nutrient management in Barley.
12. Suggest the major cereal based cropping systems for terai,
mid hill and high hill regions of Nepal.

1. Discuss the fate of added nitrogen in wetlands rice and 1. Explain water and nutrient management in lowland rice
methods for minimizing nitrogen loss from flooded rice soils. cultivation. Write about ways of nitrogen losses and ways
Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10 to improve nitrogen use efficiency in that condition.
2. Classify maize on the basis of endosperm. Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10
3. Write down the soil and climatic requirements of barley. 2. Classify maize on the basis of endosperm.
4. Fingermillet crop is also called "poor's food" why? Write 3. In Nepal, winter and summer grown cereals face water
the importance of fingermillet crop. deficiet. What agronomic ways would you recommend to
5. What are the different growth stages of rice. reduce or manage crop production in such environment.
6. Give the name of five varieties of rice, maize and wheat 4. Write down the major practices of DSR ( Direct Seeded
grown in hilla nad high hills of Nepal . Rice) and SRI (System of Rice Intensification).
7. Write short notes on: a. Triticale 5. Explain about weed managemnent practices in rice.
b. Economic importance of buckwheat. 6. Compare and contrast between various methods of rice
c. Yield and yield components of rice. nursery preparation.
8. Enlist the major weeds of rice field and explain the weed 7. Describe various intercultural operations practice in
control practices in rice crop. maize.
a. Triticale
a. Direct seeding rice Vs system of rice intensification
b. Weed management in buckwheat
b. Photosensitive Vs photo insensitive crops.
c. Types of wheat based on ploidy level.
c. Japonica vs indica cultivar
9. What are types of barley and how are they distinguished.
10. Write the weed and nutrient management in wheat crop.
10. Write 5 varieties each of rice, wheat and maize with their
11. Why is the yield of chaite dhan higher than barkhe dhan? recommendation domain.
Explain. 11. Describe the planting methods of finger millet and also
12. Why is the yield of winter maize higher than the rainy highlight the seed rate, crop geometry and plant nutrients
season maize in Terai of Nepal? Dicuss in brief. required for each method of planting.
a. climatic requirement of barley
b. Water management in wheat c. Glutein protein
1. Explain land preparation, seed sowing and nutrient 1. Explain about the climatic and edaphic requirements of
management in different in different types of rice nursery. rice.Write about the land preparation and nutrient manage-
Write the water management in lowland rice correlating it ment in transplanted rice.
with the rice physiology. Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10
Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10 2. Explain nursery raising in rice. Distinguish between the
2. Classify wheat on the basis of ploidy level. sub-species of Oryza sativa.
3. Explain the water and nutrient management in wheat 3. Write down the major practices of DSR (Direct Seeded
cultivation. Rice) & SRI (System of Rice Intensification).
4. Write down the major practices of DSR (Direct Seeded 4. What are the effects of water deficit in maize? How, as an
Rice) and SRI (System of Rice Intensification). agronomist, would you avoid water deficit in maize?Explain.
5. What are the effects of water deficit on maize? How would 5. C4 crops are generally better producers and photosyn
you avoid water deficit in maize under rainfed condition? thetically more efficient than C3 . why is the national average
6. How is nitrogen lost from lowland rice field? Discuss the productivity of maize lower than that of rice? Explain.
ways to improve nitrogen-use efficiency under such 6. Write about weed and nutrient management in wheat.
condition. 7. Write short notes on:
7. Describe various intercultural operations practiced inmaize. a. Triticale b. Economic importance of buckwheat
8. Write short notes on: c. Seed treatment
a. Triticale 8. Classify maize on the basis of endosperm.
b. Economic importance of buckwheat 9. Write five varieties of rice, maize and wheat with their
c. Types of maize based on endosperm recommendation domain.
9. What are the types of barley and how are they disti 10. Describe the planting methods of finger millet and also
guished? highlight the seed rate, crop geometry and plant nutrients
10. Write five varieties of rice, maize and wheat with their required for each method of planting.
recommendation domain. 11. Write short notes on:
11. Describe the planting methods of finger millet and also a. Water management in irrigated wheat
highlight the seed rate, crop geometry and plant nutrients b. Weed management in buckwheat c. Glutein protein
required for each method of planting. 12. Enlist major weeds of maize and explain the weed control
12. Describe the current status of agronomic research in practices in maize.
Nepal.
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2068 Essay type Questions 10
Essay type Questions 10 1. List the different methods of raising seedling and
1. Discuss in detail about the fate of added nitrogen in explain any two of them with their advantages.
wetland rice and methods for minimizing nitrogen loss in Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten) 3x10
flooded rice.
Short type Questions (Attempt any Ten)
2. Discuss the fertilizer management in low land rice.
3x10
2. How does a rice plant respond to temperature and light?3. List the major weeds of rice. Describe in brief the
3. Comparatively differentiate between indica, japonica and weed control methods in low land rice.
javonica sub-species of rice. Shortly write the features of
4. Write down the recommended varieties of each
dapog method of seedling raising of rice. crops rice, wheat and maize for both terai and
4. What do you mean by puddling? Write about the special
features of submerged rice soil.
mid hills of Nepal.
5. Briefly discuss about the growth stages of wheat plant.5. What are the critical stages of wheat for irrigaton? If
6. How can we manage the water in wheat, if available? you have only two irrigations, when will you irrigate
7. Explain about the seed rate, sowing time, sowing depth andthe wheat crop.
spacing in wheat. 6. Discuss the seed rate, fertilizer and plating time in wheat.
8. Give reasons for the higher yield of maize in winter than in
the summer season.
7. Why is the yield of winter maize higher than the
9. Write about the rate, time and method of manure and rainy season maize in terai of Nepal?
fertilizers application in maize. 8. Explain the importance of buckwheat cultivation in Nepal.
10.Mention about 2 most popular maize varieties for each 9. Write down the planting time, seed tae, spacing and
agroecological region of Nepal. How can we manage the fertilizer application in finger millet.
weeds in maize?
11.Highlight the improved agrotechniques of fingermillet
10.Why is the yield of Chaite dhan higher than the
production in short. barkhe dhan?
12.Short notes on (any three): 11.Write short notes (any two):
a. Fertilizer and manure management in buckwheat. a. Puddling b. Triticale c.Importance of barley in Nepal.
b. Seed rate and sowing in barley 12.Describe the fertilizer management for improved
c. Post-harvest operation in rice d. Triticale
maize cultivation in Terai.
RAMPUR, CHITWAN Essay Type Question 10
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 2nd Semester FM: 40 1. What is landscape gardening? And explain the principles
involved in landscape gardening design.
Subject: Ornamental Horticulture PM: 16
Short type Questions 10×3= 30
Time: 2 hrs.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. Differentiate between weak and strong geophyte with
margin indicates full marks. example.
Essay Type Question 10 3. Compare and contrast eastern and western design and
1. Define landscape. What are the factors affecting land twister and also highlight the motto and aims of Ikebana.
scape design? 4. Explaining pruning and root exposing in rose.
Short type Questions 10×3= 30 5. Discuss the process of making bonsai.
2. Write the characteristics of the plants suitable for bonsai 6. Discuss cleaning and light management of indoor orna-
making. mental plants.
3. Write the characteristics of different lawn grasses. 7. Discuss briefly the use of ornamental plants in landscape
4. How can you justify floriproducts are economically gardening design.
important? Justify with examples. 8. Discuss the management practices of established lawn.
5. What are the different methods of dormancy breaking of 9. Classify the orchid according to the habit with example.
gladiolus corms? 10. Discuss about calyx splitting in carnation.
6. What are the basic consideration that should be done 11. Discuss the objectives and goal of chain of life concept in
before establishing of nursery enterprises? postharvest handling of cut flowers.
7. Describe briefly the landscape design process. 12. Write short notes on:
8. How temperature affects postharvest life of flowers? a) Pergola b) Boulevard c) Xeriscape gardening
9. Describe the chain of life steps of flowers. d) FAN
a) Nursery media b)Nursery containers
a) Sympodial orchid and monopodial orchid
b) Pinching and disbudding
c) Spray chrysanthemum and standard chrysanthemum
12. Write the propagation method followed in rose. FINAL EXAMINATION - 2071
Essay Type Question 10
Essay Type Question 10 1. What is lawn? Describe different types of grass used for
1. Discuss cultivation of Chrysanthemum under following making lawn. What are the different methods of lawn
headings: i) Propagation ii) manure and fertilization iii) establishment? What are the major management practices
de-shooting and dis-budding iv) important disease for lawn maintenance? Describe.
v) protected cultivation Short Questions 10×3= 30
Short type Questions 10×3= 30 2. Describe the importance of ornamental horticulture in
2. Define landscape gardening. Comment on factors which Nepal.
affect landscape design. 3. What is landscape? Describe about landscape designing
3. Discuss the main features of Japanese style of gardening. process.
4. Write short notes on (any three): 4. What is bonsai? What types of plants are suitable for
a) Economic value of ornamental gardening making Bonsai? Write with example.
b) Bio-aesthetic planning 5. Classify Carnation. Describe about pinching methods in
c) Sphagnum moss Carnation.
d) Guidelines for selection of containers for Bonsai 6. What are the factors influencing postharvest longevity of
5. Describe briefly the different methods of planting lawn grass. cut flowers?
6. How shifting of potted plant is done? Why is repotting 7. What is indoor gardening? What are the practices that
necessary? should be done for the maintenance of indoor plants?
7. Discuss the aesthetic use of following ornamental plants: 8. What is nursery? What are the basic considerations for
a) Acalypha b) Gulmohar c) Hibiscus the nursery enterprise development?
8. Give reason of wiring and method of wiring of Bonsai 9. Write short notes on:
plants. How dwarfing of plant is achieved in Bonsai a) Factors affecting landscape design b) Types of rose
making? c) Types or styles of Bonsai
9. What types of plants are suitable for hanging basket? 10. Differentiate between:
Classify different types of House plants with examples. a) Formal and informal styles of gardening
10. What do you know about pre-cooling and storage of cut
b) Pinching and disbudding
flowers.
c) Standard and spray Chrysanthemum
11. Briefly describe about objectives of flower exhibition and
11. Classify orchids. Write about the potting media commonly
hints for flower judging.
used in orchids.
12. Describe in brief different methods employed for propaga-
tion of roses. 12. What are the commonly used containers? Describe the
advantages of plastic pot over clay.
Final examination- 2069 Final examination- 2068
Essay Type Question 10 1. Why orchid is wondrous among flowers? Discuss about
1. What is landscape gardening? Explain the principles orchids on the following heads:
involved in landscape gardening design. a) Classification according to habit b) Media for growing orchids
Short type Questions 10×3= 30 c) Structures for growing orchids d) Manuring and fertilization
2. Differentiate between weak and strong geophytes with Short type Questions 10×3= 30
example. 2. Compare and contrast eastern and western design of
3. Compare and contrast eastern and western design and flower arrangement.
twister and also highlight te motto and aims of Ikebana. 3. Discuss the goals and objectives of "Chain of Life"
4. Explain pruning and root exposing in rose. concept.
5. Discuss the process of making bonsai. 4. Briefly describe the steps involved in landscape garden-
6. Describe cleaning and light management of indoor ing design.
ornamental plants. 5. Describe the management practices of established lawn.
7. Mention use of ornamental plants in landscape gardening 6. Enlist the rose root stocks and explain how the modern
design. roses are developed.
8. Discuss the management practices of established lawn. 7. Write down the aesthetic and functional uses of follow-
9. Classify the orchid according to habit with example. ing plants:
10. Discuss about calyx splitting in Carnation. a) Polyaltheapendula b)Petunia c) Tagetes spp.
11. Write objectives and goal of chain of life concept in 8. Discuss the importance of nursery raising of plants.
postharvest handling of cut flowers. 9. How can you judge the harvesting stage of following
12. Write short notes on (any three): ornamentals:
a) Pergola b) Boulevard c) Xeriscape gardening a) Carnation b) Gladiolus c) Rose
d) FAN 10. Discuss the remedies for prolonging vase life of cut
flowers.
11. Discuss the judging criteria in flower shows and competi-
tion.
12. Write short notes on the following:
a) Sciophytes b) Calyx splitting c) Dieback in
rose

Essay Type Question 10 1. Landscape design is a problem solving process. Why?
1. Discuss Rose under the following heading: Discuss in detail the landscape design process and the
a) Classification b) Propagation c) Pruning and factors affecting it.
root exposing d) Important pests and diseases Short type Questions 10×3= 30
Short type Questions 10×3= 30 2. Ornamental horticulture is an emerging enterprise in
2. Mention the important varieties of Gladiolus and Tube Nepal. Justify this statement in brief.
rose. 3. Briefly mention the climatic requirements of rose and
3. Discuss stopping and de-shooting in Dahlia. tuberose.
4. Differentiate between cacti and succulents with suitable 4. Briefly discuss the aesthetic and functional use of five
examples. ornamental shrubs and five ornamental trees with their
5. Briefly discuss the propagating methods of Bougainvillea scientific name.
and Chrysanthemum. 5. What do you mean by potting and repotting? Explain the
6. Write short notes on (any three): significance of repotting.
a. Indoor plants b. Nursery media c. Mughal - 6. Define bonsai and enlist the plant specimen selection
garden d. Flower exhibition criterion for bonsai.
7. Briefly discuss the postharvest practices of cut flowers. 7. Briefly mention the factors affecting the postharvest
8. Briefly discuss the classification and protected cultivation longevity of cut flower.
of orchids. 8. Discuss on the following aspects of gladiolus. a) Varieties
9. What are the factors that affect landscape design? b) Corm dormancy c) Plant depth d) Harvesting
10. Define lawn. Give suitable plant species for making lawn. 9. Discuss on the following aspects of Orchids.
Give the maintenance tips for lawn. a. Origin and distribution b. Orchid house c. Propagation d. Harvesting
11. What is a bonsai? Give five suitable plant species for 10. Write short notes on (any three):
making bonsai. Also mention how a plant can be miniatuized. a. Partial opening b. Topophysis c. Basic rules of Ikebana d. Pulsing
12. Briefly discuss the elements of landscape gardening 11. Differentiate between ( any three):
a. Cacti and succulents b. Complementary and analogous arrangement
c. Burmuda grass and Korean grass d. Pinching and disbudding
12. Briefly describe about the flower exhibition and judgment.

RAMPUR, CHITWAN EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2073 1. Explain the management practices of dairy cattle adopted in
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 2nd Semester FM: 20 hot climate to take optimum performance
Subject: Ruminant production PM: 8 SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
2. Give the characteristics of Murrha and Merino breed.
Time: 1:30 hrs. 3. Describe the role of ruminant animal in agriculture.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 4. Describe the artificial rearing of calf and different feeding
margin indicates full marks. system.
EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6 5. Explain the feeding of dairy cow.
6. Write the care of breeding buck and culling of goat.
1. What are the methods of housing dairy cattle? Give the 7. Explain about dipping sheep.
comparative merit and demerit of loose housing and 8. What are the points to be consider while selection of
cow house barn system. Discuss the factors which affect breeding stock? Describe in brief.
the location and construction of dairy farm building. 9. Write short note on:
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 a) Flushing b) Synchronization of heat
2. Discuss in brief about the care and management of milking
animals for maximizing the milk production.
3. Which hand or machine milking methods would you prefer
on your farm? Give reasons.
4. Enlist the important breeds of sheep and write the charac
teristics of Merino.
5. What do you mean by colostrums and write the importance
of colostrums feeding?
6. Write in brief about selection and judging of dairy cattle.
7. Explain the characteristics of Holestein Frisian breed.
8. Write in brief about use of draft animals.
9. Explain the constraints of ruminant production in Nepalease
farming system.

EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6 EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6
1. Discuss about importance of colostrum and artificial 1. Explain about the importance and scope of Ruminant
rearing of new born. production in Nepal.
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 SHORT QUESTION (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
2. Discuss about system housing for dairy cattle housing. 2. Draw a well labeled diagram of digestive system of a buffalo.
3. Enlist the important breeds of sheep and goats. Explain the 3. Why is castration mostly done in young animals? Describe
characteristics of Lampuchare and Beetal. the burdizo method of castration.
4. Write the care and management of new born calf. 4. What do you mean by estrus cycle? Write the important
5. Write in brief about the use of draft animals. symptoms of estrus in a cow.
6. Explain the breed characteristics of Jafarabadi buffalo. 5. Describe the care and management of new born calf.
7. Discuss about different methods of milking. 6. Write short note on:
8. Explain briefly the feeds and feeding of ruminants. a) Murrah b) Lime c) Jersey
9. Write short notes on: d) Jamunapari e) Lampuchhre f) Chyangra
a) Dehorning b) Dipping 7. Describe the breed characteristics Holstein Friesian and
Merino.
8. Explain about care and management of breeding bull.
9. What do you mean by Dehorning? Explain the method of
Dehorning with its merits.

EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6
1. Why goat is regarded as poor man's cow? Explain the EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6
importance of ruminants in Nepalese agricultural systems. 1. Discuss the importance, scope and constraints of ruminant
Also explain the problems of ruminants farming (e.g. dairy production in Nepal.
cattle) in commercial level among our farmers. SHORT QUESTION (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
SHORT ANSWERS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 2. Name five important cattle breeds and write down the breed
2. Write down the breed characteristics of Holstein- Friesian cow. characteristics of Murrah Buffalo.
3. What do you mean by estrus cycle? Explain the external 3. Differentiate between Loose housing and barn systems as
systems of heat in cattle. housing.
4. Discuss about care and management of breeding bull. 4. Differentiate between Full hand and Stripping method of
5. Describe about various type of milking methods. Which milking.
method do you consider the best one? 5. What is Castration? State the objectives and different
6. Explain about different types of housing systems with their methods of Castration.
merits and Demerits. 6. Enlist the desirable characters for Judging and selection of
7. Why castration is done in male animals? Describe the a dairy cow by using Score card method.
Burdizzo method of castration. 7. Discuss the care and management of new born lamb.
8. Explain the importance of colostrums feeding in new born animals. 8. Discuss the role of draft animals in Nepalese farming
9. Write short notes on: system.
a) Grooming b) Murrah c)Jamunapari d) Dehorning 9. Write short notes on (any two):
a) Grooming b) Docking c) Merino

1. What are the Salient points is grouping of dairy farm EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6
buildings? Explain the different types of intensive cattle 1. Why crude fiber is essential for ruminant animals? Also,
housing and give merits of each. write the scope of ruminant production in Nepal.
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 SHORT QUESTION (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
2. What do you understand by 'breed'? List the factors you 2. Write breed characteristics of following breeds: Jersey and
would consider in selection of dairy cattel breed in Nili-Ravi.
Nepalese condition. 3. Why sheep and goat are suitable for midhill region? Also
3. Explain the care and management of breeding buck. write in short about their grazing systems.
4. Discuss in brief the general care and management of new 4. Write in short about care and management of newly born
born calf up to one year age. kid.
5. Why is Full hand milking preffered to any other method of 5. What do you mean by milking? Which method is suitable
hand milking? for cattle and why?
6. Write the breed characteristics: 6. " Conventional housing system is suitable for milking
a)Brown swiss b) Jaffarabadi c) Barbari animals", why? Justify with your suitable logic.
7. Define the followings: 7. Write short notes on:
a) Animal Judging score card b) Animal Body a. Casting b. Docking c. Grooming
wedges- side, top, front 8. How can you estimate the age of sheep? Write with
8. What do you understand by barn sanitation? Explain example.
disinfectants and disinfectants. 9. Enlist different breeds of goat introduced in Nepal and
9. Differentiate between: which ones are considered most appropriate & why?
a) Hand milking and machine milking
b) Stanchion stall and Tie stall of animal housing

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE EASSY TYPE QUESTION: 10
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Explain the mechanism of symbiotic nitrogen fixation with
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 2nd Semester FM: 40 account of Rhizobium.
Subject: AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY PM: 16 SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY TEN): 10*3=30
2. Draw sulphur cycle along with the names of associated
Time: 2 hrs. microbes.
3. Explain microbial degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons.
4. Define biofertilizer. Give mass production method of
EASSY TYPE QUESTION: 10
Mycorrhizal biofertilizer.
1. What is Transduction? Explain the process with well
5. Name at least five rumen associated bacteria and their role.
labeled diagram.
6. Describe Azolla- Anabaena symbiosis.
SHORT QUESTION: (ATTEMPT ANY TEN) 10*3=30
7. Differentiate between batch fermentation and continuous
2. What is the role of plasmid in cell and genetic engineering?
fermentation.
3. Draw nitrogen cycle along with the names of associated
8. Give a brief account on salmonellosis and
microbes.
campylobacteriosis with salient features.
4. Define mycorrihza. Differentiate between ectomycorrhiza
9. How does lignin degradation take place? Name at least
and endomycorrhiza.
three associated microbes.
5. Write short note on staphylococcal intoxication. Name one
10. Name any ten fungal pathogens of plants with the
mycotoxin and the microorganism producing it.
diseases.
6. How does microbial degradation of starch take place?
11. Account the contributions of S. Winogradsky and M.
7. Name six antibiotics and microorganisms producing them.
Beijerinck.
8. Explain the role of protozoa and fungi in rumen with four
12. Categorize and explain the types of microorganisms
examples of each.
encountered in milk.
9. Name any ten bacterial diseases of plants with causal
oraganisms.
10. Explain biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons.
11. Define biopesticide and its types with examples.
12. Account the contribution of Louis Pasteur and M.
Beijerinck.

EASSY TYPE QUESTIONS 10 ESSAY TYPE QUESTION: 1*10=10
1.What do you mean by genetic recombination? Describe 1. Define mycorrhiza. What are its species? Write the
types of transduction with their detail mechanism. Point out mechanism of symbiotic Nitrogen fixation?
the significance of recombination in bacteria. SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY TEN) 10*3=30
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY TEN) 10*3=30 2. Define micro biology. Classify microorganisms.
2. Explain briefly the importance of microbiology in agricultural 3. What are different cell envelopes of prokaryotic cell?
field . Differentiate between the cell wall components of Gram
3. Present the general schemes of degradation of aromatic positive and Gram negative bacteria.
hydrocarbons. 4. What are different nutritional requirement for growth of
4. Enlist Biofertilizers. Explain mass production of bacteria.
Cyanobacteria. 5. Differentiate between Lytic and Lysogenic phase of
5. Enlist the important bacterial diseases of plant with causal transduction.
oraganisms. 6. Write about phosphorus cycle.
6. What is Hay and silage? Describe the role of microbes in 7. What is anaerobic digestion of organic residues? Write its
silage making? major steps and responsible microorganisms.
7. Describe the cell of organism possessing incipient nucleus 8. Define recalcitrant chemicals. Outline the process of
with well - labeled diagram. degradation of aromatic chemicals by microorganisms.
8. Give the role of microbes in the degradation of cellulose and 9. Define and classify bio remediation.
protein. 10. Differentiate between sign and symptoms. How is mass
9. Describe the microbiology of milk and milk products. culture of Rhizobium done?
10. Give the mechanism of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. 11. Define rumen microbiology. What are different phases of
11. Explain the phosphorous cycle. silage production?
12. Classify microorganisms with examples. Describe the 12. Short notes on:(any three)
characteristics of any one group. a) Application of microbiology in agriculture
b) Fermentation
c) Dairy microbiology
d) koch's postulate

EASSY TYPE QUESTION 10 EASSY TYPE QUESTION:

1. Give the historical background of microorganisms. 1. Define mycorrhiza and describe various types of
Describe their importance in agriculture. micorrhiza with examples. Give its significance in agriculture.
SHORT QUESTION (ATTEMPT ANY TEN) 10*3=30 SHORT QUESTION (ATTEMPT ANY TEN) 10*3=30
2. Define insecticides, fungicides and herbicides. 2. Describe briefly the carbon and sulphur cycle in nature.
3. Mention only the outline of sulphur and nitrogen cycle. 3. Give the name of microbes which help in the degradation
4. Give a note on nutritional requirements of bacteria and of lipids, starch and cellulose.
nematodes. 4. Give the role of microbes which develop diseases in crop
5. Name any five fungal and five bacterial diseases with their plants.
causal organisms and hosts occurring in plants. 5. Give short notes on any three:
6. Give a definition and classification of mycorrhiza and also a. Botulism b. Transformation
mention their importance. C. Pasteurization d. Silage
7. Write the short notes on: 6. Discuss briefly the biopesticides and biofertilizers with
a. Silage suitable examples.
b. Antibiotics 7. Mention a list of five microbes present in milk, infected
c. Asymbiotic nitrogen fixation food and alimentary canal of any cattle.
d. Food borne infection and toxins 8. Give the importance of microbes in industry, agriculture
8. Define biofertilizers. Give their importance in agriculture. and medicines.
9. Describe plant microbes association with suitable example. 9. Discuss briefly the role of micro-organisms in soil fertility
10. What do you mean by prokaryotic cell? Draw & label a and crop production.
typical bacterial cell. 10. Define recalcitrant pesticides with examples and also write
11. Write short-notes on the followings: about food borne mycotoxins.
a. Butter b. Cheese c. Rumen microbiology 11. Give mechanism of symbiotic nitrogen fixing microbes.
12. Describe microbial degradation of cellulose. 12. Write in short the nutritional requirements and genetics of
bacteria.
EASSY TYPE QUESTION: EASSY TYPE QUESTION: 10

1. Name any two prokaryotic and two eukaryotic microorgan- 1. Classify biological nitrogen fixing organisms with ex-
isms. Describe the cell structure of a typical prokaryotic amples. Show with the help of labeled diagrams only how
micro-organism with well labeled diagram. nodule is formed in leguminous plant. Mention the
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY TEN) 10*3=30 mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation.
2. How genetic recombinations occur in bacteria? Describe SHORT QUESTION (ATTEMPT ANY TEN) 10*3=30
any one mechanism. 2. Give broad classification of micro-organisms with ex-
3. Describe the role of micro-organisms in maintaining amples.
nitrogen cycle. 3. Describe the importance of microorganism in agriculture.
4. Describe Azolla- Anabaena symbiosis. Mention the 4. Write the structure of peptidoglycan. Give three differ-
significance of this symbiosis. ences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
5. What is mycorrhiza? Classify mycorrhiza giving character- 5. Describe how conjugation takes place in bacteria.
istics of each group. 6. Define and classify mycorrhiza mentioning the characteris-
6. Name some recalcitrant and biodegradable pesticides. Give tics of each group.
the general scheme for the biodegradation of pesticides 7. Write down name of two biodegradable and two recalci-
having aromatic side chain. trant pesticides. With the help of general scheme show
7. Classify micro-organisms on the basis of cellular organiza- how aromatic insecticides are degraded by microbes.
tion. Mention the characteristics of any one group. 8. Enlist each five important plant pathogenic bacteria and
8. Enlist only five bacterial diseases and five fungal diseases fungi and diseases caused by them.
of plants with their causal organisms. 9. Describe briefly bio-pesticides and on which factor the use
9. Describe the microbiology of milk. of bio-pesticides depends.
10. Write about any two food infections and One food 10. Describe the metabolism of carbohydrate and protein in
intoxication. the rumen by ruminal microbes.
11. Enlist any ten ruminal micro-organisms and mention their 11. Describe about the diseases caused by food borne
role in rumen. infection and food borne in toxication.
12. Enlist the important biofertilizers and biopesticides. 12. Classify microorganisms present in milk with examples and
Describe the mass inoculums production method of any also name the sources through which they enter in the
one biofertilizer. milk.

RAMPUR, CHITWAN EASSY TYPE QUESTION: 10
F.M. 40 1. Draw a well labeled diagram of a typical plant cell and give
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 2nd Semester
P.M. 16 the functions of important cell organells.
Subject: Introductory Crop Physiology Time: 2 Hrs SHORT QUESTION: (ATTEMPT ANY TEN) 10*3=30
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. Give the physiological role of auxins, gibberellins and
margin indicates full marks. cytokinins. Mention their practical application.
EASSY TYPE QUESTION: 10 3. Describe with the help of diagram electron transport
1. Define respiration? Outline the EMP pathway and TCA system.
cycle with all the steps and enzymes involved.
4. Define photophosphorylation and write about cyclic and
non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
2. Define micro-bodies? Draw a well labeled diagram of
mitochondria and enlist its major function. 5. Write shorts notes:
3. Define imbibition? Does osmosis occurs in dead cells? Explain. a. Osmosis
4. Differentiate between active and passive absorption of water? b. Diffusion
5. Outline C2 cycle. What are the conditions required for its c. Vernalization
initiation? 6. Define C3 and C4 cycles and differentiate between them.
6. What is guttation? Which theory is most accepted for 7. Give the various theories proposed for mechanism of
explaining opening and closing of stomata? solute translocation.
7. What is Z scheme? Outline and discuss briefly the 8. Give the outline reactions of Kreb's cycle.
process. 9. Define transpiration? Give the mechanism of closing and
8. Define phloem loading and sink loading. Explain the opening of stomata.
factors affecting source sink translocation. 10. Write down the water absorption and mineral absorption.
9. Define dormancy? How can it be removed? What are the Differentiate between active absorption and passive
significance of dormancy?
absorption.
10. Enlist the visual symptoms of Phosphorus, Potash and
11. Mention various theories proposed for mechanism of
Sulfur deficiency.
11. Define crop production? How is developmental analysis of ascent of sap.
annual crop done? 12. Write about photoperiodism.
12. Define: (any three)
a. Cell inclusion b. Growth curve
c. Long short day plant d.Vernalin
EASSY TYPE QUESTION: 10 1. What is photosynthesis? Outline the Hill Reaction and
1. Explain the hypothesis/theories of stomatal move- Black Man's cycle with all steps and enzymes involved.
ment in with the criticism about them. SHORT QUESTION: (ATTEMPT ANY TEN) 10*3=30
2. Write about cell inclusion. Draw a well labeled diagram of
endoplasmic reticulum and enlist its major function.
2. List out the physiological role auxin and gibberellin. Define diffusion pressure deficit. How is osmosis different
3. What are photoperiodism and critical day length? then diffusion?
Explain. 4. What is apoplastic movement of water? When does active
4. Explain the methods of breaking of seed dormancy. absorption of water takes place?
5. Which theory is widely accepted for mineral salt absorp-
5. What is phasing development theory given by tion? Explain.
Lysenko? 6. What is guttation? Explain starch glucose interconversion
6. With the evidences and objectives of Mass Flow theory for opening and closing of stomata.
Hypothesis, explain the hypothesis. 7. Outline glycolysis process with its different phases. Enlist
7. Draw the outline of glycolysis pathway. three regulatory enzymes involved in the process.
8. Define phloem loading and phloem unloading. Explain the
8. Explain Hatch and slack cycle. factors affecting source sink translocation.
9. Differentiate between cyclic and non-cyclic photo 9. What are the causes of dormancy? What are the ways to
phosphorylation. remove it?
10.What are the deficiency symptoms of potassium? 10. Define nutria physiology. Enlist the visual symptoms of
11.What is carbon exchange theory for? Explain. phosphorus and sulfur deficiency. Write about the
physiological role of these minerals.
12.List out the differences between water potential and 11. Write about the physiological parameters which influence
DPD. crop productivity.
a. Quiescence b. Growth curve
c. Water potential d. Vernalin
EASSY TYPE QUESTION: 10 1. What do you understand by C4 cycle? Describe the
1. Differentiate between C3 and C4 plants. Give the outline Hatch-Slack cycle of photosynthesis and comment on its
reaction of the cycles operating in these two categories of biological significance.
plants. SHORT QUESTION: (ATTEMPT ANY TEN) 10*3=30
2. Give the outline of a typical cell. Discuss briefly the
functions of ribosomes and chloroplast.
2. Describe the mechanism of stomatal movement. 3. Make a list of vital and physical force theories responsible
3. Define diffusion and osmosis. Describe the significance of for ascent of sap. Explain briefly the transpiration pull
osmosis in plants. theory.
4. Give the outline structure of a typical cell. Discuss briefly 4. Write shorts notes on(any two):
the functions of ribosomes and chloroplast. a) photosynthetic pigments and role of light in photosynthesis
5. Make a list of vital and physical forces theories respon b) practical application of crop physiology in agriculture
sible for accent of sap. Explain briefly the transpiration pull c) practical application and effect of hormones in crop plants
theory. 5. Differentiate between:
6. What is respiratory quotient? Give the outline reactions of a) diffusion and osmosis b) C3 and C4 plants
c) aerobic and anaerobic respiration
EMP pathway.
6. What do you know about passive and active uptake of
7. What do you mean by seed dormancy? What are its ions? Describe briefly the mechanism of cytochrome
causes and how it can be broken? pump hypothesis.
8. What do you know about phptoperiodism and vernalism? 7. Describe briefly the mechanism of stomatal movement.
Give briefly the mechanism of photoperiodism. Give emphasis on active K transport mechanism of transpiration.
9. Classify hormones. Point out the role of auxin in agriculture. 8. What are xylem and phloem? Write a note on Munch Mass
10. Discuss the biochemical change which takes place during Flow hypothesis.
seed germination. 9. Discuss briefly the complexes involved in ETS and
11. What are the essential and non-essential elements? oxidative phosphorylation in respiration process.
Discuss briefly the role played and deficiency symptom of 10. Define photoperiod, vernalisation and dormancy. Write
the mechanism and significance of vernalisation.
nitrogen, sulfur and zinc in plant metabolism. 11. What are the essential and non-essential elements?
12. Enlist the physiological parameters which influence the Discuss briefly the role played and deficiency symptoms
productivity of major cereals, pulses and oilseed crops. of nitrogen, sulfur and zinc in plant metabolism.
12. Make a list of conditions necessary for germination.
Describe briefly the biochemical changes during see germination
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2067 EASSY TYPE QUESTION: 10
EASSY TYPE QUESTION: 10 1. will you differentiate between C3, C4 and CAM plants?
1. Differentiate between C3 and C4 plants. Give the outline Why C4 plants photosynthetically more efficient than C3
reaction of the cycles operating in these two categories of plants.
plants. SHORT QUESTION: (ATTEMPT ANY TEN) 10*3=30
SHORT QUESTION: (ATTEMPT ANY TEN) 10*3=30 2. Established the relationship between leaf angle, plant type
2. Define diffusion and osmosis. Describe the significance of and penical initiation with crop productivity.
osmosis in plants. 3. If a cell a with DPD 4 bars is connected to cells B, C, D
3. What is water potential? Differentiate between water whose O.P. and T.P. are respectively 4 and 4; 10 and 5 and
potential and diffusion pressure deficit. 7 and 3 bars. Then what is the direction of flow of water?
4. Describe the mechanism of stomatal movement. 4. Give an account of the factor affecting transpiration.
5. Enlist the theories put forward for explaining the mecha- 5. Write short notes on( any three):
nism of ascent of sap. Explain any one of these. a. anaerobic respiration
6. What is respiratory quotient? Give the outline of EMP b. trace element
pathway. c. vernalisation
7. What do you mean by growth and development? Explain d. dormancy
the different growth stages in annual plants with the help 6. Distinguish between active and passive absorption of
of growth curve. water.
8. What do you mean by seed dormancy? What are its 7. Describe Cohesion-Tension theory in ascent of sap.
causes? How it can be broken? 8. How does ion exchange and accumulation mechanism
9. Define vernalisation and photoperiodism. Classify plants mechanism help in the absorption in mineral solutes?
on the basis of length of photoperiod requirement with 9. Give an account of the energy releasing process in
examples. glucose oxidation through glycolysis.
10. Draw well labeled diagrams of chloroplast, mitochondria 10. Discuss the biochemical change which takes place during
and golgi body. seed germination.
11. Classify growth regulators with examples. Write about the 11. Write different types of growth hormones. Discuss the
biosynthesis of any one phytohormone. role of cytokinin in plant growth.
12. Enlist the physiological parameters which influence the 12. Give an account of the physiological parameters with
productivity of major cereals. influence the productivity of cereal crops.
RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. Enlist at least three common commercial fertilizer sources
F.M. 40 of each Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium. Explain the
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 2nd Semester
P.M. 16 behavior of Phosphatic fertilizer in acid soil with the help
Subject: Soil Fertility, Fertilizers & Integrated Nutrient Mgmt. Time: 2 Hrs
of well labeled diagrams.
Short Questions ( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Essay Type Question: 10 2. Discuss in brief the "Law of the Minimum"
1. What are the different pools of phosphorus in soil? 3. Define plant nutrient. List all essential plant nutrients with
Discuss in detail the behavior of single super phosphate in their forms absorbed by plants.
different types of soil. Illustrate your answer in figure. 4. What are the possible ways of nitrogen losses from added
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 N sources in soil also discuss their control measures.
2. What is the essence of the "Law of the Minimum" 5. Write the most important three functions of Phosphorous,
3. Define the term fertilizer. Enlist at least three fertilizer Calcium and Zinc in crop plants.
sources with nutrient concentration of each nitrogen, 6. Why should we evaluate the soil fertility? List the various
phosphorous and potash. methods of soil fertility evaluation techniques with
4. What are possible ways of nitrogen losses from added N precautions in interpreting visual diagnosis.
sources in soil and discuss in short about control measures?
5. Describe the function and deficiency symptoms of 7. Describe the following deficiency symptoms in crop plants:
phosphorus, sulphur and boron in crop plants. (a) Dead heart (b) Grey speck (c) Khaira disease (d)
6. What is hidden hunger? Describe the visual diagnosis Branches to weep
method of soil fertility evaluation with merit and demerits. 8. What are biofertilizers? Describe the importance of Azolla
7. Describe the following deficiency symptoms in crop in rice cultivation.
plants: a) Dead heart (b) Grey speck (c) Khaira disease 9. "The soil fertility status of Nepalese soil is being declin-
8. What are biofertilizers? Describe the importance of Azolla ing". Give your opinion on this statement and possible
in rice cultivation. overcome.
9. The soil fertility status of Nepalese soil is being declining. 10. What is the basic concept of Integrated Nutrient Manage-
Give your opinion on this statement and possible over come. ment (INM)? Discuss in brief the different options
10. Discuss about different components and relevance of Nepalese farmers for INM.
Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) for sustainable 11. Discuss briefly the philosophy of fertilizer recommenda-
soil management in Nepalese condition.
11. Discuss briefly about the soil test value as the basis of tion in different lands.
fertilizer recommendation in different land. 12. Describe in short about different organic residue decom-
12. List the salient features of biogas plant in Nepal. position in soil with figures
1. Enlist at least three common commercial fertilizer sources 1. Describe the nitrogen (N) cycle. Explain the source and
of each Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium. Explain the forms of nitrogenous fertilizers. Can on-farm nitrogen loss
behavior of Phosphatic fertilizer in acid soil with the help be minimized? How? Explain with examples.
of well labeled diagrams. Short Questions ( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Short Questions ( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 2. What is law of the Minimum or Liebieg's Barrel, elaborate.
2. Discuss in brief the "Law of the Minimum" 3. Due to which elements deficiencies are "V" and opposite
3. Define plant nutrient. List all essential plant nutrients with "V" shapes symptoms on leaves of plants? Enlist major
their forms absorbed by plants. functions of nitrogen
4. What are the possible ways of nitrogen losses from added 4. Explain the roles of sulphur (S) and its deficiency symp-
N sources in soil also discuss their control measures. toms on mustard and onion plants.
5. Write the most important three functions of Phosphorous,
5. Explain the role of zinc (Z) in plant growth. How necrotic
Calcium and Zinc in crop plants.
lesions on leaves are developed under Zn deficiency
6. Why should we evaluate the soil fertility? List the various
condition? Suggest its correction measures.
methods of soil fertility evaluation techniques with
6. Why Potassium is called chemical policeman? Explain its
precautions in interpreting visual diagnosis.
roles during wear stress condition.
7. Describe the following deficiency symptoms in crop plants:
(a) Dead heart (b) Grey speck (c) Khaira disease (d) 7. Why Boron (B) is called unique element? Explain its
Branches to weep deficiency symptoms on crop plants.
8. What are biofertilizers? Describe the importance of Azolla 8. Is Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) relevant in
in rice cultivation. Nepal? Explain major components of IPNS.
9. "The soil fertility status of Nepalese soil is being declining". 9. Differentiate between inorganic and organic fertilizers.
Give your opinion on this statement and possible overcome. Describe the importance of Azolla in rice cultivation in
10. What is the basic concept of Integrated Nutrient Manage- Nepal
ment (INM)? Discuss in brief the different options 10. Which element is responsible for causing "whiptail" in
Nepalese farmers for INM. cauliflower? Enlist its function in plants.
11. Discuss briefly the philosophy of fertilizer recommenda- 11. Enlist the soil fertility evaluation techniques.
tion in different lands. Describe any one of them.
12. Describe in short about different organic residue decom- 12. Enlist the major functions of P in plant growth and
position in soil with figures development. At which stage of the plant growth, phos
phorous is most important?
1. Write the behavior of urea and ammonium sulphate in soil. 1. Differentiate between commercial fertilizer and
Ammonium sulphate causes soil to be more acidic than biofertilizers. Explain the behavior of single super phos
urea, why? How do you increase the effectiveness of urea phate in soils. Illustrate your answer with figures.
in soil? Explain Short questions (Attempt Any Ten) 10*3=30
Short Questions ( Attempt Any Ten Questions) 10*3=30 2. Describe the behavior of ammonium sulfate in soils.
2. What advances were made in the field of agriculture and Justify your answer with reactions.
plant nutrition in 21st century? Describe. 3. Mention the most important functions of Nitrogen, Sulfur
3. Do you think 'Nitrogen' is an essential element? Give the and Molybdenum with reasons.
reasons. Classify nutrients on the basis of mobility in 4. Explain the following symptoms of plant nutrient defi-
plants.Identify the nutrients deficiency with reasons. ciency on crop plant.
a. Porphyrin ring b. Whiptail in cauliflower a) Branches to weep b) Dead heart of cauliflower
c. Wheat sterility d. White bud in corn c) Empty peanut shells d) White bud of maize
e. Corky apple f. Grey speak of oat 5. What is azolla? Mention the importance of Azolla in
g. Dead spot on tobacco leaf h. Weak straw of cereals lowland rice cultivation.
4. In fruit trees, copper deficiency causes branches to weep, 6. Describe the practical significance of C:N ratio in soil
why? giving a suitable figure.
5. Briefly discuss occurrence, availability and deficiency 7. List the composition of biogas. Mention its salient
features under Nepalese condition
symptoms of boron and molybdenum in plants.
8. Define Integrated Plant Nutrient Management. Describe
6. Describe the phosphatic fertilizers in soil with suitable
its importance in Nepalese agriculture.
figures.
9. Write down the techniques of soil fertility evaluation.
7. What are the different criteria that are to be considered
Explain the microbiological method of soil fertility
while selecting MOP and SOP as fertilizer?
evaluation
8. Write different methods of assessing soil fertility in the
10. Describe the soil fertility problems in Nepal. Also mention
field. Describe any one. their management practices.
9. Compare and contrast pit and heap method of composting 11. What management practices do you consider for sustain
organic reaction. able agriculture in Nepal?
10. Write short notes: 12. What are the criteria for nutrient essentiality to plants?
a. Sustainable agriculture Describe in brief the historical development of soil fertility
b. Biofertilizer and plant nutrition.
1. Define the term fertilizer. Classify the phosphatic fertilizer
1. What is phosphate rock? Explain the behavior of phos
on the basis of solubility and explain the behavior of
phosphatic fertilizer in acid soil with the help of well phatic fertilizer in soils. Also discuss the effect of PH on
labeled figures. phosphorous availability to plants.
Short questions (Attempt Any Ten): 10*3=30 Short Questions ( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
2. Being a soil scientist suggest the farmer to select potassic 2. Describe the following deficiency symptoms in crop
fertilizer to harvest good yield of crop plants. a. Dead heart b. Branches to weep
3. What is plant nutrient? List out all essential plant nutrient c. Khaira disease d. Whiptail
elements with their forms absorbed by plants. 3. Explain the three most important functions of phosphorus,
4. Differentiate soil fertility and soil productivity. Descrie the sulphur and molybdenum in crop plants.
experimental findings of John Wood Ward (1700). 4. List the various types of biofertilizers. Describe their
5. "Organic matter depletion is the core problem of soil importance in Nepalese agriculture.
fertility degradation". Justify the statement. 5. Discuss in brief the forms and transformation of potassium
6. List the possible ways of nitrogen losses from nitrog in soils.
enous fertilizers in soil and give brief description to 6. Mention the source of raw materials for the manufacture
control these losses.
of urea.
7. Describe in brief the most important three functions and
typical deficiency symptoms of Nitrogen, Sulphur and 7. Distinguish between MOP and SOP in terms of use in crop
Iron in crop plants. production to obtain quality produce.
8. What is hidden hunger? Describe the biological method 8. Write down the various types of Soil Fertility Evaluation
of soil fertility evaluation. Techniques. Mention the merits and demerits of visual
9. What is the fundamental concept of Integrated Plant method of nutrient deficiency symptoms.
Nutrient Management (IPNM)? Also suggest the avail 9. Define SOM. Describe the importance of SOM in the soil
able management options for Nepalese farmer to follow productivity.
IPNM. 10. What are the soil fertility problems in Nepal? Give your
10. Describe biofertilizers. Describe vermicompost with its vision to improve soil fertility of agricultural land.
benefits to improve the soil health. 11. Define Integrated Plant Nutrient Management. Explain its
11. Discuss briefly the major soil fertility problems in Nepal relevance in sustainable agriculture.
along with your suggestions to overcome the problems. 12. Write short notes on (any two):\
12. Write short notes on: a) Beneficial elements b) Biogas slurry c) organic manures.
a.Beneficial elements b. Biogas c. Chemical policeman
RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. Define project cycle. Discuss the different criteria for
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2073 appraising a project with their suitability to different
F.M. 40
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 3rd Semester conditions, merits and demerits.
P.M. 16
Subject: Agricultural and Environmental Economics Time: 2 Hrs Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. Differentiate between exhaustible and non-exhaustible
margin indicates full marks. resources.
Essay Type Question: 10 3. Discuss on behavioral relationship of biomass in relation
1. What are the pre-requisites of resources? Biomass addition in to its optimum management.
the soil is a function of time and nutrient recruitment is the
function of biomass. Discuss in detail. 4. Enlist the characteristics of Nepalese farming system.
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 Explain the population and environment relation to Nepal.
2. How could you apply the knowledge of project cycle for 5. What are the major reasons for watershed degradation in
mitigating environmental deterioration created by develop- Nepal? Explain shortly the action plan and policy for land
ment projects? management in Nepal.
3. What is project sensitivity analysis? Discuss.
4. What are the typical institutional developments in eights 6. Highlight the present situation of mineral and livestock
Five Year Planned Period for the environmental issues? resources in Nepal.
Discuss the objectives of Nepal Environmental Policy and 7. Discuss on technical and economic aspects of project
Action Plan for environment protection and sustainable preparation and analysis with examples.
development. 8. What are the major strategies for biodiversity conserva
5. What do you mean by farming system component? Show the tion in Nepal? Explain role of community in Natural
interrelationship between these components.
6. Interpret the following outcomes of economic analysis of resource management.
irrigation project. 9. Enlist criteria for formulation of effective environmental
a. Net Present Value= Rs. 25,000 b. Benefit-Cost Ratio= Rs. 1.15 policy. Discuss briefly on Rio declaration on environment
c. Internal Rate of Return= 21% and development.
7. How do you valuate the non-traded goods? Discuss it. 10. Write short notes on (any three):
8. Show the interrelationship between overpopulation and
natural resources. a. Agenda 21 b. National Conservation Strategy
9. What are the legal provisions made by the government in c. Environment Impact Assessment
different acts related to agricultural resources managment? d. Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan
10.Illustrate the nutrient cycle in a typical hill farming system 11. Discuss on types and roles of institution involved in
for sustainable productivity. management of natural resources and environmental
11.All pollutions and resources depletion are the consequences protection in Nepal.
of overpopulation. Justify.
12.Discuss the different aspect of project preparation 12. Show the nutrient cycle in the hill farming system.
and analysis. FINAL EXAMINATION - 2071
1. Define externality. How can we internalize the externality?
Explain the various tools and methods for economic
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2071 (Back Paper) valuation of non-traded goods.
Essay Type Question: 10 Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
1. Define externality. What are various direct and indirect 2. Define program and project. Enlist various aspects to be
considered in an agricultural project and explain any one
measures of impact from externality? of them with suitable example.
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 3. What do you mean by biodiversity? Explain the status
2. Define project cycle and explain its stages. and strategies for the conservation of biodiversity.
3. Give a brief description of various discounting project 4. What are the different project appraisal criteria? Interpret
appraisal criteria. the result obtained from the following projects with the
given information. (Consider opportunity cost of capital is 24%)
4. Prepare a nutrient cycle in mid hill farming system. Project A: POULTRY LDR= 20, UDR= 32, NPV@LDR= 29678
5. What are the policy and action plan for land management and NPV@UDR= -32491
in Nepal? Project B: PIG FARMING LDR= 18, UDR= 26, NPV@LDR=
6. What are the major causes for deforestation in Nepal? 309070 and NPV@UDR= -296831
7. Explain the strategies for the conservation of biodiversity. 5. What is inland fishery? Explain the scope and economic
importance of inland fisheries in Nepal.
8. Elucidate the importance of Environment policy in Nepal. 6. Explain the efficient ways for the use of limited farm
9. What is Environmental Impact Assessment? Why is it resources for economic management.
essential? 7. What do you mean by natural resource management?
10. What are the various institutions involves in Resource Explain the concept of Environmental Impact Assessment.
8. Define the terms in short: cut-off rate, buffer zone manage-
Management? ment, sustainable development, decentralization of power,
11. Present the behavioral relationship of biomass. need assessment, equity.
12. Write short notes on: 9. Enlist the objective of Nepal Environmental Policy and
a. Buffer zone management Action Plan. And show the interrelationship between
b. Inland fisheries different components of Nepalese farming system.
10. What do you mean by resources is imperfect?
11. Write short notes on: (any three)
a. Sensitivity analysis b. Behavioral relationship of biomass
(graphically) c. Agenda 21
d. National Conservation Strategy (NCS)
12. Explain the status of the forest and rangeland resources.
Also discuss the action plan adopted by government for
their management.
1. What do you mean by externality and what is the impor-
1. Define project cycle. Discuss on different aspects of tance of internalizing it? Discuss on the methods of
project preparation and analysis with suitable examples. measuring externality with suitable examples.
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
2. Explain the importance of environmental economics in 2. Discuss on dimensions of exhaustible resources. "Ecologi-
agricultural development. cal optimum may not necessarily be the economic opti-
mum". Justify the statement in relation to biological
3. Define natural resources. "Ecological optimum nay no resource management.
necessarily be the economic optimum". Justify this 3. How do you identify a potential project in an area? Which
statement in relation to biological resource management. appraisal criteria will be appropriate for ranking of accept
4. Write short notes on: able, independent alternative projects and why?
a. Scope of inland fisheries in Nepal. b.Mineral resource in Nepal. 4. Enlist the characterizes of Nepalese farming system.
Discuss the role of different components of Nepalese
c. Agenda 21. farming system.
5. Differentiate between: 5. Discuss the issues of land resource management in peri
a. Project and programme b. Renewable and non-renewable resources urban area of Nepal in brief.
c. Technical and pecuniary externality 6. Explain the present situation of forest resource, causes of
6. Discuss on Nepalese farming system and interrelation deforestation and legislative measures on forest manage-
ment in Nepalese context.
between its components. 7. Discuss the climate resource of Nepal as boon for agricul
7. What do you mean by internalizing the externality? tural development of the country with sufficient examples.
Describe the Hedonic Pricing Method of economic valuation. 8. Depict present situation of livestock resource in Nepal.
8. What is the importance of project valuation? Show the Explain this resource in relation to land and forest degrada-
steps of evaluation in a flow diagram. tion problem and ways of addressing this problem.
9. Describe the importance of biodiversity conservation for
9. Write down the characteristics of land resource. Describe sustainable agriculture. Explain role of community on
the present land use pattern of Nepal with relevant data. natural resource management with convincing evidences.
10. What are the major causes of deforestation in Nepal? 10. Enlist criteria for formulation of effective environmental
Explain the action plans and policies for forest and range policy. Discuss briefly on Rio declaration on environment
land management in Nepal. and development.
11. Write short notes on (any three):
11. Highlight the importance of biodiversity conservation. a. Environmental Accounting
Also discuss in brief the strategies for biodiversity b. Environmental Impact Assessment
conservation in Nepal. c. National Conservation Strategy
12. What are the criteria for development of effective environ d. Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan
mental policy? Highlight the major achievements made in 12. Discuss on types and roles of institutions involved in
management of natural resources and environmental
8th five year plan in relation to environment. protection in Nepal.
Essay Type Question: 10 FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074
1. Explain concept of resource. Describe different categories Essay Type Question: 10
of resources with suitable examples. Why categorization of 1. Conceptualize externality and its internalization. Discuss
resources is generally imperfect? Give reasons. on different methods of externality measurement.
2. Define biological diversity. Highlight major causes of 2. Define resource and natural resource. Discuss on behav
worldwide biodiversity loss. ioral relationship of biomass in relation to ecological and
3. Explain strategies of forest management for economic economic optimum.
growth of nation. 3. Differentiate between program and project. Discuss with
4. Illustrate interrelationship between Nepalese farming evidences the social and economic aspects of project
system components. How could it help farmer for eco- preparation and analysis.
nomic decision making? 4. Why is sensitivity analysis of a project is important?
5. Define externality. Briefly describe different types of Discuss on discounted measures of investment analysis.
externality with suitable example. 5. How project monitoring differs from evaluation? Discuss
6. Define pollution. Briefly describe major action plan of on steps and types of project evaluation.
current three year interim plan for economic management 6. Define nutrient cycle. Show population and environment
of environment. relationship in contests of both developed and developing
7. Define project cycle. Describe different aspects of project countries.
preparation with suitable examples. 7. Highlight major environmental concerns in current
8. Briefly describe limitations of non-discounting criteria of agriculture development strategy (ADS) of Nepal.
project evaluation. 8. Explain the specific challenges for management of land,
9. Differentiate: a. Public and private goods water and forest resources of Nepal.
b. Monitoring and evaluation 9. What do you mean by biodiversity? Discuss on efforts of
c. IRR and NPV Nepalese government for biodiversity conservation.
10. write short notes on (any three): 10. What does watershed degradation mean? Explain action
a. inland fisheries b.watershed plan and polices for land management in Nepal?
c. maximum sustainable yield d. sensitivity analysis 11. Explain in brief the different types of institutions involved
11. Enlist any ten national rules and regulations for the in natural resource management and environmental
management of natural resources. protection in Nepal with examples.
12. Write short notes on (any three): 12. Write short notes on:
a. Decentralization b. Program a. Criteria for effective environmental policy
c. Project identification d.Shadow price b. National Conservation Strategy (NCS)
c. Climate as boon to Nepalese agriculture
RAMPUR, CHITWAN EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6
F.M. 20 1. Explain the importance of grain legumes in human
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 3rd Semester nutrition, soil fertility improvement and cropping
P.M. 8
Subject: Grain Legumes and Oilseed production Time: 1:30 Hrs system of Nepal.
margin indicates full marks. SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6 2. Explain the improved cultivation practices on green-
1. Give the differences between rapeseed and mustard with gram / moong bean in Nepal.
respect to their morphology and agronomical practices. 3. Explain the importance of Rhizobium inoculation in
Moreover, compare date wise sequence of activities which grain legumes.
are used in spring and summer sown blackgram.
4. Write the recommended varieties of lentil, chickpea
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
2. Write about the biochemical processes which occur
and soyabean in Nepal.
during root nodule formation in grain legumes. 5. Write the cultivation practices of rapeseed and
3. Define the following terms: mustard on following headings;
a) Inoculation b) Nipping c) Aflatoxin d) Iodine number a) Sowing time b) Seed rate c) Spacing
4. Write about morphological changes which occur during d) Fertilizer and manure e) Irrigation
flowering and pegging in groundnut. 6. Explain the cultivation practices of sunflower on
5. Write about the dose of N, P, K fertilizers with their time
following heading:
and method of application used for sunflower cultivation.
6. Explain about water management for soyabean cultivation a) Sowing time b) Sowing method c) Seed rate d)
under irrigated condition. Manure and fertilizer
7. Write short notes on: 7. Write the importance sesamum crop.
a) Seed priming b) Micro nutrient loading 8. Explain the climatic and edaphic factors influencing
8. What are the purposive differences in land preparation of chickpea cultivation in Nepal.
summer and winter legumes? Explain with reasons. 9. Write short notes on: (any two):
9. Write about herbicidal weed management used in winter
legumes.
a) Biological nitrogen fixation
b) Different species of rape and mustard grown in Nepal
c) Relay cropping of legumes with rice

