Rabbit - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Rabbit

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order

Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world. There are eight Rabbit
different genera in the family classified as rabbits, including the Temporal range: Late Eocene-Holocene,
European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), cottontail rabbits
53–0 Ma
(genus Sylvilagus; 13 species), and the Amami rabbit
(Pentalagus furnessi, an endangered species on Amami Ōshima, PreЄ Є OS D C P T J K Pg N

Japan). There are many other species of rabbit, and these, along
with pikas and hares, make up the order Lagomorpha. The male
is called a buck and the female is a doe; a young rabbit is a kitten
or kit.

1 Habitat and range

2 Terminology
3 Biology
3.1 Evolution Young rabbit in Montana, United States
3.2 Morphology
3.3 Ecology Scientific classification
3.4 Sleep Kingdom: Animalia
4 Diet and eating habits
Phylum: Chordata
5 Rabbit diseases
6 Differences from hares Subphylum: Vertebrata
7 Domesticated rabbits
Class: Mammalia
8 As food and clothing
9 Environmental problems Order: Lagomorpha
10 In culture and literature Family: Leporidae
10.1 Folklore and mythology
in part
10.2 Other fictional rabbits
10.3 Urban legends Genera
11 Classifications
12 See also Pentalagus Brachylagus
13 References Bunolagus Sylvilagus
14 Further reading Nesolagus Oryctolagus
15 External links Romerolagus Poelagus

Rabbit habitats include meadows, woods, forests, grasslands, deserts and wetlands.[1] Rabbits live in groups,
and the best known species, the European rabbit, lives in underground burrows, or rabbit holes. A group of

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burrows is called a warren.[1]

More than half the world's rabbit population resides in North

America.[1] They are also native to southwestern Europe, Southeast
Asia, Sumatra, some islands of Japan, and in parts of Africa and South
America. They are not naturally found in most of Eurasia, where a
number of species of hares are present. Rabbits first entered South
America relatively recently, as part of the Great American Interchange.
Much of the continent has just one species of rabbit, the tapeti, while
most of South America's southern cone is without rabbits. Outdoor entrance to a rabbit burrow
The European rabbit has been introduced to many places around the
world.[2]

Male rabbits are called bucks; females are called does. An older term for an adult rabbit is coney, while rabbit
once referred only to the young animals.[3] Another term for a young rabbit is bunny, though this term is often
applied informally (especially by children) to rabbits generally, especially domestic ones. More recently, the
term kit or kitten has been used to refer to a young rabbit. A young hare is called a leveret; this term is
sometimes informally applied to a young rabbit as well.

A group of rabbits is known as a colony, or nest (and occasionally a warren, though this more commonly refers
to where the rabbits live).[4] A group of young rabbits with the same parentage is referred to as a litter, and a
group of domestic rabbits is sometimes called a herd.[5]

Evolution

Because the rabbit's epiglottis is engaged over the soft palate except
when swallowing, the rabbit is an obligate nasal breather. Rabbits have
two sets of incisor teeth, one behind the other. This way they can be
distinguished from rodents, with which they are often confused.[6] Carl
Linnaeus originally grouped rabbits and rodents under the class Glires;
later, they were separated as the scientific consensus is that many of
their similarities were a result of convergent evolution. However, recent
DNA analysis and the discovery of a common ancestor has supported
the view that they share a common lineage, and thus rabbits and rodents
are now often referred to together as members of the superorder
Glires.[7] A skin-skeletal preparation showing
its incisors
Morphology

The rabbit's long ears, which can be more than 10 cm (4 in) long, are probably an adaptation for detecting
predators. They have large, powerful hind legs. The two front paws have 5 toes, the extra called the dewclaw.
The hind feet have 4 toes.[8] They are plantigrade animals while at rest; however, they move around on their

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toes while running, assuming a more digitigrade form. Unlike some

other paw structures of quadruped mammals, especially those of
domesticated pets, rabbit paws lack pads. Their nails are strong and are
used for digging; along with their teeth, they are also used for defense.

