FM3-09 32
FM3-09 32
FM3-09 32
MULTI-SERVICE
TACTICS, TECHNIQUES,
AND PROCEDURES
FOR THE JOINT
APPLICATION OF
FIREPOWER
FM 3-09.32
MCRP 3-16.6A
NTTP 3-09.2
AFTTP(I) 3-2.6
DECEMBER 2007
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to the DOD,
DOD contractors, Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France,
Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
and the United Kingdom only to protect technical or operational
information from automatic dissemination under the International
Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made on
17 December 2007. Other requests will be referred to: HQ TRADOC,
ATTN: ATFC-EJ, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-1067; HQ MCCDC, C116,
Quantico, VA 22134-5021; NWDC, ATTN: N5, Newport, RI 02841-1207;
or HQ AFDDEC/DDJ, Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6112.
1
Marine Corps PCN: 144 000033 00
This revision, dated 17 Dec 2007, provides a major overhaul of the document.
The organization of the publication has been changed to: Chapter I – Planning
Considerations, Chapter II – Surface-based Fire Support, Chapter III – Joint Air
Attack Team and Close Combat Attack, Chapter IV – Close Air Support
Execution, Appendix A – Capabilities and Communications Equipment, Appendix
B – Brevity, Appendix C – Laser Operations, Appendix D – Fire Support
Coordination Measures and Airspace Coordinating Measures, Appendix E –
Aircraft-Delivered Munitions Descriptions, Appendix F – Risk-estimate Distances,
Appendix G – General Information, Appendix H – Electronic Attack / Call for
Electronic Fires, as well as a list of references and a glossary. (Appendix H is
classified SECRET and available on ALSA’s classified website
http://www.acc.af.smil.mil/alsa/jfire.)
The revised publication presents the material to the reader in a more logical
fashion and incorporates a large amount of new information such as: unmanned
aircraft systems and inertially aided munitions considerations, US Army close
combat attack procedures, details on joint fires observers and tactical shows of
force, an expanded entry on AC-130 and fixed wing integration, as well as
including briefing formats for electronic attack, airdrop (aerial resupply), casualty
evacuation, and reconnaissance / surveillance missions. Additionally, in an effort
to keep the publication current, the munitions descriptions and risk-estimate
distances have been updated to include new weapons that have been fielded
since the previous version of JFIRE was written. It also includes a more robust
listing of rotary wing munitions as well as common allied / coalition weapons.
17 Dec 2007
Table of Contents
Chapter I: Planning Considerations....................................................... 1
1. General Planning for Close Air Support / Joint Air Attack
Team / Close Combat Attack ...................................................... 1
2. Convoy Escort ......................................................................... 6
3. Urban / Mountain Considerations............................................ 7
4. Timeline Considerations.......................................................... 7
5. Unmanned Aircraft Systems Considerations .......................... 8
6. Considerations for High Altitude, Level Delivery of Precision
Munitions ..................................................................................... 9
7. Inertially Aided Munitions ...................................................... 10
8. Hybrid / Dual-mode Weapons ............................................... 12
9. DD Form 1972, Joint Tactical Air Strike Request.................. 13
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to the DOD, DOD contractors, Australia, Canada,
Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
and the United Kingdom only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination
under the International Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made on 17 DEC 07.
Other requests will be referred to:
HQ TRADOC, ATTN: ATFC-EJ, Ft Monroe, VA 23651-1067;
HQ MCCDC, ATTN: C116, Quantico, VA 22134-5021;
NWDC, ATTN: N5, Newport, RI 02841-1207;
or AFDDEC, ATTN: DDJ, Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6112.
DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that must prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction
of the document.
List of Tables
Table 1. Target Location Error Categories ................................................ 12
Table 2. Field Artillery Cannons ................................................................ 28
Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 vii
Table 3. Mortars ........................................................................................ 29
Table 4. Artillery / Mortar / Rocket Illumination Factors............................. 30
Table 5. 5”/54 and 5”/62 Naval Gun Data ................................................. 30
Table 6. Cannon / Mortar Targets and Suggested Ammunition ................ 31
Table 7. Artillery Precision-Guided Munitions ........................................... 32
Table 8. Multiple Launch Rocket System / High Mobility Artillery
Rocket System .......................................................................................... 32
Table 9. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile................................................... 33
Table 10. Coordinated Attack Types ......................................................... 40
Table 11. Close Air Support Terminal Attack Attributes ............................ 44
Table 12. Advantages and Disadvantages of Types of Control ................ 45
Table 13. AC-130 Integration Attributes .................................................... 52
Table 14. Commercial Off the Shelf Emitters Targeted by
Electronic Attack........................................................................................ 58
Table 15. Joint Tactical Air Strike Request Remarks
Information (Section 8) .............................................................................. 58
Table 16. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Standard Rear Briefing....... 60
Table 17. Fixed – Wing Capabilities and Communication Equipment....... 69
Table 18. Rotary – Wing Capabilities and Communication Equipment..... 73
Table 19. Targeting Pod Capabilities ........................................................ 75
Table 20. Attack Helicopter Weapons Capabilities ................................... 76
Table 21. Video Downlink – Link / Frequency / Player Reference ............ 77
Table 22. Joint Terminal Attack Controller / Observer
Communication Equipment ....................................................................... 78
Table 23. Control Node Communications Equipment ............................... 79
Table 24. US Air Force / Army Communications Nets .............................. 80
Table 25. Permissive Measures ................................................................ 89
Table 26. Restrictive Measures ................................................................. 91
Table 27. Integration Techniques .............................................................. 92
Table 28. Recommended Target-Weapons Pairings for Ordnance ........ 102
Table 29. Mortar Risk-Estimate Distances .............................................. 106
Table 30. Cannon Risk-Estimate Distances............................................ 106
Table 31. Naval Gunfire Risk-Estimate Distances .................................. 107
Table 32. Tomahawk Land Attack Missile Risk-Estimate Distances....... 107
Table 33. Fixed-Wing Risk-Estimate Distances ...................................... 107
Table 34. Rotary-Wing Risk-Estimate Distances .................................... 110
Table 35. Speed and Time Conversions ................................................. 111
Table 36. Distance Conversion Table (1 meter = 3.28 feet) .................. 112
Table 37. Minimum Safe Distances for Ground Parties
(Training Use Only: Live Fire) ................................................................. 113
Table 38. Surface-to-Air Missile Threat Capabilities ............................... 117
Table 39. Antiaircraft Artillery Threat Capabilities ................................... 119
List of Formats
Format 1. Adjust Fire Mission (Grid Method) ............................................20
Format 2. Adjust Fire Mission (Polar Plot).................................................21
Format 3. Adjust Fire Mission (Shift From a Known Point) .......................22
Format 4. Fire for Effect Mission (Grid Method) ........................................23
viii FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007
Format 5. Suppression / Immediate Suppression / Smoke Mission
(Grid Method) ............................................................................................24
Format 6. Marking Mission (Grid Method) .................................................24
Format 7. Suppression of Enemy Air Defences Mission
(Marine Corps – Grid Method)...................................................................25
Format 8. Artillery / Mortar – Quick Smoke Request.................................25
Format 9. Artillery / Mortar Illumination Request – Call for Fire ................26
Format 10. Naval Surface Fire Support Call for Fire
(Grid / Polar Plot / Shift from a Known Point) ............................................27
Format 11. Close Combat Attack Check-In...............................................35
Format 12. Close Combat Attack Briefing – Ground to Air (5-Line) ..........36
Format 13. Close Air Support Check-In ....................................................47
Format 14. Situation Update .....................................................................47
Format 15. Close Air Support 9-Line Briefing............................................48
Format 16. AC-130 Call for Fire ................................................................51
Format 17. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Close Air Support
Check-in Briefing .......................................................................................61
Format 18. North Atlantic Treaty Organization 15-Line
Controller to Attack Aircraft Briefing ..........................................................62
Format 19. Casualty Evacuation Briefing ..................................................63
Format 20. Airdrop Briefing (Aerial Resupply)...........................................64
Format 21. Reconnaissance / Surveillance Briefing..................................66
Army
US Army Training and Doctrine Command, Fort Monroe, VA
Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate, CAC, Ft Leavenworth, KS
US Army Field Artillery School, Ft Sill, OK
US Army Armor Center, Ft Knox, KY
US Army JFK Special Warfare Center and School, Ft Bragg, NC
Army Joint Support Team, Nellis AFB, NV
Marine Corps
Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Quantico, VA
Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron 1, MCAS Yuma, AZ
Navy
Navy Warfare Development Command (Norfolk Detachment), Norfolk, VA
Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center, NAS Fallon, NV
Air Force
Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center, Maxwell AFB, AL
Air Combat Command/A-3F, Langley AFB, VA
USAF Weapons School, Nellis AFB, NV
6 CTS, Nellis AFB, NV
Other
4. Timeline Considerations
The ability to accurately and succinctly transmit targeting and control information
is critical to responsive and effective CAS. Deviation from jointly agreed TTP
Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 7
increases the opportunity for misunderstanding and delays execution. This is
unacceptable when mission success and safety of friendly forces is at stake.