1. Explain the importance of grain legumes. Grain legumes are 1. Suggest date wise sequence of activities for cultivation of
said to be the 'mini-fertilizer factory'. Justify the statement. lentil.
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
2. Suggest the seed rate, spacing, and date of planting in 2. Write about nitrogen fixation in grain legumes.
groundnut. 3. Write difference between toria and mustard.
3. Write short notes on: 4. Suggest about seeding time and seed rate of redgram.
a. Land preparation in soybean 5. Write recommended varieties of chickpea with their yield
b. Rhizobium inoculation in legumes potential.
c. Pegging in groundnut 6. Why tori was replaced by buckwheat in Chitwan instead
4. Give the complete agronomical packages to grow of juncea?
blackgram in brief. 7. Write about nutrient management in the cultivation of
5. What are the major problems of growing rapeseed and groundnut.
mustard in Nepal? Mention on any three major problems. 8. Suggest about harvesting of groundnut.
6. Enlist the various cereal- legumes crop rotation most 9. Write down five legume based cropping systems.
popular in the terai and hilly regions of Nepal.
7. How will you manage fertilizer in rapeseed and mustard
under rainfed and irrigated condition?
8. Giive the most popular released cultivars of rapeseed,
mustard, groundnut and sesamum in Nepal.
9. Enlist the major weeds of summer and winter legumes.
Also, mention their scientific management.

1. The area production and productivity of major oilseed 1. Describe the process of root nodule formation in grain
crops are declining in terai region of Nepal give the legumes. Also state how and under which conditions we
reasons and possible solution measures. inoculate Rhizobia in legumes.
2. Enlist the planting date, seed rate and spacing and plant 2. Discuss the importance of grain legumes in Nepalese
population of soyabean or sunflower. cropping system.
3. Discuss the importance of grain legumes in human diet. 3. Write the climatic and edaphic requirements of soybean.
4. Discuss briefly the importance of pulses in human Also enlist the varieties of soybean released by NARC.
nutrition. 4. Describe the land preparation and seed sowing of lentil
5. Give the climate and soil requirements of green gram and focusing on methods of sowing, crop geometry, seed rate
back gram. and time of sowing.
6. Mention the maturity indication of lentil and sesamum. 5. Describe the weed management in rapeseed and mustard.
7. Suggest the scientific ways o fertilizer management in 6. Write the plant nutrient and irrigation managements in
rapeseed and mustard in upland as well as low land Sunflower.
conditions of field. 7. Write the names of recommended varieties of:
8. Grain legumes production is lesser than cereals, give the a. Rape and mustard
reason. b. Groundnut cultivated in Nepal
9. Explain the process of flowering and seed formation in 8. What are the ways to enhance grain legumes and oilseed
groundnut. yield in Nepal? Describe theem.
9. Write short notes on (any two):
a. Importance of oilseed crops in Nepal
b. Pollination and fertilization in groundnut
c. Major constraints of oilseed production in Nepal
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2069 Final examintion- 2068

1. Discuss the nutrients and irrigation requirements of 1. Suggest datewise sequence of activities for growing
rapeseed and mustard crops for their optimum yields mustard in Chitwan.
under inner- terai conditions of Nepal. SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 2. What do you know about ennoculation of seed of
2. Describe the importance of grain legumes in Nepalese legumes?
agriculture. 3. Write botanical name of groundnut, lentil and their crop
3. Enlist the different cultivars of chickpea and lentil with duration.
their recommended regions grown in Nepal. 4. Write about nitrogen and phosphorous management in
4. Discuss the suitable package of practices of effective chickpea.
weed management for soybean growers. 5. Write recommended varieties of tori and juncea with their
5. Write manures and fertilizers requirement of chickpea yield potential.
under irrigated and rainfed condition of Mid Terai region 6. Why tori production in Chitwan has gone down?
of Nepal. 7. Suggest about irrigation management in the cultivation of
6. List the botanical names of rapeseed and mustard crops juncea.
grown in Nepal with their uses for various purposes. 8. Suggest suitable soil and weed management practices for
7. Write the fertilization process in groundnut crop. How lentil cultivation to farmers of your locality.
does the pegs get developed into a full matured pod? 9. Write short notes on the followings:
Explain it. a. Broomrape in tori b. Uses of brassica oilseed
8. Describe the importance of sesamum in Nepal. Also write
its sowing time and seed rate for a hectare.
9. Suggest a package of practices for growing pea for green
pod by farmers.

RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. How diurnal and seasonal temperature variation occurs in
F.M. 40 atmosphere and in soil? give their significances of atmo-
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 3rd Semester
P.M. 16 spheric and soil temperature in crop production. Explain
Subject: Introductory agrometeorology Time: 2 Hrs how soil temperature is measured.
margin indicates full marks. Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Essay Type Question: 10 2. Write with sketch on extent and structures on earth
1. Describe the effects of intensity, duration and quality of atmosphere.
solar radiation on crop production. Explain the factors 3. Give the nature and properties of solar radiation.
affecting actual evapotranspiration demand of a crop. 4. How do human influences on changes in climate, global
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 warming and crop production?
2. What is pressure gradient? How does pressure gradient 5. How wind speed and direction are measured?
determine the speed and direction of wind? 6. Explain the pressure gradient and give concept about
3. Describe briefly the different types of instruments used for mercurial barometer.
precipitation measurement with their simple sketches. 7. Write significance of atmospheric humidity in crop
4. How can modification of climate at micro-level be production.
achieved? Describe briefly. 8. Sketch the clear diagrams of a non-recording type rain
5. How can the study of agrometeorology help agriculture gauge and any two of recording type rain gauges.
sector? Describe with examples. 9. Explain what does mean permanent wilting percentage?
6. Explain the significance of soil temperature in crop Give significance of soil moisture in crop production.
production with necessary examples.] 10. Write the agrometeorological normals for wheat, sugar
7. Compare agroclimatic regionalization and crop zonation. cane and cotton.
8. Describe the structure of earth atmosphere. 11. Give the concept of wind modification and shelter belt.
9. Explain the factors affecting wind motion. 12. Explain on agroclimatic regionalization and crop zonation.
10. What are the relationship among green house effect,
global warming and climate change? Explain.
11. Define relative humidity. What is the significance of
humidity in agriculture?
12. Explain the factors affecting soil moisture.
1. Discuss the basic laws of solar radiation. Explain the major Back examination 2072
effects of solar radiation on crop plants. Essay Type Question: 10
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 1. Discuss the basic radiation laws related from solar
2. Discuss the different layers of atmosphere in brief. radiation. What are the major effects of solar radiation on
3. Explain with the help of diagram the variation of soil crop plants?
temperature during day and night period. Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
4. Define growing degree day (GDD) and mention its various 2. Define ambient temperature, temperature lapse and
advantages. Describe the concept behind growing degree day. temperature inversion. Mention the effect of air tempera-
5. What climatic factors are considered while estimating the ture on crop plant.
evapotranspiration by penman;s method? 3. What is Bimetallic Thermograph? How it is used to
6. Discuss Beaufort's scale of wind estimates and measure measure air temperature.
ment of wind direction by wind vanes. 4. Define temperature coefficient (Q10). What are its demer
7. Discuss briefly the process of formation of precipitation. its?
8. Discuss the important normal for the production of rice 5. Discuss the various effects of wind on crop plants.
from arometeorological point of view. 6. Discuss different processes of formation of precipitation.
9. How can heat balance be controlled in the agricultural
7. What climatic factors are considered by pen0plan for
field?
estimation of evapotranspiration?
10. Explain the greenhouse effects on agriculture production.
8. Discuss the climatic normals of rice in context to Nepal.
11. Explain the effects of humidity on plant growth and
9. Discuss various forms of soil water. Discuss the methods
development.
12. Determine the evapotranspiration for maize if climatic of increasing soil moisture in crop zone.
conditions are as given below, use Blaney-criddle formula 10. Explain the effects of global warming on yield of rice.
with crop factor of 0.75. 11. Name the different layers of atmosphere. Describe the
Month Mean monthly temp. Monthly % of day time Hrs. important features of troposphere.
in degree celcius 12. Explain the effect of humidity on plant?
June 36 8.30
July 33 8.21
August 30 8.20
September 28 8.15
October 25 8.00
1. Discuss the roles of human influence on climate change.
1. Define solar radiation. How does solar radiation affect the What are the meteorological indicators of climate change?
crop production? What microclimatic modification techniques can be
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 adopted to cope its effect in the Nepalese context?
2. Describe the instrument used in measurement of sunshine Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
duration. 2. Define agromeorology related the modern approach of
agrometeorology in the relevance to developing country.
3. Define agrometeorology and discuss its importance in 3. Enlist the instruments used to measure solar radiation
agricultuture. quality, duration and instensity. Why bimetallic actinogra
4. What is evaporation? What are the factors affecting it? phy is superior to solarimeter?
Describe briefly. 4. Draw a graphical sketch of diurnal and annual variations
5. Write about the floating siphon gauge. of air temperature. Write the importance of growing degree
day in crop production.
6. Define saturation capacity, field capacity, permanent 5. Discuss the thermal properties of soil which affect soil
wilting point, ultimate wilting point. temperature. Enlist the importance of soil temperature in
7. Define agroclimate, agroclimatic regionalization and agriculture.
agroclimatic index. 6. Differentiate between actual and potential evapotranspira
8. What is hair hygrometer? Describe. tion. Which instrument is the best for measurement rate of
evapotranspiration and whY?
9. List the factors affecting wind motion. How does horizon 7. Explain collision coalescence theory. Write any three differences
tal pressure gradient affect the wind direction and velocity. between recording and non-recording types of rain gauge.
10. Explain about Thiessen Polygon method to determine 8. Classify soil water on the basis of soil moisture constant.
average rainfall over an area. Hills of Nepal receive more orographic precipitation while
11. What is climate change? Discuss its effect on agriculture in Terai convective precipitation why? Mention the reasons.
9. What is the role of coriolis force in geostrophic wind?
sector briefly. Explain the mechanisms of cyclone and anticyclone.
12. Write short notes on: 10. Show the relationship between specific humidity and
a. Coriolis force temperature. Enlist the instruments used to measure
b. Temperature inversion humidity and explain any one of them.
c. Consumptive use 11. Write short notes on (any three):
a. Relative humidity and saturation vapour pressure
b. Penman's equation c.Kirchoff's law
d. Temperature inversion and lapse rate
12. Draw the temperature variations in different layers of
atmosphere and describe the reasons.
Back examination 2069 Back examination 2068

1. What is precipitation? Discuss its forms and types in 1. Define solar radiation. How does solar radiation affect the
detail with examples. Also mention its importance in crop production?
agriculture. Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 2. Describe the instrument used In measurement of sunshine
2. Define evapotranspiration. Wyt is it considered as cooling duration.
process>? Describe the effect of cooling process on 3. Define agrometeorology and discuss its importance in
agricultural crops. agriculture.
3. Discuss the scope of agrometeorolgy on crop production. 4. What is evapotranspiration? What are the factors
4. State the Kirchoff's law of radiation and its applicability in affecting it? Describe briefly.
agriculture. 5. Write about the floating siphon rain gauge.
5. Differentiate among absolute humidity, specific humidity 6. Define saturation capacity, field capacity, permanent
and its applicability in agriculture. wilting point, ulitimate wilting point.
6. Describe in brief the coriolis force. How does it affect the 7. Define agroclimate, agroclimatic regionalization and
wind motion? agroclimatix index.
7. How does annula variation of air temperature occur? 8. What is hair hygrometer? Describe.
Describe the effects on crop production. 9. List the factors affecting wind motion. How does horizon
8. How does variation of soil temperature occur with depth? tal pressure gradient affect the wind direction and
Discuss it with reference to various soil types. velocity?
9. Define climatic normals. Mention the climatic normals of 10. Explain about Thiessen Polygon method to determine
rice. average rainfall over an area.
10. Explain the importance of microclimate modification in 11. What is climate change? Discuss its effect on agricultural
agriculture. sector, briefly.
11. Distinguish between agroclimatic index and agroclimatic 12. Write short notes on:
regionalization. a. Coriolis force
12. Describe the functions and working principles of bimetal b. Temperature inversion
lic thermograph in agriculture. c. Consumptive use

RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. Define environment impact assessment and short descrip-
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 tion on each process. Give short notes on descriptive
F.M. 40
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 3rd Semester checklist method for identification of environment impact.
P.M. 16
Subject: Environment Science and Agro-ecology Time: 2 Hrs Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. What should be the strategies and requirements for
margin indicates full marks. sustainable agriculture in our context?
Essay Type Question: 10 3. Define ecosystem. What is your inference that any
ecosystem having less primary productivity would have
1. Define climate change. What are the causes of climate shorter food chain?
change? What are the various adaption and mitigation 4. What do you understand by population ecology?
strategies to cope against climate change? Describe briefly the interactions of agricultural crops with
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 pathogens and pest populations.
2. What is human environment interaction? Explain. 5. What is climate change and its consequences on environ
3. Define ecosystem. Why is agro-ecosystem called as mental sectors?
human engineered ecosystem? 6. 'Organic farming system is an eco-friendly system'. Justify
4. What is ecological pyramid? Why is pyramid of energy this statement.
always upright? 7. Define air pollution and types of air pollutants and their
effects on agro-ecosystem.
5. What are POPs? What are the effects of long term use of 8. 'Active participation of local people is the root for sustain
agrochemicals? able development'. Justify this statement with examples.
6. Define people's participation. What are its various types? 9. Analyze the sustainable farming system.
7. What is EIA? Explain about matrix method to impact 10. Write short notes on:
identification. a. People's participation in environment management
8. Why is home garden said to be appropriate in Nepalese b. Ecological processes
context? c. Deforestation and its impacts on environment
9. State water balance equation. How is it different in areas 11. Define any three of following:
a. Bioaccumulation and bio-magnification
with vegetation and without vegetation?
b. Eutrophication, its causes and controlled measures
10. What is sustainability? How will you analyze the c. Farmers and their environment
sustainability of a farm? d. Primary and secondary productivity
11. Explain the ecology of multiple cropping. 12. Write short notes on any three:
12. Define: (answer any three) a. Pyramid of biomass in pond ecosystem
a. Eutrophication b. LD 50 b. Pesticide use and abuse c.Ecology and agro-forestry
c. Disease cycle d. Living mulch d. Effect of different management on dynamics of pest population.
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2072 FINAL EXAMINATION - 2072 (back paper)
1. Explain the three-fold relationship between agriculture and 1. What are the challenges of sustainable agriculture? Write
climate change: agriculture as a contributor to climate down about sources of pollution ( soil and water) and
change, impacts of climate change on agriculture and their impacts on agro-ecosystem.
agriculture as a part of climate change solution. Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 2. What are the problems and opportunities of sustainable
2. Define environmental science. Explain the interrelationship agriculture?
between human and environment. 3. Write about organic farming systems in agro-ecology.
3. Enlist global environmental issues and explain any two of them. 4. What do you mean by dynamics of pest population and
4. Write short notes on: what should be the management strategies?
a. Soil erosion b. Eutrophication 5. How crop response to environment factors?
c. Types and sources of water pollution 6. What are the biotic and abiotic components of a hill based
5. How does IEE differ from EIA? What are the steps of EIA? maize farm? List only.
Explain in brief. 7. Give nutrient cycling process and food chain I agriculture.
6. Enlist Nepal's environment rules and regulations? Explain 8. Briefly explain about the interrelationships of agricultural
the people participation in environment management. ecology with agricultural productivity.
7. Write a few examples of the interrelationship between 9. How environment impact assessment in framed?
agro-ecology and agricultural productivity. 10. How do you link global warming and agricultural production?
8. What are the structures and functions of an agro-ecosys- 11. What are the environment issues of Nepal?
tem? Explain. 12. Give brief definition of environment management strategies.
a. Trophic level b. Food web c. Ecological pyramid
10. Describe agro-ecology of the following production systems:
a. Multiple cropping
b. Minimum tillage
c. Crop production
11. Does the present agricultural system of Nepal is sustain
able? Give your argument with examples
12. How does crop interact with weeds and pests? Explain.
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2071 Year: 2070
1. What do you understand by pollution and pollutants? 1. Why is climate change known as contemporary issue of
What are the different types of pollution and how do you global world? Explain. Elaborate its impacts on agriculture
define them? with some adaptation examples.
2. What is global warming? Give various sources of global 2. How are human and environment interrelated? Show their
warming effects. Describe in short its adverse effect on synergetic relations.
agriculture production. 3. Why is agro-ecosystem also known as human engineered
3. What is Eutrophication? Give different methods to stop ecosystem? Explain.
eutrophication. 4. What do you understand by farm house ecology? Show
4. Give only definition of following ( any four only) the interrelationship among its components.
a. Soil erosion b. Population c. Urbanization
5. What are POPs? Discuss the pesticide misuse.
d. Deforestation e. Pet animals f. Ecological pyramids
6. Why is EIA needed? What are its guiding principles?
5. Mention briefly the conservation strategies used in
7. How does interaction of crops with crops with weeds and
Nepal for environment management.
insects take place?
6. Define agro-ecosystem. Give biotic components influenc-
ing the agro-ecosystem. 8. Define people's participation. Discuss the different types
7. Give short notes on nay three of the following: of people's participation.
a. Shifting cultivation b. Crop rotation c. Organic farming 9. What are the strategies to be followed for social stability?
d. Water balance e. Minimum and zero tillage Explain.
8. Briefly describe the interaction of crops with weeds and pathogens. 10. Enlist the goals for sustainable production system.
9. Give a list of requirements essential for sustainable Compare among natural, conventional and sustainable
agriculture and mention a list of any of weeds of any crop agro-ecosystem.
field of Nepal. 11. How is analysis of sustainable farming system done?
10. What is environment impact assessment? Describe briefly Discuss.
its methods. 12. Write short notes on (any three):
11. Define food chain and food web. Describe ealso the a. IPM
various types of food chain which exist in nature. b. Type of competition by mechanism
12. Discuss the following terms( any three only) c. Monitoring
a. Agro-ecology b. Climate change c. Energy flow d. Applied ecology
d. Water contamination e. Nutrient cycle Year: 2068
Year:2069 Essay Type Question: 10
Essay Type Question: 10 1. What are the environmental issues? Mention various
1. What are the major factors responsible for causing types and sources of pollutants and also give at least five
changes in agricultural ecosystems? Discuss the impacts diseases caused by water microbial pollutants?
of agro-ecosystem dynamics on crops and their pests. Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 2. Define agro-ecosystem. Give the biotic components of
2. Define" environment science" and "agro-ecology". any agro-ecosystem of Nepal.
Explain the role of environment studies in agriculture. 3. Give only the definition of the environment, deforestation,
3. What are the different issues related to the environment? urbanization, garbage, rubbish, and population.
Discuss briefly about the most important environmentalissues. 4. What is greenhouse effect? Give the various sources of
4. Discuss the impact over use of pesticide in agriculture. green-house gases. What can be the effects of the global
5. What is EIA? Briefly explain the steps. warming?
6. Write a short note on impact of climate change on 5. What is eutrophication? What the methods to stop
agriculture. eutrophication?
7. What are the importance of people's participation in 6. Define food chain and food web. Give a list of various
environment management. food chains which exist in nature.
8. What do you understand by farmhouse or home garden 7. Mention various conservation strategies for biological
ecology? Discuss the inter-relation between different and physical stability in Nepal.
components that exists in a farmhouse or home garden. 8. Give short notes on any three:
9. Explain briefly any three of the following: a. Shifting cultivation b. EIA c. Water balance
a. Ecological pyramid b.Food chain d. Agro-ecology
c. Food web d.Trophic level 9. Briefly describe the interactions of crops with weed and
pathogens.
10. What are the major organizations working in the field of
10. Mention briefly the conservation strategies used in Nepal
environment science? Write the contribution of any one of them.\
for environment management.
11. What is organic farming? 'Organic farming is important for
11. What do you mean by climate change? Discuss its
conserving soil health', justify your answer with suitable
impacts on agriculture.
examples.
12. Give a list of requirements essential for sustainable
12. What are the challenges of sustainable agriculture? How agriculture and mention a list having at least fifteen weeds
do you convert those challenges into opportunities? of any crop fields of Nepal.
Write your answer in concise way.
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Back examination- 2074
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Define metamorphosis. Describe different types of
F.M. 40 metamorphosis with examples.
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 3rd Semester
P.M. 16 Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Subject: Introductory entomology Time: 2 Hrs
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. Define the followings:
margin indicates full marks. a) Entomology b) Insect c) Ecdysis
Essay Type Question: 10 3. Differentiate between Hypognathous head and
1. Enlist the family of order Coleoptera with example. Write ophisthognathous head.
the important characteristics of order Diptera and 4. Distinguish between apposition image and super position zimage.
Homoptera. 5. Give six modification of legs of insect with examples.
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 6. What is venation? Draw a labelled diagram of typical wing
2. Define entomology. How smaller size of insect help to venation of an insect.
dominance in this world? 7. Draw and label a neat diagram of digestive system of an
3. Describe the beneficial aspects of insects. insect and mention major function of each part.
4. Define cuticle. Describe the integument of insect with figure. 8. Draw and label a neat diagram of male reproduction
5. Enlist the different mouth parts modification of insect.
Describe the biting and chewing type of mouth part with system of an insect and mention major function of each part.
suitable example. 9. Mention the names of fifteen orders of insect with
6. Define ommatidia. What might be the role of number of examples.
ommatidia in insect? How compound eye of insect is differ 10. Enlist six important characteristics of the order Hemiptera
with simple eye? or Lepidoptera and mention five families of economic
7. Describe the abdominal appendages of insect with importance with examples.
appropriate diagram. 11. How would you recognize workers, droves and queen of
8. Define metamorphosis. Describe the different type of honeybees? Give their characteristics.
metamorphosis in insects. 12. Write the systematic position of Honeybee, silkworm and
9. How honeybee is manage in winter and summer season?
lac insect.
10. Enlist the organs involved in the process of excretion in
insect. Describe the function of Malpighian tubules of insect.
11. Enlist any seven holometabolous type of insect order with examples.
12. Write the difference between following:
a) Caterpillar and Semilooper b) Halter and Hamuli
c) Chilopoda and Diplopoda

1. Define entomology. What are the reasons for the domi 1. Define entomology. Insects are the successful group of
nance of insects over other animals? Explain in details with organisms in the world. Justify with example.
examples. Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 2. Human's perception towards insects is negative but
2. What is cuticle? Write on hardening of cuticle. actually they have more beneficial effects than negative,
3. Write on six modifications of insect legs with suitable how?
examples. 3. Enlist non-stylet types of insect mouth parts and which
4. Explain complete metamorphosis with examples. type of insect's mouth part is mainly responsible for
5. Draw and label a neat diagram of male reproductive system disease transmission and how?
of an insect and mention function of each part. 4. Draw a well labelled diagram of insect antennae and enlist
6. What is "Binomial Nomenclature"? Write the systematic its modifications with an example.
position of honey bee. 5. Draw a well labelled diagram of typical insect wing
7. Write down the lifecycle of mulberry silkworm. including venation.
8. Draw a typical insect wing and label longitudinal cross- 6. Enlist abdominal appendages of insect and explain about
veins. the genital appendages.
9. Enlist oligo-pod and polypod type of insect larva with 7. Enlist forms of larvae with appropriate example of each.
examples. 8. Enlist the orders of endopterygota division and mention
10. Write six important characteristics of the order "Co seven distinguishing characteristics of order Coleoptera
leoptera" and mention five families of economic impor- and Diptera.
tance with examples. 9. Define beekeeping and explain about its importance.
11. Differentiate between chewing biting and chewing lapping 10. Draw a well labelled diagram of insect digestive system
types of mouth parts. and describe briefly about its digestion process.
12. Write short notes on: a) Haemolymph b) Isoptera- 11. Differentiate between:
termite a. Compound eye and simple eye b. Quiescense and
Diapause c. Hemimetabolous and Holometabolous
12. Short notes on:
a) Integument b) Prognathus c) Cerci

1. Enlist the modified mouth parts of insects with example. 1. Define the term insect and entomology. Explain the
Describe with figures the typical mouth parts of grass reasons of insect dominance over other living beings in
hopper. the world with suitable examples.
2. Draw and label a neat diagram of male reproductive system 2. Briefly describe the major parts of integument with a well
of an insect and describe in brief the major parts with their labelled diagram.
functions. 3. What are the functions of insect antennae? Also briefly
3. Enlist five types of antennae of insects with figure and describe the major parts of a insect antennae.
one example of each. 4. Enlist the modified insect legs with a diagram and a
4. Define metamorphosis and mention it types in insects with specific function of each.
examples. 5. What do you mean by insect classification? Enlist ten
5. Classify insect larvae with one example of each. important insect orders with an example of each.
6. Mention the list of abdominal appendages with one 6. Explain the complete metamorphosis with an illustration.
example of each. 7. Draw and label a diagram of insect digestive system.
7. List the orders of endopterygota division with one 8. Briefly describe the piercing and sucking type of mouth
example of each. part of an insect with the help of a well labelled diagram.
8. Enlist any five major characteristics of order Hemiptera 9. Enlist distinguishing characteristics and five important
and also mention any five families of this order with families, with examples, of the order Coleoptera or
examples. Hymenoptera.
9. Draw and write the names of longitudinal and cross veins 10. What do you mean by industrial entomology? Explain in
of a typical wing. brief about the life cycle of silkworm.
10. Mention any five bee species that collect honey and the 11. Write short notes on (any three):
castes of honey bee. a. Photoreceptors b. Halter c. Cerci d. Types of larvae
11. Write short notes on: 12. Differentiate between (any three):
a. Mimicry b. Mesothorax c. Pseudo legs a. Butterfly and Moth b. Thoracic legs and pseudo-legs
12. Differentiate between (any three): c. Homoptera and Hemiptera d. Apposition and
a. Saltatorial and Raptatorial legs Superposition
b. Nymph and Naiad
c. Apposition and Superposition
Final examination- 2068

1. What are the reasons for the dominance of insects over
other animals? Explain with examples.
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
2. Differentiate between the followings:
a. Arachnida and crustacea b. Connectives and commissures
a. Entomology b. Tergum c. Excretion d. Spiracle
4. Draw and label a neat diagram of digestive system of an insect.
5. Give six modifications of antennae with examples.
6. Give six modifications of wings with examples.
7. Draw and label a neat diagram of female reproductive
system of an insect.
8. Explain the complete metamorphosis with examples.
9. Give six important characters of the order "Heteroptera" or
"Coleoptera". Mention five families of the order with
examples.
10. Write the names of fifteen orders (not mentioned in this
question paper) of insects with examples.
11. Mention the names of six appendages of abdomen of
insects with examples.
12. Give the systematic positions of honey bees, silkworm
and lac insects. What are the advantages of beekeeping?

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 (Back Paper) F.M. 40 Essay Type Question: 10
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 3rd Semester P.M. 16 1. Explain in detail about Mendel's law of inheritance
Subject: Introductory Genetics Time: 2 Hrs with the help of appropriate examples and crosses. If
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the you had a plant that was of phenotype A_B_, what
test would you conduct to determine whether it was
1. In maize, F1 heterozygous plants were test crossed with AABB or AaBB or AABb or AaBb? Explain logi-
colourless, shrunken, waxy plants and the following types cally.
of progeny were obtained. Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
CfS 50, cFs 46, CFs 383, cfS 380 2. What is cell cycle? Write in short about meiosis cell
Dfs 72, cFS 68, CFS 6, cfs 5 division with figures.
Symbols: coloured= C, colourless= c, full= F, shrunken= f, 3. What is sporogenesis and oogenesis? Diagrammati
starchy= S, and waxy= s cally show, how gamete formation takes place in life
i) Are these genes linked? Give reason. cycle of maize.
ii) Write the genes in correct order on the chromosome.
4. If a man of blood group AB marries a man of blood
iii) What are double crossover, non- crossover and single
crossover types?
group A whose father was of blood group O, to what
iv) Write the genotypes involved in the parental and test different blood groups can this man and woman
crosses. expect their children to belong?
v) Draw a linkage map showing map distances. 5. What is "Central dogma of biology"? How Eukary
vi) Calculate Coefficient of coincidence (CC) and interfer otic transcription differs from that of prokaryotic?
ence (I). Interpret the value. Explain with the help of figures.
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 6. Calculate gametic and phenotypic frequencies of
2. Explain sex determination in animals with example. AAaa individual after selfing. Also, write the types
3. Calculate gametic and phenotypic frequencies of AAaa of genotype and phenotype.
individual after selfing. Also, write the types of genotype
7. What do you mean by extra nuclear inheritance?
and phenotype.
4. Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis cell divisions.
Explain with the help of example. Write down the
Write down their significance. characteristics of cytoplasmic inheritance.
5. Mention steps of DNA replication. Write down the 8. The two pairs of alleles are linked on chromosome
properties of genetic code. two in tomato. A test cross between a heterozygous
6. Present complete diagram of a cross between tall round smooth round pistilate plant and a peach elongate
variety and dwarf wrinkled peas. Summarize the expected staminate one produced the following progeny.
results up to second filial generation. Smooth round 420, peach round 57, peach elongate
7. What is Gametogenesis? Describe the life cycle of maize 460 and smooth elongate 63.
diagrammatically. i) Which are the crossover and non-crossover
8. Differentiate between auto and allo polyploidy. Write
progeny?
applications of haploid in crop improvement.
9. Explain in brief about Lac operon system in E. coli.
ii) What is the map distance in the map units be-
10. Two plants for one trait are crossed and the F1 is pro tween these two loci?
duced. The F1 is self fertilized and F2 is obtained. The 9. What are the transposable genetic elements? Write
data of F2 is given below. Perform chi-square test for down features and significance of transposons.
goodness of fit and interpret the result. (Tabulated chi- 10. In chicken, the gene h, distinguishes hen feathering
square value at 1 d.f. = 3084) from cock feathering. If a cock feathered male was
Round: 165, Wrinkled: 35 mated to a hen feathered female (HH), what pat-
11. In papaya, what kinds of progeny will occur by crossing terns of feathering might be expected between the
(i) male and female plants, (ii) female and hermaphrodite (i) male F2 and (ii) female F2 progeny.
plants and (iii) selfing of a hermaphrodite plant? And in
11. A heterozygous plant for two genes is self-fertilized
what proportions?
12. Define cytoplasmic inheritance and maternal effect. How
and in F2, the following seeds are observed. Perform
cytoplasmic inheritance differs from nuclear inheritance? chi-square test for goodness of fit and interpret the
result. (Tabulated chi-square value at 3d.f. = 7.81)
round yellow: 315, round green: 108, wrinkled
yellow: 101, wrinkled green: 32
12. Explain sex determination in plants with suitable
examples.

1. Define central dogma of biology. Explain in detail 1. Explain in detail about Mendel's laws of inheritance with
about how DNA transcribe a messenger RNA and the help of appropriate example.
its translation to amino acids. Also list out signifi- Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
cance of Replication. 2. Diagram and briefly state the major events that occur
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 during meiotic cell division.
2. Define genetics. How do you correlate life cycle of 3. What is gene interaction? Write about the types of
any crops with it? epistatic gene interaction with suitable examples.
3. Sketch diagram and briefly explain the major events 4. Black colour is dominant over white. A man hetero for
that occurs during meiotic cell division. body colour married with white woman and is expecting 4
4. Explain about Mendel's laws of inheritance. children. Find the probability of obtaining: (a) one black
boy and three white girls (b) all white girls (c) two black
5. What are sex limited and sex linkage traits? Explain
boys and two black girls (d) all black children.
with suitable example.
5. Write about semi-conservative model of DNA replication.
6. Define male sterility. Discuss its significance in crop science.
6. What is the maternal effect? Present (dextral female and
7. What do you mean by linkage? If two persons het
sinistral male) coiling in water snail mentioning (a)
erozygous for albinism have four children. What is the genotype of parent, F1, F2 and F3 progeny (b) the
probability that three will be normal and one albino? genotypic and phenotypic ratio of F1, F2 and F3 progeny.
(Albino phenotypes appears in recessive condition). 7. What do you mean by Translation? Discuss the step
8. Explain briefly about sex determination in papaya. involving translation.
Present suitable example of role of environment in sex 8. What is mutation? Classify mutation on different bases.
determination. 9. Explain the type of chromosome inversion. What is its
9. What are transposable genetic elements? Explain in detail. genetic effects?
10. Define mutation and mutagen. Classify them. 10. What are the transposable genetic elements? Give your
11. Discuss about genetic control mechanism in prokary logic on gene expression.
otes with the help of Lactose metabolism. 11. What is the gene regulation? What do you mean by
12. Calculate the gametic and phenotypic frequencies of positive and negative transcriptional control?
following individuals after selfing. Also, write the types 12. Write short notes on (any three):
of genotype and phenotype. a) Cell cycle b) Scope of genetic c) Genetic code d)
a. AAa b. AAaa Pachytene
1. Explain in detail about Mendel's laws of inheritance with 9. What is mutation? Classify mutation on different bases.
the help of suitable examples. 10. What are transposable genetic elements? Give your logic
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 how those elements can affect the gene expression.
2. Diagram and briefly state the major events that occur 11. An autotetraploid plan is heterozygous for two gene loci,
during meiotic cell division. YYyy and DDdd. Dominant Y and D genes govern high
3. If a man of blood group A marry a woman of blood group
yielding and disease resistant traits respectively. These
B whose father was of blood group AB, what different
blood groups their children belong to? Also, what may be genes are located on a different set of homologous
the probable blood group(s) of the woman's mother? chromosomes. If dominance is complete, how many
4. Non red hair (R) is dominant over red hair (r). Black skin progenies of this autotetraploid will you expect for both
color (B) is dominant over white skin color (b). Tall (T) is traits, high yielding and disease resistant?
dominant over short (t). If a man who is heterozygous for 12. Write short notes on (any three):
all characters marry a short, white skin woman having a) Cell cycle b) Scope of genetics c) Genetic code d)
homozygous non red hair character, find the chance of
Chromosome inversion
obtaining their first child (i) a tall white skin non red hair
girl (ii) a short black skin red hair boy.
5. Write about semi-conservative mode of DNA replication.
6. What is gene interaction? Write about the types of
epistatic gene interaction with suitable examples.
7. In maize, recessive gene ba produces barren cob and ts
gene converts male flower into female flower. Ba and Ts
are the dominant genes give the normal cob and male
flowers, respectively. A genetician working in the IAAS
crossed a plant having genotype Baba Tsts with other
plant having genotype BaBa Tsts. Show this cross and
determine the sex expression in the progeny.
8. The recessive gene e, produces color blind in human,
which is sex linked gene. A carrier woman of this gene
married a color blind man and produced first child, a
normal vision klinefelter but in the second time this couple
gave birth a color blind daughter. How such klinefelter and
daughter may be produced? Show with the help of clean
diagram.
Final examination- 2070 Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Essay Type Question: 10 2. Black skin colour (B) is dominant over white skin colour
1. A dominant gene (B), in maize, produces brown pericarp, (b). Tall (T) is dominant over short (t). If a man who is
and its recessive allele (b) produces colorless pericarp. heterozygous for both characters marry a short and white
Tissue adjacent to pericarp is alerone, which is triploid. skin woman, find the chance of obtaining (i) a tall black
The purple pigment is deposited in the aleurone when skin girl and (ii) if this couple expect to obtain 5 children,
dominant (C) is present, its recessive allele (c) results in what is the chance of obtaining three tall black boys and
colorless aleurone. The color of the endosperm itself is two short white girl?
modified by a pair of alleles. Yellow is governed by the 3. Tall is dominant over dwarf and round is dominant over
dominant allele, Y, and white by the recessive allele y. both wrinkled. Mendel crossed tall wrinkled and dwarf round
C and Y show xenia to their respective alleles. A plant seeded pea and found the following F2 progenies. Test
which is bbCcYy is pollinated by a plant of genotype each for goodness of fit and indicate whether it is signifi
BbCcYy. cantly different from 9:3:3:1 ratio or not. The chi-square
(a) What phenotypic ratio is expected among the progeny value at 0.05P against 3 df is 7.8.
kernels? Tall round: 100, Tall wrinkle: 20, Dwarf round: 30 and Dwarf
(b) If the F1 is pollinated by plants of genotype bbccyy, in wrinkle: 10
what proportions color ratio will the resulting F2 kernels 4. Hemophilia in human is a sex-inked character. A normal
be expected to occur? woman whose father had hemophilia married a normal
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 man. What is the chance of occurring hemophilia in their
2. What is apomixes? What is the benefit of apomictic rice? children? If this couple wishes to get first two boys, what
3. In mammals, including humans, a fixed sex ratio is main- is the chance of occurring hemophilia in both boys?
tained. Explain the genetic mechanism. 5. In dogs dark coat colour (D) is dominant over albino (d),
and short hair (S) is dominant over long hair (s). These
4. In tomatoes, a cross between normal (LfLf) and inflores
effects are caused by two independently segregating gene
cence leaf (lf lf) was made, then a test cross was per
pairs. A dark short dog is crossed with a dark long dog
formed, producing 20 offsprings. Fourteen of them were
and found the following progenies.
normal type and 6 were inflorescence leaf type. Using
Dark short: 29, albino long: 11, Dark long: 38, albino short: 12
binomial expression, calculate its probability.
Find the probable genotypes of the parents.
5. Differentiate between repulsion and coupling phases of
6. In summer squash, fruit may be white, yellow or green. In
linkage. Provide examples. one case the cross of Yellow X White produced an F1 of
6. Draw a well labelled diagram of DNA molecule. all white fruited plants. The F1 is selfed and F2 progenies
7. Give (at least) 5 points differentiating mitosis from meiosis. were found as 135 White and 105 Yellow phenotypes,
8. Mean and variance of heights among the girls and boys explain the results giving genotypes of the parents, F1
students varied significantly in your class. What may be and F2 of this cross.
the possible reasons? 7. In papaya, sex determination is governed by a single gene.
9. What is the reason of obtaining hermaphrodites in goat Single gene with three alleles controls the sex differentia-
population in Chitwan? Explain. tion. What kinds of progeny will occur by crossing (i)
10. What is the importance of DNA replication? Explain. male and female plants, (ii) female and hermaphrodite
11. What do you understand by gene regulation? Explain. plants (iii) selfing of a hermaphrodite plant? and in what
12. There are 2 types of segregation in polyploids. How do proportions?
they produce a different gametic ratios? Describe. 8. Explain in brief about transformation.
9. How Turner and Kilnefelter syndromes are appeared?
Final examination- 2069 Explain with the help of suitable diagrams.
Essay Type Question: 10 10. What is maternal effect? Briefly explain with the help of
1. Female F1 maize heterozygous for tall producing round suitable example.
and starchy seed was test- crossed and the following 11. Explain in brief about transcription process in prokaryotic
progenies were obtained. individuals with the help of suitable figure(s).
Tall round starchy :10 dwarf shrunken waxy : 05 12. The transposable genetic elements, Ac and Dc
Tall shrunken waxy : 300 dwarf round starchy : 350
Tall round waxy :70 tall shrunken starchy : 135
Dwarf round waxy : 70 dwarf shrunken starchy : 60
i. Is there linkage between genes?
ii. Draw a linkage map of the linked genes showing the
correct genes order and their map distances.
iii. What are double crossover, non crossover and single
crossover types?
iv. Write the genotypes of flies involved in the parental and
test crosses.
v. Diagram the cross showing the arrangement of the genetic
markers on the chromosomes.
vi. Calculate I and CC and interpret the results.