Wild rabbits do not differ much in their body proportions or stance,

with full, egg-shaped bodies. Their size can range anywhere from
20 cm (8 in) in length and 0.4 kg in weight to 50 cm (20 in) and more
than 2 kg. The fur is most commonly long and soft, with colors such as
shades of brown, gray, and buff. The tail is a little plume of brownish
Video of a European rabbit, showing
fur (white on top for cottontails).[2] Rabbits can see nearly 360 degrees,
ears twitching and a jump
with a small blind spot at the bridge of the nose.[9]

Ecology

Rabbits are hindgut digesters. This means that most of their digestion
takes place in their large intestine and cecum. In rabbits, the cecum is
about 10 times bigger than the stomach and it along with the large
intestine makes up roughly 40% of the rabbit's digestive tract.[10] The
unique musculature of the cecum allows the intestinal tract of the rabbit Set of wax models showing
to separate fibrous material from more digestible material; the fibrous development of the rabbit heart
material is passed as feces, while the more nutritious material is
encased in a mucous lining as a cecotrope. Cecotropes, sometimes called "night feces", are high in minerals,
vitamins and proteins that are necessary to the rabbit's health. Rabbits eat these to meet their nutritional
requirements; the mucous coating allows the nutrients to pass through the acidic stomach for digestion in the
intestines. This process allows rabbits to extract the necessary nutrients from their food.[11]

Rabbits are prey animals and are therefore constantly aware of their
surroundings. For instance, in Mediterranean Europe, rabbits are the
main prey of red foxes, badgers, and Iberian lynxes.[12] If confronted
by a potential threat, a rabbit may freeze and observe then warn others
in the warren with powerful thumps on the ground. Rabbits have a
remarkably wide field of vision, and a good deal of it is devoted to
overhead scanning.[13] They survive predation by burrowing, hopping
away in a zig-zag motion, and, if captured, delivering powerful kicks
A litter of rabbit kits (baby rabbits) with their hind legs. Their strong teeth allow them to eat and to bite in
order to escape a struggle.[14] The longest-lived rabbit on record, a
domesticated European rabbit living in Tasmania, died at age 18.[15]
The lifespan of wild rabbits is much shorter; the average longevity of
an eastern cottontail, for instance, is less than one year.[16]

Sleep

Rabbits are crepuscular, most active at dawn and dusk. The average
sleep time of a rabbit in captivity is said to be 8.4 hours.[17] As with
A nest containing baby rabbits other prey animals, rabbits often sleep with their eyes open so sudden
movements will wake the rabbit and alert it to dangers.[18]

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Rabbits are herbivores that feed by grazing on grass, forbs, and leafy
weeds. In consequence, their diet contains large amounts of cellulose,
which is hard to digest. Rabbits solve this problem via a form of
hindgut fermentation. They pass two distinct types of feces: hard
droppings and soft black viscous pellets, the latter of which are known
as caecotrophs and are immediately eaten (a behaviour known as
coprophagy). Rabbits reingest their own droppings (rather than
chewing the cud as do cows and numerous other herbivores) to digest
their food further and extract sufficient nutrients.[19]
A young rabbit looking through the
Rabbits graze heavily and rapidly for roughly the first half-hour of a
grass.
grazing period (usually in the late afternoon), followed by about half an
hour of more selective feeding. In this time, the rabbit will also excrete
many hard fecal pellets, being waste pellets that will not be reingested. If the environment is relatively
non-threatening, the rabbit will remain outdoors for many hours, grazing at intervals. While out of the burrow,
the rabbit will occasionally reingest its soft, partially digested pellets; this is rarely observed, since the pellets
are reingested as they are produced. Reingestion is most common within the burrow between 8 o'clock in the
morning and 5 o'clock in the evening, being carried out intermittently within that period.

Hard pellets are made up of hay-like fragments of plant cuticle and stalk, being the final waste product after
redigestion of soft pellets. These are only released outside the burrow and are not reingested. Soft pellets are
usually produced several hours after grazing, after the hard pellets have all been excreted. They are made up of
micro-organisms and undigested plant cell walls.

