Community and Public Health for Medical Technology

(MTY1204-SEC11: LECTURE) | BATCH 2023

DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY-FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY (INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES)
TRANSCRIBED BY: SORIANO, ERICHA A.
LECTURER: MA. OLIVE GRACE ORDONA
REFERENCES: LEC VIDEO, DISCUSSION, HANDOUTS INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, & SUBFIELDS OF PUBLIC HEALTH

It researches the risk of diseases in a population and act Public Health Key Terms
before they occur. Early action may prevent the occurrence
of the disease and prolong life expectancy of 20 years. Clinical Care

- prevention, treatment, and management of illness

PUBLIC HEALTH DEFINITION & KEY TERMS
and the preservation of mental and physical well-
• Public health is not easy to define. being through the services offered by medical and
o A telephone survey of registered voters allied health professions
conducted in 1999 by a charitable foundation - also known as health care.
found that over half of the 1234 respondents
Determinant
misunderstood the term.
- factor that contributes to the generation of a trait.
Charles Edward Winslow
- Can be personal, social (education, socio-economic
• “The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging status), economic, policies
life, and promoting health through the organized
Epidemic or Outbreak
efforts and informed choices of society, organizations,
public and private communities, and individuals.” - occurrence in a community or region of cases of an
o We are targeting the risks factors/ determinants illness, specific health-related behavior, or other
present in the community that may affect the health-related event clearly in excess of normal
health of the people. expectancy.
o Endemic: for a long-time meron na siya
Centers for Disease Control
talaga sa lugar
• Public Health Connects Us All. o Epidemic: localize yung sakit sa isang
• It is the science of protecting and improving the health region or country
of people and their communities. o Pandemic: it affects a larger geographical
area, affects different continents
American Public Health Association o Outbreak: higher than expected, kahit
isang tao lang yung nagkaroon pwede
Public health promotes and protects the health of people and
iconsidered na outbreak since for a long
the communities where they live, learn, work and play.
time walang case
Stakeholders
Health Outcome
Mga tao o grupo na pwedeng makaapekto o maapektuhan ng
- result of a medical condition that directly affects the
problema sa community or makaapekto o maapektuhan
length or quality of a person’s life.
nung solution na we will implement to address the problem.
- Can be positive or negative
Example: community residents, LGU - Intervention
- action or ministration that produces an effect or is
The Mission of Public Health intended to alter the course of a pathologic process
Institute of Medicine of the National Academes Pandemic
• “Fulfilling society’s interest in assuring conditions in - denoting a disease affecting or attacking the
which people can be healthy.” population of an extensive region, country, or
continent.
World Health Organization
Population Health
• “Public health aims to provide maximum benefit for
the largest number of people.” - approach to health that aims to improve the health
of an entire population
Cost effectiveness: trying to provide good results even with
limited resources or funds. Prevention

- action so as to avoid, forestall, or circumvent a

happening, conclusion, or phenomenon

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LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, & SUBFIELDS OF PULIC HEALTH

Public Health Model

Medical Model

Prevention

Key Concepts in Public Health - refers to the goals of medicine that are to promote,
to preserve, and to restore health when it is
Health Promotion impaired, and to minimize suffering and distress.
- a guiding concept involving activities intended to Levels of Prevention
enhance individual and community health well-
being. • Primary Prevention
- seeks to increase involvement and control of the - intervening before health effects occur, through
individual and the community in their own health. measures such as vaccinations, altering risky
- it acts to improve health and social welfare as well behaviors (poor eating habits, tobacco use), and
as to reduce specific determinants of diseases and banning substances known to be associated with a
risks factors that adversely affects health, well- disease or health condition.
being, and productive capacity of an individual or - Directed towards the stage of susceptibility
society. - Under this is the health information
- setting the target based on the size of the problem - Lifestyle and behaviour change
but also the feasibility of successful intervention in - addressing the general public
the most effective way. • Secondary Prevention
- It is like raising awareness and informing people - screening to identify diseases in the earliest stages,
about health and lifestyle factors that might put before the onset of signs and symptoms, through
them at risk requires teaching. measures such as mammography and regular blood
pressure testing.
Elements of Health Promotion - we are after early diagnosis
1. Addressing the population as a whole in health- - possible na at risk ka na pero wala ka pang disease
related issues, in everyday life as well, as people at - mostb likely address a specific population
risk for specific diseases; • Tertiary Prevention
2. Directing action to risk factors or causes of illness - managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop
or death; disease progression through measures such as
3. Undertaking activities approach to seek out and chemotherapy, rehabilitation, and screening for
remedy risk factors in the community that complications.
adversely affect health;
Rehabilitation
4. Promoting factors that contribute to a better
condition of health of the population; - the process of restoring a person’s social identity by
5. Initiating actions against health hazards, including repossession of his/her normal roles and functions
communication, education, legislation, fiscal in society.
measures, organizational change ,community - Involves the restoration and maintenance of a
development , and spontaneous local activities; patient’s physical, psychological, social, emotional,
6. Involving public participation in defining problems, and vocational abilities.
deciding on action;
7. Advocating relevant environmental, health, and The provision of high-quality rehabilitation services in a
social policy; community should include the following:
8. Encouraging health professionals’ participation in 1. Conducting a full assessment of people with
health education and health policy. disabilities and suitable support systems;
2. Establishing a clear care plan;