Final examination- 2068 4. Black skin colour (B) is dominant over white skin colour
Essay Type Question: 10 (b). Tall (T) is dominant over short (t). If a man who is
1. Female maize heterozygous for coloured (Cc), tall (Tt) and heterozygous for both characters marry a short and white
starchy (Ss) were test- crossed and the following progeny skin woman, find the chance of obtaining (i) a tall white
were obtained. skin girl and (ii) if this couple expect to obtain four
Coloured tall starchy 75 colourless dwarf waxy 68 children, what is the chance of obtaining three tall black
Colourlesss tall starchy 320 coloured dwarf waxy 330 boys and one short white girl?
Coloured dwarf starchy 80 coloured tall waxy 20 5. Mendel crossed tall wrinkle and dwarf round seeded pea
Colourless tall waxy 77 colourless dwarf starchy 30 and found the following F2 progenies. Test each for
Answer the following questions: goodness of fit and indicate whether it is significantly
a. Construct a linkage map showing the correct order of different from 9:3:3:1 ratio or not. The chi-square value at
genes and the map distances between adjacent genes. .05P at 1 df is 7.8, respectively.
b. Write the genotypes of parents, F1 and test crossed Tall round: 83, Tall wrinkle: 24, Dwarf round: 30 and Dwarf
progenies. wrinkle:07
c. Which are non crossover, single crossover and double 6. A plant breeder crossed a white flowered sweet pea plant
crossover types? with one producing purple flowers and found 2/4 purple
d. Calculate coefficient of Coincidence and Interference and and 2/4 white flowered progenies. Determine the geno
interpret the results. types of the parents and progeny.
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 7. In human, how many male gametes and female gametes
2. An individual has two homologous pairs of metacentric will be produced by a primary spermatocyte and by a
chromosomes. Draw metaphase, anaphase and telophase primary oocyte respectively? How many and what kinds of
plates of mitosis cell division. How many chromosomes chromosomes will be present in such male and female
will be present in daughter and parental cells of such gametes?
individual? 8. In maize, recessive gene ba produces barren cob and ts
3. If a man of blood group A married a woman of blood group gene converts male flower into female flower. Ba and Ts
B whose father was of blood group O, what different are the dominant genes give the normal cob and male
blood groups their children belong to? Also, what was the flowers, respectively. A genetician working at IAAS
probable blood group(s) of the woman's mother? crossed a plant having genotype Baba Tsts with other
plant having genotype BaBa Tsts. Show this cross and
determine the sex expression in the progeny.
9. The recessive gene c, produces colour blind in human,

which is sex linked gene. A carrier women of this gene
married a colour blind man and produced first child, a
normal vision klinefelter but in second time this couple
gave birth a colour blind daughter. How such klinefelter
and daughter would be produced? Show with the help of
clean diagrams.
10. A dwarf variety of tomato appears in a research line. The
dwarf is crossed as female to tall plants and all F1 found
dwarfs. The F1 are selfed and found F2 all tall. Again, F2
are selfed and found F3 progenies. Explain the result
giving genotypic and phenotypic frequencies of F1, F2
and F3 progenies.
11. Explain semi- conservative mode of DNA replication with
the help of well labelled figure.
12. An autotetraploid plant is heterozygous for one gene
locus (YYyy). Dominant Y gene governs high yielding
trait. If dominance is complete, how many progenies of
this autotetraploid will you expect high yielding after
selfing? Also, mention the gametic frequency of this plant
and phenotypic frequencies of progenies.are found in
maize. Mention their roles in the development of seed with
the help of diagrams.

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Final Examination 2073
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Enlist the specific problems encountered in the commercial
F.M. 40 farming of mandarin, pinepapple, banana and mango.
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 3rd Semester P.M. 16
Subject: Fruit and plantation crop production Time: 2 Hrs Discuss the solution/remedial measures regarding the
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the specific problems of mango.
margin indicates full marks. Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Essay Type Question: 10 2. Write about the climatic requirements of mango and pear.
1. What are the specific problems encountered in the 3. Mention the important cultivars and maturity indices of
commercial farming of Apple, Mandarin and Mango. papaya and litchi.
Discuss the remedial measures/solutions regarding the
specific problems in Apple. 4. What do you mean by "Chilling requirements of temperate
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 fruits"? Write about the different cultivars and propaga-
2. Classify the apple varieties according to the chilling requirements. tion of apple.
3. Briefly discuss the Bahar regulation techniques in case of Guava. 5. Discuss the suitable site and soil condition for commercial
4. Discuss the flowering and fruiting habit of Litchi and pear. cultivation of guava, litchi and peach.
5. Define indigenous fruit crops. Why conservation of
indigenous fruit crops is necessary? 6. Discuss the climatic suitability of different citrus species
6. What do you mean by plantation crops? Briefly discuss in Nepal.
the processing methods of C.T.C and orthodox tea. 7. What do you mean by table grapes? Discuss about the planting
7. Briefly describe the dry and wet methods of coffee and fertilizer management practices in guava and banana.
processing. 8. Write short notes on propagation and processing of coffee.
8. What are maturity indices? Mention the maturity indices
of banana, papaya and pineapple. 9. Differentiate between:
9. Describe the soil and soil profile for fruit crops. a. CTC and Orthodox tea b. Cayenne and Queen pineapple
10. Write short notes on (any three): 10. Enlist any six underexploited and indigenous fruit crops
a. Litchi cracking b.Alternate bearing habit of fruit crops with their scientific name. discuss the skin cracking
c. Citrus decline d. Spongy tissue of mango problem in litchi.
11. Differentiate between (any three):
11. Discuss the usefulness of plant growth regulator in fruit sector.
a. Training and Pruning b.Climacteric and Nonclimacteric fruits
c. Monoembryonic and polyembryonic 12. Describe in brief about the major problems encountered in
d. Sexual and asexual propagation the development of fruit and plantation sector in Nepal.
12. Write about the following in short (any three):
a. Characteristics of juvenile phase b. Clonal rootstocks of apple
c. Importance of indigenous fruit species
d. Use of plant growth regulators in fruit crops.
Final Examination 2072 Back examination 2072

1. Write cultivation of Apple under following headings: 1. Describe the cultivation of Aplle under the following
a. Root stock b. Climatic requirement heads:
c. Role of pollinizer d.Alternate bearing a. Climatic requirement b. Root stock
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 c. Alternate bearing d. Insect pest
2. What are the differences between European plum and Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Japanese Plum. Write briefly about prunes. 2. What are the differences between European plum and
3. Explain the propagation technique of Litchi and botany of Papaya. Japanese plum?
4. Write short notes on (any two): 3. Describe any two physiological disorders of mango.
a. CTC tea b. Parchement coffee 4. Write two techniques of improving fruit quality of grape.
c. Under exploited fruit crops 5. Write briefly about processing of parchment coffee.
5. Describe any two physiological disorders of mango. 6. Describe a papaya plant and name six important cultivars
6. Write any two techniques of improving fruit quality of grape. of papaya.
7. Mention about soil and climatic requirement of walnut. 7. Describe a training system for grape which is simple and
Write about double working in European pear. inexpensive.
8. What are the major problems of commercial cultivation of 8. Mention about the soil and climatic requirements of litchi
banana in Nepal? and walnut.
9. Describe two training systems for strawberry. 9. Write down the names of five popular varieties of follow-
10. Write down the uses of plant growth regulator on following crops: ing fruit crops:
a. Grape b. Mango c.Pineapple a. Mango b. Guava c. Pear d. Peach e.Apricot f.Jackfruit
11. What is citrus decline? List out the factors responsible for 10. Describe two training systems for strawberry plant.
citrus decline. 11. Write down the cultivation practices followed for banana
12. Write down the names of five popular varities of following under the following heads:
fruit crops: a. Season of planting b. Planting
a. Mango b. Guava c. Desuckering d. Deflowering
c. Jackfruit d. Peach 12. Write short notes on (any three):
e. Litchi f. Apricot a. CTC tea b. Fruit Drop in citrus
c. Propagation of pineapple

1. Discuss on the causes of bearing and malformation in 1. Describe the cultivation practices of mango on the
mango and also suggest their remedies. following headings:
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 a. Climate and soil b. Propagation
2. What are the various constraints for the development of c. Alternate bearing d. Insect pests
deciduous fruits in Nepal? Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
3. Discuss banana with respect to bunch covering and its 2. What are the major constraints of fruit production in
propagation materials. Nepal? Describe in brief.
4. Discuss about the propagating materials of pineapple and 3. Describe two training systems for apple practiced in
crop regulation in guava. developed countries that are used for height regulating
5. Discuss about the propagating materials and planting root stocks.
systems of strawberry. 4. Write the propagation technique and one popular planting
6. Define citrus decline. Discuss the multiple causes of this system for pineapple.
problem. 5. What is citrus Decline? List out the factors responsible for
7. Discuss litchi on the following topics: citrus decline.
A. Fruit drop B. Fruit cracking C. Litchi curl mite 6. Describe the harvesting technique and storage of litchi fruits.
8. Give the training and pruning practices in apple and 7. List the names of five popular varieties of following fruit crops.
peach. 8. What are the differences between European plum and
9. Discuss various sex forms of papaya and pollination Japanese plum?
behavior of apple cultivars. 9. Write short notes on (any three):
10. Give the method of propagation in tea and coffee. a. Propagation in papaya b. Coffee processing
11. A citrus orchard is seen with its foliage covered with black c. Desuckering in banana d. Guava wilt
powdery mass, diagnose the problem and suggest the 10. What do you mean by CTC tea? Discuss briefly on
remedy measures. processing of tea.
12. Write short notes on: 11. What are the differences between comunis and serotina pear?
a. Harvesting indices of jackfruit 12. Describe physiological disorders of Apple.
b. Guava wilt
Final Examination 2068
c. Telephone system of training in grapevines
Final Examination 2069 1. Describe the cultivation practices of mango on following
Essay Type Question: 10 headings:
1. What are the major problems faced by Nepalese farmers in a. Origin and uses b. Climate and soil
the production of fruits? Also mention the measures to c. Variety d.Propagation e. Orchard planning and planting
overcome these problems. Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 2. Define 'citrus declining'. Explain its causes and control measures.
2. What is chilling temperature? Why chilling requirement is 3. Briefly describe the feasibility of fruit development in Nepal.
necessary for temperate fruit crops? 4. Define 'graft incompatibility'. What are the requirements
3. Describe the ways to regulate flowering in guava. for the success of grafting?
4. Give the control measures of alternate bearing in mango 5. How does pruning differ with the age of tree? Briefly
and citrus greening in citrus. describe the different training system of grape vine.
5. What do you mean by viticulture? Why viticulture is not 6. Explain the alternate bearing in mango and state in briefly
still in commercial scale? Mention suitable varieties of the causes of alternate bearing.
grape. 7. Write down the cultivation practices of coffee on the
6. Explain the flowering and fruiting behavior of pear, plum following topics:
and apricot. a. Area and production b. Climate and soil
7. Explain the high density orcharding concept in pineapple, c. Intercultural operation d. Varieties e. Processing
banana and papaya. 8. Shortly describe the banana cultivation in chitwan.
8. What is the importance of underexploited fruit crops? 9. What are the prospects and constraints of banana
Enlist ten under exploited fruit with their scientific name cultivation in Nepal?
and family. 10. Write short notes on:
9. What do you mean by CTC tea? Describe briefly on a. Mango malformation b. Guava wilt
processing of tea. c. Panama wilt d. Classification of fruits
10. Why Nepal is potential for coffee plantation? Also 11. Enlist any four varieties of the each fruit crops:
mention the wet method of coffee processing. a. Grapes b. Apple
11. What are maturity indices? Mention the maturity indices c. Papaya d. Mandarin orange e. Banana
of jackfruit, litchi and peach. 12. Why grafted plants are precious in bearing and dwarfer
12. Write short notes on (any three): than seedling?
a. In vitro propagation of fruit crops
b. Promising cultivars of apple and pear
c. Strawberry
d. Climacteric fruits
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Explain the national scenario of poultry industries and
F.M. 20 write problem associated with poultry production and
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 3rd Semester P.M. 8
Subject: Pig and Poultry production Time: 1:30 Hrs suggestion to overcome such problem.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
margin indicates full marks. 2. Why biosecurity is essential? Write the different proce
EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6 dure fallow s in biosecurity.
1. Why housing is important for poultry? Describe different 3. Describe the causes of egg drop syndrome and it preven-
systems of housing birds. Which system is generally used for tion in layers.
commercial farming and why? 4. Describe the formation of eggs.
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 5. Write the care and management of litters up to eight weeks.
2. Describe the care and management of chicks up to 8 week of egg. 6. Describe the care and management of sow at pregnant and
3. Write about care and management of new born piglet. farrowing time.
4. Write different points would keep in mind for selection of egg 7. Write short note on:
for hatching.
a) Creep ration b) Layer ration c) Pakhribas black pig
a) Needle teeth cutting b) Debeaking d) Flushing
6. What are the principle points considering while formulating 8. Write the various factors influencing efficient incubation
rations for poultry feed feeding? of eggs.
7. Describe the care and management of broiler up to the age of 9. Give the criteria for the selection of good sow.
marketing.
8. Enlist common breed of pig and write the characteristics of
middle Yorkshire.
9. Enlist the local breeds of poultry and discuss about distinguish-
ing characteristics of Rhode Island Red.

1. Why poultry rearing is being a major enterprise in Nepal? 1. With the help of a neat diagram, explain the working of the
Write your own opinion. And also list down the major reproductive system of hen. What endocrine mechanism
constraints of swine production in Nepal. is involved in the formation of egg?
2. Write down zoological classification of pig and poultry. 2. How lighting hours effect egg production? Explain.
3. List down the swine breeds grown in Nepal. And also 3. Discuss the care and management of broiler up age of
discuss why Pakhribas black is considered as a suitable slaughter.
breed of swine for eastern hill of Nepal. 4. What are the principle points considering white formulat
4. Write the process of artificial brooding of chicks and also ing rations for poultry feed?
discuss about its importance on poultry production. 5. Write the advantages of pig farming in Nepalese context.
5. Briefly discuss about care and management of newly born 6. Write short notes on the following:
piglets. a) Debeaking b) Identification of pig by ear notching
6. What are the considerations to be taken during poultry 7. Discuss about methods and merits of deep litter system of
feed formulation? poultry housing.
7. What are the factors essential for best hatching of eggs? 8. Explain the component of biosecurity can be maintained at
8. Write short notes on: commercial farm.
a. Albumen b. Farrowing c. Layers 9. Write short notes on:
9. Explain the complete metamorphosis with an illustration. a) Landrace b) Rhode Island Red

1. Explain the general management practice of broiler farm.
1. How broiler is managed under deep litter system.
2. Describe the reproductive system of a hen with diagram. Explain each step from purchase of chicks up to
3. Explain the care and management of newly born piglets. their sale.
4. Why temperature management necessary for baby chicks? SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
5. Describe any three indigenous and exotic breeds of pigs 2. Explain the egg formation structure of a hen with a
with their characteristic features.
6. What do you mean by biosecurity? Explain its compo-
labelled diagram.
nents. 3. Explain the care and management of pregnant sow.
7. Why debeaking is done in layers? Write the importance of 4. Describe the relationship of temperature in brooding
vaccination is poultry. for chicks.
8. What is piglet Anaemia? Explain its cause and preventive. 5. Describe any three indigenous and exotic breeds of
a. Ear notching b. De-beaking c. Candling of eggs
pigs with their characteristic features.
d. New castle disease 6. What do you mean by bio-security? Explain its
components.
7. Why debeaking is done in layers? Write the impor
tance of vaccination in poultry.
8. What is piglet anemia? Explain its causes and
prevention.
a. Breeding boar b. Candling of eggs
c. Landrace d. Chwanche

1. Explain the importance, scope and constraints of 1. "Poultry enterprise is becoming popular in Nepal".
poultry farming in contest of the Nepalese farming Justify this statement along with its scope.
system. SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 2. Write about general care and management of
2. Write the zoological classification of Japanese quail. pregnant sow.
3. Write about the factors influencing composition of egg. 3. Why housing is important for poultry? Write about
1. Write about the effect of lighting on egg production. one common poultry housing system, which is
2. What are the principle points considered while popular in Nepal.
formulating rations for poultry. 4. What do you mean by brooding? Also, write about
temperature management in brooder.
3. Write about care and management of new born
5. What is the importance of light in laying birds? Also,
piglets.
mention the light management in layers.
6. Write general breed characteristics of following
a. Air cell b. Cage system of poultry housing breeds (any two):
5. How bio-security can be maintained at commercial a. Pakhribas black b. Hampshire
poultry farm? c. New Hampshire
6. Write short notes on: 7. Draw a well labelled diagram of egg laying system of
a. Vaccination of chicks b. Identification of pig by poultry.
ear notching 8. What are the factors essential for best hatching?
7. Write short notes on: 9. Write short notes on (any two):
a. Yorkshire b. Plymouth rock a. Structure of egg b. Incubation c. Biosecurity
a. Needle teeth clipping b. Moulting
9. Write the care and management of chicks from 0-8
weeks of age.
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6
RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. What is respiration? Describe the structure of the gills of a
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2070 F.M. 20 Teleost and explain the mechanism of respiration.
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 3rd Semester P.M. 8 SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
Subject: Introductory Ichthyology Time: 1:30 Hrs 2. Discuss the roles of fish in human nutrition.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 3. What is placoid scale? How is it differentiated between
margin indicates full marks. cycloid and ctenoid scale.
EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6 4. Define fish. Differentiate between chondrichthyes and
1. Describe respiratory system of fish and explain mechanism Osteichthyes.
of respiration. 5. Enlist different orders of sub-class Actinopterygii present
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 in Nepal with one example of each order.
2. Discuss the role of fish in human nutrition. 6. Explain the mechanism of digestion in carnivorous fish.
3. Differentiate between chondrichthyes and osteichthyes. 7. Discuss the female reproductive organ of a Teleost.
4. Enlist different orders of fishes of Nepal with one example 8. Write short notes on any two of the following:
of each order. a. Fish glue and isinglass
5. Draw a neat and well labelled diagram of teleost skin and b. Fish meal
write its functions. c. Functions of skins and fins
6. Explain female reproductive organs of a fish. 9. Write the common and scientific names of the following:
7. Describe process of digestion in fish. a. Largest and smallest fishes of the world and Nepal
8. Discuss different types of caudal fin. b. Any two predatory fishes
9. Write short notes on any two of the following:
a. Cycloid and ctenoid scales
b. Fish ghee and isinglass
c. Accessory respiratory organs

1. Define 'fish' and 'Ichthyology'. Give the taxonomic 1. Draw and label alimentary canal of cyprinids and explain
classification of fishes of Nepal up to orders with their mechanism of digestion.
characters and at least two examples of each (order).
2. Draw a well labelled diagram of a fish showing its external 2. Define ichthyology and state how fish is different from
features, and write down the functions of skin. other terrestrial animals.
3. Write the location in the body cavity and functions of the 3. Explain the nutritional importance of fish.
following organs of fish: (i) Gonads (ii) Gills (iii) Heart and 4. Write down the characteristics of teleosts and discuss with
(iv) Kidneys. Illustrate your answer with suitable rough example order siluriformes.
sketch. 5. What do you understand by bony ridge scale? Differenti-
4. Discuss the different types of fin found in a teleost. ate between the cycloid and ctenoid scales.
5. Describe the structure of respiratory organ in fish with 6. What do you mean by paired fin and explain different
suitable diagram.
types of caudal fin?
6. Write notes on accessory respiratory organ in singhi
(Heteropneustes fossilis). 7. Write down the structure and function of skin of cyprinid.
7. Describe the structure of any one gonad of fish studied 8. Draw, label and explain in brief the male reproductive organ
by you. of a oviparous fish.\
8. Differentiate the following pairs: (i) Cycloid and ctenoid 9. Short notes:
scales; (ii) Alimentary canal of herbivorous fish and that of a. Accessary respiratory organ b. Feeding habit and relative
carnivorous fish. gut length
a. Economic importance of fishes b. Digestive glands in
fishes

Final examination- 2067 Final examaination- 2065
1. What is digestion? Describe mechanical, chemical and 1. What is respiration? Describe mechanism of respiration in
enzymatic activities for digestion in fish with description of fish.
different parts of alimentary canal. SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 2. Write important characters of class Dipnoi and give two
2. Define fish. Differentiate between Chondrichthyes and examples.
Oesteichthyes. 3. Classify: Andha bam, Katle, Singhi, Buhari.
3. Discuss the role of fish in human nutrition. 4. Explain digestion process in stomach of fish.
4. Enlist the different orders od sub-class Actinopterygii 5. What are the functions of fins? Explain.
represented in Nepal with one example of each order 6. What are the differences between cycloid and ctenoid
5. Describe the structure of cycloid scale and compare it with scale? Explain.
ctenoid scale. 7. Explain briefly functions of skin.
6. Explain structure of gills of a bony fish and explain the 8. Draw the diagrams of female reproductive organs and
mechanism of respiration. describe oogenesis process.
7. What is reproduction? Describe the male reproductive 9. Write short notes on following:
organs of a teleost. a) Swim bladder b) Lateral line
8. Write the scientific names of following:
a. Largest and smallest fishes of the world and Nepal
b. Any two fishes having two dorsal fins
a. Accessory respiratory organ in Clarias species.
b. Functions of skin and fins

1. Describe economic importance of fishes. 1. What is digestion? Describe mechanical, chemical and
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 enzymatic activities for digestion in fish with description of
2. Define fish. Differentiate between chondrichthyes and
different parts of alimentary canal.
osteichthyes.
3. Describe the structure of skin of fishes. SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
4. Enlist the different orders of sub-class Actinopterygii 2. Define ichthyology. Differentiate between cypriniformes
represented in Nepal with one example of each order. and siluriformes.
5. Mention the functions of scale of fish. Differentiate 3. What is gonado somatic index (GSI)? Describe annual
between cycloid and ctenoid scales. variation of GSI of ovary in carps.
6. Explain homocercal type of caudal fin. Discuss the func-4. Enlist different types of scales in fishes. Describe structure
tions of different types of fins in fishes. of ctenoid scales. Mention the functions of scale.
7. Describe mechanical, chemical and enzymatic activities for
5. Describe the structure of skin of a fish.
digestion in fish.
6. Explain homocercal type of caudal fin. Discuss the func-
8. Differentiate between the cypriniformes and siluriformes.
9. Explain structure of gills of a teleost and discuss the tions of different types of find in fishes.
mechanism of respiration. 7. Write the locations and functions of the following organs:
a) Pharyngeal teeth b) Swim bladder c) Spleen d) Intestine
8. Describe accessory respiratory organs of Clarias species.
9. Explain role of fish in human nutrition.

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE 9. Why is tractor called so? What is the principle of opera
RAMPUR, CHITWAN tion in clutch system and brake system and how they
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 F.M. 40 differ from one another?
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 4th Semester P.M. 16 10. Machine X has a cost of Rs. 10,0000 and expected to
Subject: Farm power and Machinery Time: 2 Hrs
produce cash flow of Rs. 3,000 per year for 4 years and Rs.
margin indicates full marks. 2,500 on the fifth year. Similarly machinery Y with cost
Essay Type Question: 10 25,000 is expected to produce cash flow of Rs. 7,400 per
1. Write about the prospect of mechanization in our country. year for 3 years and Rs. 8,000 and 6,500 for fourth and fifth
Explain with sketch how power generated by a tractor year. Assuming the interest of capital is 12%, which
engine is transferred up to rear wheels? machine is cost effective for selection if they are mutually
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 exclusive?
2. What is the most crucial requirement for zero tillage 11. Explain about the valve opening and closing mechanism
practice? Describe the different unit of operations applied of 4-stroke engine. Find out the compression ratio if the
in modern thresher. engine cylinder having stroke boar ratio is 1.25 having
3. Point out the drawbacks of indigenous plough in tillage cylinder diameter of 55 cm clearance volume 105cc.
action. Explain with figure about the adjustment of depth 12. What is the main difference between a generator and a
of plough by hitch orders in a animal drawn indigenous plough. motor? Calculate the field efficiency of 3 bottom MB
4. Present the diagrammatic features of tyne harrow and plough having a furrow width of 26 cm, depth of plough of
cultivator showing their difference in operation. 22 cm and forward speed of 5 km/hr. if the time loss is 20%
5. Differentiate the rotary action in rotavator and disc harrow and and overlapping width is 12 cm.
write the application and purpose of cage wheel in a tractor.
6. "A knowledge of pump characteristic curve help in
selection of centrifugal pump". Justify the statement.
7. What is the function of metering device in a seed drill?
Explain about the procedure for the calibration of a seed drill.
8. What is the main determining factor for selection of duster
or sprayer? Explain about the construction detail of a
power sprayer.
1. Define tillage with its objectives. List the functions of Essay Type Question: 10
Mould Board plough. Describe its different parts with the 1. Explain the working principle of four stoke Spark Ignition
help of neat sketches. engine. Also describe the working principle of differential
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 with a diagram.
2. How can mechanization help in the development of Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
agriculture in hilly regions of Nepal? Discuss in brief. 2. Explain the scope and status of farm mechanization in Nepal.
3. What is seed drill and write its functions? Calculate the 3. Describe the different component of tractor drawn MB plough.
seed rate per hectare of 5×18 cm seed drill whose is main 4. Explain the procedures of calibration of seed drill.
drive wheel is 120 cm diameter and total weight of grain 5. A pair of bullocks weights 600 kg and can pull about 1/
collected in 20 revolutions is 0.5 kg. 10th of their body weight. Find out the power required and
4. Write the methods of spraying. Explain a knapsack the power available to operate this seeder when each of
sprayer in brief. the 5 furrow openers makes a rectangular furrow cross
5. What are different types threshing cylinders used in section of 5 cm wide × 5 cm deep. The soil resistance on
power thresher? Explain them with the help of diagrams. the seeder is 0.4 kg/cm2.
6. Describe the working principle of centrifugal pump with a 6. Describe the working principle of vertical conveyer reaper.
neat sketch. 7. A farmer purchased 35 hp tractor for Rs. 11,45,000.00 . Its
7. Compare between CI and SI engines with diagrams.
total working life is 12000 hours with the annual use of
8. What is power transmission system or power train of a
1000 hours. The annual interest rate is 7%. The tractor is
tractor? Write its components with figures.
being used with an eleven tine cultivator costing RS.
9. Explain the reaper with its essential components.
18000.00. The shovel spacing is 24 cm. Speed of cultiva-
10. What power is required to pull 1.2 meter reaper working at
a speed of 4.8 km/hr, if there is a load of 50 kg/m length of tion is 5 km/hr and field efficiency is 80%. Calculate the
the reaper and field efficiency is 80%. cost of tractor in RS/hr.
11. Find the cost of using a tractor per Hp-hr when the cost 8. Write the working principles of threshers with a neat diagram.
of 35 Hp tractor is NRs. 12,00,000/- life of tractor is 10 9. Describe the working principle of reciprocating pump.
years, rate of interest 10% and working hours per year are 10. Define sorting and grading. Explain the color sorting
1000 hrs. Make necessary assumptions, if any. method with a diagram.
12. Discuss the uses of electricity in farm. Also write the 11. Differentiate between motor and generator.
alternative sources of electricity. 12. Enlist the types of laboratory tests of farm tractor and
machinery.

1. What are the functions or purposes of cooling system in 1. Explain the working principle of two strokes and four
strokes spark ignition engines. What are the different
tractor engine? With the help of neat diagram explain the
types of lubrication system in I.C. engine? Write down the
working of forced circulation water cooling system and working mechanism of fuel supply system in disel engine.
also write down the function of thermostat value in this What are the common engine troubles.
system. Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 2. What are the sources of farm power? Explain the tractive
2. How do you see farm mechanization can help in develop- and stationary operations. How non-conventional source
ment of agriculture in terai and hills of Nepal? of energy is being utilized in Nepalese agriculture?
3. Write the importance and operation of pre-cleaner and
3. What is the principle of friction clutch? Explain the
tractor engine. List the types of water cooling systems.
working of single plate clutch. What are the advantages and disadvantages of air cooling system?
4. Explain the working of Flutted Roller seed metering 4. Explain the mechanism of mechanical brake. What is
mechanism? List different parts of tractor drawn seed drill. differential lock in tractor system?
5. Explain the working principle of centrifugal pumps. 5. Specify the objectives of primary and secondary tillage
6. What may be the reasons if the tractor engine does not operations. Calculate the area covered per day of 8 hrs by
start at all? a tractor drawn four bottom 35 cm plough if the speed of
ploughing is 6 km/hr, the time lost is turning is 6%.
7. Calculate the time required for sowing of 5 ha of land by a
6. Describe the popular types of furrow openers in cultivator
tractor drawn seed drill with 11 furrow openers with a diagram. How can penetration be improved in a disk
spaced 20 cm apart. The drill is operated at the speed of 5 harrow? What are the uses of chisel plough and subsoiler?
km per hour. Take field efficiency 90%. 7. List different mechanism of seed metering mechanism in
8. What are the main considerations for selection of electric seed drill and planter. The seed rate indicator of 12×20 cm
motors? seed drill was kept to show 65 kg per hectare. If the radius
9. What is the difference between single action disc harrow? of ground wheel is 30 cm, what should be correction factor
to multiply the indicated value if half of the grain drill
List different parts of disc harrow.
gives 26 kg at 1000 rpm?
10.What are the functions of combine harvester? Name 8. What are principal function of sprayer? Describe different
different parts of combine harvester. types of duster. What are the components associated with
11.Describe the working of manually operated Knapsack power sprayer?
sprayer. 9. What is registration of a mower? Mention the components
12.What are the different types of threshing cylinders used in of power thresher. What are the major operations per
threshes? formed in combine harvester?
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2068 10. Define different types of primary processing operations.
Essay Type Question: 10 What are the different types of screen cleaner?
1. Explain the working principle of 4-stroke diesel engine and 11. Explain the principle of reciprocating pump. What are the
2-stroke petrol engine with necessary diagrams. prospects of farm electric use?
12. Write short notes on: (any two)
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 a. Depreciation b. Mould plough
2. Why is air cleaning important in tractor system? Discuss c. Radiator d.Self propelled rice transplanter
forced circulation type water cooling system. FINAL EXAMINATION - 2067
3. If the cost of tractor having 12 years life is Rs. 7,00,000 Essay Type Question: 10
find the cost of operation per unit hour if the rate of 1. What are the functions or purposes of cooling system in
interest is 10% and working hours is 1000 per year. tractor engine? With the help of neat diagram explain the
Assume necessary data. working of forced circulation water cooling system and also
4. Write the classification of sprayers. Describe the compo- write down the function of thermostat valve in this system.
nents of power sprayer. Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
5. Describe working procedures of power thresher with a 2. What is the principle of friction clutch? Explain the
suitable diagram. working of single plate clutch.
6. Mention the classification of water pumps. How can we 3. What may be the reasons if the tractor engine does not start at all?
select them for irrigation purposes? 4. What is the difference between single action and double
7. What is zero tillage and minimum tillage? Differentiate action disc harrow? List different parts of disc harrow.
between disc plough and disc harrow. 5. Explain the working of Flutted Roller seed metering
8. Discus the types of seed metering mechanism used in mechanism? List different parts of tractor drawn seed drill.
seed cum fertilizer drill. 6. Describe the working of manually operated knapsack sprayer.
9. Describe the possible reasons behind the overheating of 7. What the functions of combine harvester? Name different
an I.C. engine. Explain the hitching systems of a farm tractor. parts of combine harvester.
10. Mention the functions of lubrication system in I.C. 8. What are different types of threshing cylinders used in threshers?
engine. Compare a water cooling system with a air cooling system. 9. What are the major considerations for selection of electric motors?
11. Write the functions of the following: 10. Explain the working principle of centrifugal pumps.
a. clutch b. PTO c. carburetor 11. Calculate the time required for sowing of 5 ha of land by a
12. Write short notes on: tractor drawn seed drill with 11 furrow openers spaced 20 cm
a. rotavator b. chaff cutter c. jointer apart. The drill is operated at the speed of 5 km per hour. Take
field efficiency 90%.
12. How do you see farm mechanization can help in develop-
ment of agriculture in terai and hills of Nepal?
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Final Examination- 2073
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE Essay Type Question 10
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Write the different planting times of sugarcane in Nepal.
F.M. 40 Discus shte importance of various-by-products if sugarcane
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 4th Semester P.M. 16
Subject: Commercial Crops Time: 2 Hrs in Nepalese Economy.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the Short Questions (Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
margin indicates full marks. 2. Write about the climatic requirements and soil for higher
Essay Type Question: 10 yield of cotton.
1. Explain the planting methods adopted in sugarcane 3. Discuss the qualities and defects of Jute fibers.
highlighting the procedure if land preparation, areas of 4. Give the planting season, seed rate and chemical weed
adoption and amount of seed materials required for planting. control in Jute.
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 5. Define the term curing. Write about the process of flue-
2. What are the in deal conditions for jute retting? How can curing in tobacco.
we increase the efficiency in retting process? 6. Write about the dose and time for NPK fertilizer applica-
3. What is curing? Enlist the methods of curing and discuss about flue-curing. tion for the cultivation of the sugarcane.
4. Explain the nutrient management on tobacco with respect 7. How do you raise the tobacco seedling in nursery?
to types and properties of tobacco leaves. 8. What are the different panting materials used in sugarcane,
5. Write the physio- morphological differences and differences also mention the preparation of sets for planting of sugarcane.
in cultivation practice of the two species of Chorchorus.
9. Discuss about the topping and defoliation in cotton.
6. Enlist various planting material in sugarcane. How do you
10. What are the advantages and disadvantages ofratoon
manage weeds in sugarcane plantation specially during the
early crop stages? crop in sugarcane:?
7. What are the roles of major nutrients in cotton? How will 11. Enlist the different methods of sugarcane planting. Also
you manage the plant nutrition in cotton. describe any one popular method used in Nepal.
8. Explain the pollination behavior and fiber formation in cotton. 12. Write short notes on (any three)
9. Write short notes on: a) Retting of Jute b) Harvesting of Tobacco
a) Defects in jute fiber b) Role of N, P and K in cotton c) Gossypol d) Rayungans.
10. Discuss about nursery management in tobacco. Write
about the climatic and edaphic requirement of sugarbeet.
a) Sugar extraction from sugarbeet
b) Nicotine c) Hybrid cotton
Final Examination- 2072
Essay type Question: 10 Final Examination 2072
1. Enlist various methods of planting of sugarcane. How are Essay Type Question 10
the improved methods of sugarcane planting over superior 1. Mention the scope and constraints if sugarcane cultivation
over conventional methods? Also write about the post- in Nepal and describe one popular method of planting Nepal.
harvest considerations in sugarcane ratoon management. Short Questions (Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
Short Questions (Attempt any ten) 10*3=30 2. Briefly describe the climatic requirement of sugarcane.
2. Write about climatic and edaphic requirements of sugar beet. 3. Describe the crop rotation for the successful tobacco cultivation.
3. Enlist various planting materials in sugarcane. How do you 4. Write the effects of NPK fertilizers for the productionof
manage weeds in sugarcane plantation specially during the seed cotton,
early crop stages? 5. Write the merits and demerits of summer planting sugarcane.
4. Give the differences in the morphology as well as the 6. Write short notes om: (any three)
cultivation practices of the two species of jute. a) Stubble shaving b) Nicotine
5. Discuss about the nursery management in tobacco. c) Seed preparation of Cotton d) Retting
6. What are the roles if major nutrients in cotton? How will 7. Describe the flue curing method of tobacco and give
you manage plant nutrition in cotton? reasons that the desirable top quality tobacco can be ob-
7. Write about the process of harvesting in tobacco. tained from this curing method.
8. Write about the defoliation and desiccation in cotton as 8. Write the defects of Jute fibers.
well as its harvesting. 9. Why defoliation is done in cotton.
9. Explain the process of jute stalk retting and also discuss the 10.Explain the fiber development in cotton
defects of jute fiber. 11.How do you suggest he farmers for the application of
10. What is curing? Enlist the methods of tobacco curing and nitrogen fertilizer in Tobacco.
describe the process of flue- curing. 12. Write about the process of harvesting in tobacco.
11. Write on following heading
a) Role of plant population in seed cotton yield
B) Topping in cotton
12. Write on the following headings:
a) Sugar extraction from the sugar beet
b) Effect of light on growth and development of jute
c) Leaf quality in tobacco

Final Examination-2070 Final Examination-2070
Essay Type Question 10 Essay Type Question 10
1. Enlist the different planting materials used for planting 1. Write about the sowing of cotton and jute.
sugarcane and describe in brief the best planting material Short Questions (Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
thatyou will recommend to the Sugarcane growing farmers. 2. Write about the effect of soil on growth and development
Give reasons for your recommendation. of tobacco.
Short Questions (Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 3. Write the effect of N, P and K on growth and development
2. Describe the process of Jute Rotting. of cotton.
3. Discuss the defoliation and dessications in Cotton. 4. Write the effects of N, P and K fertilizer application for
4. Enlist the factors that affect the quality of Jute Fibre. tobacco cultivation,
5. Give planting season, seed rate, spacing and plant 5. Describe the pit (ring) method of planting sugarcane.
population in sugrabeet. 6. Write about cotton on the following headings:
6. List the recommended varieties of jute, cotton, sugarbeet, a) Effect of light on its growth and development
sugarcane and tobacco. b) Topping and Harvesting
7. Define curing. Write about the flue curing method of 7. Describe the process of steeping in jute.
tobacco leaves. 8. Explain the different factors which should be taken into
8. How sowing and harvesting is done in cotton? consideration for the improvement in yield of ratoon crop of
9. What are the different growth stages of sugarcane? sugarcane.
10. Write short notes on: (any three) 9. Define curing in tobacco and explain the process of its air
a) Rayangans curing.
b) Wrapping and propping of sugarcane 10.Write about the sugarcane on the following headings:
c) Top one third portion of cane a) Top one third portion
d) Topping and desuckering in tobacco b) Dethrasing
11. Explain in brief the carious precautionary measure that you c) Intercropping
will recommend to raise the healthy seedlings of tobacco. 11.Describe Jute fibres with its defects.
12. Explain the following terms (any three) 12.Write about the sowing and plant population in sugarbeet.
a) Gossypol
b) Yield attributes of cotton
c) Fertilizers in sugarcane farming
Final Examination 2065
d) Mollases
Final Examination 2068 1. Explain the importance and use of sugarcane and its
byproducts in brief. As an agronomist, give your
1. Write the different planting time of sugarcane in Nepal and
discuss the importance of various by products of sugarcane
suggestion. How can we increase the productivity of
in Nepalese economy. sugarcane in Nepal
Short Questions (Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 Short Questions (Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
2. Write about the harvesting of tobacco 2. Briefly explain the seed rate, sowing time, spacing
3. Describe the cotton fibre. and fertilizer management in jute,
4. List the recommended varieties of Jute, cotton, tobacco 3. Write down the method so harvesting of tobacco
and sugarcane in Nepal.
5. Write the suitable climatic requirements and soil for higher
4. What are the seed materials of sugarcane briefly
yield of cotton. explain the seed selection, preparation and treatment
6. Give the planting season, seed rate and chemical weed of set of top 1/3 portion of sugarcane.
control in Jute. 5. Write down the climatic requirements of cotton crop.
7. Define the rem curing. Write about the process of tobacco 6. Define retting and briefly explain the method of stalk
flue- curing. retting in Jute.
8. How do you raise the tobacco seedlings in nursery?
7. Enlist he different methods of cutting in tobacco and
9. Explain the reasons of obtaining low yield of ratoon crop in
sugarcane. briefly explain the method of sun curing
10. Write about the dose and time of NPK fertilizer application 8. Explain in brief the topping, defoliation and desicca-
for ®®the cultivation of sugarcane. tion process in cotton.
11. Write about the defoliation of cotton, topping and 9. Enlist the different methods of sugarcane planting.
desuckering in tobacco and molasses. Briefly explain the trench method of planting.
12. Write short notes (any three)
10.Briefly explain the intercultural operations in sugarbeet.
a) Retting of jute
b) Priming in tobacco 11.Classify and briefly explain the cultivated cotton crop.
c) Gossypol 12.Write short notes on:
d) Rayungans a) Desuckeringb)Propping in sugarcane c) Gossypol
d) Nicotine

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Define seed technology. Describe in brief about the
F.M. 40 problems and opportunities of quality seed production of
Subject: Principles and practices of seed technology Time: 2 Hrs grain legumes and oilseed in Nepal.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
margin indicates full marks. 2. Explain briefly the pollination and fertilization process
Essay Type Question: 10 during seed formation of rice.
1. Define seed and seed technology. Describe in brief the 3. Write short notes on:
agronomic principles of upland rice seed production. a) Seed materials b) Micro-sporogenesis c) Field inspections
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 4. Define seed vigor. How the seed vigor affect on plant
2. Explain briefly the pollination and fertilization process stand establishment under field condition?
during seed formation of maize seed.
3. Write short notes on: 5. Define seed germination. Briefly explain the seed formation
a) Seed vigor b) Hybrid seed c) Routine test process of soyabean seed.
4. Define seed dormancy. Write down the types of seed 6. Briefly explain the basic requirements for the quality
dormancy. How you can remove the seed dormancy in seed determination.
Dhaincha( SesbaniarostrataI). 7. Enlist the agronomic principles of seed production of maize.
5. Briefly explain the importance of quality seed to increase 8. Briefly explain the practices of seed selection, seed
the productivity of a crop. treatment, time of sowing, isolation distance and pest
6. "Quality seed is the carrier of new technology". Justify
management during rice seed production.
this statement with examples.
7. Briefly explain the seed selection, seed treatment, time of 9. Define seed certification. Write down the process of seed
sowing, seed rate and weed management in lentil seed production. certification of wheat.
8. What do you mean by seed certification? Write down the 10. Define seed upgrading. How can you upgrade the maize
seed certification in sequence in Nepal with appropriate examples. seed by using different machines?
9. Define seed germination and write down the pattern of 11. What is Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)? Briefly explain
seed germination. the different forms of IPR found in Nepal.
10. Define seed processing. Write down the steps of seed 12. Write down the quality seed production and distribution
cleaning to get quality seed.
11. What is seed upgrading? How can we do seed upgrading systems of wheat seeds in Nepal.
by using different machines/ explain briefly.
12. Define Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). Write briefly
the different forms of IPR protections.
Back examination- 2073 Final examination- 2072

1. Define seed germination. Discuss about the factors 1. What is seed? What factors are responsible for deteriorat-
affecting germination and processes of germination in detail. ing the seed quality in storage? Describe in brief.
2. Define double fertilization. Give the processes of embryo 2. Draw a well labelled diagram showing microsporogenesis
development with figures. and microgametogenesis.
3. Define quality seed. Discuss how you can maintain quality 3. What is megagametophyte? Briefly write about the types
seed in Nepalese situation in brief. of endosperm development.
4. What are the causes of seed dormancy? Discuss how 4. What do you mean by scarification? What are the
dormancy can be broken in brief. contaminants to be observed during field inspection?
5. What are the objectives of field inspection? Write about 5. Climate is considered as both constraint and opportunity
seed legislation in Nepal. for seed production. How?
6. Differentiate between seeds and grains in a legical way. 6. How do you maintain genetic purity in seed crops?
7. Define seed and discuss about the nutritional value of 7. Explain about the fertilizers, seed rate, sowing time, sowing
seed in brief. depth and spacing in wheat seed production.
8. Classify the seed based on its storability. Give the ways 8. What are the seed standards for rice seed?
how we can increase their longevity for further use. 9. What are the objectives of field inspection? Write about
9. What is physiological maturity period of seed? Discuss the types of seed legislation.
how we can detect its physiological maturity period in field 10. Define the following terms (any three):
condition in brief. a) Triple fusion and double fertilization b) Grow out test c)
10.Define seed processing. Give the five machines used in Seed disinfestations d) Roughing
seed processing and discuss about their uses it in brief. 11. What are the importance of quality seed?
11.Give the techniques of seed production of rice and discuss 12. Describe about the following terms (any three):
in brief. a) Isolation distance for highly cross pollinated vegetables
12.Write short notes on (any three): b) Seed classes c) ISTA d) Intellectual Property Right
a) Hybrid seed b) Breeder's property right c) World Trade
Organization (WTO) d) Farmer's right in seed

1. Describe the basic principles of seed technology. 1. What is the importance of seed dormancy in crop produc-
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30 tion? Discuss the factors that affect seed dormancy.
2. Define seed technology. Differentiate between seed and Short Questions( Attempt any Ten) 10*3=30
grain. 2. Write in brief about different phases of germination.
3. Discuss the process of megasporogenesis and 3. Define improved seed. Briefly explain the various classes
megagametogenesis. of improved seed.
4. What is seed dormancy? What are the factors affecting 4. Define seed viability. Briefly discuss various methods to
seed dormancy? measure seed viability.
5. Define seed germination. Explain briefly the chemical 5. What are the principles of seed drying?
changes occurring during seed germination. 6. What do you mean by the determinants of seed quality?
6. Explain the seed certification process in Nepal. 7. Define seed processing. What are the objectives of seed
7. What are the general principles of seed storage? Also processing?
discuss about the factors affecting seed longevity in storage. 8. What are the objectives of seed testing?
8. Write short notes on (any two): 9. Describe in brief various types of seed storage and their
a) Intellectual Property Right b) Seed Quality c) significance in agriculture.
harvesting and threshing of seed maize 10. Write down the differences between grain and seed
9. What are the seed distributions systems in Nepal? production.
Explain. 11. Differentiate between the followings (any three):
10. Explain briefly the (Package of Practice) POP for seed a. Apomixis and parthenogenesis
material production of potato. b. Scarification and stratification
11. Write short notes on: c. Nuclear and cellular endosperms
a) Time isolation in Maize b) Process of seed cleaning c) d. Mesobiotic and microbiotic seeds
National seed act 12. Write down the general principles of seed production of
12. Write the principles of field inspection during seed grain legumes.
production.