The chewed plant material collects in the large cecum, a secondary chamber between the large and small
intestine containing large quantities of symbiotic bacteria that help with the digestion of cellulose and also
produce certain B vitamins. The pellets are about 56% bacteria by dry weight, largely accounting for the pellets
being 24.4% protein on average. The soft feces form here and contain up to five times the vitamins of hard
feces. After being excreted, they are eaten whole by the rabbit and redigested in a special part of the stomach.
The pellets remain intact for up to six hours in the stomach; the bacteria within continue to digest the plant
carbohydrates. This double-digestion process enables rabbits to use nutrients that they may have missed during
the first passage through the gut, as well as the nutrients formed by the microbial activity and thus ensures that
maximum nutrition is derived from the food they eat.[2] This process serves the same purpose within the rabbit
as rumination does in cattle and sheep.[20]

Rabbits are incapable of vomiting.[21]

Rabbits can be affected by a number of diseases. These include pathogens that also affect other animals and/or
humans, such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and Escherichia coli, as well as diseases unique to rabbits such as
rabbit haemorrhagic disease: a form of calicivirus,[22] and myxomatosis.

Rabbits and hares are almost never found to be infected with rabies and have not been known to transmit rabies
to humans.[23]

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Among the parasites that infect rabbits are tapeworms such as Taenia serialis, external parasites like fleas and
mites, coccidia species, and Toxoplasma gondii.[24][25]

The most obvious difference between rabbits and hares is how their kits are born. Rabbits are altricial, having
young that are born blind and hairless. In contrast, hares are precocial, born with hair and good vision. All
rabbits except cottontail rabbits live underground in burrows or warrens, while hares live in simple nests above
the ground (as do cottontail rabbits), and usually do not live in groups. Hares are generally larger than rabbits,
with longer ears, larger and longer hind legs and have black markings on their fur. Hares have not been
domesticated, while European rabbits are both raised for meat and kept as pets.

The only rabbit to be widely domesticated is the European rabbit,

which has been extensively bred for food and later as a pet. It was first
widely kept in ancient Rome and has been refined into a wide variety of
breeds during and since the Middle Ages.

Domesticated rabbits have mostly been bred to be much larger than

wild rabbits, though selective breeding has produced a range of sizes
from dwarf to giant, which are kept as pets and food animals across the
world. They have as much colour variation among themselves as other
livestock and pet animals. Their fur is prized for its softness; today,
Angora rabbits are raised for their long, soft fur, which is often spun
into yarn. Other breeds are raised for the fur industry, particularly the
Rex, which has a smooth, velvet-like coat and comes in a wide variety
of colors and sizes.

Leporids such as European rabbits and hares are a food meat in Europe,
China, South America, North America, some parts of the Middle East. Vase with rabbit below, made 1777 in
By some estimates, world's annual rabbit meat production stands at Sweden.
around 200 million tons.[26]

Rabbit is sold in UK butchers and markets, and some supermarkets sell frozen rabbit meat. Additionally, some
have begun selling fresh rabbit meat alongside other types of game. At farmers markets and the famous
Borough Market in London, rabbits will be displayed dead and hanging unbutchered in the traditional style
next to braces of pheasant and other small game. The countries where rabbit meat consumption is highest are
Malta (8.89 kg per inhabitant), Italy (5.71 kg per inhabitant), Cyprus (4.37 kg per inhabitant), France (2.76 kg
per inhabitant), Belgium (2.73 kg per inhabitant), Spain (2.61 kg per inhabitant) and Portugal (1.94 kg per
inhabitant).[27]

Rabbit meat was once commonly sold in Sydney, Australia, the sellers of which giving the name to the rugby
league team the South Sydney Rabbitohs, but it quickly became unpopular after the disease myxomatosis was
introduced in an attempt to wipe out the country's large feral rabbit population. Rabbit meat is also commonly
used in Moroccan cuisine, where it is cooked in a tajine with "raisins and grilled almonds added a few minutes

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before serving".[28]

In China, rabbit meat is particularly popular in Sichuan cuisine. Among

popular dishes are stewed rabbit, spicy diced rabbit, BBQ-style rabbit,
and even spicy rabbit heads, which have been compared to the duck
neck.[26] Rabbit meat is comparably unpopular elsewhere in the
Asia-Pacific.