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LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, & SUBFIELDS OF PULIC HEALTH

3. Providing measures and services to deliver the care 18th Century

plan.
- Problems of industrialization, urban slums leading
HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH to unsanitary conditions and unsafe workplaces.
- Edward Jenner (1796) demonstrated vaccination
2000 BC against smallpox; Father of Immunology
- Indus valley (North India) Public Health Act of 1848
- Evidence of bathrooms and drains in homes and
sewer below street level - It provided a central board of health and placed
responsibilities for sanitation in the hands of
2700 -2000 BC boroughs.
- Ancient Egypt 19th Century
- Written records concerning public health, codes of
Hamurabi of Babylon: 3900 years ago - Problems of industrialization but agricultural
development led to improvements in nutrition and
500 BC there was real progress towards understanding the
- Ancient Greeks and Romans actively practiced causes of communicable diseases towards the last
community sanitation measures quarter of the century.
- The Luis Pasture's germ theory (1862) and Koch's
The Book of Leviticus (1500 BC) Postulate (1876) were remarkable progresses.

- The third book of the Hebrew Bible is believed to be 1970

the first written health code in the world
- It deals with personal and community - Nixon administration established the
responsibilities Environmental Protection Agency, which protects
- had guidelines for personal cleanliness, sanitation human health by safeguarding air, water, and land.
of campsites, disinfection of wells, isolation of 20th Century
lepers, disposal of refuses and hygiene of maternity
- Period of health resources development (1900-
The Classical Cultures (500 BC - 500 AD) 1960), social engineering (1960 - 1973), health
- public health was practiced as Olympics for physical promotion (Primary Health Care), and market
fitness, community sanitation and water wells in period (1985 and beyond)
the era golden age of ancient Greek; and aqueducts 1946
to transport water, sewer system, regulation on
street cleaning and infirmaries for slaves by - World Health Organization founded.
Romans.
1977
In the middle ages (500 - 1500 AD)
- WHO adopts Health for all by the year 2000
- health problems were considered as having
Health for all
spiritual cause and solutions.
- They were supernatural powers for pagans and - It talks about the personal state of well-being, not just
punishments for sins for Christians. the availability of health services
- Leprosy, plague (Black Death) during the 14th - It is the state of health that enable a person to live a
century and syphilis were some of the deadliest socially and economically productive life
epidemics resulted from failure to consider physical - Removal of obstacles to health
and biological cause. o Elimination of malnutrition, ignorance,
contaminated drinking water, and
The era of renaissance and exploration (1500 - 1700 AD)
unhygienic housing
- was the rebirth of thinking of about nature of the o Deals with the lack of doctors, beds, drugs,
world and humankind. vaccines
- There was a growing belief that diseases were - Health should be regarded as an objective economic
caused by environment, not by spirits and critical development
thinking about disease causation e.g. "malaria" - bad - Health services must be accessible to all
air - Holistic concept
- MIASMA THEORY/ MIASMATIC THEORY o Calling all efforts in agriculture, industry,
- It came from the ITALIAN word: “MALA”-bad; education, housing, communication
“ARIA” -air

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LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, & SUBFIELDS OF PULIC HEALTH