1. Define seed and seed technology. Describe the problems 1. How do you produce quality seed of cereal crop? Write in
and scope of quality seed production in Nepal. detail step by step.
2. Explain briefly the megasporogenesis and 2. Define seed dormancy and briefly explain the methods of
megagametogenesis process during seed formation. breaking dormancy.
3. Write short notes on: a) Seed dormancy b) Seed Act 3. Discuss the importance of quality seed.
1998 c) ISTA d) Field inspections 4. What is archesporial cell? Explain the process of
4. What is seed germination? Write down the process of microgametogenesis.
seed germination in brief. 5. Define improved seed. Briefly explain the various classes
5. Briefly explain the requirements for the determination of of improved seed in your views.
seed quality. 6. Define seed germination and explain the patterns of seed
6. Write down genetic principles of seed proportion. germination.
7. Define field standard and seed standard. Briefly explain 7. Write short notes on:
the seed standards of rice seed in Nepal. a. Physiological maturity of seed b. Plant breeder's right
8. Briefly explain seed selection, seed treatment, time of 8. How does plant nutrition affect seed production? Discuss.
sowing, seed rate and water management in wheat seed 9. Writ down the principle differences between grain and
production. seed production.
9. Define seed processing. Write down the factors affecting 10. Write short notes on (any three):
seed longevity. a. Quescence b. Seed vigor c. Seed purity d. Stratifica-
10. Write down the seed production and distribution systems tion
in Nepal. 11. Briefly describe the Nepal Seed Act 1998 and its important
11. Define seed certification. Enlist the fundamental concept features.
of seed certification. 12. Differentiate between the following (any two):
12. Briefly explain the Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). a. Seed and improved seed b. Nucleus seed and Breeder
seed
c. Constitutive dormancy and enforced dormancy

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 F.M. 20 EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 4th Semester P.M. 8 1. What is Brood Fish? How will you manage it scientifically?
Subject: Principles of Aquaculture Time: 1:30 Hrs How does small brood fish differ from female?
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
margin indicates full marks. 2. What do you mean by fisheries? How does enhanced
EASSY TYPE QUESTION 6 fisheries differ from capture fisheries?
1. What type of fish is called a brood fish? Describe the 3. What is aquaculture? Enlist the desirable characters of fish
artificial breeding of Chinese carp? to culture in a scientific pond.
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 4. What is polyculture?
2. How dissolved oxygen and temperature is essential for the 5. How does monoculture differ from composite fish farming?
growth and development of fish? 6. What is cage fish farming? How does it differ from pen fish
3. Is liming essential for the semi- intensive fish culture farming?
system? 7. What is water mould disease? Write its causal organism,
4. How do you know about semi- intensive fish culture disease symptoms and control measures.
systems? 8. What is intensive fish faring? How does it differ from
5. Define fish disease. Write the casual organism, disease extensive fish farming? What system do you recommend to
symptoms and control measures of white spot disease? the fish farmers and why?
6. Enlist the reasons of fish mortality in transportation. 9. Explain the Diel fluctuation of dissolved oxygen in pond
Describe the methods of packaging of fish seed during water during sunny and cloudy days
transportation? 10.What is pH? Discuss the approaches to manage unfavor-
7. What is pig- fish farming? What are its advantages? able pH environment of fish pond.
8. What are the desirable characters of fish for culture?
9. What do you know about duck- fish farming system?
What are it merits?

1. Define fish breeding. Explain the importance of
artificial breeding and semi-artificial breeding and role
of hormones?
1. Enlist indigenous and exotic aquaculture species
2. Differentiate Aquaculture and Fisheries? Mention that are cultured in Nepal with their common and
the characters which make the fish suitable for culture. scientific name. Describe desirable characters of
3. List "Exotic" and "Indigenous" fish species that are Silver and Bighead carp for culture.
cultured in Nepal with their common and scientific
name. 2. Define aquaculture. Classify aquaculture systems
4. What is thermal stratification? Discuss the role of based on culture methods.
temperature and dissolved oxygen in aquaculture 3. Discuss the role of water temperature and dis-
5. Define the fish farming system. "Polyculture is better solved oxygen in aquaculture.
than monoculture" Justify the statement. 4. What is pond fertilization? Discuss the favorable
6. "Integrated Fish Farming is more economical" Gove action of organic manure over chemical fertilizers.
reasons. 5. Define fish farming system. Describe rationale
7. Define brood fish. Mention the characteristics of behind duck-fish farming.
good brood fish. 6. Define and classify plankton. Discuss the role of
8. Write notes on: plankton in fish production
a) Predatory and weed fishes 7. Define brood fish. How do you differentiate
b) Hypophysation mature males from female brood of common carp?
9. What is white spot disease? Describe its casual 8. Discuss causal organism, symptoms and control
organism symptoms and control measure. measures of Dactylogyroses and Argulosis.
a) Liming of the fish pond
b) Predatory and weed fishes.


1. Enlist aquaculture species that are cultured in Nepal 1. What is rice fish farming? What are its advantages
with their common and scientific names. Describe and disadvantages? How does pond refuge rice fish
desirable characters of Common and Bighead Carps farming differ from trench refuge?
of culture. SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 2. Define aquaculture. What are the desirable charac-
2. Discuss the role of dissolved oxygen and pH in ters of fish for culture in fish ponds.
aquaculture. 3. Enlist the cultivated species of carp in fish ponds of
3. What do you mean by thermal stratification? How Nepal along with scientific names,
does it occur in fish pond? 4. Hat is turbidity? How will you control mud turbidity
4. Describe scope of rice-fish farming in Nepal. in new fish ponds?
5. Define and classify plankton. Discuss the role of 5. Describe fish farming system. How does extensive
zoo-plankton in fish culture. fish farming differ from intensive system?
6. What do you mean by brood fish? What are the 6. What is Saprolegniasis? Write casual organism,
management practices required before breeding? symptoms and treatment of water mould disease.
7. Discuss the causal organism, symptoms and control 7. Describe brood fish. How does male brood fish if
measures of water mould disease. common carp differ from female?
8. What do you mean by neutralizing value of liming 8. Define asphyxiation. What is its sign? How will you
materials? How calcium oxide has more neutralizing control it in cloudy day?
value than calcium carbonate? 9. How does monoculture differ from polyculture?
9. Write short notes on: What system do you recommend to the fish farmers?
a) Semi- artificial breeding of common carp
b) Control measures of predatory fish

1. Enlist indigenous and exotic aquaculture species 1. What is principle behind pond fertilization? What
that are cultured in Nepal with their common and are the major nutrients for a fish pond> explain role of
scientific name. Describe desirable characters of Silver organic and inorganicfertilizers. Describe how you
and Bighead carp for culture. fertilize a 1 bighapond.
2. Define aquaculture. Classify aquaculture systems 2. List "Exotic" and "Indigenous" fish species that are cultured in
based on culture methods. Nepal with their common and scientific name.
3. Discuss the role of water temperature and dissolved 3. Why common carp is considered a popular fish for culture?
oxygen in aquaculture. 4. Why dissolved oxygen is considered as most critical
4. What is pond fertilization? Discuss the favorable water quality parameter for fish culture? How dissolve
action of organic manure over chemical fertilizers. oxygen does fluctuate in green pond during 24 hours
5. Define fish farming system. Describe rationale (day)? Explain with reasons.
behind duck-fish farming. 5. Why do you need to lime in fish pond?
6. Define and classify plankton. Discuss the role of 6. What is cage culture? describe cage culture system
plankton in fish production practices in Nepal.
7. Define brood fish. How do you differentiate mature 7. What is "brood fish"? How do you breed common carp?
males from female brood of common carp? 8. What is white spot disease? Describe its casual
8. Discuss causal organism, symptoms and control organism symptoms and control measure.
measures of Dactylogyroses and Argulosis. 9. Write short notes on:
9. Write short notes on: a) Zooplankton b)Turbidity
a) Liming of the fish pond
b) Predatory and weed fishes.

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Define statistics. Mention the use of statistics in your field.
F.M. 40 Describe in brief the presentation of statistical data diagram-
Subject: Agricultural Statistics Time: 2 Hrs matically.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30.
margin indicates full marks. 2. What is meant by central tendency? State the limitations of
mean and median.
3. Define population and sample with illustration. State any
1. What is simple regression? Obtain the simple regression
two characteristics of a good sample.
equation which passes through (x?, y?), and interpret the
4. State the need of sampling in agriculture research. How do
equation. y= 1+2x and / if r = 1
you conduct simple random sampling in agriculture fields?
Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30.
5. Calculate lower quartile, mean and upper decile of the data
2. Define statistics in reference to agriculture and state its limitations.
given below.
3. What is a sample? State the characteristics of a good
6, 8, 10, 12, 9, 16, 18, 9, 15, 11, 10
sample along with examples of good sample.
6. In two pig farms following are the information regarding
4. "Arithmetic mean is the best measure of central tendency",
the weight. Find which farm shows greater consistency in
comment on this statement.
weight of pigs.
5. Consider the measurements on yield and plant height of a
Farm Mean weight Standard deviation
paddy variety.
A 30 kg 4.5 kg
Yield: Mean yield = 50 kg, SD = 10 kg
B 50 kg 7.6 kg
Height: Mean height = 55 cm, SD = 5 cm
6. What are the methods of representing data? Which
7. Find out the Karl Pearson's coefficient of skewness and
method(s) is suitable to represent categorical data?
interpret the result from the following information of the
7. Define the correlation coefficient and find its value for the
number of rice seed per panicle (NSPP)/NOP=No. Of Panicle
following observations.
(NSPP) 200 220 230 240 250 260 270
x: 1 2 3 4 5
NOP 5 7 10 15 8 5 3
Y: 2 4 6 8 10
8. State the multiplication theorem of probability. In a cattle
8. Calculate the coefficient of correlation and interpret the
farm, one cattle has to be selected from 50 cattle, among them
result for the following observations.
20 were Holestein, whereas 30 were Jersey, 10 of them had fat
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
percentage more than 5 and remaining had less than 5%, 15 of
Y 3 5 8 10 12 11
them were cross breed and remaining were pure breed. What
9. What do you mean by hypothesis testing? Discuss the
is the probability of selecting a cross breed Holestein having
application of X2 test.
fat percentage more than 5%?
10.In a lot of wheat seeds 30% are of inferior quality and the
9. What are the parameters of Binomial distribution? If in a lot
rest are of superior quality. Determine the probability that out
of wheat grains, 20% are of inferior quality and the rest are of
of 5 grains chosen at random from this lot,
superior quality, determine the probability that out of 4 grains
a) None of the grains will be of inferior quality
chosen at random from this lot (a) none (b) one (c) at the
b) At least 3 grains will be of inferior quality
most two grains will be of inferior quality.
11. Complete the ANOVA table and summarize the result.
10.Define chisquare (X2) test. Assuming the ratio of male birth
SOV df ss ms F F at 5% F at 1%
to female birth to be 1:1, test the following data and see
Bt varieties 4 1552 -- --
whether the data agree with expectation. There are 200 calves
Error 15 52.0 --
born and 120 of them were females.
(within
11.Complete the following ANOVA table and answer the
treatments)
following questions.
SOV df SS MSS F Cal F tab at 5%
12.Estimate the value of X when Y = 7 from the following data.
Treatments 2 8 --- --- 5.14
X 6 7 8 9 10
Replications 3 18 --- --- 4.76
Y 15 10 11 9 6
Error 6 10 ---
Total 11 36
(i) Mention the design (ii) How many treatments are tested
(iii) Summarize the result
(i) Sampling error (ii) Coefficient of variation (CV)
(iii) Blocking or local control

Back examination-2073 Back examination-2072

1. Describe the different measures of variability in their 1. What is variability (Dispersion)? Give some reasons of
sequential order of development and hence decide the best variability in biological observations and discuss in short the
measure. different measures of variability in the sequential order of their
Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30. development and also point out the best ones with reasons.
2. What are the limitations of statistics? Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30.
3. Write about the properties of binomial distribution and its parameters. 2. Define statistics and state its limitations.
4. The frequency distribution of weight in grams of mangoes 3. What is a sample? State the characteristics of a good sample.
of a given variety is given below. Calculate the arithmetic 4. State the importance of sampling in your field of study and
mean and standard deviation. explain the simple random sampling (SRS) in brief.
Wt(gm) 410-419 420-429 430-439 440-449 450-459 460-469 470-479 5. Find the mean, median and mode of the following observa-
Number 14 20 42 54 45 18 7 tions: 4, 1, 8, 10, 9, 5, 5, 6, 7, 6, 3, 2, 6, 7, 8
5. Find the regression line of the type y= a+bx for the 6. Consider the following observations on height of adults
following values: and children.
x: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 y: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 Mean height Standard deviation
6. A researcher claims that the number of filled grains per Adults: 160 cm 10 cm
panicle is more in a new variety of Ghaiya- 1 compared to that Children: 60 cm 5 cm
of old variety Ghaiya- 2. To verify his claim a random sample Whose height shows greater variation?
of 40 plants of Ghaiya-1 and 50 plants of Ghaiya- 2 were 7. What is correlation? Give the methods of determining
selected from the experimental fields. The following results correlation.
were obtained. 8. Given the following values on yield and annual rainfall;
Mean of Ghaiya- 1 sample mean = 139.4 grains/panicle and S = Mean Standard deviation
26.864 Yield (in kg) 10 8
Mean of Ghaiya- 2 sample mean = 112.9 grains/panicle and S = Annual rainfall (in inches) 8 2
20.10 Correlation: 0.5
7. Briefly explain the significance of t-test in agricultural Estimate the yield when the rainfall is 9 inches.
research. 9. State the Addition theorem of probability. A herd has 4
8. The distribution of dairy milk yield of a cow follow the Haryana calves and 4 Tharparker calves, all of the same sex
normal distribution with mean 15 kg and standard deviation 2 and almost of the same age. Find the probability that
kg. find (i) the probability with which the yield per day i. One calf selected at random is Haryana
exceeds 18 kg (ii) the probability with which the yield per day ii. Two calves selected at random are both of same breed
falls less than 11 kg. 10.Define the X2 (chi-square) test. Assuming the ratio of male
9. Make a comparative study of CRD, RBD, and LSD. birth to be 1:1, test the following data and see whether the
10. Define the following terms (any three): data agrees with this ratio or not. There are 20 calves born
a) Standard error b) Standard deviation and 120 of them were females. (Given X2 = 3.84, X2 = 6.64)
c) Randomization d) X2 test 1(.05) 1(.01)
11. Complete the following ANOVA and interpret the result. 11.What is ANOVA? Complete the following ANOVA and
SOV df SS MSS F- value P- value answer the questions.
Between 2 231.2 -- -- 0.011 SOV df SS MS Fcal F tab at 5%
Treatment Trtmnt 2 8 --- --- F(2,6) = 5.14
Within 8 82.8 -- n
Repl 3 18 ---- --- F(3,6) = 4.76
Treatment Error: 6 10 ---
Total 10 314.0 Total: 11
12. Differentiate between the following terms ( any three): 12.Write short notes on (any three):
a) Type- I and Type- II error b) Statistics and Parameter (i) Degrees of freedom (df) (ii) Coefficient of variation (cv)
c) RCBD and CRD d) Coefficient of determination and (iii) Replication (iv) Normal distribution
coefficient of correlation

Final examination- 2072 FINAL EXAMINATION - 2065
1. What is sampling? Explain the importance and purpose 1. Explain about the basic principles of field experimentation
(aims/ objectives) of sampling in brief along with the charac- Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30.
teristics of a good sample. Also define the simple random 2. In a sample survey on the yield of two varieties of paddy, say
sampling (SRS) and the situation in which it is applicable. A and B, the mean yield were found A= 2500 and B= 1500 kg/ha.
Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30. The standard deviation were 95 and 80 kg/ha respectively. Which
2. What are the different ways for measuring the central variety is subjected to more variation?
tendency of data? Which one you consider the best one and 3. Explain briefly about mutually exclusive and complementary events.
why? Obtain the measures of central tendency of the follow- 4. Certain drug was found to be effective in 25% of the cases in
ing observations: 4,1, 8, 10, 9, 5, 5, 6, 7, 6, 3, 2, 6, 7, 8 animals when administered over a long period of time. If a doc-
3. Define the standard deviation (SD) and the coefficient of tor is now administering the drug to 5 animals, what is the prob-
variation (CV) along with conditions (S) of their application. ability that it will be effective for at least 3 of the animals?
What do you they measure? 5. The mean weight of 500 male pigs in a certain pig shed is 151
4. The following observations on two varieties of paddy A lbs and the S.D. is 15.0 lbs. assuming that the weights are nor-
and B are given. Discuss their efficiency and consistency. mally distributed, find how many pigs do weigh between 120
Mean yield SD and 155 lbs.
A: 60 kg 10 kg 6. The following data are for the amount of water supplied in
B: 50 kg 9 kg inches and yield of alfa alfa in tons/ acre:
Water (X) 12 18 24 30 36
5. Which method is suitable for representing categorical data/ Yield (Y) 5.3 5.7 6.5 7.2 8.2
differentiate between the Bar diagram and Histogram. Find the regression of yield on water. Assuming that the rela-
6. Define the rank correlation. Ten farmers who were partici- tion between the two is linear, calculate the expected yield when
pating in a debate on a farming system were ranked by two the amount of water supplied is 20 inches.
judges A and B as follows. Find the rank correlation between 7. Why arithmetic mean is superior than other measures of central tendency?
the judges and interpret it. 8. Two laboratories carry out independent estimates of fat con-
Farmers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 tent for ice-cream made by certain firm. A sample is taken from
A: 4 10 2 5 1 9 6 3 7 8 each batch, halved, and the separate halves sent to the two
B: 5 9 3 4 2 10 7 1 6 8 laboratories. They obtained the following results:
7. Find the regression equation of y on x for the following Batch no. 1 2 3 4 5
observations. 6 7 8 9 10
x: 1 2 3 4 5 Lab A 9 8 7 3 8
y: 3 5 7 9 11 6 9 4 7 6
8. State the addition theorem of probability. A herd has 4 Lab B 7 8 8 4 7
Haryana calves and 4 Tharparker calves, all of the same sex 7 9 6 6 8
and almost of the same age. Find the probability that Is the testing reliable?
i. One calf selected at random is Haryana 9. In the cross of peas, the F2 progeny gave the following data
ii. Two calves selected at random are both of same breed on shape and colour.
9. What are the parameters of Normal distribution? Draw a Round Wrinkled Total
neat and clean diagram of standard normal curve and state its Yellow 315 (1) 101 (3) 416
properties, particularly the area properties. Green 108 (2) 32 (4) 140
10.Define the t-test and write the conditions for its applica- Total 423 133 556
tion. Just write the cases of application. From the result, can it be said that the segregation (1 to 4) fol-
11.Complete the following ANOVA table for 5 varieties testing lows the Mendalian ratio of 9:3:3:1?
with 4 replications and answer the questions: 10.The calculated values of six varieties of rice in 4 randomized
SOV df SS MSS Fcal F at 5% blocks are given below:
Trtmnt 4 359.30 -- -- 3.06 Varieties of rice A B C D E F
Error ----- 311.25 -- Mean yield (kg/plot) 15.0 5.5 9.0 8.0 13.0 8.0
Total 19 670.55 Correction factor (CF) = 2420
i. Mention the design ii) Mention the H0 iii) Total sum of squares (T.S.S) = 297
Summarize the result Replication or block sum of squares (B.S.S) = 12
12.Write short notes (any two): Treatment sum of square = 237
a) Blocking/ local control b) Types of error and level of Analyze the data and state your conclusions.
significance c) F-test 11.Differentiate between CRD and RCBD.
12.Write short notes on:a) Type of error b) Null hypothesis

RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. Describe the scope and vegetable and spice crops in
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 F.M. 40
Nepal and discuss the cultivation of tomato under the
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 4th Semester P.M. 16 following headings.
Subject: Vegetable and Spice Crop Production Time: 2 Hrs a) Climate and soil
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the b) Off season production techniques
c) Disease and pests
Essay Type Question 10 d) Seed extraction methods
1. Define solanaceous vegetable crops with suitable
examples and describe the Brinjal under following headings
(a) Climate and soil (b) Nursery Raising (c) Promising Varieties 2. Briefly discuss the seed production method of cabbage
(d) Harvesting and seed extraction. 3. What do you mean by sex ratio in cucurbits? How will you
Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30. regulate the sex ratio in cucurbits?
2. What do you mean by cole crops? Enlist the popular cole 4. What do you mean by spic crops? Discuss ginger or
crops with their botanical name and family. turmeric on planting and processing
3. Define root crops with examples and put your reason why 5. Enlist the leafy vegetables grown in Nepal. Discuss briefly
carrot is grown in Kathmandu Valley. the cultivation of Rayo.
4. Discuss growing time, climate, seed rate and varieties of Okra. 6. Discuss the varieties and disorders of cauliflower
5. Define seed spices and describe turmeric or ginger with 7. What do you mean by root vegetable> discuss about the
respect to soil, propagule, harvesting and curing. climatic requirement and varieties of Carrot and Radish.
6. Briefly describe the cultivation practices of spinach and swiss chard. 8. Briefly describe about Okra and Broad Bean on following headings
7. Describe potato on (i) Plantin method (ii) True Potato seed a) Climate and Soil b) Varieties
(TPS) (iii) Late Blight Disease 9. Describe onion and garlic under following headings:
8. Discuss about the maturity judgement of sponge gourd, a) Soil and climate b) Varieties c) Harvesting and curing of bulbs
cucumber, water melon and musk melon
10. Briefly discuss about the cultural practices of cumin and coriander
9. Differentiate between: (a) Cumin and Coriander (b)Sweet
potato and tree tomato (c) Kitchen garden and truck garden 11. Give short notes on: (any six)
10. Write short notes on (any three): (a) Legume Vegetables a) Chayote b) Asparagaus c) Yam d) Tree tomato
(b) Pointed gourd (c) Colacasia (d) Knolkhol e) Knolkhol f) Pointed gourd g) Sweet potato h)Cassava
11. Briefly describe the importance of preserving indigenous vegetable seeds. 12. Write about the following in short (any three)
12. Write about the following in short: a) Blanching
a) Use of plant growth regulators in vegetable crops b) Use of plant growth regulators in vegetable crops
b) Importance of isolation distance in seed production c) Importance of TPS in potato production programmes
c) Blanching d) Importance of roguing in vegetable seed production

1. What is the scope and importance of vegetable and spice 1. There is a great scope for vegetable and spice crop produc-
crops in Nepal? Discuss the total package of cultivation tion in Nepal" Justify the statement in the present context.
including off-season production of Tomato. 2. What do you mean by cole crops? Briefly discuss about
Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30. the seed production techniques of cabbage.
2. Discuss cauliflower on (i) Promising varieties including 3. What is the most serious problem encounters during
hybrids (ii) Disorders nursery raising of vegetable and how it can be controlled.
3. Discuss the planting method and planting material of potato. 4. Describe in brief the cultivation of tomato under the
4. Discuss the climate and soil for growing carrot and radish following heads?
including varieties. a) Climatic requirement
b) Fertilizer requirement and its method of application
5. Discuss about the maturity indices of fruits of cucurbits.
c) Harvesting and seed extraction techniques
6. Discuss onion and garlic in (i) major varieties (ii) harvest- 5. Write short note son (any two)
ing and curing of bulbs a) Disorders in cauliflower
7. Describe ginger or turmeric on preparation of planting b) Propagation of pointed gourd c) Chayote
materials and processing. 6. What are the major leafy vegetable grownthrougout the
8. Give the importance of leafy vegetables, briefly describe world? Describe Broad Leaf Mustard with respect to:
the methods of cultivation and any one major leafy vegetable. a) Soil and climate b) Time and method of planting
9. Discuss botany and cultivars of okra and pea. 7. Differentiate between (any two)
a) Insitu and transplanting method of radish seed production
10. Briefly mention your own view about the crop improve- b) Weeding and roguing c)Asiatic and European type carrot varieties
ment of chili and coriander, 8. Discuss the following points (any two):
11. Differentiate between (any three): a) Harvesting of water melon b) Vegetable forcing
a) Kitchen garden and roof garden b) Vegetable and fruits c) Hardening of seedlings
c) Pest and pesticide d) Seed and seedlings 9. What do you mean by seed spices? Describe coriander
12. Write short notes on (any six) with respect to botany, varieties and harvesting.
a) Chayote b) Pointed gourd c) Drumstick 10. Describe pea with respect to soil and climate, popular
d) Asparagus e) Knolkhol f) Yam g) Cassava cultivars, seed rate and spacing.
11. What is the present status of vegetable production in Nepal? Give your
valuable inputs to increase the production to meet the country requirement.
12. Describe in brief the cultivation of okra with respect to:
a) Popular cultivars b) Sowing time and seed rate
60 Compiled By:- Free Students’ Union, Lamjung
c) Harvesting and yield Campus
1. What is the status and scope of vegetable and spice
crops in Nepal? Discuss the production package including 1. Describe in brief, the package of potato cultivation
off- season production as well as production problems of practices being employed in Nepal
tomato in Nepal Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30.
Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30. 2. Discuss the seed production techniques of cabbage.
2. Give shrot note son (any three) 3. Describe the coriander with respect to soil and climate,
a) Chayote b) Drumstick c) Tam d) Asparagus soloing time, harvesting and curing.
3. Enlist major spice crops grown in Nepal.Discuss ginger of 4. Explain the following terms
turmeric or land preparation, planting and processing. a) Blanching b) Pricking c) Stecklings d) Scooping
4. Discuss the cultivation practices and major varieties of Rayo 5. Describe the pea with respect to soil and climate, seed rate
5. Discuss the flower regulation/ sex regulation in cucurbits. and seed treatment, manuring and fertilization.
6. Enlist the varieties of carrot and radish, and also mention 6. Classify onion cultivars on the basis of shin color. De-
theland preparation, manuring and fertilization scribe off season production of onions by onion set.
7. Discuss cauliflower on (i) Botany (ii) Varieties (iii) Disorders 7. Enlist leafy vegetable (with botanical name) and describe
8. What do you mean by Bulb crops? DIiscuss onion (i) spinach with request to time of socoing varieties, seed rate
climate and soil (ii) harvesting and curing of bulbs and spacing
9. Discuss about the maturity indices of cole crops and 8. Give short introduction of the following minor vegetables
cucurbits. a) Drum stick b) Tree tomato c) Knolkhol d)Beet root
10. What is the popularity of cumin and coriander in Nepal? 9. Describe in brief a) Maturity judgement for harvesting of
Also mention the cultural practices and harvesting watermelon b) Downy mildew of bitter gourd
11. Write about the following in short: c) Little leaf disease of brinjal
a) Importance of TPS in potato 10.Distinguish between:
b) Use of plant growth regulators in vegetable crops a) Hot pepper and sweet pepper
c) Propagation techniques in sweet potato and pointed gourd b) Determinate and indeterminate tomato
12. Discuss about Okra and French bean on (i) varieties (ii) c) Asian type and European type carrot
major production problems. 11.Describe the botany and major insect pest Radish and Turnip
12.What do you mean by Cole crops? Describe major nutri-
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2070 tional disorders of Cole Crops
Essay Type Question 10 FINAL EXAMINATION - 2068
1. What is status and scope of vegetable and spice crops in Essay Type Question 10
Nepal? Discuss the production package including off- season 1. There is great importance and scope of vegetable and spice crops
in Nepal" Comment on this statement in the present context.
Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30. Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30.
2. Enlist major spice crops grown in Nepal. Discuss ginger of 2. What do you mean by cole crops? Describe cabbage
under the following heads:
turmeric or land preparation, planting and processing.
a) Climatic and edaphic requirements
3. What is the importance of leafy vegetables? Discuss the b) Improved varieties c) Major diseases and pests
cultivation practices and major varieties of Rayo 3. Describe in brief on seed production techniques
4. Enlist the varieties of carrot and radih, and also mention th employed in radish
eland preparation, manuring and fertilization 4. Describe cucumber with respect to:
5. Discuss cauliflower on (i) Botany (ii) Varieties (iii) Disorders a) Improved varieties b) Seed rate and spacing
6. Discuss the flower regulation/ sex regulation in cucurbits. c) Manure and fertilizer requirement d) Seed extraction
7. What do you mean by bulb crops? Discuss onion on (i) 5. Write short notes on:
a) Chayote b) Seed extraction techniques of tomato
climate and soil (ii) harvesting and curing of bulbs 6. Write in brief about the disorders of cauliflower along
8. Discuss about Okra and French bean on (i) varieties (ii) with their possible remedies.
major production problems. 7. What are the important leafy vegetable grown in Nepal? What
9. Discuss about the maturity indices of cole crops and cucurbits should be done in crop improvement program in leafy vegetables?
10.What is the popularity of cumin and coriander in Nepal? 8. Differentiate between:
Also mention the cultural practices nad harvesting a) Determinate and indeterminate type of tomato
11.Give short notes on (any three): b) Weeding and roguing c) Hoeing and ploughing
a) Chayote b) Drumstick c) Yam d) Asparagus 9. Enlist solanaceous vegetable crops grown in Nepal.
Describe any one with the reference to:
12.Write about the following in short. a) Important varieties
a) Importance of TPS in potato b) Time and method of sowing/ planting
b) Use of plant growth regulators in vegetable crops c) Fertilizer requirement and its application techniques
c) Propagation techniques in sweet potato and pointed gourd. 10. What is seed species? Describe any one of them with reference to:
a) Field preparation b) Sowing technique
c) Seed rate and spacing
11.Write short notes onL
a) Propagation of pointed gourd
b) Hardening of seedlings in nursery
12.Enlist some popular cultivars of onion and give your valuable
suggestion to reduce the post-harvest loss during storage.
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 F.M. 40 1. Define plant breeding. State different breeding methods in
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 4th Semester P.M. 16 self and cross pollinated crops. Explain with diagram breeding
Subject: Introductory plant breeding Time: 2 Hrs methods that are practiced in self-pollinated crops.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30.
margin indicates full marks. 2. Write about the objectives of plant breeding.
Essay Type Question 10 3. Briefly explain the self-pollination enforcing mechanisms.
1. Explain in detail operations involved in production of hy- What are the genetic consequences of self-pollination?
brids showing relevant crossing scheme. What are basics steps 4. Define cytoplasmic male sterility. Show the cross how male
in hybridization procedure? sterile line in maintained during production of single cross
hybrid and double cross hybrid?
2. A plant breeder found two inbred lines with genotypes AAbb
5. Define heterosis. Write the causes of heterosis and
and aaBB. A and B alleles are dominant. These two inbred lines
were crossed and F1 hybrid was obtained. The F1 was selfed to theories governing heterosis.
produce F2. Each dominant gene, in homozygote condition con- 6. Explain how genetic variation can be originated in a population.
tributes 13 cm towards the panicle length of the hybrid. In the 7. For a quantitative trait in RMP, mean is 100 and variation is
absence of dominant, each homozygote recessive gene con- 240. The regression of the offspring on mid-parent value is
tributes 10 cm towards the panicle length of the hybrid. Simi- 0.25. Truncation selection is practiced with a selection
larly, the gene in heterozygote condition contributes 15 cm to- differential of 32. What is the expected mean in the next
wards the panicle length of hybrid. generation?
i. Calculate Heterosis and Inbreeding depression indicating 8. Explain gene for gene relationship between a host and a
hypothesis involved. ii. Interpret the results. pathogen governing susceptible or resistance reaction.
3. Estimate heritability from the following data. 9. Define intellectual property right. Explain it forms.
Population Variance
10. Differentiate qualitative and quantitative traits.
P1 11
11. Explain the role of environment on quantitative character.
P2 10.32 12. Write about the status of rice breeding in Nepal.
F1 5.23
F2 90.35
BC1 47.35
BC2 54.29
4. Enlist method of crop improvement for inbreeders. How do Essay Type Question 10
you transfer a disease resistant recessive gene from wild spe- 1. How do you transfer disease resistant gene from unculti-
cies to local cultivar? vated genotype to cultivated cultivar, which is susceptible?
5. Mention different factors that affect gene and genotype fre- Explain in detail.
quencies. A population consisting 10,000 individuals, 25 indi- Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30.
viduals are of 'aa' genotype. If the population is in hardy- 2. Explain briefly the various mechanism which promote self
weinberg equilibrium, find the gene and genotype frequencies and cross pollination in crop plants.
of that population. 3. Differentiate between gametophytic and sporophytic
6. Calculate gametic and phenotypic frequencies of GGGg individu- systems of self-incompatibility.
als after selfing. Also, write types of genotype and phenotype. 4. How do you produce single, double and three way cross
7. What are advantages of partial diallel cross? Make a partial hybrids using cytoplasmic male sterility? Explain.
diallel scheme involving 8 parents. 5. Explain pureline theory given by Johannsen.
8. What are major conclusions from pureline theory? Describe 6. Briefly explain about hypothesis governing heterosis.
Johannsen experiment in detail. 7. What are the defence mechanisms of host against natural
9. Enlist defence mechanisms of host against pathogen. Describe enemy? Explain.
and differentiate; vertical and horizontal disease resistance. 8. What is patent? Explain its requirements.
10.For a quantitative trait in a random matign population, the 9. Mention current research activities carried out by NARC
mean and variance are 60 cm and 81 cm2 respectively. The nar- in the improvement of wheat crop.
row sense heritability of this trait is 0.5. Truncation selection is 10. Write main achievements of plant breeding in the context
practiced with a selection differential 10. What is the genetic of Nepal.
gain? Also, find the expected mean in the next generation. 11. Enlist different breeding methods used in Rice and Maize
11.Define gene pool and classify it. State the law of homolo- crops.
gous series in variation. 12. How transgressivesegregants are produced? Present with
12.What is G×E interaction? Mention significance and causes the help of suitable figure
of G×E interaction.

Final examination- 2072 7. What are the merits and demerits of mass selection?
Essay Type Question 10 8. Differentiate between:
1. What do you mean by heterosis and inbreeding a) Horizontal resistance and vertical resistance
depression? A plant breeder crossed two genotypes of wheat b) Disease resistance and disease escape
AAbb and aaBB to get F1. The F1 was selfed to obtain F2. 9. Differentiate between:
On the basis of hetrosisgoverning theories (dominance and a) Autopolyploid and allopolyploids
over dominance), find all kinds of heterosis and inbreeding b) Aneuploid and euploid
depression. Each of the dominant homozygote, heterozygote 10.Write your view on Breeder Rights and Farmers Right.
and recessive homozygote contributes 4 ton, 6 ton and 2 ton 11.Define mutation. List the different types of mutagens.
per hectare in yield respectively. The commercial variety of 12.What should be the maize breeding objectives for Nepal?
wheat yield 5 ton/ha. Final examination- 2070
Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30. 1. Suppose two inbred lines A and B are crossed to produce
2. Write in short about the different activities in plant F1 hybrid. The F1 is selfed and F2 is produced. The genotype
breeding directed to release a superior cultivar. of inbred line A is AAbb and the genotype of inbred B line is
3. A cultivated variety of wheat became susceptible to aaBB. A and B are the dominant genes and each contribute 12
a fungal disease which drastically reduced the yield. However, cm towards the spike length of the hybrid. In the absence of
a wild variety is resistant to this fungus. If the resistance is a dominants, each recessive gene contributes 8 cm towards the
dominant trait governed by 'R' gene, is it possible to transfer this spike length of the hybrid. The spike length of the best
trait to the cultivated variety? Give procedure with you logics. commercial variety is 22 cm.
4. State Hardy-Weinberg Law. A population consisting i. Find the spike lengths of the parents, F1 and F2 progeny
of 10,000 individuals, 49 individuals are of 'aa' genotype. If the ii. Find all kinds of Heterosis and Inbreeding depression
population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, find the gene iii. Interpret the results.
and genotype frequencies of that population. 2. How do you develop single and double cross hybrids
5. State law of homologous series in variation by N.1 using cytoplasmic male sterility? Explain.
Vavilov. Discuss the relationship between primary, secondary 3. Differentiate between gametophytic and sporophytic
and tertiary gene pools with respect to their combining ability. system of self-incompatibility with the help of well labeled figures.
6. Explain pureline theory in the basis of Johansen's 4. Enlist various types of breeding methods used in self-
experiment. What might be the applications of this theory in pollinated crops. And, how a disease resistant dominant gene
breeding program? is transferred from uncultivated genotype to cultivated
7. For a quantitative trait in a RMP, the mean is 100 and cultivar? Outline the breeding procedure.
the variance is 240. The regression of the offspring on mid 5. The mean days to maturity and variance are 120 and 144
parent value is 0.25. Truncation selection is practiced with a respectively. A plant breeder selected the top 5%plants from
selection differential of 32. What is the expected mean in the base population and found mean days to maturity 110 in the
next generation? Also, find the heritability of that trait. next generation .Find the genetic gain and heritability of this trait.
8. What is intellectual property right? Write the 6. On the basis of following table ,answer the following questions:
requirements of patent. Cultivar Virus Yellowing Yield with virus Yield without
9. List different breeding methods used in wheat and concentration virus
maize crops. Give your logics why generally a long time is
A 100 8 80 90
required to release a variety in self-pollinated crops as
compared to cross pollinated crops? B 60 0 97 100
10. Briefly explain the different defence mechanisms of
C 50 0 90 70
host against pathogen/parasite. Which of horizontal or
vertical resistance is desirable in a commercial cultivar, why? a. Which cultivar is the most susceptible and why?
11. How do you produce single, double, and three way b. Which cultivar is the most resistant and why?
cross hybrids? Explain with the help of suitable figures. c. Which cultivar is the most tolerant and why?
12. Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative traits. d. Which cultivar is the most sensitive and why?
7. Give the conclusive remarks of pureline theory given by
Back examination- 2072
Johannsen on the basis of his study in French bean.
8. What is the frequency of the heterozygote (Bb) in a
1. What is G×E interaction? Explain the various methods of random mating population, if the frequency of recessive
estimating G×E interaction. phenotype (bb) is 0.04?
Short questions (Attempt any TEN) 10×3 = 30. 9. Differentiate between full sib and half sib selection. Which selection
2. Define plant breeding. What are the major objectives of scheme is the most effective in breeding maize? Logically explain.
Plant Breeding? 10.What do you mean by Plant Breeder Right (PBR)? What
3. Differentiate between: are the main points to be considered in getting PBR?
a) Self incompatibility and male sterility 11.Briefly explain applications of allopolyploids with the help
b) Self-pollinated crops and cross pollinated crops of suitable examples.
4. What is male sterility? List the various types of male 12.Present current research activities carried out by Nepal
sterility found in plants. Agriculture Research Council (NARC) for the improvement of
5. Explain the Pureline theory of Johansen. wheat crop.
6. What is inbreeding depression? Describe the effect of
inbreeding.

Final examination- 2068 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
Essay Type Question 10 INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
1. Suppose two inbred lines A and B are crossed to produce RAMPUR, CHITWAN
F1 hybrid. The F1 is selfed and F2 is produced. The genotype Level: B.Sc. Ag. 4th Semester
of inbred line A is AAbb and the genotype of inbred B line is P.M. 8
aaBB. A and B are the dominant genes and contribute 12 cm Subject: Soil physics, genesis and classification Time: 1:30 Hrs
and 10 cm towards the spike length of the hybrid respectively.
In the absence of dominants, each recessive gene contributes
4 cm towards the spike length of the hybrid. The spike length Essay Type Question 6
of the best commercial variety is 25 cm. 1. What do you mean by soil taxonomy? Explain the major
(i) Find the spike lengths of the parents, F1 and F2 progeny soils found in Nepal with their uses.
(ii) Calculate average heterosis, heterobeltiosis, economic Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14.
heterosis and inbreeding depression. (iii) Interpret the results. 2. How does maize field differ with rice field in terms of soil
2. In a random mating population, the mean plant height and water movement?
variance are 120 cm and 121 cm2 respectively. A plant breeder 3. Define capillary rise and briefly explain the effect of soil
selected the top 5% plants from the base population and found texture on water conductivity with suitable figure.
mean plant height 110 cm in the next generation. Find the genetic 4. Explain soil moisture release and retention curve with
gain, selection differential and the heritability of this trait. suitable figure and discuss its significance in water manage-
3. Half sib and full sib selection breeding methods are used in ment.
crop improvement of cross pollinated crops like maize. Which 5. How can you manage soil temperature in the agricultural
one is the most effective and why? land?
4. How do you produce double cross hybrid using genetic 6. How does human activities affect soil aeration?
male sterility? Outline the procedure. 7. Enlist the surface diagnostic horizons and differentiate
5. What different types of progeny will occur in gametophytic between mollic and umbricepipedons.
and sporophytic system of self-incompatibility from the
8. Enlist the major soil moisture regimes and discuss the
following cross? In which system, homozygous progeny can
characteristics of Udic soils.
occur and why? The dominance relation operates like
S1> S2>S3> S4.
Parents Gametophytic SI Sporophytic SI a) Cryic soils b) Carbonation c) Soil water energy
Male Female Reaction Progeny Reaction Progeny
S1S3 S1 S2
S1 S2 S1 S3
S2 S3 S1 S4
6. State Hardy- Weinberg law. Compute gene and genotypic
frequencies from the following data and mention how many BACK EXAMINATION - 2073
plants are disease resistant. Note that the susceptible gene, R Essay Type Question 6
is dominant over resistant gene, r. 1. Explain the factors affecting soil aggregate formation and
Genotype RR Rr rr write the methods to improve soil structure in field cultivated.
Frequency 32 48 20 Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14.
7. What is gene for gene hypothesis? Write compatible (+) 2. Define soil moisture characteristic curve and discuss it
and incompatible (-) reaction with the help of following significance in water management in crop field.
information. Which are the most resistant and most suscep- 3. Enlist the surface diagnostic horizons and describe the
tible reaction types and why? characteristics of the Ochricepipeon.
Host Pathogen genotypes
genotypes
R1 R1R2 R2 R3R3 a1a1a2a2a3a3 A1A1 a2a2a3a3 A1A1 A2A2 a1a1a2a2A3A3 A1A1 A2A2 A3
4. What is soil classification? Describe the nomenclature
a3a3 A3
system of suborder with examples.
R1 R1r2 r2 R3R3
r1r1 R2 R 2r3r3 5. Entisols from the terai region differ from the hilly region,
r1r1 r2r2 R3R3 how? Describe with reasons.
r1r1 r2r2 r3r3
6. Discuss the hydration and hydrolysis weathering of rocks
8. Make a partial diallel crossing scheme involving 11 parents and minerals. Justify with chemical reactions.
and a three way cross involving 3 parents. Parents are 7. Discuss the characteristics of soils found in Siwalik Region
represented like P1, P2, P3… P12. of Nepal.
9. How do you release a superior variety of rice (Oryza sativa) if the 8. Differentiate between mesic and isomesic soil temperature
existing variety yields 3.5 t/ha and is 75% disease resistance. regimes.
10. How do you produce hybrid seed using on self-incompat- 9. Write short notes on (any two):
ible (P1) and another self-compatible (P2) parents? a) Soil moisture control section b) Hysteresis
11. Write various breeding methods used in self-pollinated crops. c) Fluvaquents
How do you transfer a disease resistant dominant gene, R from non-
cultivated genotype to a commercially cultivated variety which is
disease susceptible? Outline the breeding procedure.
12. Briefly explain about research activities that are being carried
out by Nepal Agriculture Research Council for the improvement of
wheat (Triticumaestivum) in the context of Nepal.

1. Explain the major types of soils found in Nepal with their
uses.
1. Define soil moisture retention curve (SMRC).
Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14. Explain the factors that could affect the SMRC. Also,
2. Define soil moisture characteristic curve and discuss its explain the practical application of this curve in soil
significance in water management. water management for crop production.
3. Enlist the surface diagnostic horizons and describe the Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14.
characteristics of the Ochricepipedon.
4. What do you mean by soil classification? Describe the
2. Explain the energy concept of soil water. Why is
nomenclature system of suborder with suitable examples. matric potential of soil water always negative?
5. Entisols formed in terai region differ with that formed in 3. Explain the salient features of Comprehensive
hilly region, how? system of soil classification. List the criteria used to
6. Discuss the hydration and hydrolysis in relation to classify soil at different levels of generalizations.
weathering of rocks and minerals.
7. Discuss the characteristics of soil found in Mustang
4. Define soil physics and derive the relationship
region. between the volumetric and gravimetric water contents
8. Describe the methods of soil structure improvement in the of soil.
crop field. 5. What Darcy's law and derive the Darcy's equation
9. Write short notes on (any two): under saturated vertical movement of water in soil.
a) Soil Aggregation b) Darcy's Law c) Fluvaquents
6. Define infiltration and why does the rate of infiltra-
tion decrease with time?
7. Describe the mechanism of formation of stable soil
aggregates.
8. List the major soil orders found in Nepal and briefly
explain the 'inceptisols' found in Nepal.
9. Describe the general properties of this soil family:
loamy, mixed, mesic, TypicArgiustoll.
1. Explain soil moisture characteristic curve (SMCC)
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2070 in different textured soil. Discuss the practical implica-
Essay Type Question 6 tions of SMCC and hysteresis effect on the curve with
1. What is the basis of classifying soils in Soil Taxonomy?
figure.
Explain the characteristic features of major soils found in
Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14.
Nepal.
Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14. 2. Define soil water potential. Interpret the relationship
2. Define capillarity. How adhesion and cohesion are between potential energy of pure water and soil water
responsible for capillary movement of soil water? with the help of a graph.
3. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated flow of 3. What is hydraulic conductivity? Discuss the relation-
soil water. How dos water flow under field condition? ship between matric potential and hydraulic conductiv-
4. How dos the vegetation influence soil aggregation? ity in different textured soil.
Describe. 4. Define:
5. What are the impacts of poor aeration in cultivated land? a. Field capacity b. Infiltration rate c. Capillarity
Explain the measures to improve soil aeration. 5. Why is soil aeration important? Discuss the mea-
6. What are the processes of weathering of rocks and sures to improve soil aeration and heat movement in
minerals? How do human beings influence the weathering cultivated land.
process of rocks and minerals?
6. Define weathering of parent material. Discuss the
7. List out the master horizons and explain diagnostic
horizons induced by human beings.
roles of various forms of water and temperature in soil
8. Define soil moisture control section (SMCS). Differentiate
profile development.
between Mesic and Thermic Soils. 7. Explain the horizon designation in a soil profile with
9. Define: a diagram.
a. Alfisols 8. Mention the unique features of comprehensive
b. Hyste system of soil classification. Discuss the structure of
classification system with implication of the name
TypicArgiaquolls, fine, mixed, mesic, active.
9. Discuss the status of classification of Nepalese soil
with properties of inceptisols
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Define soil moisture retention curve. Explain the factors FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074
that affect the soil moisture retention curve (SMRC). Also, F.M. 20
explain the practical application of this curve in soil water Subject: fodder production & pasture management Time: 1:30 Hrs
management for crop production. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the
Short questions (Attempt any Seven 7×2 = 14. margin indicates full marks.
2. Describe the salient features of comprehensive system of Essay Type Question 6
soil classification. List the criteria used to classify soils at 1.Discuss feeds and feeding in relation to pasture situation in
different levels of generalizations. Nepal. What could be the appropriate techniques and ways to
3. Explain the reasons why presence of stratified layer of overcome feed deficit situation of Nepal?
sand in lower horizon of clay soil impede the downward Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14.
movement of water? 2.Discuss critical factors associated to nutrition of grazing
4. Describe the master soil horizons and layers of soil profile animals ?
and list the importance of studying soil profile. 3.Write the common principles of pasture establishment.
5. List the reasons of decreasing infiltration rate with time. 4.Write down the major chemical changes during silage
Describe the factors that affect the rate of infiltration. formation.
6. Define energy concept of soil water and briefly explain the 5.What are non-carbohydrates? How they are valued in feed?
matric-potential (?m) of soil- water. 6.Discuss silvipastoral system in relation to feed supply.
7. Explain DARCY's equation for the saturated flow of water 7.Discuss on the production and management of Stylo.
in soil. Also, differentiate between saturated and un-saturated 8.What is the preservation of forage? Write about the
flow of water in soil. mechanism of silage preservation.
8. What is weathering of rocks and minerals? Describe in 9.Write short notes on:
brief the physical weathering of rocks and minerals. a. Hay b. Nutrition of
9. List the major soil orders found in Nepal. Briefly explain grazing animals
the inceptisols. c. Sward d. Stocking
density

1.Describe the factors affecting nutritive value of 1.Explain the importance and scope of fodder production in
Nepal.How pasture can be managed to improve productivity
forages /pasture in relevance to livestock feeding. of our livestock?
Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14. Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14
2.Describe the feeds and livestock feeding situation in 2.How soil can be as important factor on fodder production
Nepal. ?Explain.
3.Explain the following terms . 3.How forage is converted into silage? Explain.
4.Discuss briefly about the cultivation practices of Stylo.
a. fodder b. pasture c. rangeland d. forbs 5.What are the Factors affecting chemical composition /
4.What are the difference between the temperate and nutritive value of fodder crops?
tropical fodder grasses? 6.What do you mean by silvipasture .Write its advantages.
5.Why does legumes yield less biomass than grasses 7.Give your opinion about significance of practicing alterna-
species? tive feeding resources in our situation with examples.
8.What are the characteristics of good quality hay ? Write
6.What are the factors affecting fodder and pasture about the advantages and appropriate plant stage for hay
productivity ? making.
7.What are the basic difference in hay, haylage and 9.Write short notes on:
silage? Illustrate the chemical changes during silage a.Teosinte b. Pasture establishment
making. c. Grazing system d. Effect of climate on fodder production
8.What are the requirements for pasture establish-
ment?
9.Describe in short the cultivation practices of Napier
and White Clover.