Communication / Activity
JTAC sends 9-Line.
Crew maneuvers to release point and calls “IN” at 30 sec from release.
JTAC ensures area clear and calls “Cleared hot.”
Crew calls “Weapons away, (weapon TTT).”
Figure 1. Sample Communication
7. Inertially Aided Munitions
a. IAMs can be delivered at night or through weather on a set of coordinates by
various aircraft. The effectiveness of an IAM depends upon the tactical situation
(type of target, desired weapons effects, target movement, global positioning
system (GPS) jamming, etc.) and target location error (TLE) of the target
coordinates. In addition, planners and aircrew must ensure that the World
Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84) coordinate datum plane is used by both
controller and weapon delivery platform when employing IAMs. Datum planes
should be verified prior to deployment / mission as part of deployment / mission
checklist and coordinated or confirmed with the ASOC / DASC and / or higher
echelons. Significant errors can result if different datums are used. This
will increase the likelihood of fratricide and/or reduce weapons effects.
b. Aircraft altitude and speed can yield significant standoff ranges (in excess of
10 nm). Therefore, it is necessary to deconflict high altitude / long range release
profiles from other systems operating below and above (in the case of glide
weapons) the release altitudes. Significant issues exist when using weapons
that transit over or around friendly forces using preprogrammed flight paths and
impact points. Once released, these weapons may not be redirected. Due to the
standoff capability, aircraft and aircrews can effectively avoid many enemy point
defense weapons systems by employing IAMs. However, if stand-off is not
required, aircrews may be able to minimize release ranges to mitigate airspace
deconfliction issues.
c. The footprint for IAMs in the event of a malfunction, such as loss of guidance
or control fin hard-over, is very large and, in some cases, increases the
probability of fratricide. Like all other weapons, when able, precision-guided
munitions such as IAMs should be employed parallel to the FLOT.
d. The time required to coordinate for and receive IAM weapons effects must be
weighed against the time required to provide any immediate weapons effects
(guns, general purpose bomb, etc.) on a time-sensitive target. Additional
Note: Coordinated illumination directs the FDC to calculate and direct the
firing of the illumination and the attack munitions at a time that should result in
the attack munitions impacting when the target is at maximum illumination.
Observers desiring to control the firing of both the illumination and the attack
munitions transmit: “By shell, at my command”
To receive 2- or 4-gun illumination during an illumination mission, transmit the
following under Method of Fire and Control:
For 2-gun illumination: “range spread” or “lateral spread”
For 4-gun illumination: “range and lateral spread”
22,200 w/ M201A1
HE, HC, WP, Sustained rate of fire:
PD, VT, 600 m1 Chg 8S or 22,500 w/
155 mm ILLUM, CPHD, 2 rnds/min IAW
MT, ET, M232, Zone 5; 24,500
M777- APICM, DPICM, N/A 30,000 Thermal Warning
MTSQ, 170m with w/ XM982 Block 1-
series M825 Smoke, XM982 Device. Max rate of
Delay 1a Smoke; 24,500
SCAT-MINE fire: 4 rnds/2 min
w/ XM982 Block 1-1a
1
See appendix F: Surface-to-Surface Risk-Estimate Distances for detailed discussion of “danger close.”
2
Dec 2007
c. The Army utilizes a “5-line” CCA brief for briefing attack aviation assets
conducting CCA. It can be used for all threat conditions. It does not affect the
aircrew’s tactics in executing CCA. Transmission of the brief constitutes
clearance to fire except in a danger close situation. Danger close must be
declared in Line 5 when applicable. See format 12.
1. IP/BP: “____________________________________________”
2. Heading: ”___________________________________________”
(Degrees Magnetic, IP/BP-to-Target)
Offset: “____________________________________________”
(Left / Right, when required)
3. Distance: “__________________________________________”
(IP-to-target in nautical miles, BP-to-target in meters)
4*. Target Elevation: “___________________________________”
(In feet MSL)
5. Target Description: “__________________________________”
6*. Target Location: “____________________________________”
(Lat/Long or grid to include map datum or offsets or visual)
7. Type Mark: “_____________” Code: “_____________________”
(WP, Laser, IR, Beacon) (Actual Laser Code)
8. Location of Friendlies: “________________________________”
(From target, cardinal direction and distance in meters)
Position marked by: “__________________________________”
9. “Egress: ____________________________________________”
Remarks (as appropriate): “_______________________________”
(Restrictions*, Ordnance delivery, threats, final attack heading, hazards,
ACAs, weather, target information, SEAD, LTL/GTL [degrees magnetic], night
vision, danger close [with commander’s initials])
Time on Target: “_________________________” or
Time to Target: “__________________________”
“Standby _________ plus _____________, ready, ready, HACK”
(minutes) (seconds)
Note: When identifying position coordinates for joint operations, include map
data. Grid coordinates must include 100,000 meter grid identification.
JTAC: “Stang 11, proceed to the 240 at 8, angels 15, report established.”
CAS A/C: “Stang 11, established 240 at 8, angels 15.”
(3) This template allows for unlimited flexibility in IP selection and precludes
the need to generate IPs for an entire area of operations (AO), many of
which may never be used.
(4) Use of the keyhole template is also useful in coordinating a UAS orbit
with CAS aircraft by assigning separate radials and orbit points.
Consideration must be given to altitudes, turn direction, and orbit
locations, for both deconfliction and / or utilizing the UAS for target
observation or designation.
