1st MBBS Physiology
1st MBBS Physiology
1st MBBS Physiology
1) Competent
2) Confident
3) Compassionate
4) Concerned humane who can deliver ethical medical care.
GOAL
The broad goal of the teaching of Undergraduate students in physiology aims at providing the student
comprehensive knowledge of the normal functions of the organ systems of the body to facilitate an
understanding of the physiological basis of health and diseases.
CORE COMPETENCY :
PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
A) KNOWLEDGE
At the end of the integrated teaching the student shall acquire an integrated knowledge of organ
structure and function and its regulatory mechanisms.
COURSE CONTENT
Theory
List of topics
Must know:
Introduction to Physiology
Functional organization of Human Body
Homeostasis , Biofeedback mechanisms
Body Fluid compartments : role of water in body & its
distribution,different body fluid compartments and composition of their
fluids
Cell physiology :
Transport across cell membrane
B) HEAMATOLOGY: (14hrs)
Must know:
Must know:
MUSCLE (6 hours)
Must know:
Classification of muscles
Structure of skeletal muscle:
Electronomicroscopic structure, muscle proteins contractile, regulatory, structural &
enzymatic.
Sarcoplasmic tubular system: concept of sarcoplasmic triads & their functions.
Neuromuscular transmission : Physiologic anatomy, events, N-M blocking & its clinical significance,
applied aspect myasthenia gravis.
Excitation contraction coupling.
Molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction: sliding filament theory, power stroke corss bridge cycle,
role of calcium.
Energetics: fuel used by skeletal, muscle at rest & in exercise, metabolic pathways involved to yield A.
T. P.,
Oxygen debt : definition, types (lactic, alactic), incurring of debt, repaying the debt, significance.
Properties of skeletal muscle: excitability, refractory period (absolute, relative), conductivity,
contractility types (isometric, isotonic), effects of summations (multiple motor unit summation,
frequency summation & tetanizibility), all or none law, extensibility & elasticity, fatiguability.
Factors affecting development of tension in the muscle:
a) number of motor units contracting- type of muscle, number of muscle fibers in each unit
activated, supraspinal influences.
c) length tension relationship
d) frequency of stimuli, duration of stimulation
e) load
f) type of contraction
g)chemical composition of muscle fibers and ions.
E.M.G. (in brief)
Skeletal muscle circulation.
Smooth muscle : structure, distribution, types molecular mechanism of contraction, properties,
regulation, and disorders.
Miscellaneous
Heat liberated during various phases of contraction, Fenn's effect.
Recording of muscle activity.
Miscellaneous:
· Hyperthermia, Hypothermia.
Alimentary System – ( 12 hours)
Must know:
J) NUTRITION: (2 hours)
Must know:
Introduction
Endocrine function of hypothalamus releasing hormones, Mechanism of hormone action
Anterior pituitary hormones: functions, regulation, disorders, Posterior pituitary hormones.
ADH, Oxytocin functions, regulation, disorders
Thyroid hormone: synthesis, fate, functions, regulation, disorders.
Parathyroid hormone : synthesis, fate, functions, regulation, disorders, tetany
Adrenal cortex and medulla hormone: secretion, functions, regulation, disorders
Pancreatic hormone: secretion, functions, regulation, disorders
Miscellaneous
Radioimmuno assays
Experimental studies.
Miscellaneous:
Sex chromosomes: Barr bodies.
Development of genitals & gonads
Precocious & delayed puberty.
2)
N) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM : (43 hours)
Must know:
3)
-Outline of nervous system.
1. General nervous system:
Synapse : definition, physiological anatomy, sequence of events of synaptic transmiss'ion, propert.ies,
(state the property & its significance), significance of synaptic transmission, applied aspect.
Neurotransmitters in brief.
Receptors: definition, classification (basis of each classification with example), properties (state each
property with underlying mechanism & significance), significance (homeostasis, conscious awareness of
environment, tone posture, protection).
Sensations: different modalities, classification with examples and significance
sensation of touch, pain proprioception: details of each Reflexes: definition, classification (basis of
classification with example), reflex arc & its components, properties (state each property with basis &
importance) Stretch reflex definition, muscle spindle (details with innervation, role of gamma motor
neurons) role of supra spinal control in brief, functions of stretch reflex ( regulation of muscle tone)
inverse stretch reflex.