1.Explain the situation of feed supply in the different region of 1.Describe the cultural practices in grassland manage-
Nepal.And discuss the strategy and guidelines to overcome ment in the following headline reseeding ,selection of
the feed deficiate for the improve livestock in Nepal. pasture crop ,introduction of legume ,fertilizer applica-
Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14
2.Write about important factors affecting chemical composi-
tion and control of shrubs.
tion of forage. Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14
3.Write the cultivation practices of stylo and Berseem on the 2.Describe factors that affect the chemical composition
following headline. of forages.
a.Seed rate b.Sowing method 3.Write in detail on cultivation practice of Lucerne on
c.fertilizers use d.yield
4.What do you mean by silvipastoralsystem? Write its
climate ,land preparation ,seed rate and cutting man-
importance and give the selection criteria of tree for agement.
silvipastoral system. 4.Define silvipastoralsystem.Write its important and
5.How can you improve the protein value of straw?Write its give the selection criteria of tree of silvipastoral system.
process. 5.Write short note on : a)Haylage
6.Describe the grassland management IN following headline:
Reseeding ,introduction of legume ,fertilizer application
b)Hohenheim grazing system.
,grazing management. 6.Explain the chemical and bacterial change during
7.Write short notes on: silage making.
a.Alternative feed resources b.Nutrition of pasture 7.What do you mean by alternative feed resources and
8.How the silage is preserved ?Write the changes occurs in write about its important on livestock production
silage after ensiling.
9.Write short notes on ;
system in Nepal.
a.Wastelage b.Grass tetany 8.How does climate and soil Factors affect on fodder
c.Cell and cell wall content d.Hay production?
9.Describe the nutritional deficiency diseases of
pasture animals.

Essay Type Question 6 Final examination- 2067
1.What are the factors that affect fodder production ? Essay Type Question 6
Explain each factors in detail. 1.Discuss variation in livestock feed availability across
2.There is feed deficit in Nepal.Discuss how we can the region in Nepal. Write about possible scientific
overcome from the existing forage deficit situation for guidelines and approaches to satisfy the growing need
the improvement of livestock production . of ruminants feed.
3.Explain the chemical composition of forage. Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14
4.Write the process of silage making .Explain the chemi- 2.Define the terms -herbage, silage and rangelands.
cal and bacterial changes after sealing the green masses. 3.Write about major environmental resources and the
5.Write the cultural practices of Berseem and Napier in forage plant processes that determine the productivity.
the following headline : climate , soil ,sowing time , 4.Outline how the components of ingestive behaviors
method of sowing ,seed rate and yield. are interrelated? How such behavior is related to
6.Define silvipastoralsystem.Write its importance and give selective grazing?
the selection criteria of tree of silvipastoral system. 5.Discuss on the production and management of
7.Describe in brief the nutritional disorders and delete- Napier grass.
rious effect of pasture on animal. 6.How do you relate nutritive value of forages with the
8.Explain grass land management in the following availability and present feeding practices in rural
headline:Reseeding ,introduction of legumes ,fertilizer ap- Nepal?
plication. 7.How do you think new pasture could be better
9.Write short notes on: established?
a. Nutrition of pasture b. Alternative feeding resources 8.What is preservation of forage? Write about the
mechanism of silage preservation.
9.Write summary points of cultivation practices of
Stylosanthes.

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 F.M. 20 1. Mention the peculiarities of digestive system of
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester P.M. 8 fowl. Describe the process of protein digestion in
Subject: Animal nutrition and feeding practices Time: 1:30 Hrs ruminants and non-ruminants.
margin indicates full marks. Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14
Essay Type Question 6 2. Define nutrition. Mention the difference between
1. Explain the digestion of carbohydrate and protein in ration and feed.
ruminants. 3. Enlist the functions and deficiency of vitamin E.
Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14 4. What are the difference between probiotics and prebiotics.
2. What do you mean by quality of protein and write 5. Write in brief about some common feeding stan-
the function of protein. dards being used in Nepal.
3. Write the general function of minerals and enlist the 6. Mention the difference in composition of plant and
essential macro and micro elements. animal tissue?
4. Describe the digestion of protein in non-ruminants. 7. Describe the process of carbohydrate digestion in rumen.
5. Write down the function and deficiency symptoms 8. Mention the deficiency symptoms of iron in farm animals?
vitamin A. 9. Write short notes on(any two):
6. What do you mean by digestibility coefficient and a. Role of calcium in dairy cattle
write the factors affecting digestibility coefficient of b. Essential amino acids
feed. c. Concentrate
7. Describe by pass protein. Why it is important for FINAL EXAMINATION - 2072
high yielder ruminant.
1. Discuss in detail about the nutritional condition of farm animals.
8. What are amino acids? Clarify the concept of Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14
essential amino acids and limiting amino acids. 2. What do you mean by VFAs. Explain about their impor-
9. Write the desirable characteristics of a ration for tance and site of production.
cattle. 3. Classify protein with examples. Explain its function in farm animals.
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2073 4. What are the function of lipids in animal? Describe the
Essay Type Question 6 digestion process of fat in non-ruminant animals.
1. Classify protein and write down the functions, deficiency 5. Discuss about the fate of glucose after absorption in
symptoms and source of protein. animal body with flow chart diagram.
Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14 6. Classify feed ingredients. Describe any three energy rich
2. Write down the digestion of carbohydrates in ruminants. and protein rich concentrates of animal feedstuffs.
3. Compare and contrast the composition of plant cells and animal cells. 7. Compare and contrast between animal and plant cells and tissues.
4. Write down the functions and deficiency symptoms of water. 8. What do you mean by essential and non-essential fatty
5. Write short notes on the followings( any two): acids? Describe the properties of lipids.
a. Macro elements b. feeding standard c. TDN 9. Write short notes on:
6. What are the points to be considered while formulating a diet? Explain. a. Feeding standard b. Macro and micro minerals
7. Write down the digestion and absorption of lipids in non-ruminant. c. Water soluble vitamins d. Deficiency symptom of protein
8. Write down the functions and deficiency symptoms of Vit. FINAL EXAMINATION - 2070
A, Vit. D and Vit. B complex. Essay Type Question 6
9. What do you mean by metabolism? How do you determine 1. Draw a clean labeled diagram of digestive system of
metabolic energy of feed stuff? Explain with example. ruminant and discuss the digestion process of nutrients in
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2073 rumen of ruminant animals.
2. Compare and contrast chemical composition of animal and
1. Describe the digestive physiology of ruminants and state how
digestive system of ruminants in different than that of non-ruminants. plant cells and tissue
Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14 3. Write about function and deficiency symptom of calcium in animal body.
2. Describe the basic differences in plant and animal cells and tissues. 4. Classify carbohydrate with examples.
3. Illustrate the functions of proteins in farm animals. What are 5. Write about the function of protein in animal body.
amino acids?
6. Write about the characteristics, nutrient content and
4. Outline the classification of feed ingredients. Describe the
importance of maize and fish meal in animal nutrition. utilization of maize and mustard cake.
5. What are the basic functions of proteins? Classify proteins in short. 7. Define the following:
6. How minerals and vitamins are absorbed in animals? Describe a. Metabolic water b. essential fatty acid c. TDN d. hydrolysis
functions of vitamin A and K. 8. Write about the function and deficiency symptom of vitamin A.
7. Why fats yield more energy than protein and carbohydrates?
9. Explain the importance of animal nutrition.
Describe fat metabolism in short.
8. Describe the importance of vitamin E and selenium in immune system of animals.
9. Classify carbohydrate in short. What are structural carbohydrates?

FINAL EXAMINATION - 2071 Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester
Essay Type Question 6 FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074
1. Classify the feedstuffs with example. Discuss major and Essay Type Question 6
available feedstuffs with their value to feed animal. 1. Why are medicinal plants called as biological mine of noble
Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14 products? What are the constrans of medicinal plants
2. Compare the composition of plant and animal cells and cultivation in Nepal?
tissues with examples.
3. Classify carbohydrate and write its functions. Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14
4. Write down the functions and deficiency symptoms of protein. 2. Classify aromatic plants based on parts used.
5. What do you mean by lipid? Why is it necessary to 3. What is CITES? Explain its appendices.
include lipid in animal diet? 4. Define doctorine of signature and TRAFFIC.
6. Differentiate between macro and micro elements and write 5. Define extraction. Which method of extraction of medicinal
down the functions of calcium ,phosphorous and iron in animal. plants is best and why?
7. What do you mean by feeding standards? Write down the 6. What are various raw materials for extraction of perfume?
feeding standard of poultry or pigs. 7. What ia value chain? Show existing value chain of medici-
8. Define or explain the following( any three): nal plant in Nepal?
a. TDN b. metabolism c. digestion d. ME 8. What are medicinal uses of rauvolfia and neem?
9. What are the challenges in the field of animal nutrition?
Write in brief. 9. State management of lily of desert and citronella.
1. Draw a clean labeled diagram of digestive system of 1. Define exaction. What are the different extraction pro-
poultry and explain the digestion of feed nutrient in non- cesses available for aromatic plants? What are the criteria of
ruminant animal. selecting these process?
Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14 2. Write about plant profile, active constituents, origin and
2. Explain digestive of crude fiber in ruminant animal.
distribution of periwinkle.
3. Write down function of protein.
4. Classify carbohydrates with examples. 3. Write about the history and importance of medicinal plants.
5. Explain the properties of lipids. 4. Classify aromatic plants based on scented parts used.
6. Write down the characteristics, nutritive value and 5. What are existing marketing channels of MAOs? How can
utilization of any four plant protein rich feed ingredients. it be improved?
7. Write down in brief about the importance and scope of 6. Write uses and active constituents of Aloe Vera.
animal nutrition. 7. Write crop management practices and actions of citronella.
8. Define the followings: a. Tranguilizer b. Metabolic water 8. What are agricultural uses and current research potential of Neem.
c.Crazy chicks disease d. Pica 9. Write short notes on;
9. Write down composition of nutrient in plant and animal a. Doctorine of signature b. CITES c. MAPDON
cell and tissue.
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE FINAL EXAMINATION - 2072
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester 1. Define MAPS. Enlist the methods for extraction of essen-
P.M. 8
Subject: Animal nutrition and feeding practices Time: 1:30 Hrs tial oils. Describe any two of them.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14
margin indicates full marks. 2. Classify aromatic plants on the basis of scented parts?
Essay Type Question 6 3. Define alkaloid. How will you extract alkaloid from medicinal plant?
1. Describe the plant profile, chemical constituents and 4. Write about CITES.
economic importance of fox glove and periwinkle. 5. How can medicinal and aromatic plants be stored? What
Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14 are the characteristics of good packaging material?
2. List the various extraction methods of essential oils. 6. What are chemical constituents and therapeutic uses of
Describe any two of them. Aloe and Periwinkle?
3. Write about the history of MAPS. 7. Why is neem used very much in the clinical research these
4. Give the economic importance, chemical constituents and days? Mention its plant profile
biological actions of sweet flag. 8. What are the different uses of lemon grass, vetiver and
5. Classify the alkaloids with examples. Describe any on sweet flag.
extraction method of alkaloids. 9. Write about any two of the following:
6. Give the scientific name, family and biological actions of a. MAPDON b. Research status of MAPS in Nepal
the following plants: c. Trade of MAPS in Nepal
a. Gurjo b. ghodtapre c. jatamasi d. panchauwle
e. yarshagumbha f. burn plant
7. what is CITES? Give the objectives and appendices with examples.
8. Describe briefly the importance of medicinal plants.
9. Define phytogeography. Briefly mention the distribution of
MAPs on the basis of climatic zones of Nepal.

1. Why there is need of research and development of 1. Define medicinal plants and aromatic plants? Point out
MAPS? Explain about the causes of unorganized marketing of different methods of extraction of medicinal plants. Give
MAPS n Nepal ? different parameters for selecting appropriate extraction
method.
2. Classify aromatic plants on the basis of scented plant parts.
3. Write about CITES. Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14
4. Write the steps for preparation of crude drugs in brief. 2. Describe in brief the history of MAPS of Nepal.
5. Give the plant profile of Neem and mention its medicinal, 3. List out the five medicinal plants and aromatic plants with
industrial and agricultural uses. the scientific names and family.
6. Write about the harvesting of Digitialis and lemon grass. 4. Point out different research areas of MAPS of Nepal.
Mention the therapeutic uses of Digitialis. 5. Describe in brief plants description and cultivation
7. Write about the history of MAPS. practices of rose.
8. Write about the chemical evaluation of 6. Explain how essential oils are extracted by hydro distilla-
snakeroot(Rawolfia) and Holy basil? Mention the plant profile tion process.
of Rawolfia.
7. List the chemicals found in Datura and Aloe. Why Neem is
a. MAPDON b. Enfleurage c. Trade of MAPS useful for AIDs patient. Explain brief.
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2071 8. Give the origin and distribution of khus. Explain anti
Essay Type Question 6 fertility effect of Tulsi.
1. Describe the history, status and trade of medicinal and 9. Point out different aromatic plant extract. Describe any
aromatic plants in Nepal . two.
2. Write in short status of MAPS research in Nepal .
3. Describe in brief the process of extraction alkaloids.
4. Describe the harvesting technique of Aloe.
5. Write about the distribution and importance of Neem in Nepal .
6. Describe the cultivation practice of citronella.
7. How do you extract essential oil from a plant? Explain.
8. Describe the important chemical compounds found in
Rauvolfia.
9. What are the various ways of classifying medicinal
plants?
RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. Define and differentiate natural and biological control
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 F.M. 40 methods. Explain the strategies of biological control method.
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester P.M. 16 Describe about biological control agents with suitable
Subject: Principles and practices of insect-pest management. Time: 2 Hrs examples.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
margin indicates full marks. 2. List major insecticide formulations. Describe any five
Essay Type Question 10 types of insecticide additives.
1. Define IPM and FFS. Explain how IPM concept was 3. Define and classify pests. Define gain and economic
evolved and also mention its significance and principles. thresholds in pest management decision.
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
2. Explain diagrammatically with examples that how insect pests 4. Describe major resistance mechanism of host plants. Also
were classified on the basis population level and extent of damage? mention the degree of host plant resistance.
3. What are the reasons that insect pests status is changing 5. Why organocholride insecticides are replaced by organophos-
over a period of time? phate? Give any two names of insecticides from each group.
4. How culturally insect pest can be managed? Described 6. Define and classify semiochemicals. Also differentiate
briefly with examples. allomones and kairomones.
5. What do you mean by entomopathogenic fungi and write down its 7. Name major five plants suitable for botanical pesticides.
mode of action. Also describe about white and green muscardine fungi. Why neem (Azadiractaindica) is called as the tree of future
6. What do you mean by legal means of pest control and how pest control.
this concept of pest control has been established in our country?
7. Normally insecticides having systemic mode of entry are 8. Differentiate between physical and mechanical control
considered more effective to piercing and sucking types of measures. List major cultural control methods.
insect pests, why? But seeing the mode of entry of recent 9. What do you mean by innovative control measures? Describe
developed pesticides, do you think this concept has been insect pheromones use in pest management /monitoring.
changed? If yes, what might be your logic? 10. What is SPS agreement? Mention the different classes of
8. Discuss about the mode of action of insecticides. insect legislation.
9. Describe about the different factors that affect the host 11. Define the following:
plant resistance to insect pests. a. Insect equivalents b. Autocidal control method
10. What do you mean by insect attractants? Describe
different types of insects attractants that are being used in c. Farmer field school
insect pest management. 12. Differentiate( any two)
11. Differentiate between: a. Parasites and parasitoids b. Cuelure and helilure
a. Monophagous and polyphagous insect pest c. Deflocculators and deodorants.
b. Predator nad parasitoids
1. Which insect pest control method would you think is the 1. What are the significance of economic injury level and
best for the Nepalese farmers? Give reason with appropriate economic threshold level in insect-pest management? How
examples. cultural operations are helpful in insect-pests management?
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 Explain with examples.
2. What are biological control agents commercially available Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
in Nepal? 2. Define the term LD50 and classify the generation of
3. Classify insecticides based on nature of chemical with examples. insecticides with examples.
4. Why the concept of injury level is essential for insect pest 3. Enlist the characteristics of an ideal microbial insecticide.
management? Describe. 4. What are the techniques or approaches of biological
5. Describe about common pesticide formulations available in control? Explain with appropriate examples.
Nepalese market. 5. Briefly mention the factors that affect plant resistance
6. Give universal and specific antidote in case of organochlo- against insect.
rine and Carbamate poisoning. 6. Enlist advantages and disadvantages of physical methods
7. Describe mechanisms of Host Plant Resistance of insect- pest control.
8. Write the importance of microbial insect pest management 7. Describe mechanical method of insect-pest management
technique with examples. with appropriate examples.
9. What is the IPM dissemination tool which has been employ- 8. What is farmer field school? Also mention the significance
ing by Department of Agriculture in Nepal? Describe briefly. of its in pest management.
10.Explain Mechanical method of insect pest management 9. How the entomopathogenic fungus can damage the insect
with suitable examples. pest?
11.Write short notes on: 10. What are the major features of integrated pest manage-
a. Pest residue b. key pest c. pesticide resistane ment?
12.Differentiate between: 11. Write short notes on:
a. Natural and Applied control a. parasitoids b. Key pests c. pest resurgence
b. Parasitoids and parasites d. cue-lure
12. Differentiate between (any three):
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2071 a.Horizontal resistance and vertical resistance
Essay Type Question 10 b. Predators and parasites c. Dry and liquid formulations
1. Why are the insect-pest becoming a challenging problem d. Trichogramma and trichoderma
in Agriculture and how cultural operations are helpful in
insect-pests management? Explain with suitable examples. FINAL EXAMINATION - 2070
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 Essay Type Question 10
2. Classify the insecticides based on their chemical nature 1. What do you mean by plant resistance in pest manage-
with two examples of each. ment? Describe the mechanisms and factors affecting in plant
3. Enlist the characteristics of an ideal microbial insecticide. resistance along with suitable examples.
4. What are the major considerations for effective use of Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
insecticides in pest management? 2. Why the insect-pest are becoming a challenging problem
5. Briefly explain thefactor that affect plant resistance in agriculture?
against insects. 3. Briefly explain the significance of economic injury level
6. Enlist advantages and disadvantages of physical methods and economic threshold level in insect pest management.
of pest control. 4. Classify the generation of insecticides with examples.
7. Briefly explain the significance of economic injury level 5. What are the techniques of biological control? Explain
and economic threshold level in insect-pest management. with appropriate examples.
8. What is farmer field school? Also mention its significance 6. What are the modes of action of insecticides?
in pest management. 7. How cultural operations are helpful in insect-pest manage-
9. How the fungus can damage the insect-pest? Explain. ment? Explain with examples.
10. What are the major features of integrated pest manage- 8. What is farmer field school? Also mention its significance
ment? Explain with examples. in pest management.
11. Write short notes on: 9. How the entomo-pathogenic fungus can damage the
a. LD50 b. Key pests c. pest resurgence insect pest?
d. cue-lure 10. What do you mean by integrated pest management?
12. Differentiate between (any three): 11. Write short notes on:
a.Horizontal resistance and vertical resistance a. I.D50 b. key pests c. Pest resurgence
b. Trichogramma and trichoderma 12. Differentiate between:
c. Dry and liquid formulations a. Horizontal resistance and vertical resistance
d. Predators and parasites b. Predators and parasites
c. Trichogramma and trichoderma

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Back EXAMINATION - 2074
RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. What do you mean by programme planning? Enlist the
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 F.M. 40 types of extension programme planning? Explain about the
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester P.M. 16 importance of decentralized programme planning in agricul-
Subject:FUNDAMENTALS OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION Time: 2 Hrs tural extension.
2. What is extension? Write about the extension education process.
3. Who are leaders? What functions can be expected from
1. Define extension education. Discuss the principles of
local leaders in agricultural extension?
extension education, also write about the importance of
principles in extension delivery system. 4. What are the differences between monitoring ansd
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 evaluation?
2. What are theories of teaching learning psychology? 5. Classify teaching methods according to their use. Discuss
3. What is group approach? Why group approach is on importance of result demonstration in agriculture.
effective in teaching-learning system? 6. Write about the S-R theory of learning and the laws
4. Define TOT and explain innovation diffusion process . associated with it.
5. Define leadership and explain Fielder model of contin- 7. Enlist different extension approaches practiced in Nepal
gency theory of leadership in brief. and describe on effectiveness of Group approach in extension.
6. What are the philosophies of extension education? 8. What do you mean by appropriate technology? What are
7. Discuss about the adopters categories with example. the attributes of an appropriate technology?
8. What is programme planning? Briefly describe about project cycle. 9. Write about the methods of discovering leaders in a given
9. Describe extension teaching methods focusing to demonstration. community.
10. Explain Morrial and Hatch act in development of extension in USA. 10. What is innovation-decision process? Describe its stages
11. Discuss about the role of agricultural professionals as with diagram.
main actors in promotion of agriculture. 11. Write about types of adopters with typical characteristics.
12. Write short notes on: Also explain how communication channels can be used in the
a) Agricultural extension b) Monitoring and evaluation different stages of adoption.
c) Leader and leadership 12. Write short notes on: (any three)
d) Extension service of DOA & DLS a) Participatory rural appraisal b) Adoption and diffusion
e) Technology transfer process c) Importance of line agencies in extension
f) Appropriate technology d) Non- formal education
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2073 Back EXAMINATION - 2073

1. What do you mean by Adoption of an Innovation? 1. Define agriculture extension. How do you deal with
What are the factors affecting the rate of adoption in a farmers to diffuse innovation in a new normal society as an
given farm community? extension personnal?
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
2. Write about the extension education process with 2. Which teaching method will you use to teach broadcast-
suitable example. ing of fertilizer in Berseem? Explain
3. Who are leaders? What functions can be expected 3. Define FSR/E and evaluate it as an extension approach.
4. Why extension is different from publicity, advertisement
from local leaders in agricultural extension?
and propaganda?
4. What do you mean by indicators? Write about the different
5. Describe TOT and write characteristics of appropriate
types of indicators for monitoring of agricultural projects.
technology.
5. Classify the teaching methods according to their
6. Define leadership and explain elements of leadership in
use. Discuss which method of teaching is more useful in brief.
agricultural extension. 7. What are the elements of teaching and learning process?
6. Write about S-R theory of learning and the laws 8. What are the differences between monitoring and evaluation?
associated with it. 9. Explain programme planning cycle in brief.
7. Enlist different extension approaches practiced in 10. Explain Smith lever act in development of extension in USA.
Nepal and discuss the effectiveness of group approach 11. Write short notes on:
in agricultural extension. a. Objectives
8. What do you mean by appropriate technology? b. Non formal education
What are the attributes of an appropriate technology? c. Philosophy
9. What do you mean by program planning? Write 12. Define following terms:
about extension program planning. a. Extension education
10. Write about the process of Agri-clinic conduction b. Education
in farm communities. c. Programme planning
11. What roles can extension agents play in adoption d. Technology
and diffusion of agricultural innovations. e. Innovation
12. Write short notes on(any 3):
a) Participatory rural appraisal b) Cone of experience
c) Philosophy of extension d) Non-formal education
1. How can you differentiate monitoring and evaluation? 1. What is innovation- decision period? Classify adopters based on
What are the approaches of evaluation? Explain what type of innovativeness and write down the characteristics of adopter.
approach can be used in different situation of evaluation? Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 2. Describe teaching-learning process.
2. Conceptualize leadership and management. Differentiate 3. Discuss the importance of Group approach in agricultural
extension.
the concept of leaders and managers in the context of
4. Define demonstration. Write about different types of demon-
agriculture development. stration with appropriate example.
3. What is teaching method? Discuss teaching methods with 5. Differentiate between workshop and panel discussion.
best example according to teaching learning process? 6. What is participatory and decentralized program planning in
4. Elaborate the concept of decentralized agriculture plan- agriculture extension? Discuss.
ning and justify its working modality at the VDC level. 7. List down the philosophy of extension education.
5. What is extension education? Write the importance of 8. What do you mean by monitoring of extension program?
extension in agriculture development. 9. List down the methods of discovering local leaders and explain
6. Differentiate between method and result demonstration performance test method.
10. What are the characteristics of innovation and role of innovators
with appropriate example.
in agriculture development.
7. What do you mean by teaching and learning? Explain 11. Describe program planning process in brief.
about theories of learning. 12. What is KAS change in educational process?
8. State the diffusion of innovation theory with sketch of
graph showing different adopters categories.
9. What are the determining variables of rate of adoption ?
10. Enlist the function of technology transfer and explain the
process of technology transfer with specific example.
11. How principle of extension education developed? Enlist
and explain any one of its principle with specific example.
12. Write short notes on (any 3):
1. Describe innovation decision process. What are the
a) Adopters categories
perceived characteristics of an innovation? Write about the
b) Advantage of group approach of extension
five stage model of adoption process.
c) Types of extension program objectives
d) Extension system used in Nepal
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2070 2. What is extension? Describe any two principles of
extension education in brief.
3. Give the classification of extension teaching methods and describe
1. What do you mean by extension education? How the importance of result demonstration in agriculture extension.
do you justify its application in the field of agriculture? 4. What is learning? List out the major theories of learning
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 and describe any one of tehm.
2. Enlist the principles of extension education and 5. What do you mean by 'group approach' of extension delivery
briefly describe the principle of grass root approach. system? What are the reasons for focusing on group approach?
3. Where does the extension education in agriculture 6. Write about the extension education process with suitable
find its scope? examples.
4. What do you mean by teaching and learning and 7. What do you mean by leader? Describe the role of local
write down the step in teaching and learning process? leader in extension.
8. Write down the philosophy of extension education in brief.
5. Briefly describe the individual extension teaching
9. What do you mean by technology? Describe appropriate
method with example. technology.
6. Differentiate between PRA and RRA. 10. Write the difference between monitoring and evaluation of
7. Define innovation decision process with suitable agriculture extension program.
example. 11. What is program planning? Write in brief about extension
8. Write down the farming system research and program planning process.
extension in briefly. 12. Write short notes on(any 3):
9. What do you mean by program and planning? Enlist a) Participatory monitoring and evaluation
the steps. b) Social audit c) Credibility of extension worker
10. Define the term leader and leadership. Write d) Types of adoption diffusion
down the roles of a good leader in agricultural devel-
opment.
11. Differentiate between monitoring and evalua-
tion of agricultural extension programme.
12. Clarify then concept of land grant college
system of agricultural college or university.

RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. What is rDNA technology? Describe in detail tools and
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 F.M. 40 techniques of gene manipulation.
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester P.M. 16 Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
Subject: Genetics of population Time: 2 Hrs 2. What are the limitations of one gene one enzyme hypothesis?
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the Discuss enzymatic explanation of genetic ratio with few examples.
margin indicates full marks. 3. Describe briefly experiment on modern theory of fine
Essay Type Question 10 structure of gene and explain its findings.
1. What do you mean by recombinant DNA technology? 4. Describe genetics of cancer and immunogenetics briefly.
Explain in detail about the formation of recombinant DNA with 5. What is multiple factor hypothesis? Polygenes, in some
instances govern discontinuous traits. Explain this statement
the help of suitable figures.
illustrating appropriate experiment.
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 6. State Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium. How do you validate H-W law?
2. What do you understand by PCR? Explain briefly. 7. What is inbreeding depression? Suppose 2 inbred lines
3. What is multiple factor hypothesis? Explain in brief. Ana B are crossed to produce hybrid. The genotype of A is
4. Write the significance of restriction enzymes. AAbbccDD and the genotype of B is aaBBCCdd. A,B,C and
5. Differentiate southern , northern and western bolting. D are the dominant genes. If dominant homozygote contrib-
6. Differentiate maternal effect from maternal inheritance with utes 2 ton/ha, recessive homozygotes contribute 1 ton/ha
example. heterozygote contributes 2.5 ton/ha, Find the grain yields pf
7. Write about most accepted chromosome model. parent A, Parent B and F1 hybrid on the basis of over
8. Explain in brief about Johansen's pure line theory. dominance hypothesis. Suppose thet you have taken one pair
of chromosomes.
9. What do you mean by heterosis and inbreeding depression? 8. What is Gel Electrophorosis? Explain blotting techniques
10. Explain one gene one polypeptide hypothesis. of Nucleic acids.
11. Illustrate Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium. What factors 9. Explain the model that best explains the chromosome
affect this equilibrium. architecture. Mention genetic control mechanisms in eukaryotes.
12. Write short notes on: 10. What is LOD score? Describe the method for its calculation.
a. Immunogenetics b. Cancer 11. Write the significance of G*E interaction? Explain types of
G*E interaction with diagrams.
12. What is heritability? Explain in brief methods of estimating
Essay Type Question 10 heritability.
1. Explain in detail Adrobacteriumtumefaciansmethod of
gene transfer in a given crop with the help of suitable
figure(s).
1. State and illustrate Hardy- Weinberg law. Enlist the factors
2. How recombinant DNA (rDNA) is formed? Present with
that affect Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium.
the help of well labeled diagrams.
3. What are restriction enzymes? Enlist any 5 restriction enzymes with their
2. In a large open pollinated population of maize the alleles
cleavage sites. Why restriction enzyme type two is more beneficial than others?
M and m at the M/m locus occur with frequencies 0.6(M) and
Give your logical views.
0.4(m). What are the frequencies of genotypes MM, Mm and
4. Explain about one gene one polypeptide hypothesis with
mm in this population?
suitable examples if necessary.
3. What do you mean by heterosis? The F1 hybrid cross of
5. Differentiate between inbreeding depression and hybrid
parent A and parent B. the 1000 seeds weights of parent A,
vigour with the help of suitable examples.
parent B and the best commercial variety are 100g,200g and
6. State and illustrate Hardy_Weinberg law with the help of a
275g respectively. You found 1000 seeds weight of F1 hybrid
suitable example.
300g by crossing these two parents A and B. what type of
7. In a random mating population the allelic frequencies are
heterosis do you find? Give your logical views.
found A=0.5 and a=0.5. if the inbreeding coefficient (F)
4. Explain polygenes in discontinuous traits with suitable figures.
equals 0.1, find the genotypic frequencies of AA, Aa and aa 5. Explain Johannsenspureline theory with the help of
in this population. Johannsens experiment.
8. Define heterosis. The F1 hybrid is the cross of two 6. Write an explanatory note on variegation in biological tissues.
different pure lines 1 and 2. The spike lengths of pure line 1, 7. Define vector. Enlist different types of gene cloning
pure line 2 and commercial variety are 20 cm, 25 cam, 27 cm vectors. Shortly explain about the methods of gene cloning.
respectively. You found spike length of F1 hybrid 30 cm by 8. What is recombinant DNA (rDNA)? How r-DNA is
crossing these two pure lines 1 and 2. What type of heterosis formed? Present with the help of well labeled diagrams.
do you find? Give your logical answer. 9. What are restriction enzymes? Briefly explain different
9. Two pure lines of rice are crossed. In the F1 the variance types of restriction enzymes with examples.
in number of grains per panicle is 0.5. the F1 is selfed. In the 10. Briefly explain about one gene one polypeptide hypothesis.
F2 the variance in number of grains per panicle is 2.5. estimate 11. Explain different types of genotype x environment
broad sense heritability of number of grains per panicle. interaction with suitable figures.
10. What is genotype* environment interaction? How does it affect 12. What is heritability? Briefly explain about estimation of heritability.
in the field of crop improvement? Present your logical views.
11. Explain polygenes in discontinuous traits with suitable figures.
12. Mention genetic structures of different types of populations with examples.
1. State and illustrate the Hardy Weinberg Law with one 1. State and illustrate the Hardy Weinberg Law. Explain
gene two alleles. about natural forces affecting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
2. Explain one gene one polypeptide hypothesis. 2. What is one gene one polypeptide hypothesis? Explain.
3. Briefly explain about fluorescence in situ 3. What do you know about PCR? Write its significance in
hybridization(FISH) technique and its uses. plant breeding.
4. How recombinant DNA is formed? Explain in brief about 4. How is recombinant DNA formed? Explain with figure.
various vectors used in gene cloning.
5. Differentiate between southern and northern blotting.
5. 'R' represents resistance and 'r' represents susceptible and
6. What is the frequency of heterozygote (Aa) in random
'R' is dominant over 'r'. Compute gene frequencies and sort the
following cultivars on the basis of resistance. You are given mating population if the frequency of recessive phenotype
the number of individuals (in percentage) with different (aa) is 0.16?
genotypes for resistance gene as follows. 7. In a random mating population the allelic frequency of A is
o.6. if the inbreeding (F) equals 0.2. find the genotypic
Groups RR Rr Rr
frequencies in the population.
Cultivar 1 81 18 1
8. What do you know about Johannsen's theory? Write
Cultivar 2 26 50 24
major two conclusions of this theory.
Cultivar 3 10 30 60
Cultivar 4 25 50 25
9. Show inheritance of color in bread wheat to illustrate
multiple factor hypothesis.
6. What are restriction enzymes? Explain their types. 10. What do you mean by G*E interaction? Write its signifi-
7. Explain G*E interaction with suitable figures. cance in plant breeding.
8. What is the frequency of heterozygote (Aa) in a random 11. What are the sources of genetic variation? Explain in brief.
mating population if the frequency of recessive phenotype 12. Write short notes on:
(aa) is 0.16? a. LOD score b. Inbreeding depression
9. Estimate broad sense heritability with the help of follow-
c. Reproductive isolation mechanism
ing information.
SV RR Rr MSS Essay Type Question 10
Genotypes 24 240 ……………. 1. State and illustrate the Hardy Weinberg Law. Explain
Replications 3 6.3 ……………. 1. State and illustrate Hardy- Weinberg law and equilibrium
Error 72 6.48 ……………. with one gene two alleles.
10. Show inheritance of color in bread wheat to illustrate 2. In a large open pollinated population of population of maize
multiple factor hypothesis. the alleles B and b at the B/blocus occur with frequencies 0.2(B)
11. In a random mating population the allelic frequencies are and 0.8(b). What are the frequencies of genotypes BB, Bb and
of A=0.6.Iif the inbreeding coefficient (F) equals 0.2, find the bb in this population?
genotypic frequencies in this population. 3. What is frequency of the heterozygote (Tt) in random mating
12. What do you know about Johannsen'spure line theory? population if the frequency of recessive phenotype (tt) is 0.04?
Write two major conclusions of this theory. 4. In a random mating population the allelic frequencies are
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2070 found A=0.5 and a=0.5. if the inbreeding coefficient (F) equals
0.1, find the genotypic frequencies of AA, Aa and aa in this population.
1. State and illustrate the Hardy Weinberg law.
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 5. Two pure line of rice are crossed. In the F1 the variance in
2. What is Enzymatic Explanation of Genetic Ratio. spike length is 1.5. the F1 is selfed. In the F2 the variance in
3. Describe the multistranded model of chromosome spike length is 4.5. estimate broad sense heritability of spike
4. What are the special type of chromosome and describe the heritability of spike length in rice.
Gaint chromosome. 6. Estimate broad sense heritability with the help of following
5. What do you mean by formation of recombinant DNA? information.
6. Define the restriction fragment length polymorphisms. (RFLP) Source of variation df SS MSS
and what are its important features? Genotype 24 240 ……………
7. Define vectors and explain the type of cloning vectors. Replication 3 6.3 …………….
8. What do you mean by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)?
Error 72 6.48 …………….
Discuss the different stage of PCR.
9. Write short notes on: 7. Compute the gene and genotype frequencies of the follow-
a. Southern hybridization b. DNA fingerprint ing cultivars. Where R represents resistance and r represents
10. Discuss polygene of discontinuous trait in threshold character. susceptible, R id dominant over r.
11. No. of individuals in population indifferent blood groups: cultivars Genotypes
RR Rr rr
O=78, A=71, B=17 and AB= 7. Cultivar 1 10 30 60
Cultivar 2 1 18 1
What is the frequency of O A B in this individual? Cultivar 3 25 50 25
12. Suppose 2 inbred lines Ana B are crossed to produce a hy- 8. What is restriction enzyme? Explain its types.
brid. The genotype of A is AAbbccDDEEff and the genotype of 9. Explain pure line theory of Johannson.
B is aaBBCCddeeFF. A,B,C,D,E and F are the dominant genes. If 10. Explain polygenes in discontinuous traits with suitable figures.
dominant heterozygote contributes 2 ton/ha, recessive homozy-
11. Explain G*E interaction with suitable figures.
gotes contribute 1 ton/ha, heterozygote contributes 2.5 ton/ha,
Find the grain yields of parent ABF. 12. Briefly explain about one gene one polypeptide hypothesis.

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY BACK EXAMINATION - 2074
RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. Describe the characteristics of plants suitable for
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 F.M. 40 agroforestry system. What are factors affecting choice of
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester P.M. 16 species? Describe.
Subject: AGROFORESTY Time: 2 Hrs Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. Classify agroforestry system with their examples.
margin indicates full marks. 3. Describe the different methods of quantitative assess-
Essay Type Question 10 ment of woddy species.
1. Define agro-foretry and mention the various components of 4. Calculate the volume of the log having 20 cm diameter
agro-forestry system suited to the Nepalese agricultural system. and 1o cm length by using Hubners formula.
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 5. Describe the stages of technology development.
2. What is SALT? Mention the suitable SALT technology 6. Describe FSRE approach of agroforestry system develop-
commonly practiced in Nepal. ment.
3. Agro-forestry is the ways to augment soil fertility and 7. Describe the different components of agroforestry
crop productivity. Justify the statement. system.
4. Describe the suitable characteristics of tree-crop species 8. How the productivity increased through agroforestry
in the selection of scientific agro-forestry system. system?
5. How does agro-forestry diagnosis and design (D&D) Look 9. What is the implication of D and D in agroforestry
importance in agro-forestry system planning and development? system?
Mention the scientific steps of D & D adopted in agro-forestry. 10. What is improved fallow system of agroforestry system
6. Scientific agro-forestry system only can moderate micro what are the advantages of improved fallow over shifting
and macro climate, conserve biodiversity and sequestrate cultivation?
organic carbon. Mention the basics over this statement. 11. Define agroforestry system with their advantages.
7. Agro-forestry is the vital in bio-fuel and bio- energy 12. Write short notes on:
production. Can you convince the farmers in this saying? a. Agrisilvipasture
8. Mention briefly the problems, prospects and opportuni- b. Improved fallow
ties Of agro-forestry in Nepales context. c. Taungya
9. Write the common and scientific names of three tree speciesx
commonly suitedin terai, mid-hills and high-hills of nepal.
a. Land capability classification b. Farm-forestry
c. Tyanga cultivation system
d. Quantitative assessment of woody species
11. What is crop- tree competition ? show various relations FINAL EXAMINATION -2072
overlooked in agro-forestry system and suggest the scientific Essay Type Question 10
ways to measure productivity, profitability and diversity of 1. Discuss the 'Taungya system' of Agroforestry practices
various agro-forestry systems. under the following headings.
12. Classify agro-forestry on the basis of structure and function. a. Meaning/definition
FINAL EXAMINATION -2071 b. Objectives charactersistics
Essay Type Question 10 c. Types of Taungya
1. What are the basic components of agro-forestry system(AFS)? d. Advantages ana
Discuss the conditions for sustainable development of AFS. e. Disadvantages
2. How does agro-forestry system improve and /or maintain 2. Discuss the environmental and economic benefits of agro forestry.
soil fertility- productivity? Explain. 3. Enlist the different criteria for tree se;ectiom for
3. Define the following: agroforestry system.
a. Alley cropping b. Multi-storied system 4. Discuss the advantages of tree/crop interface studies and
c. Spatial arrangement d. Taungya e. Farming system f. PRA also list out the tree/crop interaction effects.
4. Outline the variation of slopy-agricultural land technology(SALT) 5. Discuss the criteria of desirable agroforestry design.
and give the methodology of establishing SALT method. 6. Enlist the agroforestry models and explain the salient
5. Give the basic steps of diagnosis and design of AFS with features of Nelder wheel model of agroforestry system.
brief activities and outputs. 7. Enumerate the model landuse as alternative to shifting
6. Why classification of AFS is done? Discuss the structural cultivation with figures.
classification of AFS. 8. Discuss the contour hedge row intercropping model of
7. Discuss shifting cultivatiom with its merits and demerits in context of nepal. agroforestry system.
8. What is the nature of tree-crop interaction (TCI)? Discuss 9. What is SALT? And discuss its objectives and types.
briefly on how TCI are quantified. 10. What are the agroecosystem properties or the criteria for
9. Discuss briefly various soil and water conservation measurements to reduce the trade off in agroecosystem.
measures as a strstegy in agroforestry development. 11. Calculate the spacing of plants, if there are 4oo
10. Discuss about the contribution of forestry sector in agroforestry species in a hectare of plantation raised on
livelihood of people of Nepal. square planting pattern.
11. What is an agroforestry system(AFS)? Discuss various 12. Write short notes on:
factors affecting AFS development. a. Xylometric method of volume measurement
12. Differentiate between the following: b. Pollarding c. Buttressings
a. Farming system development and resesrch d. Multistory cropping
b. Top- down and bottom-up research
c. Farm based and forest based AFS
BACK EXAMINATION - 2070 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Define agroforestry. Discuss its objectives importance and FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 F.M. 40
concepts. Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester P.M. 16
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 Subject: Introduction to PLANT PATHOLOGY Time: 2 Hrs
2. Enlist the goals of sustainable agriculture. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the
3. Write the characteristics features of FSRE. margin indicates full marks.
4. Discuss the features of Nelder wheat model in Essay Type Question 10
agroforestry system. 1. Define pathogenesis. Explain how the pathogens survive
5. Write the objectives and options of SALT model. in absence of their main crop hosts.
6. Discuss the characteristics features taungya system in Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
agro-silvo system of agroforestry. 2. Explain the host as an important factor of disease pyramid.
7. Name six agroforestry species used in SALT model. How the human activities can influence the occurrence and
8. Briefly describe the tree-crop interfaces. spread of plant diseases in an agro-ecosystem.
9. Under what conditions wood lots are developed? Explain. 3. Explain the symptoms of plant diseases observed due to
10. Write down the criteria for crop selection in agroforestry the visible pathogens.
system. 4. Define monocyclic disease. Why monocyclic can't spread
11. Calculate the volume of 10 feet long when its combined in endemic scale with in a single season after the entry to a
diameter was measured 24.24" inch. Also calculate the sawing new location? Explain.
cost, when the cost is Rs.450 per cubic feet. 5. Enlist the general characteristics of fungi and explain the
12. Write short notes on: harmful effects of fungi to human beings.
a. Pollarding 6. Draw a well labeled sketch of bacterial cell and explain the
b. Carrying capacity function of its organelles.
c. Sapling 7. Define plant virus. How plant virus get multiplied in plant
system? Explain.
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2070 8. Enlist the general characteristics of root rot nematode and
Essay Type Question 10 root knot nematode.
1. Define agroforestry. Describe the importance and scope of 9. Describe the possible physiological alterations caused by
agroforestry in Nepal with examples. plant diseases.
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 10. Differentiate between :
2. What are the attributes and feature of agroforestry? a) Horizontal diseases resistance and vertical diseases resistance.
Describe briefly. b) Symptom and sign
3. Classify agroforestry system on the basis of arrangement 11. Enlist characteristics of following genera:
of components with example. a. Alternaria b. Pythium c. Xanthomonas
4. What could be the criteria snd how will you design ally 12. Write short notes on:
cropping intervention? a. Diseases forecasting b. Bengal famine c. Spiroplasma
5. Mention the concept of D & D. How D & D is different
from FSRE? BACK EXAMINATION -2074
6. What is SALT technology? What are the basic step Essay Type Question 10
followed in SALT technology? 1. Define forecasting of plant diseases and explain various
7. Enlist indigenous and modern agroforestry system. forecasting methods in detail.
Describe any two modern agroforestry system. Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
8. What is shifting cultivation? Mention the advantage and 2. Differentiate between diseases and disorder and enlist the
disadvantage of shifting cultivation. biotic causes of plant diseases.
9. Explain the basis for tree selection in agroforestry system. 3. Enlist typical symptoms of plant diseases caused by the
10. Write short notes on: pathogens.
a. Shelter belts 4. Define fungi and explain their importance in agriculture.
b. Tuangya 5. Explain about sexual fruiting bodies of fungi.
c. Home garden 6. Write about Xanthomonas, Erwinia and Agrobacterium.
11. How will you quantify tree-crop interaction in agroforestry 7. Discuss about genera Anguina, Heterodera and
system? Explain briefly. Meloidogyna.
12. Describe tree- crop interaction that occurs in agroforestry 8. Explain the use of mechanical transmission of virus
system. particles.
9. Explain about genera Plasmodiophora, Phytophora and
Erysiphe.
10. Define pathogenicity and draw the chain of a typical
disease cycle.
11. Define epidemic of a diseases and explain the analysis of
epidemic given by van-der plank.
12. Differentiate between enzymes and toxins.