1. A8
2. 180° left
3. 8.0
4. 1465
5. Three T-72 tanks
6. NU 87138 50874
7. None
8. Northwest 2500
9. Egress east to B8, and then back to A8.
Remarks: Final attack cone 180 to 220, stay above 2000 AGL.
Figure 15. Sample North Atlantic Treaty Organization Close Air Support
Worksheet
A-10 A/C LGB, AGM-65, GP Illum / WP None NVG, GPS, UHF HQ II KY-58
bombs, CBU, Rockets, Litening Pod VHF–AM/FM
JDAM2, 2.75” LTD, LTM ,
rockets, 30mm 30mm, LUU-
cannon ½/5/6/19
flares
B-1B JDAM, GP bombs, None PPN-19 SAR1, GPS, NVG UHF or HQ II KY-58
CBU/WCMD SMP-1000 SATCOM SINCGARS KY-100
VHF/UHF
HF
F-15E JDAM, LGB, CBU/ LTD, LTM None NVG, FLIR, GPS, UHF HQ II KY-58
WCMD, EGBU-28, SAR 1, Link-16, UHF/VHF/FM HQ II KY-58
GP bombs, AGM- Sniper, Litening,
130/65, GBU-15/24, Lantirn
JSOW, 20mm
AGM-1147 (K, M, N, P), LTD, LTM None FLIR, GPS, EO UHF No KY100
MQ-9 GBU-12 VHF-AM/FM
Reaper SATCOM
ROVER
RQ-11
LTM8 FLIR, EO
Raven
72
Table 17. Fixed – Wing Capabilities and Communication Equipment
FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6
EPW (II & III), PW II & III, LTD, LTM None FLIR, LST, NVG, UHF HQ (I&II) Yes
Tornado PW IV (IOC 2009), Mk-83, Gnd mapping VHF-AM
GR 4 CBU, ALARM, radar with TFR
(UK) Stormshadow, Brimstone,
27 mm cannon
1 2 3 4
Notes: Synthetic aperture radar with ground mapping modes. A-10C only. Block-25/30/32. Block 40/42.
5 6 7 8
Block 50/52. Some Block 40/42. Predator equipped with Hellfire has no SAR capability. Raven B only.
ALLTV – all light level television, ATFLIR – advanced targeting FLIR, CCD – charge-coupled device, EO – electro-
optical, FLIR – forward-looking infrared, GPS – global positioning system, HMCS – helmet mounted cueing system,
HTS – HARM targeting system, IDM – improved data modem, IDT – interflight data transfer (also known as
interflight datalink), IZLID – infrared zoom laser illuminator designator, LIA – laser illuminator assembly, LLLTV –
low-light level television, LST – laser spot tracker, LTD – laser target designator :1.06 micron PRF [pulse repetition
frequency] coded for weapons guidance, LTM – laser target marker :530nm “green beam” or 860nm for visual or
Dec 2007
NVG and targeting pods (commonly referred to as an IR pointer or IR marker), NVG – night vision goggles, PLS –
personal locator system, SADL – situational awareness data link, SAR – synthetic aperture radar, TFR – terrain
following radar, TIALD – thermal imaging airborne laser designator, TV – television, WP – white phosphorous
Dec 2007
Table 18. Rotary – Wing Capabilities and Communication Equipment
Hellfire, 2.75” rockets, Laser, FLIR, TVS, NVG, VHF-FM SINCGARS KY-58
73
7.62 MG, .50 cal MG, Rockets NVG, GPS, VHF-FM SINCGARS KY-58
Hellfire, TOW, 2.75” FLIR UHF
AH-6 US Army Rockets, 30 mm chain
gun, MK19 40 mm
grenade MG, ATAS
Notes: 1The AH-1F is no longer in service in the US Army, but is widely used by other nations.
2
The AH-1W can designate codes 1111-1788, but has max effectiveness from 1111-1148.
3
The AH-64 can designate codes 1111-2888, but cannot designate codes containing “9.”
ANDVT – advanced narrowband digital voice terminal, ATAS – Air-to-air Stinger, DTV – day television, DVO – direct view optics,
FLIR – forward looking infrared, GPS – global positioning system, HQ – Have Quick, IDM – improved data modem, INS – inertial
navigation system, LTD – laser target designator:1.06 micron PRF-coded for weapons guidance, LTM – laser target marker:
Dec 2007
530nm “green beam” or 860nm for visual or NVG and targeting pods (commonly referred to as an IR pointer or IR marker), MMW
– millimeter wave, NTS – night targeting system, NVG – night vision goggles, SINCGARS – single-channel ground and airborne
radio system, TSS – target sensing system, TVS – television sensor
Table 19. Targeting Pod Capabilities
Targeting Pod Sensor LTD LST LTM/IR Pointer
SNIPER IR/CCD Yes Yes Yes
LITENING IR/CCD Yes Yes Yes
LANTIRN IR Yes No No
1
Night Hawk IR Yes No No
2
STAR SAFIRE IR Yes No No
2
BRITE STAR IR Yes Yes No
3
NTS IR, DVO, CCD Yes No No
3
TSS IR, DVO, CCD Yes No No
3
MTADS IR Yes Yes No
3
TADS IR Yes Yes No
TISS IR Yes No No
Notes: Laser Target Designator (LTD) – 1.06 micron PRF-coded for weapons
guidance. Laser Spot Tracker (LST). Laser Target Marker (LTM) – 530nm
“Green Beam” or 860nm for visual or NVG and targeting pods (commonly
referred to as an IR Pointer or IR Marker.)
1
Aircraft may be carrying a laser spot tracker onboard.
2
LTM/IR Pointer carried onboard UH-1 for aircrew pointer capability.
3
LTM/IR Pointer is mounted on the gun for AH-64/AH-1 helicopters.
MTADS – multisensor towed array detection system
NTS – night targeting system
TADS – target acquisition and designation system
TISS – thermal imaging sensor system
TSS – target sensing system
UHF-AM HQ II KY-58
DASC(A)
VHF-AM/FM SINCGARS2 KY-58
KC-130
HF KY-99
(USMC)
UHF SATCOM KY-58
VIASAT
UHF/VHF-AM HQ II KY-58
DASC
HF SINCGARS KY-99
(USMC)
SATCOM
VHF-AM/FM KY-58
UHF-AM HQ II KY-58
3 UHF SATCOM KYV-5
JSTARS
JTIDS, Link-16 (ANDVT)
IDM, SCDL, HF
VHF-AM/FM
E-3 UHF-AM HQ II KY-58
AWACS UHF SATCOM KY-58
HF KY-75/KYV-5
Warning: CAS aircraft must use all tools available to confirm that the
location of the intended target agrees with previously briefed
descriptions.
Headquarters (HQ)
Surface to Air to Surface to Air to
Surface Surface Surface Surface
No No No
Yes
BCL MAGTF CFL Only if Only if Note 1.
89
HHQ
Dependent IAW ACA IAW ACA
90
Table 25. Permissive Measures
FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6
1
Aviation may strike any target within the USMC AO beyond the BCL and short of the FSCL without further
coordination, including targets in an adjacent Marine commander’s zone between the BCL and FSCL. Before
Dec 2007
firing, the ground commander should coordinate with the DASC if surface-delivered fires will violate ACAs
associated with the BCL.