Polysynaptic reflexes: withdrawal reflex.
4) Tracts:
Ascending & descending tracts: details of each tracts (situation & extent in spinal cord, origin, course &
termination, collaterals, somatotopic arrangement, functions, applied aspect, tests)
Ascending tracts: Basic plan of somato sensory pathway for conscious Sensation, pathway from head,
face region.
Descending tracts: pyramidal tracts details., extra pyramidal tracts, Differences between UMN & LMN
lesions.
Sections at various levels in CNS :
a) Spinal transection spinal animal.
Complete 3 stages spinal shock, stage of recovery, stage of reflex failure details of each stage.
Incomplete. Transection
Hemisection
3) Tone, Posture & Equilibrium.
a) Low midbrain section decerebrate animal: Decerebrate rigidity. (Classical & ischaemic
mechanisms, characteristics features & physiological significance)
b) High midbrain section High decerebrate animal.
c) Thalamic or Decorticate animal.
Definition, classification of postural reflexes.
(Details of each reflex and its function.)
regulation of posture (integrating centers at various levels of CNS)
d) Vestibular apparatus: Physiologic anatomy, mode of function of utricle & saccule and
semicircular canals, vestibulo occular & vestibulo spinal reflexes.
4) Thalamus:
Functional classification of Thalamic nuclei, with connections of different nuclear groups, functions of
thalamus, thalamic syndrome.
5) Hypothalamus:
Functional classification of different hypothalamic nuclei, connections in brief, functions in details.
5)
6)
7)
6) Limbic system:
Parts of limbic system, connections in brief, functions.
7) Reticular formation:
Introduction, anatomy in brief, functional divisions.
A) Ascending reticular activating system details with connections & role in sleep wakeful cycle, applied
aspect.
B) Descending reticular system role in regulation of muscle tone by pontine & medullary regions.
c) Visceral centres.
8) E. E. G.:
Definition; different waves, characteristics & functional significance of each wave, physiological
variation, clinical application in brief.
9) Sleep & Wakefulness:
Concept of alertness & wakefulness with their physiological basis, Definition of sleep, stages of sleep
correlated with EEG, sleep cycle types of sleep, salient features of NREM & REM sleep, physiological
effects of sleep on different systems of the body, Neurophysiological mechanisms of sleep, functions of
sleep.
1 O)Cerebellum :
Introduction, functional classification, intracortical circuit, deep cerebellar nuclei, connections of different
lobes, functions of cerebellum, cerebellar function tests, effects of lesion in brief.
11)BasaIGanglia :
Introduction, classification of nuclei, connections, intracortical circuits, functions, lesions
Parkinsonism.
12) Cerebral Cortex:
Gross anatomy & divisions, concept of Broadmann's mapping with diagram, Parietal lobe anatomical &
functional divisions, details of each functional part as regards connections, topographic organisation,
functions.
Frontal lobe excitomoter Cortex anatomical & functional parts, details of each part as regards connections,
topographic organisation, functions.
Prefrontal Cortex different areas, connections in brief, functions, effects of lobectomy.
13)Speech
Afferent and efferent mechanisms and role of cortical centers in speech, concept of cerebral dominance,
development of speech, vocalization.
14)Memory:
Definition, stages, types, physiological basis, factors affecting, applied amnesias in brief.
15) Learning:
Definition, types with examples, stages, factors influencing, role of motivation (positive & negative
reinforcement, reward & punishment), physiological basis role of different parts of CNS, structural,
biochemical changes.
16) Conditioned reflexes:
Definition, difference between unconditioned & conditioned reflexes, development of conditioned
reflexes, properties, significance.
17) Autonomic nervous system:
Organization and functions of Parasympathetic & Sympathetic and their control.
18)CSF:
Introduction, composition, normal CSF pressure, formation & circulation, functions, applied aspect brief,
blood brain barrier, blood CSF barrier.
Miscellaneous:
Neurotransmitters details, susceptibility of synapse to hypoxia drugs etc., Mechanisms of referred pain,
differences between superficial & deep pain, central analgesia system, supraspinal control of stretch
reflex details.
Thalamus - applied aspects effects of lesions.
Hypothalamus - applied aspects effects of lesions
Reticular formation effects of lesion
EEG Method of recording, abnormal patterns.
Basal Ganglia lesions, involuntary movements.