1978 - also helps in public health through research and

trainings
- Alma-Ata Conference on Primary Health Care
- Isang luagar sa Kazakhstan Public Health Informatics
- Major breakthrough in 20th Century
- deals with the methods of collecting, compiling, and
Alma Ata Declaration presenting health information
- It enables us to use electronic data effectively when
“need for urgent action by all governments, all health and addressing a public health situation
development workers, and the world to protect and promote
the health of all people” Prevention Effectiveness

- Promote the concept of primary health care - Closely link to public health policy
- Exchange of experience and information - Provides important economic information for
- Define principles of primary health decision makers to help them choose the best
- Define the role of government option available
- Formulate recommendations for the development
of primary health care Cholera

A PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH

- Cholera, a fatal intestinal disease, was rampant

during the early 1800s in London, causing death to
tens of thousands of people in the area.
- Cholera was commonly thought to be caused by bad
air from rotting organic matter.

John Snow (Physician)

- John Snow is best known for his work tracing the

source of the cholera outbreak and is considered
the father of modern epidemiology.

Epidemiology — What is the Problem?

Cluster of Cholera Cases, London — 1854

These 5 core sciences will help us protect and promote

the public health by helping the public health
practitioner with the answers they need.

Public Health Surveillance

- use to monitor a public health situation

Epidemiology

- use to monitor public health diseases to know how

they thrived into population and how to prevent
them.

Public Health Laboratory

- help through performing tests to confirm see

diagnosis

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LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, & SUBFIELDS OF PULIC HEALTH

Risk Factor Identification — What Is the Cause? Environmental Health

Cluster of Cholera Cases and Pump Site Locations - The basic approach to environmental control is first
to identify specific biologic, chemical, social and
physical factors that represent hazards to health or
well- being and to modify the environment in a
manner that protects people from harmful
exposures. The principal components of
environmental health are water sanitation, waste
disposal, etc.

Health Education

- defined as a combination of learning experiences

designed to facilitate voluntary actions conducive to
health. It is an essential part of health promotion.

Intervention Evaluation — What Works? Epidemiology

Through continuous research, Snow understood what - the study of frequency, distribution, and
interventions were required to: determinants of diseases and other related states or
events in specified populations. The application of
- stop exposure to the contaminated water supply on this study to the promotion of health and to the
a larger scale, and prevention and control of health problems is
- stop exposure to the entire supply of contaminated evident.
water in the area
Health Economics
Implementation — How Do You Do It?
- concerned with the alternative uses of resources in
John Snow’s research convinced the British government that the health services sector and with the efficient
the source of cholera was water contaminated with sewage utilization of economic resources such as
manpower, material, and financial resources.
MAJOR DISCIPLINES IN PUBLIC HEALTH
Biostatistics
Nutrition
- the application of statistics to biological problems;
- the science of food, the nutrients and other
application of statistics especially to medical
substances therein, their action, interaction and
problems, but its real meaning is broader.
balance in relation to health and disease
Health Service Management
Reproductive health
- getting people to work harmoniously together and
- a state of complete physical, mental and social being
to make efficient use of resources in order to
not only absence of disease or infirmity, in all
achieve objectives.
matters relating to reproductive system and to its
functions and process Ecology
Community Health - is the study of relationship among living organisms
and their environment. It is the science, which deals
- an organized community program designed to
with the inter-relationships between the various
prolong life. Ex. Assessment of community health
organisms living in an area and their relationship
status, deworming, screening for diseases
with the physical environment.
Behavioral Health o Human ecology
▪ means the study of human groups
- providing positive behavioral change planning to as influenced by environmental
eliminate substance abuse, mental problems, factors, including social and
unsafe sex practices, unhealthy diet etc. behavioral factors.
- Zumba, Yoga
Research
Occupational Health
- a conscious action to acquire deeper knowledge or
- promotes safety in the workplace and focuses on new facts about scientific or technical subjects. It is
primary prevention of hazard. a systematic investigation towards increasing
knowledge. It aims at the discovery and
interpretation of facts, revision of accepted

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LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, & SUBFIELDS OF PULIC HEALTH

theories, or laws in the light of new facts or practical

application of such new theories or laws.

Demography

- the study of population, especially with reference to

size and density, fertility, mortality, growth, age
distribution, migration, and the interaction of all
those with social and economic conditions.

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