AO – area of operations, BDE – brigade, DIV – division, HHQ – higher headquarters, MAGTF – Marine air-to-
ground task force.
Dec 2007
Table 26. Restrictive Measures
Informal
lateral and altitude, or time.
4. Integration Techniques
There are numerous separation techniques used by JTACs in the field. There is
no one preferred technique, but JTACs should always plan on the one that allows
for the most firepower on the target. If at all possible, never shut off artillery
when flying CAS or vice versa. In many cases providing the artillery information
to the aircrew and allowing the aircrew to determine a lateral or altitude
deconfliction measure is most effective. The same logic can be applied to
deconflict UAs and manned aircraft.
NOTE: The CGRS or GARS should not be confused with kill box
methodology. For kill box operations, refer to FM 3-09.34 / MCRP 3-
25H / NTTP 3-09.2.1 / AFTTP(I) 3-2.59 Multi-Service Tactics,
Techniques, and Procedures for Kill Box Employment and theater-
specific SOP.
2. Guided Bombs
a. IAMs are accurate (near precision), all weather, INS / GPS-guided bombs
for use against stationary targets. Multiple IAMs can be dropped on
different targets in a single pass. Effects: blast / fragmentation or cratering
with a delayed fuze (Mk-83/84 bomb body) or hard target penetrator with
(BLU-109/110 bomb body).
(1) GBU-38 JDAM w/ Mk-82 bomb body
(2) GBU-38 (v)4/B JDAM w/BLU-126 bomb body (USN)
(3) GBU-32 (v)2/B JDAM w/ Mk-83 bomb body (USN / USAF)
(4) GBU-32 (v)4/B JDAM w/ BLU-110 bomb body (USN)
(5) GBU-31 (v)1/B (USAF) or (v)2/B (USN) JDAM w/ Mk-84 bomb body
(6) GBU-31 (v)3/B (USAF) or (v)4/B (USN) JDAM w/ BLU-109 bomb body
(7) GBU-39 / Small Diameter Bomb (SDB). An accurate, extended range
all-weather, 250-pound class, GPS guided munition. It is effective
Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 95
against fixed or stationary targets and has limited penetration
capabilities. Multiple weapons can be dropped on different targets in a
single pass. As a standoff weapon, the SDB may climb in altitude after
release to assume its glide profile. The weapon’s flight path may
present deconfliction problems depending on the ACAs in place.
- Effects: blast / fragmentation or penetration.
b. Paveway II – Laser-guided, free-fall weapon. Laser codes are pre-flight
selectable (code 1511-1788). These weapons can be fuzed for
instantaneous (fragmentation) or delayed (cratering) detonation.
(1) GBU-12 uses an Mk-82 bomb body.
(2) GBU-16 uses an Mk-83 or BLU-110 bomb body.
(3) GBU-10 uses an Mk-84 or BLU-109 bomb body.
(4) GBU-15/EGBU-15 – TV- or IR-guided, automatically or manually by the
weapon system operator (WSO). Mk-84 or BLU-109 body. Effects:
same as Mk-84/BLU-109. The hybrid EGBU-15 incorporates GPS / INS
guidance providing precision adverse weather capability for autonomous
or man-in-the-loop deliveries.
(5) GBU-51/B – Laser-guided, free-fall GBU-12 kit with a BLU-126 LCDB
body.
c. Paveway III – Low-level, laser-guided, maneuverable free-fall weapon.
Uses Mk-84 (GBU-24), BLU-109 (GBU-24A) or BLU-116 advanced unitary
penetrator (AUP) bomb bodies. AUP is a 2,000-lb class penetrator bomb
with twice the penetration capability of the BLU-109. Used only in GBU-
24C/B (USAF) and GBU-24D/B (USN).
- Effects: cratering and hard target penetration. GBU-24E/B adds GPS /
INS guidance to allow adverse weather capability with BLU-109 bomb
body. Can be released from very low or very high altitudes. Can be
released below a low overcast (3,000–4,500’ AGL) if the correct mode
switches have been set prior to takeoff. Can be launched without laser
signal acquisition. Effects: same as Mk-84.
d. Hybrid weapons – Guided by laser and / or GPS-aided INS.
(1) GBU-12F/B Dual-mode LGB (DMLGB) – 500-lb bomb with LASER and
IAM capability.
(2) GBU-28 (GBU-37) – Laser-guided (GPS) BLU-113. 4,700-lb weapon
used for hard target penetration.
(3) GBU-52/B DMLGB – similar to GBU-12F/B but with BLU-126 LCDB
body.
(4) GBU-54 Laser JDAM (LJDAM) – a multi-mode 500-lb weapon that
includes guidance via GPS with coordinate refinement through laser
updates. It uses a GBU-38 tail kit with the addition of a laser kit attached
to the nose and can be used in legacy mode as GPS only with no
degradation in capability. LJDAM is capable of hitting high speed
moving targets. Target heading and velocity can be programmed into
the weapon to generate an impact point in front of the target. At 4.5 km,
if laser energy is present, the LJDAM will calculate new coordinates
based on the movement of the laser. The weapon will then guide to the
updated lead point. LJDAM is a coordinate seeking weapon and does
not guide on laser energy like an Enhanced PWII. It continuously
96 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007
calculates new coordinates based on the laser spot. Therefore, if the
weapon loses laser energy it will guide on the last known coordinates.
3. Guided Missiles
a. AGM-65 (Maverick) – Tactical, air-to-surface guided missile designed for
high probability of strike against tanks and a variety of tactical targets,
including moving vehicles. Maverick seeker is locked on to the target prior
to release and guides autonomously (except AGM-65E), providing standoff
ranges of up to 10 nm.
(1) Guidance: TV (A,B,H,K); IR (D,F,G2); Laser (E).
(2) Warheads: 125 lbs. shaped charge jet and blast (A,B,D,H) or 300-lbs.
penetrator / blast-fragmentation (E, F, G2, K).
b. AGM-84E Stand-Off Land Attack Missile (SLAM)-AGM-84H (SLAM-
Expanded Range [ER]) – An intermediate range (over 150 nm for SLAM-
ER) missile designed to provide day, night, and adverse weather precision
strike capability against land targets and ships in port. The SLAM uses an
inertial navigation system with GPS, infrared terminal guidance, and is fitted
with a titanium warhead for better penetration.
c. AGM-88 High-speed Antiradiation Missile (HARM). A supersonic air-to-
surface tactical missile designed to seek and destroy radar-equipped air
defense systems. The AGM-88 can detect, attack, and destroy a target with
minimum aircrew input. (Range > 40 nm).
d. AGM-114 (Hellfire) – Solid propellant laser or radar frequency guided anti-
armor missile. Can also be used against buildings and field fortifications.
Hellfire variants include shaped charge, blast fragmentation, and metal
augmented charge warheads. Max effective range: 8,000 meters. Min
range is based on employment technique, but 500 meters should be used
as a guide. Radar frequency Hellfire (Longbow) is all weather capable.
(1) A/B/C/F/K – Shaped Charge Warhead – Designed for use against
armored vehicles.
(2) L – Shaped Charge Warhead – Radar guided compatible with Apache
Longbow.
(3) M – Blast-Fragmentation Warhead – Designed for personnel and thin-
skinned vehicles.