Cerebellum Embryology, evolution, effects of stimulation & ablation. Cerebral
cortex effects of stimulation & ablation in different regions. Speech aphasias.
Experimental studies effects of stimulation & ablation. Sleep, wakefulness
effects of sleep deprivation, disorders.
Practicals :
A) Haematology 1) Textbooks of Physiology:
Hb% R. B. C. W. B. C. Differential, B.T.C.T. Blood group, ABO
Guyton - Textbook of Physiology
system Rh typing, Blood Indices
Ganong - Review of Medical
B) Clinical examination and Human experiments
Stethography, Spirometry, Ergography, Perimetry, Tests for Physiology
physical fitness, Clinical examination of all systems. S. Wright - Applied Physiology
C) OSPE - AKJain - Text Book of Physiology
D)Interpretation of charts, problems and case histories RL Bijlani - Understanding medical
E) Demonstrations Physiology
Reticulocyte count. Platelet count, P. C. V., E. S. R, fragility,
peripheral blood smear, bone marrow slides,
Sperm count and sperm motility
E.M.G. S.D. curve, conduction velocity of nerve (Human), E.C G.,
E.E.G., Audiometry, H.R.T. (Human reaction time)
2) Reference Books:
Visit to blood bank, wards to show common disorders or video
tapes and X-rays Best and Taylor - Physiological basis of medical practice
fatigue. - GK Pal
b) Cardiac muscle.
Normal cardiogram, effect of temperature,
Properties of cardiac muscle,
Effect of vagal stimulation and phenomenon of vagal escape.
effect of drugs (Acetyl choline, Adrenaline, Nicotine) on frog's
heart.Perfusion of isolated frogs heart with effects of Na' , K'
and Ca •. , and demonstration of effect of stannius ligature on
frog’s heart, effect of extrasystole & compensatory pause
Starling's law.
'
Teaching strategy
Demonstrations 40 hours
Winter Vacation
Remaining Thorax Renal Nucleotides& Nucleic Health problem Health
Inferior Extremity Physiology Acids Care Delivery system
Head Neck and Skin and Integration of in
Face Temperature Metabolism, India Health
Abdomen Regulation Starvation Metabolism Educations and
Surface Anatomy Endocrines Vitamins, Nutrition Communication
Second Radiological Reproductive Mechanism of Economics and Health
Term Anatomy Physiology Hormone Demography, Fertility
Central Nerves Central Nerves Action, Nutrition and Health
System, Autonomic System, Autonomic Water 8: Electrolyte Communication" Skills
Nerves System Nerves System Balance, Acid-Base Orientation to research
Special Senses Special Senses balance, Community Survey
Detoxification Methods
Mechanism, Environment hygiene /
Biochemistry of sanitation
Cancer Molecular
concept of defense,
Organ function test
Radioisotopes,
Recombinant DNA,
Technology, apoptosis
And environmental
Biochemistry
Prelims
Internal Assessment:
I Weightage for Internal Assessment shall be 20% of the total marks in each
subject.
II Subject must secure at least 35% marks of the total marks fixed for internal
assessment in a particular subject in order to be eligible to appear in final examination of that
subject.
Scheme of Internal Assessment.
There will be two sessional and one preliminary examination (in all three internal
assessment examinations in the subjects of Anatomy, Physiology and
Biochemistry.
First sessional Before winter
i ti
Second sessional Last tiweek of
i i
Preliminary JSecond week of April
Anatomy,Physiology& Biochemistry
A) Sessional Examinations
Duration Total: 3Hours (Sec,A:30 min Section Band C; 2.30hrs) There shall be
one paper of 100 marks consisting of :
Section A M.C.Q All compulsory 30x1 30Marks
Section B B.A.Q Any ten out of 10x2 20Marks
S.A.Q. El
Any six out of Seven 6x5 30Marks
Section C L.A.Q Any two out of three 2x10 20Marks
Physiology – paper I
1. Cardiovascular system,
2. Respiratory system,
3. Gastrointestinal sy.stem
4. Endocrinology
5. Reproduction,
/ 6. Acclimatization to hypoxia,
Physiology - Paper II
1. General physiology
2. Nerve and muscle physiology,
3. Blood,
4. Excretory system and Temperature regulation
5. Central Nervous system
6. Special Senses.
1. Each sessional
subject examination shall have theory, oral and Practical examination in each
as under:
Physiology
Abdomen 4 marks