FINAL EXAMINATION -2073 BACK EXAMINATION -2073
1. What do you mean by defence mechanism? Discuss about 1. Define fungi. Enlist its beneficial and harmful effects to
various defence mechanisms governed by the host plants. human life. Describe the different modes of reproduction in
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 fungi with suitable example.
2. Explain about biotic causes of plant diseases briefly. Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
3. Enlist symptoms due to some effects or changes in the 2. Describe the major physiological changes caused by
host plant. disease in host plants.
4. Explain about sexual fruiting bodies of fungi. 3. Provide the taxonomic positions of Erysiphe
5. Draw and label a typical structure of a Gram negative plasmodiophora and Pseudomonas.
bacterial cell. 4. Enlist any five non infectious diseases of crop plants. Do the
6. Write about pseudomonas,streptomycesand C plant nutrition may affect the incidence of biotic diseases? How?
orynebacterium. 5. Discuss the characteristic features of Helminthosporium,
7. What do you mean by virus? Writ about spireplasma. Meloidogyne and Xanthomonas.
8. Explain about reproduction of nematodes. 6. Define epidemics of a disease and explain the analysis of
9. Explain about Puccinia, Alternaria and Albugo. epidemic given by Vander plank.
10.Explain the role of hosts in survival of the pathogen and 7. Explain the six principles of diseases management.
enlist the agents of autonomous dispersal of the pathogens. 8. Discuss the mode of transmission of virus from diseased
11.Explain about the physiology of infected hosts. plants to the healthy plant.
12.Write about pathotoxins and phytoalexins. 9. What do you mean by diseases forecasting. What are the
bases for effective forescasting?
10. Describe the different survival techniques utilized by plant
pathogens.
11. Compare and contrast between the followings:
a. Ascomycota and Oomycota
b. Systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic
resistance
12. Write short notes on any three among following.
a. Exotoxin b. Direct penetration
FINAL EXAMINATION -2072 c. Quarantine d. Heterokaryon
FINAL EXAMINATION -2071
1. Define plant pathology and discuss inanimate and
animate causes of plant diseases with suitable examples. 1. Define disease and disease resistance. How plant defend
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 themselves against pathogens by their morphological
2. Differentiate the following(any 2) modification explain.
a. Simple and compound interest diseases Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
b. Obligate and facultative parasites 2. Describe about asexual the reproduction of fungi with
c. Perithecium and pycnidium suitable examples.
3. Define bacteria and draw and label a typical bacterial cell. 3. How pathogen propagules are disseminated by animate
4. Define parasexual cycle and discuss asexual reproduction agents? Explain
in fungi. 4. Give the systematic position of the pathogen causing
5. What is a viroid? How viruses are transmitted in plant? yellow rust of wheat and give its important characters.
Explain in short. 5. Write down the causal oraganisms of the following diseases:
6. Enumerate the characteristics of root rot nematode and a. Root rot of rice b. soft rot of potato c. Bacterial wilt of tomato
seed gall nematode. e. Rive blast e.Little leaf of brinjal f. Powdery mildew of pea
7. Explain briefly the principles of plant disease management. 6. What resting structure are made by the microorganism for
their survival? Describe with suitable examples.
8. Define pathogenecity and describe pathogenesis.
7. Differentiate between pathogenicity and pathogenesis
9. Define the following terms (any 6)
and write about koch's postulates.
a. Symptom b. Local lesion c. Cyst d. Exudation 8. Define cyst. How knots are formed in healthy roots of the
d. Fungicide f. enzyme g. Hyperplasia plants by Meloidogyne spp.?
10. How pathogens survives in absence of their main host? 9. Define plant virus and explain how they are transmitted
Explain fro, infected plant to healthy plants.
11. Explain the induced biochemical defense mechanisms in 10. Draw a well labeled structure of bacteria amd mention
plant. plant pathogenic genera.
12. Give classification and important characteristics of 11. Why is it always a challenge for plant pathologist to
Pythium, Colletotrichum and Pyricularia mange plant disease? Classify fungicides on the mode of
their application.
12. Define the following terms:
a. Disease tetrahedron b. Pathotoxin c. Disease forecast
c. Oospore e. perithecia f. sign

FINAL EXAMINATION -2070 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. How koch's postulates help to prove pathogenicity?
Explain in detail about the sequential events occurring during Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester
the diseases development. P.M. 16
Subject: INTRODUCTION SOIL CONSERVATION Time: 2 Hrs
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 AND WATERSHED MGMT.
2. Define the following terminologies: Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the
a. Sclerotia b. Blight c. Enzymes d. Witche's broom margin indicates full marks.
e. Cyst f. Toxin Essay Type Question 10
3. Define fruiting body? Explain with figures the asexual 1. Explain the mechanisms of soil erosion by water. Discuss
fruiting bodies. the factor affecting soil erodibility.
4. Give the systematic position of the pathogen causing club
2. Define soil conservation and discuss the major causes of
root of curcifers with its important diagnostic characters. soil degradation in Nepal.
5. Write down the etiology of the following diseases: 3. How does wind transport the soil particles? Explain with
a. Damping off b. Brown rust of wheat c. Citrus canker suitable diagram.
d. Fire blight of apple e. Ear cockle of wheat 4. Enlist the different method of soil loss estimation by
f. Root knot of vegetables erosion and explain the runoff plot technique for such loss.
6. Explain with figures and examples about the locomotion of bacteria. 5. How does soil erosion affect soil fertility and productivity?
7. What are the modes of transmission of plant viruses? Explain with suitable examples.
Explain in brief. 6. What are the principles of protecting soils from water
8. How infected host acts as a reservoir of inoculums for the erosion? Enlist the major soil conservation measures for the
survival of pathogens? agricultural land in midhills of Nepal.
7. What is bioengineering? Why it is becoming more
9. Explain in brief how seed and soil helps for the active
important in Nepal?
dispersal of the pathogens. 8. Define Watershed and discuss the principles of integrated
10.Define epiphytology? What are the essential components watershed management.
to cause epiphytotic condition? Explain briefly. 9. How do the agricultural activities influence the water
11.Plants defend themselves against the pathogens with their quality? Describe in brief.
structural modification in the post infection period. Justify. 10. Describe the objectives of Department of soil conservation
12.Explain about the principles of the plant diseases manage- and watershed management.
ment in brief. 11. Define Land capability classifications. Discuss the general
characteristics of land capability classes that can be used for
FINAL EXAMINATION -2069 cultivation purposes in Nepal.
Essay Type Question 10 12. Write short notes on:
1. Enlist abiotic, biotic and meso-biotic causes of plant a. Spillway b. Shelterbelt c. Hydrological cycle
diseases. Describe importance and general morphological
characteristics of fungi. BACK EXAMINATION: 2074
2. Write the characteristics of the phylum Ascomycota and 1. What is soil erosion? Describe in brief the types of soil
discuss any two genera of it. erosion by water.
3. Draw and label a typical structure of plant pathogenic Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
bacterial cell. 2. Describe in brief the factors affecting wind erosion.
4. Discuss about the general Plasmodiophora, Pythium and 3. Compare among the various type of soil erosion by water
Erwinia in brief. and which one is the most hazards to the Nepalese soil?
5. Briefly describe the general morphological characters of 4. Discuss the empirical method for soil loss estimation
plant pathogenic nematode in reference of Heterodera and caused by erosion.
Anguina. 5. What are the different processes of wind erosion? Describe in brief.
6. Explain about the vector mediated plant virus transmis- 6. Describe in brief the on-site and off-site consequences of
sion. soil erosion by Water.
7. Define pathogenecity and describe briefly about disease 7. Describe in brief soil erosion control in agricultural lands.
cycle in general. 8. Explain in brief soil conservation practices of forest lands.
8. Explain briefly post exposed defense mechanisms in 9. What are the measures to solve landslide problem in
plants. Nepal? Describe
9. Explain about the asexual fruiting bodies of fungi. 10.Describe in brief the concept of integrated watershed
10. List the names of diseases caused by Puccinia, Uromyces, management in Nepal.
Helminthosporium, Pyricularia, Cercospora and 11.Discuss in brief the institutional arrangement for soil
Collectotrichum with their hosts. conservation and watershed management in Nepal.
11. Describe briefly about the physiology of infected host 12.Write short notes on:
plant. a) land slide in Nepal
12. Write short notes on (any 3) b) hydrology
a. Pathogenesis
b. Koch's postulates

FINAL EXAMINATION- 2073 BACK EXAMINATION- 2073
1. Explain the major consequences of soil erosion by water in 1. What is soil conservation? Describe the most effective
the Himalayan Region of Nepal. methods of soil conservatiom measures required to be
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 followed in Nepal. Give scientific reasons for applicability of
2. Under what conditions the visual method of soil erosion is each method in Nepal.
observed? Discuss in brief. Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
3. Describe the mechanisms of soil erosion by water in brief. 2. Define watershed and explain briefly the watershed
4. Discuss the factor affecting the condition conducive for approach of soil conservation.
soil erosion by wind. 3. How does afforestation help in soil and soil fertility
5. Sketch the hydrological cycle and level its components conservation?
and processes. 4. How does human influence in hydrological cycle?
6. Explain the approaches adopted by Department of soil 5. In Bagmati river flowing through the Kathmandu valley is
conservation and watershed management by Govt, of Nepal clean? If not what are the sources of its pollution.
for controlling soil erosion. 6. What is conservation tillage? Describe the importance of
7. Write a short note on the concept of integrated watershed conservation tillage in soil and soil fertility conservation.
management. 7. What are the socio-economic consequences of soil
8. Define the terms: erosion in down streams?
a) soil conservation 8. Describe briefly the mechanisms of wind erosion.
b) landslides 9. What is Universal soil loss equation? Define each symbols
c) watershed management used in universal soil loss equation.
d) bioengineering measures 10. Write down the factors affecting soil erosion caused by
9. Describe the soil erosion control practices on forest lands rain water? Describe the effects of perennial cropping in soil
of Nepal. and nutrient conservation.
10. How natural vegetation and soil fertility are linked with 11. Describe briefly the importance of bio-engineering to
land degradation? Explain reduce soil loss situation in nepal?
11. Describe soil erosion related terms used in Universal soil 12. If you were appointed as a district soil conservation officer
Loss Equation. for a mountain district, what would you do for your District?
12. Discuss in brief the sources of water pollution and its
consequences in agriculture.
FINAL EXAMINATION- 2072
1. Define soil conservation. Explain the soil erosion control FINAL EXAMINATION -2071
measures in agricultural lands with special reference to the Essay Type Question 10
Nepalese condition. 1. Differentiate between soil erodability and rain fall erosiv-
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 3 ity. Enlist the methods of soil loss monitoring and estimation.
2. There was a severe land slump in pokhara valley recently. Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 3
What do you think would be the reasons behind this? 2. Hydrological cycle is influence by human. Discuss it with
3. Define Eutrophication. Discuss the cause and effect of example.
water pollution. 3. Discuss the soil erosion control measures in agriculture
4. "Sheet erosion is also a selective process". Justify the lands under Nepalese condition.
statement. 4. Human are the primary causes for the land degradation.
5. Discuss the erosion status of Nepal. What would be the reasons behind this?
6. Enlist the methods of soil loss monitoring and estimation. 5. How does agriculture and industries responsible for water
Enumerate the universl soil loss equation (USLE) With its pollution? Describe.
practical limitations. 6. "sheet erosion is also a selective process". Justify the
7. What are the special forms of erosion? Discuss in brief statement.
stream bank erosion with its control measures. 7. Nepal is hilly region erosion prone. How is terai affected
8. Describe the process of wind erosion. by this?
9. Define and delineate watershed with figure. Enlist the 8. Describe the erosion status of Nepal.
major watersheds in Nepal. 9. Write short notes on(any two):
10. Differentiate between rill and gully erosion. Describe the a) SALT b) CHIAT c) Avalanches
gully development process in hilly areas of Nepal. 10. Differentiate between rill and gully erosions. Discuss the
11. Enlist the institutions involved in soil conservation and gully development process in hilly area or Nepal.
watershed management in Nepal. Discuss the activities 11. Enlist the institutions involved in soil conservation and
carried out by the Department of Soil conservation and watershed management in Nepal. Discuss the activities
watershed Management(DSCWM) carried out by the Department of Soil erosion and Watershed
12. Describe the benefits of integrated watershed management. management(DSCWM)
12. Discuss the principles of integrated watershed manage-
ment with examples.

FINAL EXAMINATION -2070 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Define watershed management and explain the causes of FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074
watershed deterioration and management options in hilly F.M. 40
region of Nepal. Subject:INEPALESE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND POLICY Time: 2 Hrs
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the
2. Briefly explain the mechanisms of the soil erosion by margin indicates full marks.
water. Essay Type Question 10
3. Differentiate between surface creep and suspension. 1. Discuss why the pace of agricultural development or
Describe the factors affecting wind Erosion. growth is very slow in Nepal.
4. Enlist the measures of soil erosion control in agricultural Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
land and explain the role of strip cropping in soil erosion 2. Discuss basic terms to be considered while formulating
control. appropriate agricultural development policies in Nepal.
5. Agricultural practices and water quality affect each other, 3. Discuss social and institutional obstacles in hindering
how? agricultural growth in Nepal.
6. What are the significances of hydrological cycle in 4. Discuss structural obstacles in Nepal from agricultural
agriculture? development point of view.
7. Describe the policies and strategies adopted by Depart- 5. Discuss the importance of cash crops in Nepal.
ment of soil conservation and watershed management in 6. Discuss the importance of livestock development in Nepal.
Nepal. 7. Discuss the importance of water resource in agricultural
8. What is afforestation? Describe the soil erosion control in development of Nepal.
forest Lands. 8. Discuss different priorities of agricultural development
9. Poor men and poor soil go together, justify. Strategy (ads) of Nepal.
10. Define universal soil loss equation. How do organic matter 9. Briefly discuss different development plans of Nepal.
and clay particles influences soil erodibility? 10.Discuss institutes related to teaching and research in
11. Explain any two bioengineering technologies that are agriculture sector of Nepal
useful to control soil erosion in Nepal. 11.Critically discuss land reform initiatives of Nepal.
12. Write short notes on: 12.Discuss different programs related to poverty alleviation of
a. Contour hedge row technology Nepal.
b. Sheet erosion
BACK EXAMINATION-2074
1. Interrelate Nepal's agriculture with her economy. Discuss
FINAL EXAMINATION-2069 on major components of Nepalese agriculture pertaining to
Essay Type Question 10 their roles in national economy.
1. Define soil erosion by water and describe the factors Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
affecting soil erosion in detail. Explain the effects of soil 2. Discuss on past trend, present situation and future
erosion caused by water in public Health hazard. prospect of food grain production in Nepal.
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 3. Discuss with evidences whether higher dependency of
2. Describe various parameters used for land capability economy on agriculture is bad or boon to Nepal.
classification. 4. Enlist major water resources policies of Nepal. Critically
3. Explain watershed characteristics affecting the sediment evaluate key policies of Nepal. Critically evaluate key policies
Yield. in relation to efficiency in water resource utilization,
4. Explain sources of water pollution with examples. 5. Describe key strategies for increasing agricultural profitability
5. Describe the importance of hydrological knowledge in envisaged in Agriculture development Strategy (ADS), 2014 of Nepal.
natural resource planning. 6. Explain major institutional problems of agricultural
6. Discuss the consequences of soil erosion in soil fertility production in Nepal. Also suggest suitable policy interven-
loss and land degradation. tions to overcome those problems.
7. Describe soil characteristics for better water harvesting. 7. Discuss on role of cooperative organizations for promot-
8. What are the engineering measures for soil erosion ing agricultural production and marketing in Nepal.
control? Describe the terracing method in brief. 8. Define land reform. Discuss on present land tenure
systems of Nepal.
9. Mention the legislations and regulations related to soil
9. Explain in brief about major research and extension
conservation and watershed management.
institutions involved in development of agricultural develop-
10. Classify and discuss the control measures of stream bank
ment sector in Nepal.
erosion. 10. Explain the role of foreign aid as well as their negative
11. Explain the mechanics of wind erosion. consequences in agricultural development of Nepal.
12. Write short notes on: 11. Define poverty. Critically evaluate the government efforts
a) Wind erosion for poverty alleviation in Nepal.
b) Shelterbelt 12. What are dimensions of food security? Suggest effective
measures to overcome food insecurity problem of Nepal.

Final EXAMINATION-2073 Back EXAMINATION-2073
1. Describe major problems in Nepalese agriculture. Briefly 1. Critically evaluate food production and poverty alleviation
discuss the important of irrigation water policy in the agricul- aspects of 10th five year plan and first interim plan (2007/08-
tural sector development in Nepal. 2009/10) launched by the Government of Nepal.
2. Critically asses the present scenario of horticultural crops 2. Argue graphically how share of agriculture in total GDP is
in Nepal. gradually reducing over time.
3. Agriculture as the accelerator if economic development in 3. Graphically analyze fruit and vegetable production trend
Nepal. Give your suitable argument. in Nepal.
4. What is APP? Briefly discuss the major inputs and 4. One of the major causes of poor agricultural development
outputs priority in APP. is the economic obstacle adhering. Explain it with examples.
5. Briefly discuss food security and insecurity scenarios in 5. Give details about major policy implementation role of
Nepal. agricultural extension institutions in Nepal.
6. What is three year interim plan? Discuss major priority, 6. What do you mean by income poverty? Prepare a list of
achievement and highlight in agricultural sector under TYIP. major organizations involved in poverty alleviation in Nepal.
7. What are the objectives of NAP, 2004? Briefly discuss any 7. What are the objectives and components implemented in
five major policies under objective 1st of NAO, 2004. the Integrated Rural Development Programs (IRDPs)?
8. Enlist major institutions actively involved for agricultural 8. List down the priority inputs and outputs envisaged in the
research, extension and development. How does ADB/ Nepal Agriculture Perspective Plan. Explain growth path of per
play an important role on agricultural development in Nepal? capita GDP from horticultural crops envisaged in the APP.
9. Define poverty. What are the major causes and conse- 9. Graphically describe current trend of Nepalese food self-
quences of high poverty in the country? sufficiency status.
10. What are the strategies under APP? Briefly discuss each 10. Critically analyze foreign aid use pattern in Nepalese
strategy. Agriculture,
11. Briefly discuss major land reform and tenure system 11. Write short note on:
adopted in Nepal. a) Role of financial institutions in agriculture
12. How to achieve the goal of household food security, profit b) Milk production trend
maximization at farm and improved living standard of the c) Land tenure system
people? 12. State current water resources management policies in
Nepal.
Final EXAMINATION-2071 BACK EXAMINATION-2071

1. Discuss the importance of agriculture in Nepalese 1. What do you mean by food security? Discuss the
economy. Also highlight various obstacles faced by the dimension, causes and coping strategies of food insecurity in
sector. Nepal.
2. Highlight the role of teaching institutions like IAAS in the 2. What are the problems of agriculture in Nepal?
agricultural development in Nepal. 3. Define poverty. How do you suggest the Nepal govern-
3. Discuss the chronological agricultural development in ment to solve poverty?
Nepal. 4. Enlist different institution engaged in agricultural develop-
4. How can 3-R approach be an effective tool to fight ment in Nepal. Explain the role of ADB/N.
against food insecurity. 5. Critically discuss the productivity and production trend of
5. What is the significance of National Agricultural Policy rice.
2004 in the agricultural development in Nepal? 6. What do you mean by the land reform and land tenure
6. Explain the harnessing of water resources in Nepal. system? Explain in context of Nepal.
7. Describe in brief about APP. 7. Briefly discuss the priorities of input and output of APP.
8. Critically evaluate the Land Reform and tenure system in 8. Briefly discuss the importance of water resource in Nepal.
Nepal. 9. Discus the role of foreign aid for agricultural development
9. Discuss the role of different national plan periods in the in Nepal.
agricultural development in Nepal. 10. Define the Lorentz curve and Gini coefficient and also
10. Highlight the role of foreign aid in agricultural develop- discuss its application.
ment in Nepal. 11. Agriculture is the back bone of Nepalese economy,
11. Discuss various efforts of government of Nepal towards comment.
alleviating poverty. 12. Critically evaluate the national agricultural policy 2004 of
12. Write short notes on (any three): Nepal.
a) Youth in agriculture
b) Role of women in development of agriculture
c) Cooperatives
d) Agriculture, accelerator of national economy

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Discuss the roles of organic matter for soil health. Suggest
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 6th Semester F.M. 20 means and ways to make the soil rich in organic matter.
P.M. 8 Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14
Subject: Organic agriculture Time: 1:30 Hrs
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. Write down the evolution of organic agricultural move-
margin indicates full marks. ment in the world.
Essay Type Question 6 3. What are the positive and negative aspects of green
1. Define organic farming and write down positive and revolution in agriculture?
negative impact of green revolution in agro-environment. 4. How does biodiversity help to promote organic agriculture
Short questions (Attempt any Seven) 7×2 = 14 in Nepal?
2. Write down the soil conservation practices adopted in Nepal. 5. Write down the principles of organic pest management
3. What is bio-pesticides? Briefly explain the major principles IPM. write examples.
4. Write down the principles of fairness in organic farming. 6. What are the prospects and problems of organic agricul-
a) Accreditation b) Importance of bio-fertilizer c) Present ture in Nepal? Explain.
status of organic farming in Nepal 7. Describe the potential of Nepal shift to organic system of
6. Write down the importance of indigenous knowledge in cultivation.
organic farming. 8. Write short notes on (any two):
7. What is biodiversity conservation? Write down the major a. Bio fertilizers b. Plants of pesticidal value c.
practices needed for biodiversity conservation in Nepal. Livestock in organic agriculture
8. How can you manage the physio-chemical properties of 9. Discuss briefly the principles of health in organic agricul-
soil in organic farming? ture.
9. Write down the importance and principles of in organic
farming in Nepal. Final examination- 2070
Final examination- 2073 Essay Type Question 6
Essay Type Question 6 1. Define organic farming and write down the importance of
1. Define organic farming and write down the scope of organic farming in Nepal.
organic farming in Nepal.
2. Briefly explain the negative effect of modern agriculture in 2. Briefly explain the impact of green revolution on agro-
Nepal. environment.
3. What is integrated pest management? Enlist the major 3. What is organic pest management? Explain the principles
constraints of organic farming in Nepal. of integrated pest management.
4. Discuss briefly the principles of health in organic agriculture. 4. Write down the ecological principles of organic farming.
5. Write short notes on (any two): 5. Write short notes on (any two):
a) Green revolution b) Accreditation c) Biodiversity a. Chemical based agriculture
conservation b. Certification of organic products
6. Write down the principles of sustainable soil management c. Bio pesticides
in organic agriculture.
6. Describe the importance of biodiversity management in
7. Discuss briefly the importance of animals integration in
organic farming. organic agriculture.
8. Enlist the major components organic farming and explain 7. What is green revolution? Explain the positive impact of
the importance of any one in brief. green revolution on farmer's livelihood.
9. Writ down the organic product certification status in 8. How can you manage the soil fertility in organic farming?
Nepal. Final examination- 2073 Describe in brief.
Essay Type Question 6 9. Discuss the importance of livestock integration in organic
1. Define organic farming and write down in brief the farming.
importance of organic farming in our country.
2. How enough nutrients can be provided to the crops by
supplying organic material?
3. What is integrated nutrient management? Write down the
major constraints of organic farming in Nepal.
4. Write down the principles of sustainable soil management
in organic agriculture.
5. Discuss briefly the principles of ecology in organic agriculture.
6. Briefly explain the major negative constraints of organic
farming in Nepal.
7. Enlist the major components of organic farming and
explain the importance of any one of them.
8. Discuss briefly the importance of animal integration in
organic farming.
9. Write short notes on (any two): a) Soil conservation
b) Integrated pest management c) Green revolution

RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. What is genetic principle of mating systems? Outline and
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 discuss the different mating systems practiced in genetic
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 6th Semester F.M. 40
P.M. 16 improvement programs focusing on the application issues
Subject: Principles and practices of animal breeding Time: 2 Hrs and situation.
margin indicates full marks. 2. What are the differences between qualitative and quanti-
Essay Type Question 10 tative trait behaviors? Discuss.
1. Classify livestock mating system in brief. You want to 3. It is said that selection is the "key of the arch" in animal
improve the indigenous Parkote breed for the milk purpose in breeding. Justify.
the mid-hill area. What could be your suitable breeding plan? 4. What may be the selection approach for additive and non-
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 additive type of gene actions? Illustrate.
2. Write in short about the history of animal breeding 5. What do you understand by probable breeding values
development in Nepal. (PVB) of an individual and how you estimate the PBV of an
3. Discuss about the results of mating of Bosgrunnienswith hill cattle. individual under different situation?
4. What do you mean by genotype by environment (G×E) interaction? 6. What are the ways or approaches of improving animal
Describe the importance of (G×E) interaction in livestock breeding. productivity? Which approach bring permanent changes? Discuss.
5. Enlist the causes of variation. What is the role of variation 7. What are the differences in the interest of breeder farm and
in genetic improvement? commercial farmers? Discuss in the line of breeding methods.
6. What do you mean by non-additive gene action? Write 8. How do you perform selection based on siblings? What
any two cases of over- dominance in animals. are the genetic principles?
9. Estimate relative accuracy of selection under progeny test
7. Define the term selection. Discuss on the genetic effect of selection.
when heritability of a trait is 30% and the number of progenies
8. What are the advantages of progeny selection over the
(half sibs) tester parent is 10 and conclude the result.
individual selection? Discuss.
10. Discuss the concept of using crossbred males or females in
9. Differentiate 'broad sense' and 'narrow sense' heritability developing synthetic breed population in animal production systems.
and describe the importance of heritability estimates in 11. 600 half sib progenies of Jersey cattle obtained from 6 sores
livestock improvement. were reported to have an average g fat of 4.99 %. If the heritabil-
10. What is the worth of AI in country such as Nepal? What ity is 53%, calculate the breeding values of each sire and rank
are the practices to be considered to increase the success rate them as per their superiority on the basis of following data.
of conception through AI? Sire ID
11. Define the concept of transgenic animals. What are the Sire 1 Sire 2 Sire 3 Sire 4 Sire 5 Sire 6
uses of transgenic technology? No. of 60 40 100 80 200 120
12. Draw a well labelled diagram of female reproductive progenies
per sire
system of cattle. Write in brief about corpus luteum. Avg. fat % 4.48 5.43 5.39 4.46 5.41 4.45
Essay Type Question 10 Final examination- 2073
1. What are different systems of mating? Which of them do Essay Type Question 10
you choose to improve local cattle and hilly goat in Nepal? 1. What are the different methods of selection for superior
Give enough reasons. breeding of livestock? Why progeny selection is must
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 preferred to other method of selection?
2. Write short notes on (any two): Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
a) Heat synchronization b) Nicking c) Achhami cattle 2. Discuss on the history of animal breeding.
3. Describe the importance and scope of animal breeding in 3. What are the major economic traits of sheep? Explain in brief.
impressing the local stocks in Nepal. 4. What do you mean by gene and environmental interac-
4. Write the causes of variation and why it is important in the tion and its significance? Explain in brief.
selection process? 5. In Nepal, there are many local animals which have very low
5. What are the important economic traits of livestock and production and productivity, as a student of animal breeding
poultry? what breeding strategy you followed for increasing the produc-
6. What is the breeding value and how can you estimate the tivity of these animals? Explain with suitable example.
breeding value of a bull? 6. What do you mean by heritability? How do you estimate
7. Define pedigree record. Write the advantages and disad- heritability from resemblance between relatives?
vantages of pedigree selection. 7. Define hormone. Explain the role and function of gona-
8. How do you know that a cow is in heat? Enlist the major dotropic hormone.
hormones related to reproduction. 8. What do you mean by AV? How do you prepare AV for
9. Differentiate between A.I. and E.T. technique. Which collection of semen?
technique is appropriate to adopt in Nepalese context and why? 9. What is estrus synchronization? What are the methods of
10. Draw a well labelled diagram of female reproductive organs synchronization of estrus in farm animals?
and describe ovaries. 10. What do you mean by super ovulation? Write down any
11. What is transgenic animal? Write the importance of two protocols of super ovulation in farm animals.
transgenic animal. 11. How embryo collection is performed in cattle? Explain.
12. Draw a well labelled diagram of mature Graatian follicle. 12. Write short note on following.
a. Most probably producing ability (MPPA) b. Breeding
value c. Plateau population d. Coefficient of inbreeding
1. Explain the meaning of selection and discuss about the 1. Explain the meaning of embryo transfer. How embryo
method of selection. transfer is performed in buffalo? Discuss in detail.
2. Write about phases of estrus cycle. 2. What are the advantages of cross breeding? Why do the
3. What are the major economic traits of cattle and sheep? people still follow in breeding? Give reasons.
4. What do you mean by variation? What are the causes of 3. Explain the meaning of heritability. How does it differ from
variation? Explain. repeatability?
5. Explain the meaning of heritability and repeatability. 4. Write about indigenous breeds of cattle, goat and sheep
6. Define hormone. Write the important function of FSH, LH in Nepal.
and PMSG. 5. What is variation? What are the causes of variation in
7. What do you mean by AV? How do you prepare AV for livestock? Explain.
collection of semen? 6. Write about method of selection.
8. What is estrus synchronization? What are the methods of 7. How semen is collected from bull? Describe in brief.
synchronization of estrus in cattle? 8. What do you mean by estrus? Discuss about phases of
9. What do you mean by super ovulation? Write down any estrus cycle.
two protocols of super ovulation buffaloes. 9. Define hormone. Write the role of FSH, LH and PMSG in
10. How embryo collection is performed in cattle? Discuss. livestock reproduction.
11. Write the short note on: 10. How do you evaluate semen?
a) Most probable producing ability (MPPA) b) Breeding 11. What do you mean by heat synchronization? Give it
value c) Semen extenders d) Silent estrus significance and technique involved in livestock production.
12. Write about short notes on the following:
Final examination- 2070 a) Additive and non-additive generation
Essay Type Question 10 b) Lethal gene
1. How does selection contribute in genetic improvement? c) Genetic effect of cross breeding
What are basis of selection, discuss them with their advan- d) Importance of animal breeding
tages and disadvantages. Back examination- 2070
2. Describe briefly about DNA translation. 1. What are the advantages of out breeding over inbreeding
3. What do you mean by heritability? Describe briefly with and, vice versa? Why do you the people still follow inbreed-
example. ing practices in spite of knowing about its consequences?
4. Why is it important to know the type of gene actions in Discuss.
the selection process? Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
5. What is variation? What are the causes of variation in 2. Enlist the indigenous breeds of buffalo and cattle found in
livestock? Explain. Nepal with their major characteristics features.
6. What are economic traits considered in sheep, swine and 3. What is E.T? How ET is performed in cattle? Explain.
poultry for genetic improvement? 4. What are male and female reproductive hormone? Discuss
7. What are the different biotechnological approaches their role and function in reproduction.
g=developed in livestock improvement program? Explain in 5. What are the significance of AI in farm animal?
brief. 6. What are the basis of selection for genetic improvement of
8. Discuss mating system used to improve the productivity livestock species?
of different livestock species. 7. Why heredity is more important than environment?
9. Define heat synchronization. Give it significance and 8. Define repeatability. How does it differ from heritability?
processes involved in livestock production. 9. List method of semen collection from bull and explain one
10. Differentiate between AI and ET. How AI is performed in of them.
cow? Explain. 10. How could you determine if quantitative trait are affected
11. Define hormone. What are male and females hormones? by additives or non- additives or both type of gene action?
Discuss their roles and functions in reproduction. 11. Write your impression about this course considering
12. Explain with sketch of reproductive system of buffalo. practical use.
12. Write short notes on the following:
a. Lethal gene
b. Silent estrus
c. Progeny testing
d. Breeding value

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Briefly outline the major economic insect-pests of
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 6th Semester F.M. 40 cucurbits with their common names, scientific name and
P.M. 16 family.Discuss in detail the effective management strategies to
Subject: Economic Entomology Time: 2 Hrs
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the control Cucurbit Fruit Fly.
margin indicates full marks. Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
Essay Type Question 10 2. How do you measure the economic status of insect-pest?
1. List down the major insect pests of cole crops vegetables. Briefly explain with examples.
Describe identification, nature of damage, life cycle and 3. Enlist any five storage grain insect-pests of crucifer crops
management of cabbage butterfly and diamond black moth. and their management?
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 4. How the fruit borer damages in tomato crop?
2. Recently there was heavy infestation of one of the insect pest 5. Describe about major insect pest and their management in
in tomato in Kavre district which belong to Gelichiidae family. potato.
identify and describe the managerial aspect of that inset pets 6. What are the major insect pet of crucifer crops and their
3. How do the Lipaphis erysimi damage crops?
management?
4. Wrote down the non- chemical measures to control
storage insects with example. 7. How does the five storage grain insect-pests with their
5. Write down the non-chemical measures to control storage host crop and damage symptoms.
insects with example. 8. Briefly explain the life cycle of American bollworm,
6. Give the names of economically importance insect pests of 9. Briefly describe the life cycle of sugarcane top shoot
mango with their scientific name, order, family. bores.
7. Define insect vectors. List the major plant insect pests of 10. Differentiate between:
mango with the disease they transmit. a) Dead heart and white head
8. List any three insects that have two damaging stage and b) Fleas and mites
write about their nature of damage. c) Brown plant hopper and green leaf hopper
9. Write about the scientific name, family, order, identification 11. Define the terms:
and life cycle of social insect pests for potato.
a) Oligophagous pest
10. The pest causes significant damage being vector of citrus
greening disease. Write down identifying character and the b) Medical entomology
management procedures for the pest. c) Silver shoot
11. How do you identify Tobacco caterpillar? Write about its Final examination- 2073
damaging symptoms and management procedure. Essay Type Question 10
12. Define the term: 1. Write down the borer and hopper complex of rice ecosys-
a) Double seeds in cotton b) Dead heart c) Rodent control. tem? Describe details on brown plant hopper and yellow stem
Final examination- 2073 borer of rice highlighting it sustainable management practices.
1. Enlist major and minor insect pest of Solanaceous crops Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
with their scientific names and orders. Among the major pests, 2. Write any five important pests of industrial crops? Shortly describe
describe two of the most economic importance pests with the integrated management of Heliciverpa armigera in cotton crops.
justifications and suggest their management practices as well. 3. Compare and contrast the management practices of soil
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 inhibiting and aerial feeding insects of vegetables
2. Define economic entomology and how do you differenti- 4. The management practice of white grub is difficult in cereal
ate insects from pests.
3. Enlist the major stored grain insects and suggest their based farming system. Describe details on its biology and
management practices appropriate to our rural community. management practices in hilly regions of Nepal.
4. What are the stem and plant heart-damaging insects of maize stem borer. 5. How do you differentiate dead heart with white head of rice?
5. Give the name of sap sucking insects of rice. Describe the Write the short management practices of stem borer in rice crops.
life cycle and management practices of Leptocorisa oratorius 6. How do you justify Pumpkin fruit fly is the destructive
6. What do you understand by pseudo stem trapping and pest of cucurbit? Briefly describe its management practices in
for what purpose this is applied? cucurbit fields.
7. List five major insects of citrus. Write down the biology
and management practices of Citrus Pysilla 7. Enlist 5 important pests under homopteran? Shortly
8. What do you understand by medical and veterinary insect describe it nature of damage of sucking insects in vegetable
pests? Enlist major veterinary insect pests and describe crops. Justify and support with examples.
management practices of one of them. 8. How do you differentiate the leaf webber with the lead
9. Define insect vectors. Why aphids are considered the most folder? Suggest the short life cycle and management practices
efficient vectors and enlist five plant diseases transmitted by aphids? of Brinjal Leaf webber.
10. Write down the major insect pests of cucurbitaceous
crops. Describe the life cycle and management practices of 9. Write short life cycle of banana scarring beetle? Scarring
Bactorcera cucurbitae Coquillett. beetle reduced the market price of banana. Justify wit ex-
11. Define polyphagous pests. Why polyphagous pets are amples.
difficult to manage. 10. Enlist any five major leaf defoliating insect of rice? Shortly
12. Write short notes on: describe any one of them.
a) Macropterous b) White head c) Hopper burn 11. What do you mean by insect vectors? Enlist nay five
insects vectors of human beings and plant.
a) Polyphagous pest b) Soil inhibiting insect
1. List down the major insect pest of solanaceous vegetables 1. What are the major economic insect pests of solanceous
on the basis of the plant parts they feed upon. Describe identi- crops? Discuss in detail the biology and effective manage-
fication. Nature of damage, life cycle and management of any ment strategies to control tomato fruit borer.
two leaf feeders. Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 2. How do you measure the economic threshold level of
2. Write down the identification, nature of damage, life cycle insect pet? Briefly categorize the insect pest based on host
and management of any two leaf feeders. association.
3. List any six crop damage activities inflicted by chewing insects. 3. Enlist five major insects of rice with management options
4. Write down the damaging activities of aphids, of borer complex.
5. Write down the measures to control storage insects without 4. Briefly describe the life cycle and management of sugar-
using any chemicals. cane top shoot borer.
6. Give the names of economically important insect pest of 5. Briefly describe the biology and effective management
banana with their scientific name, orders and families. practice of cucurbit fruit fly.
7. Define insect vectors. List he major plant insect vectors with 6. Briefly describe the biology of citrus stink bug. Also
the disease they transmit. describe its appropriate management practices in citrus crops,
8. Write down about thaactivitiesdone for rodent control. 7. List any five major insect pests of temperate fruits. Briefly
9. Write about the scientific names, families, orders identifica- describe the biology and management practices of wooly aphid.
tion and life cycle of social insect pest for citrus. 8. Define insect vectors. Define any five viral insect vectors
10. Recently there was a heavy infestation of one of the polypha- with names of viral diseases.
gous insect pest in Banke district whose adult is a dark colored 9. Enlist any five storage grain insect pest. Also describe its
moth with certain patterns of white-wavy marking on the forew- integrated management.
ings and hind wings are white brown colored margins, their egg 10. Describe briefly the biology and management practices of
masses are covered with brown hairs. Identify and describe the white fly in cucurbit crops.
managerial aspect of that insect pest. 11. Differentiate between:
11. Write down the management of Leptocorisa oratorius. a) Dead heart and white head b) Fleas and mites
12. Define the term: c) Brown plant hopper and green leaf hopper
a) Silvery shoot b)Dead heart c) Hopper burn 12. List any three major insect pest of mango with their
effective management options.
1. Write down the major ten insect pest of cereal crops. Write 1. Enlist the major insect pests of all cereal crops found in
in detail about the hopper and borer complex of rice crops. your locality. Write on borer and hopper complex of rice pests
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 describing their life cycle, nature of damage and practical
management practices.
2. What are the major storage insect pests in your locality? Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
How do you suggest to the farmers to reduce its infestation in 2. Enlist economically important insect pests of sugarcane
storage house? and mention control measure of any one of them.
3. Briefly describe the biology of Lemon Butterfly. Also 3. What are the major insect pest of winter fruits? Explain the
describe its appropriate management practices in citrus crops. damage symptoms and preventive control measure of San
4. What are the major pests of maize crops. Jose Scale in apple.
5. List any five major leaf damaging insects of crucifers. Also 4. Describe the nature of damage and practical control
measure of the following insects:
describe the biology and management practices of cabbage
a) Aphis sp b) Agriotes so c) Agrotis sp
butterfly. 5. What do you understand by vertebrate pets? Write on
6. What do you mean by invertebrate pests? Write their their effective management in different crops.
nature of damage and appropriate management practices. 6. Enlist the important insect pest of cucurbits. The manage-
7. Give the names of economically important insect pest of ment of cucurbit fruit fly is difficult, why? Explain.
mango? Write appropriate management practices of citrus 7. Define HPR. How can you measure the plant resistance
stink bug, against insect? Give suitable examples.
8. Write in detail the life cycle and nature of damage of red 8. Shortly describe the insect vectors of human diseases.
Highlight the effective management of important vectors in
pumpkin beetle. your locality.
9. "Management of sap sucking insects differ from chewing 9. Enlist the important insect pests of banana. Describe the
type of insects." Support with examples. nature of damage of fruit and leaf scarring beetle. Why this
10. Define insect vectors. List nay five major viral insects with pest is important to banana farmers?
names of viral diseases. 10. Enlist the important pests of solanaceous and leguminous
11. List any five major insect pests of temperate fruits. Briefly crops available in your locality.
describe biology and management practices of wooly aphid. 11. Differentiate between the following:
a) Bug and Hispa damage b) Cabbage butterfly and tobacco
caterpillar damage c) Soybean hairy caterpillar and red
a) Predators b) Hopper burn c) Deadheart pumpkin beetle damage,
a) Dirty trap b) Mc Fell trap c) Farmer field school

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Write down the type of communications system in details
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 6th Semester F.M. 40 and which method of communication is cost effective?
P.M. 16 Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
Subject: Agricultural communication Time: 2 Hrs
2. Define the term communication.
margin indicates full marks. 3. What are the scope of communication in agricultural
Essay Type Question 10 development program of Nepal?
1. What is effective communication? Discuss the role of 4. Write down the process of communication in brief.
planning for effective communicationwith respect to the 5. What do you mean by 'theory' and write down the theory
trends, issues and problems of selective influence in brief?
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 6. Write down the function of communication planning.
2. List nine function of communication. Describe nay two 7. What are the effect of communication research in agricul-
reflecting agricultural development. tural development?
3. Describe physical and cultural barrier of communication. 8. Briefly describe communication strategy model.
4. Explain bullet theory and cognitive dissonance theory of
9. Write down the non-verbal communication in brief.
ccommunication
5. What are different approaches of development communi- 10. What do you mean by feedback in communication and its
cation? Explain. type?
6. What do you mean by kinesics and haptics in communica- 11. Write short note on cultural barrier on agricultural
tion? Explain communication.
7. Explain individual communication system and its impor- 12. What are the basic communication approaches and write
tance in agriculture, community development approach in detail?
8. What are different communication channels? Which one is
better in agricultural development? Give your vies,
9. What are the things to be considered in planning for
effective communication? 1. What is theory in communication? Mention the functions
10. Describe principle of communication in relation to chan- of theory and recommend a theory of your own choice to help
nels and receiver. in solving IAAS problems.
11. Give any six problems in South Asian development Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
communication program with their solution measures, 2. Conceptualize communication in brief.
12. Write short notes on (any three) a) Aristotle model 3. Discuss in brief the roles of communication in agricultural
b) Leagan's model c) Mirage d) Homogeneity development program.
Final examination- 2073 4. Explain non-verbal communication in brief.
Essay Type Question 10 5. Write down the scopes of communication in Nepal.
1. How feedback in communication is important in technol- 6. Describe in brief the feedback and its types.
ogy transfer? Explain the characteristics of feedback with 7. Discuss in brief the theories of mass media.
suitable examples. How can we make feedback more effective? 8. Clarify inter personal communication with examples.
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 9. Differentiate between intensive development approach and
2. What is the model of communication? In your opinion, self-help cooperative approach of communication.
which model of communication is best suitable to make 10.What are the physiological barriers of communication?
teaching learning effective? Describe in brief.
3. What are the major typologies of communication barriers? 11.List the characteristics of least developing countries with
How can it be reduced? example.
4. How non-verbal communication is effective in extension of 12.Describe the nature of communication strategy model in
teaching learning situation? agricultural development.
5. Enlist the functions of communication and explain major
functions of communication in most of the agricultural
development organization.
6. Is communication a process? Explain with suitable sketch
demonstrating each elements of communication as a process.
7. What are the major differences between the communication
approach, ccommunication strategy and communication methods?
8. Define and state the meaning of communication plan.
What are the elements of communication we should consider
before planning a communication plan?
9. Classify the major types of communication. How can we
make verbal presentation effective?
10. What are the major issues of development communication on Nepal?
11. What is communication theory? Enlist the major theory of
communication and explain any one of them.
12. Write short notes on: (any three)
a) communication skills b) intrapersonal communication system
c) advantage of group communication system
d) principles of communication
1. What do you mean by communication strategy? Describe 1. What is theory in communication and write down the
the steps involved in planning a communication strategy for different theory in communication with suitable example in
an agricultural extension project of your choice. Provide with agricultural development program of Nepal?
suitable examples. Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 2. Explain non-verbal communication in brief.
2. What do you mean by feedback? What is its importance in 3. What are the social barriers of communication? Explain.
extension education? 4. Discuss on characteristics of feedback in communication.
3. What are the different elements of communication? Write 5. Write down the elements of communication in brief.
about the importance of media forums in agricultural extension. 6. Define communication in agricultural development in brief.
4. What do you understand by media forums? Write about 7. Write down the function on communication planning
the importance of media forums in agriculture extension. 8. Discuss on channel of mass media.
5. How do you view communication as a process? Explain. 9. Write down the communication strategy model in brief.
6. What are the channels of communication? Classify and 10. What do you mean by group communication system?
explain different channels of communication. Briefly discuss the agricultural development perspective.
7. What are models? Provide a model on extension communi- 11. What are the basic communication approaches? Describe
cation system with neat diagram. community development approach.
8. List out the different barriers to communication and explain 12. Write down the function of communication in agricultural
any one of them, development program of Nepal.
9. What are the different forms of communication? Explain
nor-verbal communication with its functions. Final examination- 2070
10.Explain about the induced innovation model of Agricultural Essay Type Question 10
Development. 1. Define the term theory in communication and mention it
11.Define effective communication. Write about the factors type and recommend an appropriate theory which will solve
affecting communication effectiveness of an extension worker. the problems of Lamjung Campus.
12.Write short notes on (any three): Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
a) Homophily and heterophily 2. Explain the characteristics of feedback.
b) Communication fidelity 3. Write down the free press theory and relate it with example
c) Time lag in communication of our country.
d) Two step flow of communication 4. Write down the appropriate model of communication in
agriculture development of Nepal.
5. Discuss in brief the communication emphasized agricultural
Essay Type Question 10 extension.
1. What do you mean by strategy development? How 6. What are the cultural barriers to communication? Discuss
do you plan on effective communication program? in brief.
Explain in detail 7. What are the functions of communication? Describe in
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 brief.
2. Write down the principle of communication in brief. 8. Explain facial expression of non- verbal communication.
3. Discuss communication process in agriculture 9. What are the factors involved in the planning for effective
development. communication?
10.Clarify the inter-personal communication with examples.
4. What are the functions of communication? Describe in brief.
11.Write down the nature of communication and development
5. Define feedback in communication and discuss the
of South East Asia.
advantage of feedback in extension education. 12.Differentiate between ideological mass mobilization
6. Describe the different types of communication in brief. approach and mass media educational approach.
7. What do you mean by theory? Describe any one
important theory in agricultural development.
8. Define proxemics in communication with suitable
examples.
9. Write in brief about different approaches of commu-
nication used in Nepal.
10.What are the basic things of mass communication
system? Write down the advantages of mass communi-
cation channels.
11. Discuss the barriers of effective communication.
12.What do you mean by PPP in agricultural develop-
ment? Write down the roles of stakeholders in PPP.

RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. Sketch the diagram specifying the four phases of social
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 6th Semester F.M. 40 mobilization. Outline the major challenges and its possible
P.M. 16 causes in implementation process of social mobilization with
Subject: social mobilization and community development Time: 2 Hrs specific example.
Essay Type Question 10 2. Explain with suitable diagram and specific example, why
1. Elaborate every segments of social mobilization con- soical mobilization is dynamic process?
tinuum in detail and outline the phases of social 3. Conceptualize the meaning of development and enlist the
mobilizationwith its detailed descriptions. major dimensions of development. State any three indicators
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 for its measurement with specific examples.
2. Write on history of social mobilization after post 1993 era. 4. Explain the concept 'gender is constructed by society'.
3. What is the concept of GESI and how it support to Differentiate the concept gender and sex.
maintain social harmony? 5. What is gender mainstreaming? How could we mainstream
4. What arethe capitals of community development? gender in development process? Explain with example.
Describe it with practical examples. 6. Classify the major typologies of social mobilization with
5. Mention multifaceted crisis of SAARC sub- region specific example. What are the program package of social
observed by the ISACPA. mobilization?
6. What is decentralization? Mention the elements of its four bases. 7. Enlist the major objectives of social mobilization with
7. Describe the conceptual and programme packages of specific example. What are the program package of social
social mobilization. mobilization?
8. Present brief overview on gender mainstreaming. 8. Enlist the major characteristics of participatory planning
9. What are the 5 core elements used for the plan process. What are the steps of planning cycle?
prioritization and plan shortening from the preliminary 9. Conceptualize the meaning of human poverty. What are the
collected shopping list of the community needs? major indicators of measurement of human poverty in Nepal?
10. How social mobilization is a dynamic process? Outline the 10. What is the current situation of remittance in Nepal and
learning cycle. explain how migration affects the poverty reduction and
11. Write some important traits possessed by a person development of Nepal?
involved in social mobilization. 11. Summarize the local governance reforms and decentraliza-
12. Write short notes on:c) Packages of social mobilization tion practice of Nepal during different regime
d) Purpose of social mobilization 12. Why government of Nepal recognized social mobilization
as one of the best strategy of poverty reduction program?
1. Explain detailed account of stages, dialogues and main 1. What are the concept of development, sustainable
activities of social mobilization. development and social mobilization? Explain them with
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 suitable examples in the context of Nepal.
2. Describe social mobilization is a 'collective effort'. Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
3. Write the concept of rural development and sustainable 2. Explain the various stages of social mobilization in brief
development. with suitable examples.
4. What is ISACPA? What multifaceted crisis observed and 3. What are the major problems and issues of rural develop-
endorsed in 1992 SAARC meeting that summarized under the ment of Nepal? Explain in brief.
document called 'Meeting the Challenges'. 4. Explain the concept of modernization in brief with suitable
5. How social mobilization promotes good governance and examples.
ensures empowerment of marginalized groups? 5. What are the factors and goals of rural development of
6. Describe gender roles and needs with its few examples. Nepal?
7. What is social mobilization continuum? Sketch an 6. What are the major problems and issues of rural develop-
illustration of social groups in partnership. ment of Nepal? Explain in brief.
8. Why does social mobilization give importance on premium 7. Explain the relative deprivation and human poverty in brief
brand of the cadres? Describe it. with appropriate examples.
9. Make a checklist of the steps of planning cycle, 8. What are the gender needs? Explain them with the context
10. What capitals need for the community development, what of rural development and poverty reduction in Nepal.
situation could be speculated in the absence of social norms 9. Explain the stages of cycle of social mobilization in Nepal
and ethics in a group? in brief with examples.
11. What is the typology of social mobilization? Describe it 10. Explain gender needs with the context of development and
12. Write short notes on: poverty reduction in Nepal with examples.
a) Packages of social mobilization 11. Explain the differences between WID and GAD in brief
b) Purpose of social mobilization with specific examples.
12. Write a question of your own choice of the course of
social mobilization and community development and explain
in brief.
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Explain detailed account of stages, dialogues and main
activities of social mobilization. Level: B.Sc. Ag. 6th Semester F.M. 40
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 P.M. 16
Subject: Postharvest horticulture Time: 2 Hrs
2. Describe social mobilization is a 'collective effort'. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the
3. Write the concept of rural development and sustainable margin indicates full marks.
development. Essay Type Question 10
4. What is ISACPA? What multifaceted crisis observed and 1. Describe the role of temperature on carious postharvest
endorsed in 1992 SAARC meeting that summarized under the aspects. What is the importance of pre-cooling? Describe
document called 'Meeting the Challenges'. mechanism of cold storage.
5. How social mobilization promotes good governance and Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
ensures empowerment of marginalized groups? 2. Why there is climacteric rise in respiration during ripening?
6. Describe gender roles and needs with its few examples. 3. Define relative humidity. How does it affect transpiration?
7. What is social mobilization continuum? Sketch an illustra- 4. Write short notes on:
tion of social groups in partnership. a) Ripening b) Senescence c) Hybobaric storage
8. Why does social mobilization give importance on premium 5. Discuss the significance of entomology in postharvest horticulture.
brand of the cadres? Describe it. 6. Enlist and describe in two sentence about postharvest
9. Make a checklist of the steps of planning cycle, deterioration on cut flower.
10. What capitals need for the community development, what 7. Describe the mechanism of fruit softening.
situation could be speculated in the absence of social norms 8. What is the importance of electron transport system in
and ethics in a group? postharvest handling and storage?
11. What is the typology of social mobilization? Describe it 9. Write down the bio synthesis path-way to Ethylene.
12. Write short notes on: 10.Describe the control measures for postharvest disease
a) Packages of social mobilization whose infestation occurs before harvest (latent infection).
b) Purpose of social mobilization 11.Enlist and describe any three constraints in marketing of
fruits and vegetable,
Final examination- 2070 12.Enlist various packing house operation. Describe the
Essay Type Question 10 process of curing potato and its importance.
1. Why understanding rural development is necessary in
Nepal? how objective or rural development is attained? Final examination- 2074
Explain briefly. Essay Type Question 10
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 1. Describe the role of temperature in post harvest horticul-
2. Nepal is a developing country. Explain the statement ture. What are the various practices to maintain the lowest
providing justification. level of metabolic activities in fruits and vegetables after
3. What are the characteristics of social mobilization" harvest.
4. Why and how investment is made to build capacity of the Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
village organization? 2. What are the various points that should be given consid-
5. Explain sustainability in development. How will you prove eration for effective marketing of fruits and vegetables?
development is unsustainable? 3. What are the various problems in cut flowers? How can
6. What are the major issues to be addressed in gender? you overcome such problems?
7. Explain term GAD. What are the gender toles? 4. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
8. Justify the statement 'Poverty breed poverty' 5. Explain with example- reduction in postharvest loss is
9. Share your idea for better decentralization in Nepal. more beneficial than increase in production.
10. What are the roles of culture in development? Discuss. 6. Enlist various methods of preservation.
11. What are the efforts of SAARC in poverty alleviation? 7. Define irradiation treatment and its use in postharvest
Describe. horticulture.
12. What have you learnt from participatory planning 8. Differentiate between ripening and degreening.
process? Explain. 9. Describe the mechanism with a diagram how cold storage
operates?
10. What are the various points that should be considered in
packaging of fruits and vegetables?
11. What do you mean by latent infection? What do you
suggest to overcome such disease?
12. What are the different criteria and measures to judge the
maturity indices of fruits and vegetables?

1. What is the importance, scope and status of postharvest 1. Describe the factors that influence respiration and
horticulture in Nepal? Also explain the problems faces by transpiration on fruits and vegetables to prolong their shelf
Nepalese people in the development of post harvest enter- life.
prises. Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 2. Describe the importance of postharvest horticulture in
2. Compare and contrast the physiology of attached and Nepal
detached organs. 3. Differentiate between climacteric and non climacteric fruits
3. What are the common maturity indices of horticultural with suitable examples.
commodities? 4. Enlist the various changes that occur during ripening and
4. What do you mean by degreening and waxing in harvested describe the softening and firmness changes during ripening.
oranges? 5. Write don the bio synthesis pathway of Ethylene.
5. Briefly describe the postharvest diseases of fruits and their 6. What is maturity indices? Describe the methods of
control measures. maturity indices of horticultural products.
6. Briefly describe the chemical method of preservation. 7. Briefly mention the physiological causes of postharvest
7. Explain the general market channels for horticultural produce. deterioration of horticultural commodities.
8. Write down the major changes occurring during ripening. 8. Define postharvest disease? How can you overcome the
9. Differentiate between (any three) problems of postharvest disease?
a) Sigmoid and double sigmoid growth 9. Describe various kinds of physiological disorders in
b) Maturation and ripening horticultural commodities.
c) Chilling and freezing injury 10. Enlist various methods of storage. Describe in detail about
d) Climacteric and non climacteric fruit rustic storage.
10.Write short notes on: (any three) 11. Write about different methods of preservations of
a) Horticultural maturity horticultural products.
b) Greening in potato 12. Write short notes on:
c) Latent infection a) Greening
d) Cellar storage b) Curing
11.Briefly discuss the mechanism of action in ripening, c) Commercial maturity of vegetables
12.Briefly describe the causes of postharvest deterioration.

1. What is postharvest horticulture? Describe the scope of 1. Describe various kinds of physiological disorders and
post harvest horticulture in Nepal. their control measures with suitable example.
2. What are the factors affecting physiological deterioration? 2. Describe the importance of postharvest horticulture in
Describe how cultural practices affect physiological deteriora- Nepal.
tion? 3. Describe the respiration behavior of fruits and vegetable
3. What is chilling injury? Write the mechanism of chilling with suitable examples.
injury. 4. What are the major factors to affect transpiration water
4. What is pre cooling? What are the advantages of pre- loss? And discuss nay two factors that affect transpiration/
cooling? Describe the hydrovac cooling method. water loss
5. What is curing in root and tubers crops? Write the 5. Enlist various methods to judge maturity of fruits and
mechanism of curing in cut surface of potato. What are the vegetables and describe only two of them.
factors affecting curing? 6. Describe the effects of ethylene with example.
6. Differentiate between climacteric and non climacteric 7. Describe the factors that influence the respiration and
fruits. shelf life of fruits and vegetables.
7. Describe the changes that occur during ripening of fruits. 8. Enlist the postharvest disease of fruits and vegetables
8. How ethylene triggers ripening of fruit crops? and how do you overcome them?
9. What is cold storage? Write down the working principle of 9. What is pre-cooling? Discuss the factors that affect in
refrigerator. What are the factors affecting storage? storage if horticultural products.
10. Write short notes on: 10. Differentiate between:
a) Physiology difference between attached and detached a) Physiological maturity and horticultural maturity
organs b) Waxing c) Factor affecting water loss. b) Physiological process of detached organ and attached
11. Define maturity indices. What are the different methods of organ
maturity judgement? 11. Write short notes on (any two):
12. Describe commonly used preservatives in post harvest a) Curing b) Waxing c) Chilling injury
horticulture. 12. Describe the mechanism of fruit softening during ripening.

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Describe with illustration the mechanism of cooling in
refrigerator. Discuss how does the temperature affect Level: B.Sc. Ag. 6th Semester F.M. 40
storability of fruits? P.M. 16
Subject: Crop Diseases and their management Time: 2 Hrs
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the
2. Describe with illustration the changes in fruits during margin indicates full marks.
ripening. Essay Type Question 10
3. Justify with examples, "minimization of post harvest loss 1. Enlist major diseases of wheat with their casual organism
is more beneficial rather than to increase production." and describe the importance, symptoms etiology, epidemiol-
4. How do you prevent the post harvest disease infection ogy, and diseasecycle and management practices of spot
which occurs in the field and those which develop during blotch of wheat.
ripening of fruits? Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
5. Enlist the activities which are to be carried out packing 2. Describesymptoms, etiology and management practices of
rice blast.
house.
3. Differentiatebetween bacterial and fungal stalk rot of maize
6. Differentiate between drying and dehydration
based on symptomatology and etiology.
7. Name different chemicals and plant growth regulators that 4. Explain the symptoms and management practices of root
are used in Physiological horticulture. Why are they used? knot of vegetables.
8. Which is the most appropriate method of maturity 5. Explain the symptoms and diseasecycle of sclerotina blight
determination to find out harvesting stage for commercial of mustard.
production of vegetables and flowers? 6. Describe the symptoms, etiology and control measures of
9. How do you minimize post harvest diseases that occur cersospora lead spot of ground nit.
during harvest and subsequent handling practices? 7. Explain the symptom and control measures of
10. You are supposed to be a planner. What do you suggest Khairadisease of rice and browning of cauliflower
for commercial production of vegetable and effective market- 8. Comment on viral disease of tomato in our country.
ing of produce? 9. Write short note on black scruf of potato.
11. Briefly describe modified atmospheric storage and 10. Explain the symptoms of cotton wilt, its etiology,
hypobaric storage. diseasecycleand management practices.
12. Describe curing and its importance. Give examples. 11. Explain the symptoms. Etiologyand management practice
of mango anthracnose.
12. How will you differentiatebetween early and late blight of
Final examination- 2070 potato? Explain
1. What are maturity indices? Discuss methods of maturity Final examination- 2074
determination and their applicability on reducing post harvest Essay Type Question 10
losses with examples. 1. Explain Irish famine and describe the etiology, symptoma-
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 tology, epidemiology and management of late blight of potato
2. "Reducing post harvest losses in a better option than and loose smut of wheat.
increasing production of horticultural commodities. Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
3. What are the major changes occurring during ripening? 2. Mention importance of downy mildew of grape and give
Discuss briefly with examples. symptoms of downy mildew of maize.
4. How do the pre- harvest factors affect on the shelf life of 3. Differentiate between powdery mildew and downy mildew
the horticultural commodities? Justify with examples. of cucurbits on the basis of etiology and symptomatology.
5. Enlist the recommended temperature and relative humidity 4. Give etiology of root rot of papaya and jute, downy mildew
for storage of the following commodities: of apple and wheat and bunts of wheat.
a) Apple b) Cauliflower c) Cucumber d) Tomatoes 5. Write symptomatology of wilt of pigeon pea, chickpea and
e) Onions f) Mangoes lentil.
6. Explain briefly the ways to control post harvest diseases. 6. Mention symptomatology, etiology of leaf blight of wheat
7. What are packing house operations? Explain briefly. and leaf blast of rice.
8. What are the methods of storage? Which method is the 7. Give symptomsof die back and leaf spot rot of chilly.
best suited to present Nepalese conditions? Explain. 8. Write about sclerotina rot and white rust of crucifers.
9. How do chemical preservatives help in food preservation? 9. Write shortly about citrus canker and tristeza virus of
What are the two major chemical classes pf preservatives citrus.
used for food preservation? Explain their suitability. 10. Explain about nematode disease of wheat and paddy.
10. Explain the major causes of post harvest losses? Deal with 11. Mention symptomatology of bunchy top of banana,
suitable examples. khairadisease rice and black tip of mango.
11. Why ethylene producers are not advised to store with 12. Mention some resistant varieties of yellow rust, black rust
other fruit, vegetables of flowers that are sensitive to it? and brown rust of wheat.
Discuss with suitable examples.
a) Curing b) Pre cooling c) Ranch packing
d) Organoleptic test

1. Describe about the symptoms, epidemiology, diseasecycle 1. Describe in detail about the symptoms, epidemiology,
and management practices of late blight of potato. diseasecycle and control method of brown rust of wheat in
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 Nepalese Agriculture.
2. How will you differentiate between powdery mildew and Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
downy mildew and cucurbit, also mention their management 2. Differentiate between powdery mildew and downy mildew
practices. of pea and mention their control measures.
3. Describe various management practices of blast of rice. 3. Describe the management practices of late blight of potato
4. Describe the symptoms of cucumber mosaic and bunchy and tomato.
top 4. Describe the symptoms and diseasecycle of yellow vein
5. Differentiate between the fungal and bacterial wilt of maize, mosaic of okra and bean common mosaic.
also give their causal organisms. 5. Explain the systemic and symptoms of white rust crucifers,
6. Describe the various methods of root knot of vegetables. 6. Comment of the causal organism of mango anthracnose of
7. Describe the symptoms and management practices of zinc wilt of chick pea.
deficiency in rice, 7. How root knot of vegetables could be managed? Explain.
8. What are the causal organisms of Tikka disease of ground- 8. Describe the symptoms and management practices of
nut and describe the symptoms produced by them. Khairadisease of rice and black tip of mango
9. Describethe imp of sclerotina blight in Nepalese agricul- 9. Differentiate between bacterial stalk rot and fungal stalk rot
ture. of maize,
10.Describe the epidemiology, diseasecycle and control of red 10.How bacterial leaf blight and bacterial leaf streak could be
rot of sugarcane, identifies? Explain.
11.Comment on the citrus decline and their management in
Nepal.
1. Describe the importance of rice blast in Nepalese Agricul-
1. Wheat cultivation in Nepal is challenged by rust
ture, symptoms developed by the disease, its etiology and disease. Describe the rust occurring in differentiate
differentiate management practices adopted.
agro ecological zones of Nepal.
2. Define the following terminologies
2. Differentiatebetween powdery mildew and downy
mildewof cucurbits based on their symptomsand causal
1) Inoculum 2)Nectrotroph 3) Haustoria 4) Oospore
agents.
5) Ooze 6) Trichoderma
3. What are ways of surviving 3. Differentiate the following terms.
pathogenPhytophtorainfestansin our country? Also describe a) White rust and red rust b) Wilt and rot
the management practices of late blight disease in potato. c) Loose smut and covered smut
4. Describe the symptoms of damping off of vegetable 4. Sprinkler irrigation is suggested for management of
seedlings and their management practices. Powdery mildew disease, why? Describe the disease
cycle of Powdery mildew of Pea
5. Describe the historical significance of late blight of potato
and leaf spot of maize. 5. Describe in brief the symptoms and management
6. Describe the diseasecycle of loose smut of wheat and for damping off of seedlings.
mention its managemnet practices. 6. What mechanism causes the wilting of crops when
7. What are the casual organisms and symptoms developed attacked by Fusarium? Write down the management
strategies for Fusarium wilt complex disease.
in wilt disease of lentil? Also give their control measures.
8. How do you differentiate between loose smut and covered 7. Define epidemiology. What are the pre-disposing
smut disease of wheat and barley? Mention their control factors for the occurrence of Late Blight of potato.
measures. 8. Panicle or neck blast is the most serious phase
9. Describe the symptoms of stem gall of coriander and die among all the tice blast symptoms. Justify. List the
back of chilly and mention their causal organisms. management measures for rice blast in rice,
10. How bean common mosaic virus survives and spreads in 9. Define Canker. Write down the symptoms and
the field? Mention their management practices of tristeza management for Citrus canker in brief.
virus in citrus, 10.List down the etiology for root knot of vegetables.
11. Describe the symptoms, causal organism and man of root Write about the below ground and above ground
knot of vegetable.
symptoms caused by root know pathogen,
12. What are the major diseases of cardamom in our country,
11.Chirkey and Foorkey disease in eastern part of
how to manage them?
Nepal have caused serious threat in the cultivation of
large cardamom. Write about the symptoms and
effective management measures for these diseases.
a) Black tip of management b) Black heart of potato
c) Khaira disease of rice.
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Define agribusiness management. Briefly discuss the major
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 7th Semester F.M. 40 strategies to be adopted in agribusiness to manage risk and
P.M. 16 uncertainties.
Subject: Agribusiness Management, Marketing Time: 2 Hrs
and Cooperatives Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. "Agribusiness is the backbone of Nepalese economy".
margin indicates full marks. Comment.
Essay Type Question 10 3. Discuss supply chain management system in brief.
1. What are cooperatives? Discuss the roles of agriculture 4. Explain the concept of balance sheet and income statement
cooperatives in transforming subsistence type of agriculture with suitable examples.
into an agribusiness in reference with some examples of 5. Briefly explain key economic principles used in
agricultural cooperatives in Nepal. agribusiness.
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 6. Describe the procedures and importance if marketing
2. Define agribusiness and discuss its scope and importance research?
in context of Nepal. 7. Define cooperatives. Discuss the scope in context of
3. Define: a. Firm b. Plant and c. Industry agribusiness development in Nepal.
Also illustrate their interrelationship with the help of figure. 8. Briefly discuss different discounted and method of invest-
4. Define organizational behavior. How is organizational ment appraisal with suitable examples.
behavior vital in agro-enterprise?
9. What do you mean by price spread? Explain the marketing
5. What do you mean by marketing functions? Discuss.
functions need for agricultural commodity.
6. How do you appraise the investment in any agricultural
10. Explain the impact of any three government policies
enterprises? Discuss.
7. Discuss in short about Agribusiness Promotion Policy 2063. on agribusiness development.
8. What hindrances does an agro-entrepreneur faces while 11. Differentiate:
starting a new agribusiness? Discuss. a. Demand and supply
9. What are the various ways to mitigate the risks in b. Production planning and market planning
agribusiness? c. Firm and industry
10.What is marketing efficiency? How do you calculate it? 12. Write short notes on:
11.Write short notes on: a. Marketing channel
a. Balance sheet b. Minimum support price b. Market information system
c. Supply chain management c. Production function
12.In short discuss about the prospects of export of Nepalese
commodity in international market. Final examination- 2068
Essay Type Question 10 1. Conceptualize the terms risk and uncertainty. Explain the
1. Discuss agricultural marketing as the summation of all the types of risk prevailing in agriculture and the strategy to
activities that occur between "Farm to Fork". Explain with the minimize the effect of risk in detail.
help of any one agricultural commodity. Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 2. What is agribusiness? Discuss the importance of
2. What is the impact of increasing immigration in agribusiness in brief.
agribusiness in the context of Nepal? 3. What do you mean by payback period? Explain the
3. Discuss in short, how do you conduct a market research. importance of agribusiness control program and evaluation.
4. How does agribusiness promotion policy 2063 help in the 4. Define organization. How can you motivate human
upliftment of agribusiness? behavior in an organization?
5. Discuss the need of conducive environment for any 5. Discuss the problems and prospects of agribusiness in
agribusiness to start and flourish. Nepal under WTO membership.
6. How can you incorporate human behavior in the upliftment 6. What are the steps of investment analysis? Discuss the
of any agricultural enterprises? discounted method of investment analysis in brief.
7. Differentiate between balance sheet and income statement. 7. Enlist the government policies on agribusiness in Nepal. Also
Also discuss their utilities. discuss the effect of subsidy on agribusiness development.
8. What is marketing efficiency? How does market information 8. Enlist the provisions of WTO for underdeveloped
help in efficient marketing activity. countries. Enlist TRIPS in brief.
9. How do you determine the project is worth investing? In 9. What do you mean by marketing research? Explain types
short, discuss various methods of investment appraisal. and importance of marketing research.
10.Discuss cooperative marketing. Discuss its various 10. Define firm, plant and industry. Graphically explain
principles. physical optima of industry.
11.Discuss opportunities and challenges of WTO in the 11. Describe marketing system of agriculture products in
context of Nepalese agricultural economy. Nepal. Also discuss marketing efficiency.
12.Write short notes on: 12. Write short notes on:
a. Marketed surplus vs marketable surplus a. ansoff matrix
b. Time value of money b. balance sheet

1. Define agribusiness management. Explain with suitable 1. What is agribusiness? Explain the government policies
examples as to why management functions and the manager for agribusiness development in Nepal. Also describe the
are important in agricultural business. support of price and subsidy on functioning of agribusiness.
2. Suppose that a farm proprietor requested you to appraise
2. Enlist the goals of co-operative. Discuss the environment
the financial position of organic tomato business planted in
1.5 hectare land. An initial investment worth is Rs. 520,000.0 forces affecting agribusiness.
for collection centre, boundary, water pipes and other 3. What are the functions of an organization? Discuss
structural assets. No salvage value is estimated at the end of bureaucracy principle of Max Weber.
business. The operational costs sre: Rs. 160,000.0, Rs. 4. Establish interrelationship between firm, plant and
195,000.0, Rs. 225000.0, Rs. 280,000.0 and Rs. 307,000.0 for industry in the context of agribusiness.
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th year, respectively. The sale volume 5. Define risk and uncertainty. Discuss strategies to mitigate
of ripe tomato is 14 ton per hectare each year. Per kilogram risky environment.
average tomato price is Rs. 20.0, 25.0, 28.0, 32.0 and 35.0 for 6. Explain problems and prospect of co-operative system in
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th year, respectively. Calculate the net Nepal.
present value (NPV), financial internal rate of return(FIRR), 7. Conceptualize the term ' Ansoff matrix' explain the
and benefit-cost ratio(BCR). Interpret each result at 12%
importance of agribusiness in Nepalese economy.
opportunity cost of capital and advise the profitability
situation. 8. Discuss problems and prospects of Nepalese agriculture
3. Prepare a list of major financial statements used in under the scenario of WTO membership.
agribusiness management. Differentiate net-worth statement 9. What are the criteria for investment analysis? Discuss the
and income statement in terms of use and preparation most appropriate method on investment analysis.
procedure. 10. What is supply chain management? Briefly discuss about
4. Writ short notes on: agribusiness production planning process.
a. Business risk management b. Marketing research 11. Differentiate between balance sheet and income state-
c. Agribusiness incubation ment. Briefly discuss any two financial principles used in
5. What do you mean by marketing mix? Briefly explain agribusiness management.
marketing functions need for food commodity. 12. Write short notes on:
6. Briefly explain key economic principles used in
a. Marketing efficiency
agribusiness.
7. Highlight major aspects of "Agribusiness Policy 2006" b. Market integration
implemented by Government of Nepal. Final examination- 2065
8. Differentiate between: Essay Type Question 10
a. Commerce vs. trade b. Business firm vs. plant 1. What do you mean by cooperatives? Discuss cooperative
c. Value chain vs. supply chain farming and marketing in terms of concepts, types, merits,
9. Define cooperatives. Explain farming and commodity limitations, and examples in Nepalese context.
marketing related efforts performed by the agricultural coopera- Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
tives in Nepal. Also enlist the limitations of cooperatives. 2. Briefly discuss the major managerial decisions in an
10.Clarify on "agribusiness financing only increases after agribusiness firm.
enabling environment". Enlist supportive factors of business 3. Define firm, plant and industry. How firms and industry are
enabling environment.
interlinked in determination of equilibrium price and quality in
11.Briefly explain issues of Nepalese agribusiness in context
market?
of WTO.
12.Compare the differences between traditional plans over 4. State and explain the theories of human resource motivation.
business plans. What are the factors to be considered while 5. What are advantages of international trade? Discuss
preparing marketing plans of a high value commodity? agreement an SPS measures and GATs in brief.
6. Graphically illustrate the effects of minimum support price
and ceiling price policy in agribusiness enterprise.
7. What are different marketing systems prevailing in Nepal?
Briefly explain the significance of marketing research.
8. Enlist principles used in financial management. Briefly
discuss the tools for motivating human behavior in an
organization.
9. What do you mean by risk and uncertainties? Discuss the
strategies that an agribusiness manager should adopt to
minimize risk and uncertainties.
10. Differentiate between balance sheet and income state-
ment. Prepare a standard format for income statement along
with meaning and example of its example of its components.
11. Write short notes on: a.theory of consumer behavior b.
marketing information c. internal rate of return
12. Differentiate between: a.Allocative and pricing efficiency
b. Leverage ratio and solvency ratio
c. Investment and expenditure
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE 8. Which type of measuring device is used for medium
RAMPUR, CHITWAN discharge carrying silty water? Derive the relationship
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 between different roughness coefficients.
P.M. 16 9. Water flows through a contracted rectangular weir, 120 cm
Subject: Principles and practices of farm Time: 2 Hrs long to depth of 40 cm. then water flows through a rectangu-
water management lar channel of 150 cm width and over a second weir, which has
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the its length equal to the width of channel. Determine the depth
margin indicates full marks. of the water over the second weir.
Essay Type Question 10 10.What are the different water pumps used for irrigation?
1. Soil moisture is said to be constant. How, when and why? Explain centrifugal pump installation practice.
Relate soil moisture constant to crop water requirement,
11.What are the different channel crossing structures? Explain.
consumptive use and irrigation scheduling.
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 12.A moist soil sample has a volume of 484 cm3 in the natural
2.Write critically "we have plenty of water for agriculture irrigation". state and a weight of 7.94 N. The dry weight of the soil is 7.3
3. What are characteristic parameters for infiltration? Derive N and the relative density of the soil particle is 2.65. determine
A.N. Koastiakov's formula. the porosity, soil moisture content, volumetric moisture
4. What is seasonal consumptive use? How Hargreaves content and degree of saturation.
determined it?
5. What is allowable soil moisture depletion? Derive equation
for depth of irrigation and its frequency.
6. What is crop water requirement? Write on net, field and Essay Type Question 10
gross irrigation requirement. 1. Which type of measuring device is used for medium
7. Write on types of impeller. Find the horse power require- discharge carrying silty water? Explain. A cemented trapezoi-
ment for a centrifugal pump its' efficiency is 84%, suction dal canal having 60 cm base, slide sope 1:1, depth of water 120
head is 5 m and delivery head 13 m. Direct drive electric motor cm, angle of repose 60 degrees and delta 20 cm. calculate :a)
having an efficiency 75% operated for 6 hours per day. What base of canal b) wetted perimeter, c) carrying capacity of canal.
will be the cost of electricity energy if cost per unit is 12 rupees. Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
8. How problem soils are done reclamation? 2. A field having 10.2% ultimate wilting point, 28% field
9. Write on surface irrigation method. Explain border strip method. capacity and 1.7 specific gravity can store 16.32 cm water. A
10.A field experiment plot method was carried out in which
crop requires 18mm of daily CU having 80 cm effective root
moisture before and end of season was 22.84% and 18.32%
respectively. Apparent specific gravity was found 1.5 and zone depth was planted. If 90% moisture depletion was
depth of effective root zone was 75 cm. Base period of a crop allowed for deficit irrigation then how many irrigations
was 105 days, number of irrigation was five and each depth of frequency can be reduced? (RAM=50% AM)
irrigation was 6.5 cm. During an experiment a precipitation 3. Which water availalbilty theory is widely accepted and
recorded 23 mm. Now, calculate the seasonal water requirement. why? Explain the soilk moisture extraction pattern.
11.Write briefly on types of field drainage methods. 4. Which method is used to calculate CU of crops if mean
12.Write on weir and its' types. monthly temperature is only available.
Final examination- 2073 5. Drive the relationship between duty and delta. A crop
Essay Type Question 10 requires 92 cm of water in 122 days of its irrigation period.
1. What are the different irrigation methods? How does the How much land will be irrigated with flow of 30l/sec for 12
selected irrigation method help in the prosperity of farmers? hours a day?
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 6. Define diversion box. Under which circumstances inverted
2. What are the different soil moisture constants? Differenti- siphons are constructed? Explain with their construction details.
ate between PWP and UWP. 7. Furrow of 100 m long and space 60 cm apart are irrigated by
3. What are the causes of water logging? Describe its an initial furrow stream of 2.5 l/sec. the duration of initial
preventive measures. stream is 30 min. The size of stream was reduced to 1 l/sec for
4. Discuss the status of irrigation development in Nepal. 2 hours. Estimate the net average depth of irrigation.
5. Estimate the CU of water by wheat crop sown 1st Novem- 8. Explain any two types of sub-surface irrigation systems.
ber and harvested on 20 march. Using the Blaney-Crddle 9. What is pump characteristics curve? Write its importance.
formula for the following data: 10.What factors influence the suitability of irrigation water?
Month Mean monthly air Percentage monthly Assumed crop Explain.
temp., in degree day light hours coefficient (k)
Fahrenheit
11.An irrigation canal; carrying 265l/sec was diverted to
(1) (2) (3) (4) thefield where 185 l/sec water was delivered. An area of 3.7 ha
November 73.83 7.45 0.65 was irrigated for 5 hours. The run off loss in the field was 700
December 66.81 7.49 0.60
January 65.3 7.55 0.50
m3. Calculate water conveyance effieciency and water
February 70.34 7.16 0.70 application efficiency.
march 80.02 8.40 0.75 12.Write short notes on (any three):
6. How do soil, plant and climatic indicators help for irrigation
scheduling? Describe in brief.
7. What do you mean by reclamation of alkali soil and how it
can be improved?

Final examination- 2071 9. Sketch the figure showing artesian and non-artesian wells
Essay Type Question 10 including acquifers and piezometric surface and define each of them.
1. Describe the different irrigation methods. How does the 10. Name the list for determination of crop water requirement.
selected suitable irrigation method for individual field may Write on depth-interval-yield method.
help in prosperity of farmers? 11. A single acting reciprocating pump has its piston diameter
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 20 cm and the stroke 50 cm. the pump rod is connected to a
2. What does farm management mean? How does climatic crank which makes 100 revolutions per minutes. How many
conditions influence for irrigation management in Nepal. cubic meters of water are raised per minute and what horse
3. Describe shortly about soil moisture conditions. power must be delivered to acrank if the total head of water is
4. What is seasonal evaporation? Write the empirical formula 45 meter and the pump efficiency is 55%?
for Thornthwrite method to estimate evaporation. 12. A. Write on soil moisture extraction pattern and critical
5. Derive the relationship between depth of irrigation and stages of crops.
frequency of irrigation to maintain the irrigation scheduling. B. A centrifugal pump has a discharge of 25 liter/second. One
6. Define the following: and half hectare of potato crop is irrigated in 12 hours. What
a. Irrigation intensity b. Permeability is the depth of the irrigation?
c. Potential evapotranspiration Back examination- 2070
7. Discuss briefly about Parshall flume. Essay Type Question 10
8. Differentiate between the following: a. Duty and Delta 1. Write down the different water conveyance structures and
b. Irrigation interval and irrigation period describe any two of them. What are the causes and conse-
c. Flume (aqueduct ) and inverted siphons quences of water logging? Explain.
9. Derive the relationship for determining water horse power Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
(WHP), shaft horse power (SHP), Break horse power (BHP) 2. Describe the significance of irrigation in agricultural
and requires kilowatt input to run a centrifugal pump. development of Nepal.
10. A. what is drainage coefficient (DC)? 3. Discuss the status of irrigation development in Nepal.
B. a sub-surface drainage system draining 5 hectors field 4. Explain the significances of irrigation development in Nepal.
flows at a design capacity for two days following a storm. If 5. Wheat is to be grown at a certain place, the useful climato-
the system is designed using drainage coefficient of 1.5 cm, logical conditions of which are tabulated below in thr Table.
then how much water is drained during this period. Determine the evapotranspiration and consumptive irrigation
11. What are criteria for irrigation water supply? requirement of wheat crop. Also determine the field irrigation
12. A vegetable field has loamy soil having field capacity of requirement if the water application efficiency is 80%. Make
23.8% and wilting coefficient 7.3%. The apparent specific use of Blaney-Criddle equation and a crop factor equal to 0.8.
gravity of odil is 1.46 and the effective root zone depth of the
Month Monthly temp, in Monthly percent of Useful rainfall in cm,
field is 0.8 m. if the allowable soil moisture depletion in 35% degree celsius, day time hr. of the averaged over the last
and evapotranspiration rate is 0.7 mm/day. Answer the averaged over the last year computed from 5 years
followings: a. Determine the storage capacity of soil, 5 the Sun-shine Tables
b. Find out the net irrigation requirement, (1) (2) (3) (4)
c. Calculate the irrigation interval, November 18 7.20 1.07
December 15 7.15 1.42
d. If irrigation efficiency is 65% find how much water should
January 13.5 7.30 3.01
be applied in 3 hactares of land to irrigate. February 14.5 7.10 2.25
Back examination- 2071
Essay Type Question 10 6. A moist clay sample weighs 0.55 N. its volume is 35 cm3.
1. You have a farm of one ha, please write how do you After drying in an oven for 24 hours, it weighs 0.5 N. assum-
manage this farm to get better crop (say maize) yield? Include ing specific gravity of clay as 2.65, compute the porosity n,
the idea of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, irrigation, degree of saturation S, original moist unit weight, and dry unit
scheduling, depth of irrigation, methods for determining crop weight.
water requirement, suitable irrigation methods and need of 7. A steam of 130 liters per second was diverted from a canal
drainage facilities. and 100 liters per second were delivered to the field. An area
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 of 1.6 ha was irrigated in 8 hrs. The effective depth of root
2. Write advantages and disadvantages of irrigation. zone was 1.7 m. the runoff loss in the field was 420 cu. m. The
3. What are the criteria for irrigation water quality? depth of water penetration varied linearly from 1.7 m at the
4. What is lysimeter? Derive the equation for evapotranspi- head end of the field to 1.1 m at the tail end. Available mois-
ration using Christransen method. ture holding capacity of the soil is 20 cm per depth of soil.
5. Describe drip irrigation method in brief. Determine and calculate the water conveyance efficiency,
6. A sandy loam soil has field capacity of 28% and wilting water application efficiency, water storage efficiency and
coefficient of 12%. The dry unit weight of soil is 1.4gm/cm3. If water distribution efficiency. Irrigation was started at a
the root zone depth is 0.65 m. determine the storage capacity moisture extraction level of 50% of the available moisture.
of the soil. lrrigation is applied when moisture content falls to 8. What are the different irrigation methods? Explain any two
15%. If the water application efficiency is 75%, determine the of them comparing each other.
water depth required to be applied in the field. Express depth 9. Explain the reclamation of problematic soils.
of irrigation in volume basis also. 10.What are the different water pumps used for irrigation?
7. Give the concept of water logging. How do you remove Explain centrifugal pump installation practice.
excess surface water? 11.Discuss the occurrences and utilization of ground water for
8. Design a trapezoidal channel to carry a discharge 25 irrigation.
cumecs at a slope of 1 to 3500. The side slope is 2:1. 12.Describe the environmental consequences and possible
Manning's roughness coefficient is 0.018. design most mitigation practices of irrigation project implementation.
efficient cross section of channel.

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. What are the ecological principles of low external inputs
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 7th Semester F.M. 40 sustainable (LEISA) agriculture and how are these brought
P.M. 16 into practice?
Sub:- Farming systems and sustainable agriculture Time: 2 Hrs
margin indicates full marks. 2. What are the elements of a system? And write the elements
Essay Type Question 10 of a plant as a system.
1. Define farming system research. Differentiate on-farm 3. How are components of a typical Nepalese farming system
research with on-station research. Describe the ways to interrelated?
accomplish a farming system research with an example of a 4. What are the climatic conditions found in Nepal and their
new practice of Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) in a village. impact in farming system?
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 5. How do you conduct the testing phase of FSR?
2. What are the determinants of a simple farming system of
6. Why is farming system research important for Nepalese
mid-hill region of Nepal? Enlist the points.
3. Describe the opportunities and limitations of the farming agriculture?
system of terai region of Nepal. 7. What impact of socio-economic factors may have on
4. Define sustainable agriculture. Enlist the characteristics of farming system?
sustainab;e agriculture. 8. What are the basic characteristics of sustainable agricul-
5. Differentiate dryland and rainfed farming agriculture and ture?
suggest the suitable farming enterprise for the rainfed eco- 9. What is permaculture? Discuss its ethics.
zone of western terai and hills in Nepal. 10.What do you mean by biodiversity and how can you
6. What do you mean by Indigenous Technical Knowledge conserve it?
(ITK)? How will it be vital in an agrarian agriculture? 11.Farmers are the technology developers. Justify with
7. Write down the characteristics of a sustainable farming system.
examples.
8. Write short notes on (any three):
a. Participatory research methodology b. Permaculture 12.Describe any five major points to be allowed to make
c. Stress and perturbation d. Bio-dynamic agriculture Nepalese agriculture sustainable.
9. Define agro-biodiversity and write down its importance in
preservation of ecosystem and maintenance of food security.
10. What are the new approaches taken in action towards the successful Essay Type Question 10
implementation of sustainable agricultural practices globally? 1. What are the opportunities and limitations of organic
11. Mention the brief history of farming system research in Nepal. farming in Nepal? Explain by reasoning in details.
12. Enlist the external and internal determinants of a farming Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
system and describe it in brief. 2. What do you mean by systems approach and what is its
importance in agriculture? Explain.
3. How does edaphic factor affect farming system?
4. What are the limitations of mountain farming systems?
1. Differentiate between mixed farming and integrated farming
5. Why temperature is an important determinant of a farming
system. What is farming system research? Enlist the process/
system?
steps of a good farming system research.
6. What are the goals and procedures of the diagnostic phase
of farming system research?
2. Define system and system approach in agriculture.
7. What is sustainable agriculture and what are its three
3. What are the determinants of farming system? Enlist and
fundaments?
describe briefly.
8. What is the role of biodiversity is sustaining our agriculture?
4. Define sustainable agriculture. How will you maintain
9. What do you mean by permaculture and what are its ethics?
sustainability in an eroded soil of higher altitudes?
10.What are biofertilizers and what are their limitations?
5. Give the model of typical farming system suited to the mid
11.Why our conventional research system in agriculture
hill situation of Nepal.
could not contribute to sustainability?
6. Describe the Nepalese biodiversity and ways to conserve
12.Write short notes on the followings (any three):
the flora and fauna of Nepalese habitat.
a. Elements of a system b. Hill farming system
7. Enlist the principles and practices of ecological balance for
c. Participatory rural appraisal d.HEIA
a suitable farming.
e. "Our Common Future"
8. How bio-diversity is interrelated with sustainable agriculture?
9. Write down the key characteristics of a farming system.
10.Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) is a vital element
of a farming system. Justify the statement.
11.What are the major problems of farming system research
and extension system in Nepal? Describe briefly.
12.Write short notes on (any three): a. Scale Neutral Technology
b. Stree and Perturbation c. PRA/PLA
d. Agriculture Natural Resources (LEIA)

1. What do you mean by sustainable agriculture? Why 'Green 1. What is farming system? Write down the components of a
Revolution' agriculture is unsustainable? typical Nepalese farming system and their role and status.
2. What are the elements of system and why is it important to 2. What do you mean by the component of a system? Write
study them? down the components of a rice field as a system.
3. What are the edaphic factors affecting farming system? 3. How do you solve the problems in agriculture and why?
4. How does socio-economic factor shape a farming system? 4. Why jute farming is popular in Eastern Nepal where as
5. Describe the climate of Nepal in brief and its effect in cotton in the West?
farming system. 5. What are the socio-economic factors shaping the farming system?
6. What are the opportunities and limitations of mountain 6. What do you mean by farming system and why is it a system?
farming systems? 7. What is sustainable agriculture and what are its compo-
7. What do you mean by HEIA and how is it unsustainable? nents?
8. What are the working principles of LEISA? 8. What do you mean by design phase of FSR and what are
9. What do you mean by organic farming and why is it its goals?
important in Nepalese agriculture? 9. Why is farmer's knowledge important in sustaining
10.What is biodiversity and what is its role in sustaining agriculture?
agricultural productivity? 10. What are bio-fertilizers and how soil organic matter is the
11.How do you think Nepalese agriculture be made sustain- core of good soil?
able? 11. How bio-diversity can be preserved at farm level?
12.Write short notes on three of the following: 12. Write short notes on (any three):
a. Biofertilizer a. Agro-ecosystem
b. Systems approach in agriculture b. Vermi compost
c. Testing phase of FSR c. Permaculture
d. Precipitation in Farming system

1. What do you mean by farming system and what are the
major components of Nepalese farming system? Describe how
are they interrelated?
2. What do you mean by the components of a system and how
a whole is always different than the sum of its parts?
3. How does temperature affect a farming system?
4. Why is systems approach important in solving the problem
in agriculture?
5. What are the opportunities and limitations of hill farming systems?
6. Describe the ecological zone of Nepal and its relevance in
studying farming system.
7. What are the characteristics of sustainable agriculture?
8. What do you mean by LEISA and does it help making agri-
culture sustainable?
9. What are the principles of organic farming?
10. What do you mean by indigenous knowledge and what is
its role in making agriculture sustainable?
11. What are the approaches adopted to conserve biodiversity
in field level?
12. Write short notes on three of the following: a. HEIA
b. Vermi composting c. Identity d. Permaculture

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Explain the role and importance of mountain agriculture in
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 7th Semester F.M. 40 livelihood support, ecological bio-resources and constraints,
P.M. 16 feasibility and sustainability of mountain agriculture.
Sunject: Mountain Agriculture Time: 2 Hrs
margin indicates full marks. 2. How can you improve the agro-ecotourism in mountain
Essay Type Question 10 region? Give your opinion.
1. Discuss the soil and water conservation in the mountain 3. What are the major challenges of rangeland development
region on the following topics: a. Problems b. Consequences in mountain region? Describe.
of soil erosion and its types c.Factors of soil erosion 4. Describe the trans-humant/herdling system of yak and
d. Agronomic and mechanical conservation measures. chauries in mountain region.
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 5. What are the strategies should follow for genetic improve-
2. Discuss the characteristics of Himalayan Agriculture. ment and conservation of livestock species of mountain region?
3. Discuss the status of rangelands and problem faced by 6. Why geographical and biological diversity is important for
mountain people. nature and mankind?
4. Discuss the goal and principle of sustainable agriculture in 7. What do you mean by bio-engineering? Why it is important?
the mountain region. 8. Write short note on high value crops.
5. Discuss the biodiversity conservation in mountain agro-ecosystem. 9. What do you mean by niche opportunity and precision
6. Briefly describe the mountain specifities in the context of Nepal. agriculture?
7. Discuss the traditional verses modern agriculture system 10.Give your suggestion for the improvement of marginal land
adopted in mountain. of mountain region.
8. Discuss the impact of human activities on mountain
11.Describe the farming system adopted by the people of
ecosystem in context of landslides.
mountain region.
9. Give the dominating livestock species of mountain and
12.Describe pocket area concept and its importance.
their role in livelihood system.
10.Highlight the value of non-timber forest product for Final examination- 2072
mountain people. Essay Type Question 10
11.Discuss the climate change effects in the mountain. 1. Discuss the characteristic features of mountain agriculture
12.Write short notes on: ( any two) a. Niche b.Gradient in Nepal.
c. Watershed Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
2. Explain the impact on mountain ecosystem over biological
components (flora and fauna) due to human activities.
3. Explain with ideal examples the agro-ecotourism potentials
1. Define climate change. What are the effects of climate
change on mountain agriculture and people's livelihood? of Nepal's mountain.
What are the various adaptation strategies for overcoming it? 4. Compare and contrast ecology and agro-ecology.
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 5. Why is Yak called the ship of Himalayas?
2. What are the strength and threats of mountain agriculture? 6. Highlight the agricultural frame-work for mountain liveli-
3. Explain niche and pocket are concept of mountain agriculture. hood.
4. How can agro-ecotourism be developed and promoted in 7. Enlist the dominating livestock species of mountain in
mountain region of Nepal? Nepal.
5. What do you mean by bio-engineering? Describe with 8. What are the basic issues of mountain agriculture?
examples. 9. Discuss the traditional verses modern agriculture.
6. Migration of young generation is the chronic problem of 10.Discuss the importance of non-timber forest products
mountain. Discuss how can we retain the people in that (NTFPs) for mountain people.
region. 11.Discuss the important characteristics of different species
7. Write short note on shifting cultivation and niche opportu- of honey bees found in Nepal.
nity. 12.Write short notes on: (any three)
8. Describe trans-human pastoralism of yak and chauri in a. GIS b. Soil conservation
mountain region. c. Gradient d. Marginal fund improvement
9. Define biodiversity. Why it is important?
10.Discuss briefly about issues of soil fertility problems in
hills of Nepal.
11.What are the possible land improvement programs for
marginal land of Nepal?
12.Describe the farming system of mountain region.