When used for food, rabbits are both hunted and bred for meat. Snares
or guns are usually employed when catching wild rabbits for food. In
many regions, rabbits are also bred for meat, a practice called
cuniculture. Rabbits can then be killed by hitting the back of their
heads, a practice from which the term rabbit punch is derived. Rabbit
meat is a source of high quality protein.[29] It can be used in most ways
chicken meat is used. In fact, well-known chef Mark Bittman says that
domesticated rabbit tastes like chicken because both are blank palettes
upon which any desired flavors can be layered.[30] Rabbit meat is Rabbits - Kitchen, Hôtel Dieu,
leaner than beef, pork, and chicken meat. Rabbit products are generally Beaune
labeled in three ways, the first being Fryer. This is a young rabbit
between 2.0 and 2.3 kilograms (4.5 and 5 lb) and up to 9 weeks in
age.[31] This type of meat is tender and fine grained. The next product
is a Roaster; they are usually over 2.3 kilograms (5 lb) and up to 8
months in age. The flesh is firm and coarse grained and less tender than
a fryer. Then there are giblets which include the liver and heart. One of
the most common types of rabbit to be bred for meat is New Zealand
white rabbit. The largest rabbit meat producing countries (100,000 tons
or more per year) are China, Russia, Italy, France and Spain.[27]

In efficient production systems, rabbits can turn 20 percent of the

Tanned rabbit pelt; rabbit pelt is
proteins they eat into edible meat, compared to 22 to 23 percent for
prized for its softness.
broiler chickens, 16 to 18 percent for pigs and 8 to 12 percent for beef;
rabbit meat is more economical in terms of feed energy than beef.[27]

Compared with the meat of other species (especially pork and beef),
rabbit meat is richer in proteins and certain vitamins and minerals,
while it has less fat; rabbit fat contains less stearic and oleic acids than
other species and higher proportions of the essential polyunsaturated
linolenic and linoleic fatty acids.[27] The main health issues associated
with the use of rabbits for meat are tularemia or rabbit fever which is an
infection that may be contracted from close contact with rabbits[32] and
the so-called rabbit starvation. Rabbit starvation is most likely due to
the deficiency of fat in rabbit meat. In comparison, pemmican is a An Australian 'Rabbiter' circa 1900
meat-based food that is nutritionally complete but is composed of dry
meat fibers and fat in a 1:1 ratio by weight. Rabbit starvation is similar
to other metabolic issues that arise in times of extreme starvation. An analogous condition (though with
different symptoms) occurs when carbohydrates are ingested in the absence of fat and protein.[33] These
conditions are not well-documented by Western medicine because such total absence of fat and protein are
relatively rare and not likely to occur where medical attention is available. However, a slim variety of historical
writings refer to rabbit starvation, for example, Vilhjamur Stefansson in the late 19th century, and in the

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journals of Charles Darwin.

Rabbit pelts are sometimes used for clothing and accessories, such as
scarves or hats. Angora rabbits are bred for their long, fine hair, which
can be sheared and harvested like sheep wool. Rabbits are very good
producers of manure; additionally, their urine, being high in nitrogen,
makes lemon trees very productive. Their milk may also be of great
medicinal or nutritional benefit due to its high protein content.[34]
An old wooden cart, piled with rabbit
skins, in New South Wales, Australia

Rabbits have been a source of environmental problems when introduced into the wild by humans. As a result
of their appetites, and the rate at which they breed, feral rabbit depredation can be problematic for agriculture.
Gassing, barriers (fences), shooting, snaring, and ferreting have been used to control rabbit populations, but the
most effective measures are diseases such as myxomatosis (myxo or mixi, colloquially) and calicivirus. In
Europe, where rabbits are farmed on a large scale, they are protected against myxomatosis and calicivirus with
a genetically modified virus. The virus was developed in Spain, and is beneficial to rabbit farmers. If it were to
make its way into wild populations in areas such as Australia, it could create a population boom, as those
diseases are the most serious threats to rabbit survival. Rabbits in Australia and New Zealand are considered to
be such a pest that land owners are legally obliged to control them.[35][36]

Rabbits are often used as a symbol of fertility or rebirth, and have long
been associated with spring and Easter as the Easter Bunny. The
species' role as a prey animal also lends itself as a symbol of innocence,
another Easter connotation. They appear in folklore and modern
children's stories, often but not invariably as sympathetic characters.