(4) N – Thermobaric Warhead – Designed to kill by overpressure in confined
spaces.
(5) P – Shaped Charge Warhead – AGM-114K designed for use on MQ-1
and MQ-9.
e. AGM-130 – Rocket-powered version of GBU-15. Standoff range between
15 and 40 nm. Midcourse guidance version uses GPS for guidance (WSO
is still able to steer the weapon during terminal guidance for pinpoint
accuracy).
f. AGM-154 JSOW. A low-observable, all weather 1,000-lb class family of
stand off air-to-ground glide weapons. Modular payload assembly to attack
armored and light-armored vehicle columns, surface-to-air targets, and
personnel.
(1) Guidance: AGM-154A & B-INS/GPS
AGM-154C (Navy only) INS / GPS w/ IR Seeker.
Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 97
(2) Warheads: AGM-154A = 145 BLU-97 bomblets
AGM-154B = 6 BLU-108s (24 skeets)
AGM-154C = BLU-111 or BROACH
(3) Range: 15nm at low altitude, >40nm at high altitude.
g. AGM-158A Joint air-to-surface stand-off missile (JASSM). A precision
cruise missile designed for launch from outside area defenses to kill hard,
medium-hardened, soft, and area type targets. Guidance: Imaging, Infrared
Radar. 2,000-lb Unitary Warhead.
h. BGM-71 Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire-guided (TOW) Missile.
Solid propellant, wire-guided, anti-armor missile. Range: min. 500 m; max
3750 m; max time of flight: 21.5 sec.
4. Guns
a. 7.62 Mini-Gun – Up to 6,000 rounds / min. target practice (TP), armor
piercing (AP), tracer.
b. 50 Cal – 1,150 to 1,250 rounds / min. TP, AP, armor piercing incendiary
(API), and tracer.
c. 20mm – 750 to 850 rounds/min. AP, HE, and incendiary.
d. 20mm Gatling – 2,500-6,000 rounds / min. TP, high explosive incendiary
(HEI), API, target practice tracer (TPT), HEIT, PELE [penetrator with
enhanced lateral efficiency].
e. 25mm Gatling (GAU-12) – 3,600-4,200 rounds / min (AV-8B) or 1,800
rounds / min (AC-130) TP, HEI, API, TPI, or HEIT.
f. 30mm (M230 cannon AH-64) – TP, high explosive dual purpose (HEDP)
(Shaped charge and fragmentation.) Target types: personnel, material, and
light armor.
g. 30mm Gatling (GAU-8) – 3,900 rounds / min. 1.5-lb projectile TP, HEI, API
on A-10 (can fire 1,174 rounds in 10, 2-second bursts).
h. 30mm (M44 on AC-130) – 200 rounds / min, PGU-13/B HEI.
i. 40mm (AC-130) – 100 rounds / min. HEI, API, high explosive incendiary-
plugged (HEI-P). Target types: personnel undercover and all light vehicles.
Fired from 4,500 ft AGL min altitude to 18,000 ft AGL max altitude.
j. 105mm (AC-130) – 10 rounds / min. HE and HE/High Fragmentation,
Proximity. Target types: personnel, light vehicles, buildings. Fired from
4,500 ft AGL min altitude to 18,000 ft AGL max altitude.
5. Rockets
a. 2.75” Rocket Warheads
(1) Mk Mk-67 mod 1—Smoke Red Phosphorous (RP).
(2) Mk-67 mod 0—Smoke White Phosphorous (WP).
(3) M-151—(10-lb. HE). Fuses: point detonating (PD), proximity (P), time
delay (TD); primary fragmentation against personnel, material, and light
armor.
(4) M-156—WP. Used for target marking.
(5) M-229—(17-lb HE). Same as M-151.
(6) M-257— Overt illumination.
(7) M-261— Multi-purpose submunition (MPSM), Fuse TD; 9 shape charge /
fragmentation submunitions; AP, anti-material, and light armor.
98 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007
(8) M-278 – Delivers covert (Near IR / NVG) illumination.
(9) M-255E1—Flechette for antipersonnel.
(10) WDU-4A/A—Flechette for antipersonnel (USMC).
(11) WTU-1/B—TP. A practice M-151.
b. 5.00” Rocket Warheads.
(1) Mk-63 mod 0—Fuzes: PD, P, TD; HE-fragmentation; AP, anti-material.
(2) Mk-24 GP—Fuses: PD, P, TD; fragmentation, AP, anti-material, and light
armor.
(3) Mk 32 Antitank (AT)/AP—Fuses: PD, P, TD; for use against personnel.
(4) Mk 34 Mod2 RP—Fuses: PD, P, TD; smoke.
(5) MK 84—Chaff rocket for use against radar threats
(6) Mk 6/24/32 and WTU-11/B practice rounds – Inert practice variants.
6. Cluster Munitions
a. Mk-20 and CBU-99/100 cluster munitions (USN) – Excellent weapon
against armor, personnel, artillery, etc. Dispenses 247 Mk 118 mod 0/1
bomblets in an oval pattern. Bomblet density and pattern size vary with
release parameters.
b. CBU-78 GATOR (USN) – Rockeye dispenser loaded with 60 submunition
mines. 45 BLU-91/B antitank and 15 BLU-92/B anti-personnel mines are in
each weapon. Submunitions must be set to one of three self-destruct times:
T1 (3.2-4.0 hours), T2 (38.2-48.0 hours), and T3 (288-360 hours).
c. CBU-87/B Combined Effects Munitions (CEM) – Excellent weapon against
armor, personnel, artillery, etc. Dispenses 202 BLU-97 bomblets with a
shaped charge for armor, steel-scored liner for fragmentation, and
incendiary ring. (Note: Dispersion is an oval with density and size of the
area covered dependent upon release parameters and spin rates.)
d. CBU-89/B GATOR – SUU-64 Tactical Munitions Dispenser loaded with a
mix of 72 BLU-91/B anti-armor and 22 BLU-92/B anti-personnel mines with
preset self-destruct time. (Note: Dispersion varies from circular at high
altitudes to linear at low angles.)
e. CBU-97/B Sensor-Fuzed-Weapon (SFW) – SUU-64 with an airbag
dispensing system and 10 BLU-108/B submunitions. Provides multiple kills
per pass capability against tanks, armored vehicles, artillery, armored
personnel carriers (APCs), and support vehicles. This cluster weapon is
dropped over an area with armor. The fuze sensors detect heat and fires
down at the engine of the armored vehicle.
f. CBU-103 to 105 Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser (WCMD) – All
weather, INS-guidance tail kit for CBU. The tail kit inertially steers the
munition from a known release point to precise target coordinates while
compensating for launch transients, winds aloft, surface winds, and adverse
weather.
(1) CBU-103 = CBU-87/B + WCMD tail kit.
(2) CBU-104 = CBU-89/B + WCMD tail kit.