Final examination- 2071 Back examination- 2071
1. Write the status of range land resources and challenges for 1. Discuss the challenges and constraints faced by mountain
its improvement in Nepal. people in their livelihood system and future sustainable
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 development.
2. Describe the trans-human pastoralism in mountain of 2. Discuss the mountain agriculture and its basic issues.
Nepal. 3. What is watershed management? Why is it important in
3. Write the different training system and high density mountain environment?
planting of apple and pear in temperate climate. 4. Describe important high value cash crops and their
4. Write short note on HVC crop and niche opportunity. commercialization in the context of mountain.
5. What are the impacts of climate change in Nepalese 5. How can soil and crop productivity in the mountain
agriculture? agriculture be improved? Discuss.
6. Describe the cropping pattern of cropping system in 6. Discuss the impacts of human activities in mountain
mountain region. environment.
7. Discuss the soil fertility and productivity status of 7. Discuss the important characteristics of different honey
Nepalese mountain agrarian system. bees found in Nepal.
8. Suggest the land improvement practices for marginal land. 8. Discuss agro-ecotourism, its status and importance with
9. Write short note on: reference to our country.
a. Shifting cultivation 9. Discuss the climate change and its impacts on mountain
b. Precision agriculture agriculture.
10.Write about mountain agro-forestry system and its 10.Discuss the status of rangeland, trans-humance along with
importance in mountain agriculture? problems faced by herders.
11.What are the dominating livestock species in the moun- 11.Discuss the genetic diversity of mountain livestock with
tain? How small ruminat are indispensible part of mountain their characteristics, socio-economic importance and genetic
people? improvement for conservation.
12.Describe Baruwal sheep and sedentary system. 12.Discuss about dominating livestock species and their role
in livelihood support.

1. Define the salient features of Nepalese Mountain Agricul-
ture.
2. Explain why Yak is called the ship of the Himalayas.
3. What measures can be adopted to improve soil and crop
production in Nepal?
4. Migration is hurting mountain agriculture, explain with
examples.
5. Explain the features of modern verses traditional agricul-
ture.
6. How are NTFP helping rural economy?
7. Mention the impacts of climate change in mountain
agriculture.
8. What are the dominating livestock species of mountains in
Nepal?
9. Mention how eco-tourism can be established in Nepalese
mountain.
10.Mention the hardship to herding practice in mountains.
11.Mention the roles of GPS, GIS, remote sensing in develop-
ing mountain agriculture.
12.Discuss the types of bees in mountainous regions of Nepal
and explain wild honey hunting practice in Nepal.

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Back examination 2074
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Define transformation. Explain about different methods of
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 7th Semester F.M. 40 transformation and explan in detail about the Agrobacterium
P.M. 16 tumefaciens mediated method of transformation.
Sunject: Mountain Agriculture Time: 2 Hrs
margin indicates full marks. 2. Differentiate between vector and plasmid. Write the types
Essay Type Question 10 of plasmid. Explain about the important characteristics of
1. Define genetic engineering and briefly mention the normally occuring plasmids.
methods of genetic engineering in the field of agriculture. 3. Write the scope and application of agriculture biotechnol-
Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30 ogy with suitable example.
2. What is environmental biotechnology? Explain in brief its 4. What are restriction enzymes? How they work? Discuss
application in Nepal. with examples.
3. What are restriction enzymes? Explain its types with 5. What is plant tissue culture? What are the different types
suitable examples.
of tissue culture? Write their practical applications in agriculture.
4. Enlist and explain basic steps of tissue culture with
suitable figures. 6. What is embryo culture? Why is it important in agriculture?
5. Mention the applications of pollen/anther culture in 7. What is the practical implication of haploid in plant
agricultural crops. breeding?
6. What is culture medium? Write its principal components 8. What is biodiversity? Differentiate among genetics
with appropriate concentration. diversity, ecosystem diversity and species diversity.
7. How the target gene(s) of interest is/are transferred into 9. Define the term: Guild diversity, alpha diversity, beta
crop plants? Explain. diversity, and Gama diversity. And also explain about the
8. What are the prime objectives of gene cloning? Enlist and factors that affect biodiversity.
explain in brief about gene cloning vectors. 10.What are agro biodiversity and microbial biodiversity?
9. What are the different centres of biodiversity of crops Write scope and importance of biodiversity.
proposed by N I Vavilov? How wild genetic diversity is useful
11.What is data base? How do you store a sample species
in improving agricultural crops?
10.Define Intellectual property rights. Explain different form of index in computerized data bases?
protection of intellectual property rights. 12.Write the genetic diversity of wheat and paddy along with
11.Briefly mention the current practices that are being carried species name, chromosome number, genome formula and form
out in conserving the biodiversity. of domestication.
12.Write short notes on: a. Agricultural biotechnology
b. Biodiversity indexing Final examination- 2072
Essay Type Question 10 1. Define transformation. Explain about different methods of
1. Explain applications of tissue culture in the field of crop transformation and explan in detail about the Agrobacterium
improvement. tumefaciens mediated method of transformation in point swith
2. What is biotechnology? Explain different fields/disciplines suitable examples.
of biotechnology. 2. Discuss gene pools with practical examples.
3. Define genetic engineering. Write its applications in the 3. What do you mean by Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)?
field of crop improvement. Explain with an illustration.
4. Differentiate between vector and plasmid. Briefly explain 4. Explain 'genetic eroision'.
about different kinds of gene cloning vectors. 5. List down contributions of health care biotechnology.
5. How gene(s) is/are transferred into plants? Explain. 6. What are the major activities of plant biotechnology?
6. Explain basic steps of plant cell/tissue culture. 7. What is explant? Write short explanation of surface
7. Briefly explain about basic steps of genetic engineering. utilization in tissue or meristem culture.
8. Describe shortly about aim and scope of biodiversity. 8. How are tissue culture generated plantlets transferred to
9. Shortly explain about diversity of cereals (cultivated soils in field conditions?
plants). 9. Explain briefly biodiversity, species diversity and genetic
10.What is center of diversity of crops? Explain in brief about biodiversity.
the wild genetic diversity of crop plants. 10.What is your perception about genetically modified crops?
11.Discuss different methods applied for biodiversity conser- Give your logic on the context of Nepal.
vation in the contest of Nepal. 11.What do you mean by species richness, crossing over and
12.Define patent. Explain in brief about the requirements of mutation? Correlate crossing over and mutation with species
patent. richness.
12.Write short notes on the following:
a. Necessity of biodiversity for continuation of species or
lives.
b. Biodiversity of foods for beauty

Back examination 2071 Final Examination 2070
1. What is recombination DNA (r-DNA) technology? How r- 1. Define the term biotechnology. What are the different
DNA is formed? Also, mention some important applications of methods for transformation of genes? Explain in detail about
this technology in crop improvement.
indirect method of transformation.
2. What are restriction enzymes? Give the cleavage sites of Short questions (Attempt any ten) 10×3 = 30
restriction enzymes Aat II, Eco RI and Hae III. 2. What is agro-biotechnology? Why is it relevant in today's
3. Outline the basic steps of plant tissue culture. scenario?
4. The average length of a double helix in wheat (Triticum 3. How is virus free plant produced? What are the applica-
aestivum L.) chromosome is 2.5 cm. approximately how many tions of this method in agriculture?
base pairs would be present in such a chromosome? If all 4. What is biodiversity? Outline the different values of
chromosome of the wheat complement are in same length, biodiversity.
approximately how many base pairs would be in a sperm 5. What is database? What are the different variables that are
nuclear. to be included while constructing plant database?
5. Manipulation of seed propagation is on eof the important
6. What are the different methods of assessing biodiversity?
applications of genetic engineering. How do you produce
hybrid seeds in tomato and Brassica by applying this 7. Outline the different steps of anther culture. What are its
technology? applications?
6. How RNA duplex is formed in the body of crop plants? 8. What is hybrid? How is it produced? What are its applica-
What is its significance in the field of plant breeding? tions in agriculture?
7. Enlist different types of gene cloning vectors in the field 9. What is somaclonal variation? What are its usabilities?
of biotechnology. Draw well labeled figure of a Ti plasmid of 10.What are different conservation strategies that you have
Agrobacterium tmefaciens. studied? Which method do you prefer and why?
8. A commercially cultivated wheat variety has less efficient 11.Calculate evenness. Shannon and Simpson's index for the
photosynthetic system. In a landrace of wheat, more efficient given community and interpret your result.
photosynthetic system can be observed. You as a
biotechnologist and or breeder. How do you incorporate Species Number
efficient photosynthetic system founf in landrace to a
commercial variety of wheat? Explain with the help of well Cynodon 24
labeled diagram.
9. Differentiate between species richness and species Cyperus 20
evenness with suitable examples.
10. What are standard criteria followed in Nepal for the Cabbage 7
protection f a crop variety?
11. What do you mean by 'Genetic diversity"? What factors Carrot 3
affect genetic diversity of a species? Which on eis more
vulnerable to natural enemies an inbred line of wheat or a
12.Write short notes on (any three) of the following:
hybrid cultivar of maize?
12. Calculate Diversity index of insects found at research field a. History of biotechnology
in IAAS by Shannon-Wiener Index and Simpson's Index b. Culture media
methods and interpret the results from the data in Table 1. c. Similarity index
Table 1. Name and number of insects found at a research field d. Important conventions on Biodiversity
in IAAS in 2010/2011.
S.N. Name of insect Number of individulas
1. Rice stem borer 10
2. Aphid 80
3. Hopper 20
4. Rice bug 30
5. Mole cricket 10
6. Total 150

RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. Define agro-biodiversity. What are the emerging threats to
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 agro-biodiversity? How can these threats be reduced?
P.M. 8 Short questions (Attempt any seven) 7×2 = 14
Subject: Agro-biodiversity Management Time: 1:30Hrs 2. Enlist crop and animal genetic resources of Nepal (with
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the their wild relatives).
margin indicates full marks. 3. Write about the role of soil flora and fauna in soil fertility
Essay Type Question 6 management.
1. Define biodiversity. Write about different components of 4. Mention the research status of agro-biodiversity in Nepal.
agro-biodiversity. 5. Describe CBM approach of agro-biodiversity management
and development.
Short questions (Attempt any seven) 7×2 = 14
6. Mention the importance of agricultural biodiversity.
2. Write about importance and prospects of agricultural 7. How will you assess agricultural biodiversity of a place?
biodiversity. Write about four cell analysis.
3. Enlist the organizations involved in agro-biodiversity 8. Describe ex-situ approach of agro-biodiversity conserva-
conservation. Write about the role of any two of them. tion.
4. Enlist different methods of documenting genetic re- 9. Write short notes on any two:
sources, traditional knowledge and practices. Mention the a. Species of ecosystem services
steps of CBR. b. Ecological foot print
5. Write about four cell analysis. c. ITPGRFA
6. What are the different approaches for conservation and Final examination- 2072
utilization of agricultural biodiversity? Write about any one of Essay Type Question 6
them. 1. Define agro-biodiversity. Mention different methods of
agro-biodiversity conservation. What is value addition?
7. Write about national policies and laws on agricultural
Short questions (Attempt any seven) 7×2 = 14
biodiversity conservation and development. 2. What are the emerging threats for the conservation of
8. Write about Participator Plant Breeding (PPB). How does it agro-biodiversity? Also mention the measures to reduce them.
differ from conventional plant breeding? 3. What is ITPGRFA? Write its importance in agro-
9. Write short notes on any two: biodiversity conservation.
a. ITPGRFA 4. What do you mean by ecological foot print? Write the
b. WIPO main factors that influence it. How can we reduce ecological
c. Ecological foot print. foot print.
5. Name the different components of agro-biodiversity. Write
the importance of wild relatives of crop plants and livestock
Final examination- 2073 with suitable examples.
Essay Type Question 6 6. Explain the ecosystem services provided by insects and
1. What agricultural biodiversity matters? Explain the values microbes with suitable examples.
of biodiversity in detail? 7. Write the important policies and legislative regarding the
Short questions (Attempt any seven) 7×2 = 14 conservation, uses and sharing of benefits from agricultural
biodiversity.
2. Define biome? What are the different potential biomes for
8. What is CBR? Mention the different steps of CBR.
agriculture? 9. How can you assess genetic resources by four cell
3. What are distinctive features of PGRFA? analysis?
4. Classify weeds with examples. Final examination- 2071
5. Define PPB? Explain its participatory research methodol- Essay Type Question 6
1. What is community based Biodiversity Register (CBR)?
ogy.
Describe the methodology of preparation of CBR and write
6. How is four cell analysis done? What are the various down its importance.
intervention done after it is accomplished? Short questions (Attempt any seven) 7×2 = 14
7. What are the various threats to agro-biodiversity? Explain. 2. "Loss of agro-biodiversity is a threat for agricultural
8. What are the various obligations of CBD that Nepal should sustainability". Explain.
follow? How can Nepal benefited from it? 3. What do you mean by ecosystem services? Write about
9. Define value addition. Explain its types with examples. importance of agro- biodiversity.
4. Classify soil-inhabiting organismssccording to its size and
provide suitable examples of each group.
5. Describe the framework of governmental organization on
Nepal responsible for biodiversity conservation.
6. Enlist the objectives of convention on biological
diversity(CBD). Describe the guideline principles. Write about
WTO/TRIPS.
7. What are the potential threats for agro-biodiversity
management. How can we minimize them?
8. Enlist the strategies of agro-biodiversity management.
Write about participatory plant breeding.
a. ITPGRFA b. ILO 169 c. Farmer's right

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE Back examination- 2074
RAMPUR, CHITWAN Essay Type Question 6
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 1. What are the importance of IPM? Mention the major
P.M. 8 components of IPM. Also state the use of pesticides under
Subject: Environmental Pollution and Protection Time: 1:30Hrs IPM approach.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the Short questions (Attempt any seven) 7×2 = 14
margin indicates full marks. 2. What is ETL? Why is it considered important in integrated
Essay Type Question 6 pest-management?
1. Why IPM is very important? Explain the effectiveness of 3. "FFS is an effective tool in IPM". Justify the statement.
FFS in the dissemination of IPM knowledge mentioning major 4. Give the concept of climate change and mention its impact
processes of it. on pest management and agriculture as a whole.
Short questions (Attempt any seven) 7×2 = 14 5. Mention the causes and effects of air pollution with
2. What do you mean by economic injury level? Mention the examples.
use and importance of ET|L with example. 6. What is pesticide act? How it is useful to manage the
3. List the major environmental issues and mention the effect pesticides in Nepal?
7. Explain the legal method of pest-management with suitable
of air pollution. examples.
4. Mention the major causes of air pollution and effective 8. Mention the causes and effect of water pollution in the
control measures. context of Nepal.
5. Give important pesticide acts and regulations in context of 9. Define the following terms: a. Bio-magnification
Nepal. b. Insect-pest resistance c. Insect resurgence
6. Why plant quarantine is important? Explain the major duty d. Selective pesticide
of plant quarantine officer. Final examination- 2072
7. Define the following terms:( any three) Essay Type Question 6
a. Resurgence of insect pests 1. Enlist the different Act and regulation related to IPM in
b. Insect-pest out break Nepal. Write in brief about Plant Protection Act, 2064.
c. Persistent pesticide Short questions (Attempt any seven) 7×2 = 14
d. Pesticide residue 2. What is the difference between stock pollutants and fund
8. "Ecological and socio-economic aspects are also impor- pollutants?
tant for insect-pest management". Justify the statement. 3. What do you mean by Rapid Bioassay of Pesticide Resi-
9. Mention the impacts of pesticides and its use under the dues? Why pesticide residue of garlic and ginger can't be
IPM approach. tested by RBPR?
4. What do you mean by International Plant Protection
Final examination- 2073 Convention? Explain.
Essay Type Question 6 5. Define Bioassay. What are the factors considered during
1. What is water pollution? Explain the causes, imparts and bioassay?
control measures in the context of Nepal. 6. Differentiate between survey and surveillance.
Short questions (Attempt any seven) 7×2 = 14 7. Define pollution and mention its causes.
2. What is host-plant resistance? How can we utilize it in pest 8. Define POPs. Enlist different POPs.
management? 9. Write short notes on:
3. "IPM is not the enemy of pesticide". Justify the statement. a. Basal convention b. Dirty Dozen
4. Mention the environmental and health imparts of air c. Bio-magnification d. Pest Risk Analysis
pollution.
5. Why pesticide is being one of the emerging problems in
Nepal? Explain with suitable examples.
1. What is integrated pest management (IPM)? What are its
6. Define the following: principles? How do IPM programs work? Design an IPM
a. Pest resurgence package program to control insect-pests of crucifers or
b. Economic threshold level cucurbits.
c. Pheromone trap Short questions (Attempt any seven) 7×2 = 14
7. Explain how farmers' field school is one of the best tool for 2. Mention environment impact of air pollution.
IPM dissemination. 3. Describe causes and mitigation of water pollution in the
8. List out the major environment protection of climate context of Nepal.
change related acts in Nepal. 4. What do you mean by ISPMs? Mention its importance.
9. Mention novel pest control techniques with suitable 5. Shortly mention the environment protection policies of Nepal.
examples. 6. Mention your responsibilities if you are appointed as plant
quarantine officer.
7. Describe the impact of chemical pesticide on non-target
organisms.
8. Give the effectiveness of male sterile techniques with
suitable examples.
9. How pest survey and surveillance can be effective in pest
management?

RAMPUR, CHITWAN 1. Conceptualize project, plan and program. Discuss on
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074 different aspects of project preparation and analysis visualizing
P.M. 16 a livestock related agricultural project in Hilly region of Nepal.
Subject: Agricultural Project Planning Time: 2Hrs Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 10x3=30
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. Differentiate between references and bibliography?
margin indicates full marks. Exemplified proper referencing of a journal, unpublished
Essay Type Question: 10 thesis and book with editors with single and multiple authors
1. What is project cycle? Discuss in detail about different to each type of document.
criteria for investment analysis. 3. Discuss briefly on preparation and presenting a seminar
Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 10x3=30 with example.
2. Why is referencing important? Elicit proper referencing of 4. What are important issues of questionnaire development?
online material of a journal article, proceeding and book with Discuss on steps of questionnaire development with examples.
single and multiple authors of each. 5. Conceptualize research design and sampling design. Discuss
3. Differentiate between question and questionnaire. Explain on non-probability sampling techniques with examples.
pretesting of questionnaires interns of process and reasons. 6. Highlight importance of log-frame approach of project
4. Explain different data presentation technique along with formulation. Develop a log-frame representing a post-harvest
appropriateness of each of the technique for different types of data. training project.
5. Differentiate between population and universe. Discuss 7. Differentiate between APA and Harvard system of referenc-
on probability sampling techniques in brief. ing. Exemplified APA system of text referencing in following
6. Enlist different socio-economic research methods. Explain steps cases: one work by six authors, group as author, no author
of socio-economic research with the help of a clean flow diagram. and personal communication.
7. Discuss on the process of log-frame development. 8. Enlist elements of a technical report. Develop abstract of
Develop a log-frame representing crop insurance project. any research which you have conducted in your undergradu-
8. Enlist the elements of a scientific report. Briefly discuss on ate program.
footnote and appendix as important elements of a report. 9. What are elements of a project proposal? Discuss on type
9. What are the different functions of a project proposal? and function of a typical proposal with example.
Discuss on introduction and methodology part of a proposal 10.What do you mean by sensitivity analysis? Discuss in brief
with example. the elements of feasibility study of an agricultural project.
10. Conceptualize ZOPP approach. Describe the steps of this 11.How many project monitoring differs from evaluation?
approach visualizing citrus decline problem in western region of Nepal. Discuss on steps and types of project evaluation.
11. What do you mean by project monitoring? Discuss on 12.Conceptualize ZOPP as a planning tool. Describe the steps
aspects, criteria and steps of project evaluation. of this approach visualizing a project aiming to address the
12. Describe the planning, preparation and presentation of problem of low productivity of cereal crop in Nepal.
seminar with example
1. Differentiate between Monitoring and Evaluation. Why
1. Proposal is pivotal for research and development. Why?
Difference in Difference (DiD) model is best approach for
How to develop an effective research proposal? Explain in
project impact assessment using with-without and before-
brief with suitable example.
after project scenarios? Explain with suitable example.
Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 10x3=30
2. What are the questions to be answered in project assess-
2. What is proposal? Briefly explain the LFA matrix with example.
ment and evaluation?
3. What do you mean by investment analysis? Discounted
3. Discuss on quantitative and qualitative survey instrument
method is best approach than non-discounted method for
in socioeconomic research.
investment analysis. Why?
4. What are the major components in project cycle? Imple-
4. What are the questions to be answered during project
mentation phase is called as a mini-cycle of the project. Why?
assessment and evaluation at feasibility and economic
5. What are the difference between financial and economic
efficiency criteria in different levels? Explain with example.
analysis of a research and developments projects?
5. Write short note on: a) Referencing b) Sensitivity analysis
6. Simple Random Sampling is the best sampling technique
6. What are the major instruments used for socio-economic
then other why?
research design? Why simple random sampling technique is pivotal
7. Social, economic and environmental aspects are most
for all probability sampling techniques? Explain with example.
important as while preparing project feasibility study. Give
7. What is ZOPP? Briefly explain the problem tree analysis
your scientific opinions.
with suitable example.
8. What is ZOPP apporach? How do you develop problem
8. What do you mean by sample? How do you determine an accurate
tree and objective tree? Briefly explain with suitable example.
sample size in socio-economic research? Explain with examples.
9. What are the basic things to be included while preparing
9. How do you craft an effective research proposal? Briefly
the LFA?
explain with components.
10.What are the methods of project investment? Differentiate
10. Differentiate between financial and economics analysis
between NPV and IRR.
with suitable examples.
11. Short notes on: a)Abstract b) Footnotes c) sensitivity analysis
11. Differentiate between: a) Footnotes and Endnotes
12.Differentiate between: a)References vs. Bibliography
b) PCN and Full proposal c) Acronyms and Abbreviations
b) PCN vs. Proposal c) SIA vs. EIA
12. What do you mean by referencing? Discuss the way of
referencing followed by IAAS with suitable examples.
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Describe in detail about the production scheme of button
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 8th Semester F.M. 20 mushroomAgaricus sp.with giving emphasis on compost
P.M. 8 preparation, casing, spawning and productivity.
Subject: Mushroom Cultivation Time: 1:30Hrs
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 7x2=14
margin indicates full marks. 2. Enlist the three commonly grown species of oyster
Essay Type Question: 6 mushroom. Discuss on environmental requirement for spawn-
1. Why mushroom cultivation is gaining popularity to uplift run phase of oyster mushroom cultivation.
the economic position of rural poor people? Describe the 3. Define mushroom and discuss on its economic importance.
cultivation practices of Pleurotussajorkajumushroom. 4. Enlist any three poisonous mushroom with their common
Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 7x2=14 name and scientific names.
2. Discuss on the wild mushrooms having economic 5. Give the general morphology of mushroom with well-
significance in our country. labelled sketch.
3. Enlist five each of the edible and poisonous mushroom species. 6. Mentions the symptoms of dry bubble and wet bubble
4. How Boletes are different from Mushrooms? Discuss with diseases of mushroom. How they can be managed?
examples. 7. Describe the process of grain spawn production.
5. Draw a well labelled figure of Agaricusbisporus. 8. Write short notes on the following:
6. How mushroom pure culture is prepared and maintained?
7. What are the major insects and diseases of mushroom and a) Fairy rings
how they are controlled? b) Boletes
8. What is casing? Explain the qualities of casing materials. c) Honey Mushroom
9. What are the basic components of compost? How will you d) Rose comb
judge about the qualities of a best compost? 9. Differentiate between following:
a) Grain spawn and perlite spawn
b) Base material and additive of compost

1. Describe in detail the method of Essay Type Question: 6
Pleurotusfloridamushroom cultivation at farmer's level in 1. Differentiate seed and spawn. Why quality of spawn and
Nepal. substrate selection is important for successful mushroom culti-
Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 7x2=14 vation. Describe the detail procedure of pure culture mainte-
2. Explain the importance of mushroom in human diet. nance to spawn production of white button mushroom.
3. List five each of the edible and poisonous mushroom Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 7x2=14
species. 2. Mention the diseases and insects that are noticed during
4. How Boletes are different from Mushrooms? Explain with mushroom cultivation. Describe in brief about 2 fungal diseases.
few examples. 3. Give the systematic position of mushroom.
5. Describe the morphology of Button mushroom. 4. What different types of toxin are present in mushroom?
6. How mushroom pure culture is prepared and maintained? Describe briefly with their specific symptoms.
Explain. 5. "Mushroom is a source of medicine". Justify
7. Describe the method of grain spawn production. 6. Describe the morphological difference between Button mush-
8. What is casing? Enlist the qualities required for casing room, Oyster mushroom and paddy straw mushroom.
materials. 7. Describe about the turning schedule of compost prepara-
9. What are the major insect pests of mushroom and how tion for the cultivation of white button mushroom. Why casing
they can be managed? is necessary during Agaricus cultivation.
8. Mention the common and scientific name of the only 4 ed-
ible and available in poisonous mushroom in Nepal.
9. Describe shortly about the preservation techniques of mushroom.

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Discuss the role of food and nutrition on human health
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 8th Semester F.M. 40 with special focus on diabetes, heart diseases, cancer, obesity
P.M. 16 and high blood pressure (hypertension).
Subject: Applied Human Nutrition Time: 2 Hrs
margin indicates full marks. 2. What is the iodine deficiency disorder (IDD)? How is it
Essay Type Question: 10 being controlled in Nepal?
1. Discuss in detail the role of bioactive phytochemicals in 3. Define PEM. What are the major causes malnutrition in Nepal?
the human body. Also mention the relation of foods/ nutrition 4. What are physiological functions and deficiency symp-
with the human health. toms of vitamin A?
Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 10x3=30 5. How assessment of the nutritional status of an individual done?
2. What are water soluble vitamins? Mention the physiologi- 6. What is balance diet? Give an example of your own.
cal functions of any one of them. 7. Write in brief about the methods of enhancing nutritive
3. What are the functions of lipid in the human body? value of food.
4. Explain the factors that affect losses of nutrients during 8. Mention the role of Vitamin D and calcium in human
handling and storage. nutrition?
5. Explain the deficiency symptoms and food sources of the
9. Describe the role of dietary fiber in the human body.
following vitamins:
10. Describe different anti-nutritional factors in our food.
a) Vitamin E b) Vitamin D c) Thiamin
6. What are the functions of carbohydrates in the human body? 11. What are the different factors that affect BMR?
7. What are the major nutritional deficiency diseases occur- 12. Write short notes on:
ring in Nepal? Mention the Symptoms of any one of them. a) Vitamin C b) Beriberi c) Food
8. Write short notes on: groups
a) Polysaccharides b) Essential amino acids
9. Classify foods based on their nutrient densities.
10.Write down the deficiency symptoms of the following? FINAL EXAMINATION - 2072
a) Calcium b) Iron Essay Type Question: 10
11.Discuss the functions of proteins in the human body. 1. Classify carbohydrates with examples; also write down the
12.Define the following: function, deficiency symptoms and food sources of carbohy-
a) Nutrition b) Crude fiber c) Omega-3-fatty acids drates on human.
2. What do you mean by bioenergetics? How does energy
Essay Type Question: 10 partition in human? Explain.
1. Discuss interaction mechanisms between nutrition, 3. What are macro elements? Write down the function and
immunity, cancer, ageing and mental function. deficiency symptoms of calcium, phosphorous and Sulphur in
Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 10x3=30 human.
2. Discuss the impact of nutrition on CHD. 4. What is energy? What are different methods of energy
3. Discuss interaction between malnutrition and infection in measurement? Explain.
children, in community and social pediatrics. 5. Classify foods with examples.
4. Classify carbohydrates with important examples. 6. List down vitamins and write down the functions and
5. Discuss lipids nutrition in health and diseases of humans. deficiency symptoms of fat soluble vitamins.
6. Discuss the metabolic functions following of the following: 7. Write short notes on (any three):
a) Thiamine b) Vit A c) Vit E a) Hypoglycemia b) Rickets c) Beri-beri d) Acidosis
7. Vit A deficiency in a serious public health problems in 8. Explain basal metabolism in human.
many developing countries. Discuss. 9. Write down the factors which influence water requirement
8. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) continues to be a major in human beings.
public health problem in many developing countries. Discuss. 10. Write down different methods of processing of foods.
9. Discuss malnutrition and cognitive development. 11. Write down the function and deficiency symptoms of (1)
10. How do bioactive phytochemical help improve human Riboflavin (2) selenium and (3) iron in humans.
health? Discuss. 12. Write down the problems, prevention and control of over
11. Discuss the importance of storage of fords on the feeding humans.
improvement of nutritional value.
12. Write down the deficiency symptoms of the following:
a) Calcium b) Iron c) Manganese

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. Write the present status, problems, challenges and
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 8th Semester F.M. 40 opportunities of dairy sector in Nepal.
P.M. 16 Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 10x3=30
Subject: Introduction to Dairy Science Time: 2 Hrs
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible. The figure in the 2. Why milk product diversification is necessary?
margin indicates full marks. 3. Write in short about nutritive value of milk.
Essay Type Question: 10 4. How does the stage of lactation affect the composition of milk?
1. Discuss briefly about importance, present situation and 5. Write short notes: a) Specific gravity b) Alveoli
future scope of dairying in Nepal. c) Rancid flavor of milk
Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 10x3=30 6. Why temperate countries are more favorable for milk
2. Explain briefly about structure, importance and commercial production as compared to tropical countries?
use of milk protein. 7. What are the major hormones and it's role lactation?
3. Discuss briefly about blood circulation and lymphatic 8. Discuss on method of milking a diary animal.
system of mammary gland.
9. Differentiate the following.
4. Explain the effect of stage of lactation and seasonality on
composition of milk. a) Flavors and off flavor in milk
5. Discuss briefly about chemical properties of milk. b) Apparent and developed acidity
6. Justify the role and importance of lactose in the growth and 10. Briefly explain the various factors affecting the clean milk
development of children. production.
7. "Milk is an ideal, unique and most nearly perfect food for 11. What are the different types of micro-organisms found in
human being" justify it. milk and milk products?
8. Give a concise table of milk constituents and their blood 12. How does the blood circulatory system function in
precursors in animal. mammary gland?
9. Discuss briefly about absorbed flavor defects in milk in
milking parlour. FINAL EXAMINATION - 2071
10.What are the sources of contamination of milk on diary
farm? Explain in brief.
11.Differentiate the following. a) Clostrum and cow milk. 1. Give the diagrammatic representation of milk constituents.
b)Sucrose and Lactose c) Apparent and developed acidity Explain the factors influence the quality and quantity of milk
12.Write short notes on following: produced.
a) Importance of machine milking Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 10x3=30
b)Hygienic milk production on diary farm 2. Define milk. Give food value of milk. Milk is perfect food.
Comment with reason.
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2072 3. Discuss about importance of dairying in Nepal.
Essay Type Question: 10 4. Write short notes:
1. Write scope and importance of diary development in Nepal a.Flavor defect in milk b.Specific gravity of milk
and discuss in comparison with developed countries. 5. Write in brief about hormones related to udder development.
Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 10x3=30 6. Full hand milking is the best method of milking. Justify with reason.
2. Define milk and describe diagrammatic representation of 7. Write short notes on: a. homogenized milk
milk constituents. b. Toned milk c. Acidity and pH of milk
3. What are the physical and chemical properties of milk, 8. Explain the physical and chemical properties of milk.
discuss? 9. What do you mean pasteurization? Write the advantages
4. Discuss the factor affecting composition of milk and and methods of pasteurization of milk.
nutritive value of milk. 10.Explain the principles of clean milk production.
5. What are the milking methods and write advantages of 11.Discuss in brief about mechanism of milk let down.
machine milking over hand milking system? 12.Write short notes on:
6. How can we produce clean milk and what are the factors a. Plat farm test b. Colostrums c. Sterilized milk
affecting clean milk production?
7. What are the common flavor defect in milk, discuss their
cause and prevention?
8. Enlist beneficial and harmful microorganism in milk and
also write down what are the sources of microorganism in
milk?
9. What is pasteurization and why is it important in diary
industry?
10. Discuss on mammary gland development.
11. Describe on physiology of lactation and milk secretion in
cattle.
12. Write short notes on: a) NDDB b) H.T.S.T.
c) Objective of DDC d) L.T.L.T.

RAMPUR, CHITWAN
1. What is silo and how it is prepared? Give your view about
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 8th Semester F.M. 40 the performance of silo in Nepal. Design a trench silo taking ration
P.M. 16 assumption for small herd of 75 cows weighing 380 kg each.
Subject: Farm Structure and Surveying Time: 2 Hrs
margin indicates full marks. 2. What is bulking of sand? Give procedure of its teste.
Essay Type Question: 10 3. How do you design the foundation for load bearing building?
1. Explain the important features of a structurally sound What are the characteristics of load bearing building?
building. Describe the functional requirements of a goat house. 4. Why a farm house should be insulated? How thermal
Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten)10x3=30 conductivity and thermal resistivity are related to each other?
2. Calculate the quantity of materials required to construct a 5. Design and make sketch for a bag storage structure for
RCC slab of 20m X 10m X 0.12m with 1:2:4 mix proportion and storing 350 tonnes of maize. Assume reasonable data where
1.5% reinforcement bars.
they are necessary.
3. Design a cylindrical grain bin to store 3 tones of rice. Density
of rice is 1200 kg per cum and angle of repose of rice is 45?. 6. Layout a cattle house for thirty five number stanchion
4. Define surveying and distinguish plane surveying from head to head herd.
geodetic surveying. 7. Explain the ranging technique.
5. Discuss in brief the importance of curing in building 8. a) what does offset mean?
construction. b) A survey line BAC crosses a river. A and C being on the
6. What is hypotenusal allowance? Mention the tape near and opposite banks, respectively. A perpendicular AD 60
correction formula for temperature, pull and sag. m long, is set out at A. If the bearing of AD and DC are 32?30'
7. Describe the desirable qualities of sand as a construction and 266?30', respectively, draw a sketch and find the bearing
material of a building. of a chain line BAC, width of the river AC and find what will
8. After measuring a distance of 2500 meter with a 30 m chain,
be chainage of C when that of A is 108.6 m.
it was detected that the chain was 0.1m too short. Another
1500m was measured and it was found that the chain was 9. The following bearing were observed in running a com-
0.15m too short. Determine the exact length measured if the plete compass traverse.
chain was corrected initially. Line FB BB
9. The bearings of lines AB and BC are 200? and 60? respec- AB 142 30’ 322 30’
tively. Find the included angle of ABC. BC 223 15’ 44 15’
10.Define the following terms: CD 287 0’ 107 45’
a)Magnetic meridian b)Offset c) Tie line
DE 12 45’ 193 15’
11.In a contour map of 1:25000 scales, distance between two
EA 60 00’ 237 45’
pointes A and B as measured in map was found to be 2cm.
The point A lies on contour line of 1025m while B lies on
At what stations do you suspect the local attraction (LA)?
1525m. What is the slope of AB? Express in percentage.
12.The following consecutive readings were taken in a level Determine the true magnetic bearing.
survey. Work out the Reduced Levels of all the points if the 10.Define the following terms:
first reading was taken at a BM of 100m; readings; 3.55, 3.30, i) Saddle ii) Tie line iii) Skirting iv) Cliff
3.35, 3.0. Apply check. v) Height of instrument (HI)
vi) Representative factor (R.F.)
11.The following consequences reading were taken with an
Dumpy/Auto level.
2.375, 1.730, 0.615, 3.450, 2.835, 2.070, 1.835, 0.985, 0.435, 1.630,
2.255 and 3.630
The instrument was shifted after the fourth and eight reading.
The first reading was taken at RL is 110.245. Calculate the
reduced level by fall and rise system and check whether
calculation is correct or not.
12.Design and estimate the quantities of work for construc-
tion of a single room building having internal room size 5m x
4m. One door 2 x1 mand two windows of 1.5x1.5 mare ad-
justed. Make free hand sketch for plan and a cross-sectional
view of foundation and superstructure according to given
below item works. Find quantities of work done in earth
excavation and plinth only.
i) Earthwork in excavation in foundation: depth 75 cm, width
85 cm.
ii) Concrete in foundation in base: depth 20 cm
iii) One brickwork footing: depth 15 cm, width 60 cm
iv)Plinth: height 60 cm and width 40 cm,
v) Superstructure: height 3 m and width 30 cm.

Essay Type Question: (1+6+3)=10 Essay Type Question: 10
1. What is difference between detailed estimate and approxi- 1. Explain the important features of a structurally sound
mate estimate? Estimate the quantities of the following items building. Explain the functional requirements of a Dairy Cattle
of a cattle house from the given plan and section. Also work House.
out the Abstract of Cost of these items of work. Assume Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 10x3=30
suitable rate. (Drawing is attached in a separate sheet). 2. Design a cylindrical grain bin to store four tons of rice. Density
i) Earthwork in excavation of rice is 900 kg per cum and angle of repose of rice is 36?.
ii) PCC 1:3:6 in foundation 3. Define curing. Why is it necessary for construction?
iii) First class brickwork in 1:4 c/s mortar in foundation and Describe.
superstructure 4. Calculate the quantity of materials required to construct 20
iv) M20 grade PCC in RCC in plinth beam assuming 1.5% of numbers of RCC column of size 30cmx30cmx3m with 1:1 1/2:3
reinforcement steel bars mix proportion and 2.5% reinforcement bars.
Short Questions: (Attempt any Ten) 10x3=30 5. Describe the desirable qualities of gravel as a construction
2. Mention reasons for the following statements: material.
i) Large quantity of water makes concrete weak 6. Define surveying and distinguish plane surveying from
ii) Bricks should be soaked in water before they are laid with geodetic surveying.
cement mortar 7. What is hypotenusal allowance? Mention the tape
iii) Gypsum is added in cement correction formula for temperature, pull and sag.
3. Point out important dos and don'ts to make a brick masonry 8. The bearings of lines PQ and QR are 300? and 60?
capable of resisting vertical as well as horizontal load. respectively. Find the included angle of PQR.
4. A farmer produces 10 tons of same variety of grain in his 9. Define the following terms:
farm. Design and draw a suitable type of storage structure to a) Offset b) True Bearing c) Well-conditioned triangle
store it. Assume crop type and reasonable data wherever 10. 2000 meters distance was measured with a 30 m chain and
necessary. it was detected that the chain was 0.08m too long. Another
5. What is farmstead planning? Give an account of site 1200m was measured and it was found that the chain was
selection criteria in farmstead planning. 0.12m too long. Determine the exact length measured if the
6. Differentiate between: chain was corrected initially.
i) Plane and geodetic survey ii)Chain and compass survey 11. In a contour map of 1:25000 scales, distance between two
7. Derive the relationship between Back Bearing and Fore pointes A and B as measured in map was found to be 4 cm.
Bearing. How is this relation useful in compass surveying? The point A lies on contour line of 1025m while B lies on
8. A survey line crosses a river and stations A and Bare 2025m. What is the slope of AB? Express in percentage.
established on opposite banks. A perpendicular AC, 60 m 12. The following consecutive readings were taken in a level
long, is set out at A. If the bearing of AC and CB are 50? and survey. Work out the Reduced Levels of all the points if the
290?, respectively. The chainage of A is 1817.2m. Find the first reading was taken at a BM of 500m; readings; 2.55, 2.30,
chainage of B. 2.35, 2.0. Apply check.
9. The area of an old survey map drawn to a scale of 10m to 1
cm now measures 90.5cm2 as found by a planimeter. The plan
found to have shrunk so that a line originally 10 cm long now
measures 9.5 cm only. Find the true area of the field.
10. Define offset. How is swing offset taken?
11. The following consecutive readings were taken with an
instrument in leveling work.
2.32,2.53,2.62,3.78,3.91
The first two readings were taken from the first setting of the
instrument and the remaining reading from the second setting.
Enter the above readings in a level field book and calculate
the RL of all the points. Also apply usual check. Assume the
RL of the first point as 100m, as BM.
12. Draw contour to represent the following:
i) Ridge ii) Vertical cliff iii) Hill top

FINAL EXAMINATION - 2071 12. Study the contour map given below and
answer the following questions.
1. What are the functional requirements of a dairy cattle
house? Sketch a typical cross-section of a diary cattle house
indicating its important components and briefly explain the
constructional details of (i) floor (ii) manger and (iii) alleys.
2. State the most important functions of cement in concrete.
Why is steel bar (rods) use in concrete?
3. Name most common types of foundations used in RCC
Farmed Structure and briefly explain pad foundation.
4. A farmer had a herd of 200 cows in the area with shallow
water table. The silage is to be fed 120 days in a year at the
rate of 12 kg per cow. Design the type of silo you would like
to recommend in that area. Assume density of silage to be 800
kg per m3 and losses 20%. Assume other data suitably
wherever needed.
5. Estimate the quantities of materials required to construct a (i) What type of land do the above contour lines represent?
50m long, 3m high and 38cm thick brick masonry in 1:4 cement (ii)Distance of B from A is 60 m, find the distance of C and D
sand mortar. from B (Elevation Shown in contour are in meter)
6. Under what condition reciprocal ranging is conducted?
Briefly explain the process of reciprocal ranging.
7. Define offsets. How is swing offset taken?
8. A 30 m chain was used to measure a survey line. Before
the commencement of the work, the chain was tested and
found to be 1 decimeter too short. After measuring a distance
of 1550m the chain was found to be 5 cm too long. After
chaining a total distance of 5500m at the end of the S
9. A chain line PQR crosses the river at right angle, Q and R
being two points on the near and distant banks respectively.
A perpendicular QS 90m long is set out at Q on the right of
the chain line. The respective bearing of P and R taken at S
are 2200and 3100. Find the chainage of R, given that the
length of PQ is 65m and the chainage of Q is 650 m.
10. The bearing of the side of a triangle ABC are AB = 2000,
BC = 320?, CA = 80?. Determine the angle of the triangle. Is
the triangle well-conditioned?
11. Following is page of a level field book. Fill in the missing
readings and calculate the Reduced Level of all the points.
Also apply usual check.
Station BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Remarks
1 3.25 150 BM
2 1.75 ? 0.75 ? TP
3 ? 0.50 ?
4 ? 0.25 ? Last point

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Liaison office :
P.O. Box :984 ,kritipur,Kathmandu, Nepal
9thSeptember, 2018
MESSAGE
I feel immense pleasure to see the enthusiasm of the students in the preparation and
publication of IAAS QUESTION BANK book and would like to extend my words of
gratitude to Free students union lamajung campus unit . This activities shows that the
students are not only involved in regular course work but are also active to demon-
strate their intellectual capabilities in agricultural and veterinary related articled book .
This book would serve as a good medium for exchange and transfer of techni-
cal know- how related to ariculture and veterinary in different sector .
Lastly I would ike to acknowledge all the team member of free students union
lamjung campus for creative iputs and their efforts .
9thSeptember, 2018
……………………………………
Keshav Raj Adhikari,PHD
Professor and Dean
IAAS

Foreword
IAAS Lamjung campus has played a crucial role as a premier constituent college of TU
for the development of agricultural competent manpower required for the nation. It is
focused on graduating qualified students with Bachelor's degree in Agriculture and Animal
Science. A higher level competent manpower has been producing in the B.Sc. Ag program
since 2012/013. I heard "Free Student's Union (FSU)" of Lamjung Campus is going to
publish "Question Bank from 1st to 8th semester compiled By FSU, Lamjung Campus
(2073-2075)".I hope this compiled questions bank will be useful for all the students of
different collages of IAAS especially the students batch of 2074/75 as a reliable exam
preparatory book.
I believe this book will guide students to develop ideas for attempting questions and
obtain good results in each and every semester. It is a stepping stone for the exam appear-
ing student to boost their knowledge and take their practice to perfection.
I feel very pleasure and privileged to congratulate the appreciable work of the FSU team
and all of their helping hand for the excellent work. I hope this sort of noble work will be
continued for the long. Thanks.
Dr.Narayan Neupane,
Campus Chief,lamjung campus

Tribhuwan Univercity Lecturer's Association
Lamjung Campus Unit
Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science
Lamjung Campus, Sundarbazar, Lamjung
Date:- 9thSeptember, 2018.
MESSAGE
I feel immense pleasure to see the enthusiasm of the students in the preparation and
publication of IAAS QUESTION BANK book and would like to extend my words of
gratitude to Free students union Lamjung campus unit . This activities shows that the
students are not only involved in regular course work but are also active to demonstrate
their intellectual capabilities in agricultural and veterinary related articled book .
This book would serve as a good medium for exchange and transfer of technical
know- how related to ariculture and veterinary in different sector .
Lastly I would ike to acknowledge all the team member of free students union Lamjung
campus for creative iputs and their efforts .
……………………………………
Kapil Kafle, Asst. Professor
President

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(*$%(@&*&* Few Words from president
sf= ;lrj September 10, 2018

k|ltef sfsL{ When I got the opportunity to write some words for this book, one quote quickly striked my
mind - "When the going gets tough, the tough gets going". Anyone who enters the gate of
(*$#&)#(!&
Agriculture and Animal Science College knowingly and unknowingly follows the path indi-
cated in the quote. We have to put our focus on study and at the same time we have to fight
sf]iffWoIf with the system to make things better. On top of that, we never refused to see our surround-
;ld/ kf}8n
] ing and not just show our reaction, we act on it. At the end of our college life after studying
(*$%^!@^!* amidst such toughness, we will become tougher in important areas and that will surely be a
head start to our journey of life.
;b:ox?M–
lzlz/ Gof}kfg] The book is prepared with dedication and hard-working of many helping hands. I am pretty
(*$))&#)$# confident that contents of the book along with your own effort will be valuable asset to
BSC(Ag) study. Helping each other and grow as a community are always our culture and
k|lj0f kf}8n
] strength and this book is addition of one more pillar to that strength. I am personally and
(*$))!)@)@ officially thankful to the helping hands for their contribution to the community.
kjg 9sfn Last but not least, I would like to thank all the college staff who helped in our cause, my
(*$%^&%!#& seniors who guided us to find a right and better path, my juniors for constantly supporting us
whenever required. As a Act.President of FSU, I wish you all the best for your upcoming
;'dg aufn] exam. We, as FSU, always try to represent the voice of student and put our effort to shorten
(*$$$&()*% the distance between need of students need and the focus of the university and college
authority.
;'lgtf aGbg] kxf/L Thank you ….
(*!#))!!@(
;/f]h a'nf{sf]6L
(*^)(!&($!
k|lbk e';fn
(*^^*%)%&$# Sagar Lamichhane
Act. President,
u0f]z aflgof“ Free students union
(*$%&@!#)& Lamjung Campus
;'lbk yfkf
(*$^^$*&($

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TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Final examination- 2072

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