Additionally, rabbits are often used as symbols of playful sexuality,

which also relates to the human perception of innocence, as well as its Domestic rabbits can overpopulate
reputation as a prolific breeder. rapidly, becoming a nuisance, as on
this university campus.
Folklore and mythology

The rabbit often appears in folklore as the trickster archetype, as he

uses his cunning to outwit his enemies.

In Aztec mythology, a pantheon of four hundred rabbit gods

known as Centzon Totochtin, led by Ometotchtli or Two Rabbit,
represented fertility, parties, and drunkenness.
In Central Africa, the common hare (Kalulu), is "inevitably
described" as a trickster figure.[37]
In Chinese folklore, rabbits accompany Chang'e on the Moon. European rabbit in Shropshire,
England, infected with myxomatosis,
Also associated with the Chinese New Year (or Lunar New Year),
a disease caused by the Myxoma
rabbits are also one of the twelve celestial animals in the Chinese
virus
Zodiac for the Chinese calendar. It is interesting to note that the
Vietnamese lunar new year replaced the rabbit with a cat in their

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calendar, as rabbits did not inhabit Vietnam.

A rabbit's foot is carried as an amulet believed to bring good luck. This is found in many parts of the
world, and with the earliest use being in Europe around 600 B.C.[38]
In Japanese tradition, rabbits live on the Moon where they make mochi, the popular snack of mashed
sticky rice. This comes from interpreting the pattern of dark patches on the moon as a rabbit standing on
tiptoes on the left pounding on an usu, a Japanese mortar (See also: Moon rabbit).
In Jewish folklore, rabbits (shfanim ‫ )שפנים‬are associated with cowardice, a usage still current in
contemporary Israeli spoken Hebrew (similar to English colloquial use of "chicken" to denote
cowardice).

In Korean mythology, as in Japanese, rabbits live on the moon

making rice cakes (Tteok in Korean).
In Anishinaabe traditional beliefs, held by the Ojibwe and some
other Native American peoples, Nanabozho, or Great Rabbit, is
an important deity related to the creation of the world.
Among English speakers, the rabbit may be invoked at the start
of the month out of apotropaic or talismanic superstition.
A Vietnamese mythological story portrays the rabbit of
innocence and youthfulness. The Gods of the myth are shown to
be hunting and killing rabbits to show off their power.

On the Isle of Portland in Dorset, UK, the rabbit is said to be unlucky

and speaking its name can cause upset with older residents. This is Tile with two rabbits, two snakes and
thought to date back to early times in the quarrying industry, where a tortoise. Illustration for Zakariya
piles of extracted stone (not fit for sale) were built into tall rough walls al-Qazwini's book. Iran, 19th century.
(to save space) directly behind the working quarry face; the rabbit's
natural tendency to burrow would weaken these "walls" and cause
collapse, often resulting in injuries or even death. The name rabbit is often substituted with words such as
“long ears” or “underground mutton”, so as not to have to say the actual word and bring bad luck to oneself. It
is said that a public house (on the island) can be cleared of people by calling out the word rabbit and while this
was very true in the past, it has gradually become more fable than fact over the past 50 years. See also Three
hares.

Other fictional rabbits

The rabbit as trickster appears in American popular culture; for example the Br'er Rabbit character from
African-American folktales and Disney animation; and the Warner Bros. cartoon character Bugs Bunny.