(3) CBU-105 = CBU-97/B + WCMD tail kit.
g. CBU-107 Passive Attack Weapon – 1000-lb CBU-87 canister loaded with a
mix of inert kinetic energy penetrators (364 large, 1004 medium, 2406 small
7. Illumination Flares
a. LUU-1/B, 5B, 6D (target marking flares)—Designated for a 30-minute burn
time on the ground, providing a colored flame. LUU-1 burns red, LUU-5
burns green, and LUU-6 burns maroon.
b. LUU-2A/B – B/B Flare—Parachute flare with a 4-minute burn time at an
average of 1.6 million candle power.
c. LUU-19B – A/B Covert Flare—Parachute flare with a burn time of
approximately 7 minutes in the IR spectrum.
d. M257—2.75-inch rocket delivers overt (visible) illumination that provides 1
million candlepower for an average 120-sec. burn time.
e. M278—2.75-inch rocket delivers IR (.7 – 1.1 microns) illumination that
provides 180 seconds of coverage.
8. Incendiary Munitions
Mk-77 Fire Bombs (USN) – 500 lbs class incendiary munition filled with 63
gallons of hydrocarbon fuel and 44 pounds of dry gelling mixture. This weapon is
effective against personnel, light-skinned vehicles, and stockpiled stores.
In fighting / prepared positions GP bomb, GBU-39, JDAM, 2.75” rockets (w/ M261, M299, M151)
Moving Targets Maverick, Hellfire, Laser JDAM, GBU-12/51, 20/30 mm guns (strafe)
AGM – air-to-ground missile HEI – high explosive incendiary
AP – armor piercing JDAM – Joint Direct Attack Munition
CBU – cluster bomb unit JSOW – joint stand-off weapon
CEM – combined effects munition LGB – laser-guided bomb
E – enhanced SFW – sensor-fused weapon
GBU – guided bomb unit SLAM-ER – stand-off land attack missile – expanded range
103
1. Danger Close
a. In CAS, artillery, mortar, and naval gunfire support fires, danger close is the
term included in the method of engagement segment of a call for fire which
indicates that friendly forces are within close proximity of the target. The close
proximity distance is determined by the weapon and ammunition fired. Danger
close is not the same as minimum safe distance (MSD) or risk-estimate distance,
but allows the observer/controller to inform the FDC of the close proximity to
friendly forces. Aircraft ordnance delivery inside 0.1% PI distances will be
considered danger close. This is simply a warning and not a restriction to the
maneuver commander and the FDC to take proper precautions.
b. The supported commander must accept responsibility for the risk to friendly
forces when targets are inside 0.1% PI distance. The supported commander will
pass his/her initials to terminal controllers to pass to attacking aircraft, indicating
acceptance of the risk inherent in ordnance delivery inside the 0.1% PI distance.
The supported commander may pre-brief danger close authorization to his/her
JTAC / JFO / FO or Flight Lead / AMC. A call for fire constitutes consent to
danger close from the ground commander when pre-briefed.
c. Risk-estimate distances are defined as the distance in meters or feet from the
intended center of impact at which a specific degree of risk and vulnerability will
not be exceeded. The risk is usually expressed as the probability of
incapacitation, which is the probability that a soldier will suffer an incapacitating
injury. Percent PI value is less than or equal to 1 chance in 1,000.
Users must fully understand the assumptions used to develop these risk-
estimate distances. All values were calculated using the Joint Munitions
Effectiveness Manual Weaponeering System (JWS) version 1.1 software dated
31 Oct 2006 classified SECRET//NOFORN from the Joint Technical Coordinating
Group for Munitions Effectiveness.
The classified assumptions and conditions used to develop the risk-estimate
table are available on the ALSA classified website,
http://www.acc.af.smil.mil/alsa/jfire. Combining the online assumptions and/or
conditions with the risk-estimate numbers makes both sets of numbers classified.
The following risk-estimate table depicts a “worst-probable” scenario.
Table 33. Fixed-wing Risk-estimate Distances
Weapon Description 0.1% PI (m/ft) 10% PI (m/ft)
Mk-82 LD contact 500-lb bomb 245 m / 804’ 105m / 345’
1
Mk-82 LD airburst 500-lb bomb 300 m / 984’ 135m / 443’
500-lb bomb/
Mk-82 HD contact 230 m / 755’ 130m / 427’
retarded
1
Mk-82 HD airburst 500-lb bomb 280 m / 919’ 155m / 509’
Mk-83 LD contact 1000-lb bomb 305 m / 1001’ 120m / 394’
1
Mk-83 LD airburst 1000-lb bomb 340 m / 1116’ 145m / 476’
1000-lb bomb/
Mk-83 HD contact 265 m / 869’ 160m / 525’
retarded
1 1000-lb bomb/
Mk-83 HD airburst 315 m / 1034’ 175m / 574’
retarded
1
Mk-84 LD contact 2000-lb bomb 315 m / 1034’ 110m / 361’
Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 107
Table 33. Fixed-wing Risk-estimate Distances
Weapon Description 0.1% PI (m/ft) 10% PI (m/ft)
1
Mk-84 LD airburst 2000-lb bomb 380 m / 1247’ 140m / 459’
2000-lb bomb/
Mk-84 HD contact 270 m / 886’ 165m / 541’
retarded
2000-lb bomb/
Mk-84 HD1 airburst 355 m / 1165’ 180m / 591’
retarded
2 2
CBU-87 , CBU-89 CEM or GATOR 265 m / 869’ 180m / 591’
CBU-103/104
CEM or GATOR 155 m / 509’ 90m / 295’
(WCMD)
2 2 2
CBU-99 /100 , Mk-20 Rockeye 230 m / 755’ 140m / 459’
GBU-12 500-lb LGB 170 m / 558’ 50m / 164’
GBU-51 contact 500-lb LCDB LGB 100 m / 328’ 35m / 115’
GBU-16 1000-lb LGB 195 m / 640’ 75m / 246’
GBU-10/24 2000-lb LGB 250 m / 820’ 70m / 230’
GBU-38 contact 500-lb JDAM 185 m / 607’ 55m / 180’
GBU-38 airburst 500-lb JDAM 230 m / 755’ 80m / 263’
GBU-38(v)4 contact 500-lb LCDB JDAM 100 m / 328’ 35m / 115’
GBU-32 contact 1000-lb JDAM 210 m / 689’ 75m / 246’
GBU-32 airburst 1000-lb JDAM 275 m / 902’ 100m / 328’
GBU-31 contact 2000-lb JDAM 265 m / 869’ 80m / 263’
GBU-31 airburst 2000-lb JDAM 305 m / 1001’ 105m / 345’
GBU-39 contact 250-lb SDB 135 m / 443’ 35m / 115’
GBU-39 airburst (7’) 250-lb SDB 160 m / 525’ 40m / 131’
GBU-39 airburst (14’) 250-lb SDB 180 m / 591’ 55m / 181’
AGM-130 2000-lb TV guided 220m / 722’ 70m / 230’
AGM-154 JSOW 170m / 558’ 100m / 328’
AGM-158A JASSM 210m / 689’ 55m / 181’
AGM-65 Maverick (All) 95m / 312’ 35m / 115’
3 2.75” Rockets med alt 365m / 1198’ 190m / 623’
M151, M229, M261
2.75” Rockets low alt 225m / 738’ 115m / 377’
Zuni – Contact3 5” Rockets low alt 290m / 951’ 125m / 410’
M61A1 20 mm gatling 60m / 197’ 35m / 115’
GAU-12 25 mm gatling 55m / 181’ 30m / 98’
GPU-5A, M230A1 30 mm gatling / chain 40m / 131’ 25m / 82’
GAU-8 (A-10) 30 mm gatling 65m / 213’ 40m / 131’
Use the following table to calculate the number of minutes : seconds that it will
take an aircraft to go from the IP to the target at various ground speeds. Ground
speed (GS) is airspeed adjusted for winds at altitude. Table 36 converts meters
to feet for use on 9-Line briefings.
a. General Information
(1) Applicability – This table establishes minimum distances that ground
JTAC / TACP personnel may be safely located in relation to the target /
impact area of standard munitions. The area within the limits
112 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007
established by this table is designated the danger area. Minimum safe
distances are from the target / impact area, and for a ground function
only (no airburst munitions.) Additionally, range features can affect
weapon impact points, and must be factored into planning (e.g., high
terrain short of the intended target may intersect weapon flyout
trajectories, causing short impacts). Only the weapons listed may use
the distances contained in the table and aircrew will adhere to specific
remarks for a weapon if they are listed. Only the following aircraft may
utilize the MSD table: A-10, AC-130, AV-8B, B-1, B-2, B-52, F-15E, F-
16, F/A-18, AH-1, UH-1.
(2) Parameters Assumptions – Aircraft attack parameters must be at or
below 15,000 feet AGL for level or diving deliveries, and at or below
20,000 feet AGL, 540 knots true air speed (KTAS) for level LGBs. For
GBU-31/32/38/39 munitions from a bomb on coordinate mode, altitude
and release airspeeds are limited by range regulation parameters and
weapon battery life. B-1, B-2, and B-52 must reference Note 5, and AC-
130 must reference Note 6.
(3) Multiple Deliveries – Ripple / string / stick deliveries must be less than
500 feet total length, with a maximum of 6 weapons. For IAMs
deliveries, a 250 foot maximum impact distance from the primary target
location will be used for all pattern-managed drops.
(4) Ammo / Bullet Numbers – For AC-130 operations, ammo numbers are
taken from AFI 11-2AC-130v3. Ricochet fan numbers are SAFE
RANGE-derived for 20mm and 30mm (extrapolated for 25mm) fighter
strafe passes: single drop fighter strafe min safe distance numbers are
Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual- (JMEM-) derived. Helicopter
ricochet fans are SAFE RANGE-derived and MSD numbers are JMEM-
derived.
(5) Rocket Deliveries – Fixed-wing parameters: at or below 15,000 AGL,
540 KTAS, 15-degrees of dive, 8000 ft slant range. Rotary-wing
parameters: running / diving fire with 5-20 degree dive angle, 2 round
burst, forward flight.
(6) Not all munitions / platforms currently available in the inventory have
MSD values associated with them. This is a limitation of the JWS
software used to calculate the MSDs. As JFIRE is revised in the future,
expect MSDs for those munitions / platforms to become available.
Table 37. Minimum Safe Distances for Ground Parties
(Training Use Only: Live Fire)
MSD Ricochet Fan
Weapon Notes
(meters/ft) (Deg/Meters/Feet)
Guided Munitions – All Platforms
GBU-10 (2,000-lb LGB) 1800m/5904’ 1, 4
GBU-12 (500-lb LGB) 1000m/3280’ 1, 4
GBU-16 (1000-lb LGB) 1000m/3280’ 1, 4
GBU-51 (500-lb LCDB LGB) N/A 1, 4
GBU-10/12/16/51 Inert 500m/1640’ 1, 4
Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 113
Table 37. Minimum Safe Distances for Ground Parties
(Training Use Only: Live Fire)
MSD Ricochet Fan
Weapon Notes
(meters/ft) (Deg/Meters/Feet)
Guided Munitions – All Platforms
GBU-31 (2000-lb JDAM) 1800m/5904’ 1
GBU-32 (1000-lb JDAM) 1000m/3280’ 1
GBU-38 (500-lb JDAM) 1200m/3936’ 1
GBU-38(v)4 (500-lb LCDB
N/A 1
JDAM)
GBU-39 (250-lb SDB) N/A 1
GBU-31/32/38 Inert 500m/1640’ 1
GBU-39 Inert N/A 1
Fighters / Helicopters
Mk-82 LD/HD (500-lb) 1200m/3936’
Mk-83 (1000-lb) 1000m/3280’
Mk-84 LD/HD (2000-lb) 1800m/5904’
Mk-82/83/84 Inert 500m/1640’
CBU-87/103 1700m/5576’ 3
4 4 4
CBU-99 /100 , Mk-20 N/A
BDU-33/38/45/50/56 500m/1640’
Mk-76 500m/1640’
LGTR I 500m/1640’ 1,4
AGM-65G (WDU-24) 1300m/4264’ 1
2.75” Rockets
700m/2296’ 60°/3100m/10168’ 2
WP or HE
2.75” Rockets
500m/1640’ 60°/1800m/5904’ 2
Inert
20 mm (Fighter) 500m/1640’ 60°/2700m/8856’ 2
25 mm/30 mm (Fighter) 500m/1640’ 60°/2600m/8528’ 2
7.62 mm (Helo) 500m/1640’ All Headings 2
.50 cal/20 mm/30 mm (Helo) 500m/1640’ N/A 2
AC-130
500m/1640’
25 mm 60°/2000m/6560’ 6
400m/1312’
30 mm N/A N/A 6
500m/1640’
40 mm None 6
300m/984’
650m/2132’
105 mm 60°/700m/2296’ 6
600m/1968’
Med Alt Bombers – GP Bombs (Live or Inert)
B-1: Mk-82 1200m/3936’ 5
B-1: Mk-84 1800m/5904’ 5
B-52: Mk-82 3000m/9840 5
B-52: Mk-84 3500m/11480’ 5
114 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.6 Dec 2007
Table 37. Minimum Safe Distances for Ground Parties
(Training Use Only: Live Fire)
MSD Ricochet Fan
Weapon Notes
(meters) (Deg/Meters/Feet)
Other Munitions
AGM-130 (2000-lb TV guided) N/A
AGM-154 (JSOW) N/A
AGM-158A (JASSM) N/A
Zuni (5” Rockets) N/A N/A
AGM-114 K Hellfire N/A
AGM-114 K2A Hellfire N/A
AGM-114 M Hellfire N/A
AGM-114 N Hellfire N/A
AGM – air-to-ground missile JSOW – joint stand-off weapon,
BDU – bomb dummy unit LCDB – low collateral damage bomb
cal – caliber LD – low drag
CBU – cluster bomb unit LGB – laser guided bomb
GBU – guided bomb unit LGTR – laser guided training round
HD – high drag SDB – small diameter bomb
HE – high explosive WP – white phosphorous
JASSM – joint air-to-surface stand-off missile
JDAM – Joint Direct Attack Munition
b. Notes
(1) Guided Weapon Hazard Areas – Hazard areas for guided weapons
(AGM-65, LGBs, and JDAMs) are highly dependent upon launch
conditions and in some cases coordinate accuracies. Coordinate quality
(TLE) and passage presents a significant risk to ground personnel for
coordinate-dependent weapons release in a bomb on coordinate mode.
Extreme caution must be taken to prevent mishaps. Weapon
malfunctions (such as fin failures) are not included, with the assumption
that malfunctioning weapons have the same probability of impacting any
point within the hazard area.
(a) JTACs may tactically derive coordinates, but these coordinates must
be cross-checked and confirmed using all available means to include
target coordinates listed in range supplements, if applicable.