Anthropomorphized rabbits have appeared in a host of works of film, literature, and technology, notably the
White Rabbit and the March Hare in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland; in the popular novels
Watership Down, by Richard Adams, along with its film and television adaptations, Rabbit Hill by Robert
Lawson, as well as in Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit stories, and Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, a 1920s cartoon
character.

Urban legends

It was commonly believed that pregnancy tests were based on the idea that a rabbit would die if injected with a
pregnant woman's urine. This is not true. However, in the 1920s it was discovered that if the urine contained
the hCG, a hormone found in the bodies of pregnant women, the rabbit would display ovarian changes. The

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rabbit would then be killed to have its ovaries inspected, but the death of the rabbit was not the indicator of the
results. Later revisions of the test allowed technicians to inspect the ovaries without killing the animal. A
similar test involved injecting Xenopus frogs to make them lay eggs, but animal tests for pregnancy have been
made obsolete by faster, cheaper, and simpler modern methods.

Rabbits and hares were formerly classified in the order Rodentia

(rodent) until 1912, when they were moved into a new order
Lagomorpha. This order also includes pikas.

Order Lagomorpha

Family Leporidae
Genus Pentalagus
Amami rabbit/Ryūkyū rabbit, Pentalagus furnessi
Genus Bunolagus A black rabbit
Bushman rabbit, Bunolagus monticularis
Genus Nesolagus
Sumatran striped rabbit, Nesolagus netscheri
Annamite striped rabbit, Nesolagus timminsi
Genus Romerolagus
Volcano rabbit, Romerolagus diazi
Genus Brachylagus
Pygmy rabbit, Brachylagus idahoensis
Genus Sylvilagus
Forest rabbit, Sylvilagus brasiliensis
Dice's cottontail, Sylvilagus dicei
Brush rabbit, Sylvilagus bachmani
San Jose brush rabbit, Sylvilagus mansuetus
Swamp rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus
Marsh rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris
Eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus
Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus
New England cottontail, Sylvilagus transitionalis
floridanus)
Mountain cottontail, Sylvilagus nuttallii
Desert cottontail, Sylvilagus audubonii
Omilteme cottontail, Sylvilagus insonus Wikimedia Commons has
Mexican cottontail, Sylvilagus cunicularis media related to Rabbit
Tres Marias rabbit, Sylvilagus graysoni breeds.
Genus Oryctolagus
European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus
Genus Poelagus
Central African Rabbit, Poelagus marjorita
Three other genera in family, regarded as hares, not rabbits

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Animal track
Dwarf rabbit
Hare games
Jackalope
List of animal names
Rabbits in the arts
Rabbit show jumping

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8 October 2010.
35. "Feral animals in Australia — Invasive species". Environment.gov.au. 1 February 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
36. "Rabbits — The role of government — Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 1 March 2009.
Retrieved 30 August 2010.
37. Brian Morris, The Power of Animals: An Ethnography, p. 177 (2000).
38. Ellis, Bill: Lucifer Ascending: The Occult in Folklore and Popular Culture (University of Kentucky, 2004) ISBN
0-8131-2289-9

Windling, Terri. The Symbolism of Rabbits and Hares (http://www.endicott-studio.com

/rdrm/rrRabbits.html)

American Rabbit Breeders Association (http://www.arba.net/)

Wikimedia Commons has
organization which promotes all phases of rabbit keeping media related to Rabbit.
House Rabbit Society (http://www.rabbit.org/) an activist
organization which promotes keeping rabbits indoors. Wikiquote has quotations
RabbitShows.com (http://www.rabbitshows.com/) an related to: Rabbit
informational site on the hobby of showing rabbits.
The (mostly) silent language of rabbits (http://www.muridae.com/rabbits/rabbittalk.html)
World Rabbit Science Association (http://world-rabbit-science.com/) an international rabbit-health
science-based organization
The Year of the Rabbit (http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/55521/the-year-of-the-rabbit#index/0)
– slideshow by Life magazine
House Rabbit Society- FAQ: Aggression (http://www.rabbit.org/faq/sections/aggression.html#basics)

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Categories: Rabbits and hares Herbivorous animals Mythological rabbits and hares
Extant Ypresian first appearances

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