Likewise, aircraft may tactically derive coordinates (via TGP, SAR
radar, etc.) for actual employment with bomb on coordinate weapons.
Aircraft-derived coordinates must also be cross-checked and
confirmed as well.
(b) Guided weapons distances are not platform-specific. Minimum
distances apply to all delivery platforms, however, release parameters
must be IAW the parameter assumptions detailed above.
(2) Bullet / Rocket Ricochet Fans – The ricochet fan will be dependent upon
many variables, such as bullet / rocket weight and shape, impact angle,
speed, etc. Thus, the ricochet fan must be applied to each target so that
Dec 2007 FM 3-09.32/MCRP 3-16.6A/NTTP 3-09.2/AFTTP(I) 115
ground personnel are not within the ricochet fan. The aircraft flight path /
firing direction will bisect the ricochet fan—a 60 degree fan will be drawn
30 degrees right and 30 degrees left of the flight path / firing direction.
(3) CBU-87/103 – Data is for intact canister and is based on a 209’ x 183’
pattern size. Delivery assumptions are for 4 canisters or less, 75 feet
spacing, 1200 feet height of function, 2000 revolutions per minute spin.
For patterns that exceed these parameters, the MSD must be expanded
to include the larger pattern. Distances indicated must be added to the
radius of the calculated bomblet pattern. CBU-87/103 data is for fighters
only and is restricted to fighter employment only.
(4) Environmental Factors for Laser-Guided Weapons – Data assumes
environmental conditions are conducive to seeker / weapon acquisition,
and reflected laser energy is sufficient to guide the weapon to the target.
(5) Medium Altitude Bombers (B-1, B-2, B-52)
(a) Guided Weapons – Bombers must adhere to Note 1 above for guided
weapon employment. The maximum pattern distance for IAM
weapons deliveries using pattern management tactics will not exceed
250 feet from the intended target passed from the JTAC.
(b) GP Bombs – Medium altitude bombers conducting aircraft computed
Mk-82/Mk-84 deliveries are limited to 30,000 feet AGL and below,
airspeeds not exceeding 540 KTAS, and maximum stick length of 500
feet and 6 weapons. Weapon releases above that altitude will not
meet weapon accuracies used in the MSD calculations and should
not be employed with this table.
(c) Cross-wind Limits – A 50 knot direct cross-wind was assumed in the
calculations. Weapons should not be delivered using the table
numbers when the cross-wind component exceeds 50 knots at
release.
(d) B-2 deliveries are restricted to GBU-31/38 only.
(6) AC-130 Parameters and Restrictions
(a) When radar is the primary fire control sensor, fire no closer to ground
party than 650m for 105mm TP/HE, 500m for 40mm HEI and 25mm
TP/HEI. When IR or TV is the primary fire control sensor and the
system has been tweaked (min 750m away from friendlies) fire no
closer to ground parties than 600m for 105mm HE, 400m for 105mm
TP, 300m for 40mm HEI, and 400m for 25mm TP/HEI.
(b) For ricochet risk mitigation with TP ammunition, the AC-130 will use no-
fire zones if ground party is within 700m for 105mm TP and 2000m for
25mm TP. No-fire zones are relative to ground party location from
target and are based on aircraft heading, not gun-to-target line. To
compute the no-fire aircraft headings, take the heading from friendly
position to the target and subtract 60 degrees to define the beginning
of the no-fire zone. Then subtract an additional 60 degrees to define
the end of the no-fire zone.
(7) Source Data – Assumptions, calculations, etc. for the MSD table can be
requested via email: acc.a3tw@langley.af.smil.mil or phone DSN 574-
5896, HQ ACC/A3TW.
For Appendix H: Electronic Attack / Call for Electronic Fires, see the ALSA
classified website http://www.acc.af.smil.mil/alsa/jfire.
Joint Publications
JP 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 12 Apr 2001, as
amended through 5 Jan 2007.
JP 3-0, Joint Operations. 17 Sep 2006.
JP 3-01, Joint Doctrine for Countering Air and Missile Threats. 5 Feb 2007.
JP 3-03, Joint Interdiction. 3 May 2007.
JP 3-09, Joint Fire Support. 13 Nov 2006.
JP 3-09.1, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Laser Designation
Operations. 28 May 1999.
JP 3-09.3, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Close Air Support
(CAS). (Incorporating Change 1) 2 Sep 2005.
JP 3-52, Joint Doctrine for Airspace Control in the Combat Zone. 30 Aug 2004.
JP 3-60, Joint Targeting. 13 Apr 2007.
JP 6-0, Joint Communications System. 20 Mar 2006.
Multi-Service Publications
FM 3-52.2/MCRP 3-25F/NTTP 3-56.2/AFTTP(I) 3-2.17, Multi-Service Tactics,
Techniques, and Procedures for the Theater Air-Ground System. 10 Apr 2007.
FM 3-60.1/MCRP 3-16D/NTTP 3-60.1/AFTTP(I) 3-2.3, Multi-Service Tactics,
Techniques, and Procedures for Targeting Time Sensitive Targets. 20 Apr 2004.
FM 1-02.1 (FM 3-54.10) / MCRP 3-25B / NTTP 6-02.1 / AFTTP(I) 3-2.5, Multi-
Service Brevity Codes. 1 Oct 2007.
(S) FM 101-63-1-CD (EM0255)/61J1-3-1/NA 00-130AA-3-1/MCRP 5-7.10.7,
Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual (JMEM) Weaponeering System (JWS)
version 1.1. 31 Oct 2006.
FM 4-30.16/MCRP 3-17.2C/NTTP 3-02.5/AFTTP(I) 3-2.32, Multi-Service
Procedures for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in a Joint Environment. 27 Oct
2005.
Army
FM 3-04.126, Attack Reconnaissance Helicopter Operations. 16 Feb 2007.
FM 3-22.90, Mortars. 31 Dec 2004.
FM 6-30, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Observed Fire (will be revised
as FM 3-09.30) 16 July 1991.
FM 6-60, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Multiple Launch Rocket
System (MLRS) Operations (will be revised as FM 3-09.60), 2 Apr 1996.
FM 34-81, Weather Support for Army Tactical Operations (will be revised as FM
2-33.2). 31 Aug 1989.
FM 8-10-6, Medical Evacuation in a Theater of Operations. 14 Apr 2002.
Navy
NWP 3-20.32, Surface Ship Gunnery.
NWP 1-10.1, Tactical Action Officer Handbook.
Air Force
AFDD 2-1.3, Counterland. 11 Sep 2006.
AFDD 2-7, Special Operations. 16 Dec 2005.
AFTTP 3-1 series publications.
Other
ATP-63 (AJP-3.3.2.1), Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Close Air Support
Operations. Jun 1999.
ATP-27 (AJP-3.3.2), Air Interdiction and Close Air Support, Jul 2004.
Jane’s threat library at http://www.intelink.sgov.gov/References/janes (SIPRNET)
NGIC threat database at http://www.ngic.army.smil.mil/products/functionpgs/ada/
ada_radar_web/ada_index.php (SIPRNET)
17 Dec 2007
By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
JOYCE MORROW
Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army
0000000
ALLEN G. PECK
Major General, USAF
Commander
Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center