Letters and Sounds:

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Phase Two Quick Reference Progression: KIDS
New Letters, Sounds and High-Frequency Words
Check
Week Letters Word building examples High-frequency Words
1 s- a- t- p- sat tap pat a as at
2 -i- sit pit tip pip sip is it
n-/-n pan pin tin tan nap in an
m-/-m man mat map am
d-/-d sad dip dad did and
3 g-/-g pig dig gas gap
-o- pot top dog pop got on not
c- cot cap cat cod can
k- kid kit
4 -ck pack sack kick pick sick
-e- pet ten net pen peg men neck get
-u- nun mug cup sun mud mum up put (north)
r- rat rag ram rug rot rip rim run
Tricky to the (reading)
5 h- hot hut hop hit hat hum hug had his him has
b- bad bag bed bug bus bat big back but

l-/-ll let
-ss less hiss mess boss fuss kiss
Tricky no go I into (reading)
6 Revise
Draw pupils’ attention to common positions of letters or graphemes within words/
syllables to aid alternative reading and spelling choices in later phases.

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Phase Three Quick Reference Progression:
New Letters, Sounds and High-frequency Words
High-frequency Check
Week Letters Word building examples Words

1 j- jam jab jug jog job jet

v- van vet vat
w- win wig wag web wax will
-x
Tricky to the no go I into (reading)
2 y- yes yet yap yell
z- zip zigzag
-zz
qu- quit quiz quick quack
Tricky we me (reading) to the (spelling)
3 ch-/-ch chop chin chip chill check such rich much
sh-/-sh
th-/-th thin thick moth that this them then with
-ng ring rang hang song wing king long sing
Tricky he she be (reading)
4 -ai- wait hail pain aim sail main tail rain bait
-ee- feel weep feet jeep meet week deep keep see
-igh
-oa coat load goat loaf road soap oak toad boat coach
Tricky was (reading) no go (spelling)
5 -oi- oil boil coin coil join soil
-oo- (long) zoo boot hoof zoom cool food soon moon too
-oo- (short) foot cook good book took wood wool hook look
-ow/ -ow- owl cow how town down now
Tricky my (reading)
6 -ar/ -ar- bar car bark card cart hard jar park
-air air chair fair hair lair pair
-ear ear dear fear hear gear near tear year rear
Tricky you (reading)
7 -er dinner letter better ladder summer
-ur fur burn burp curl hurt surf turn church
-or fork cork sort born worn fort torn short for
-ure sure pure cure
Tricky her they (reading)
8-12 Revise all are (reading)
Draw pupils’ attention to common positions of
letters or graphemes within words/syllables to aid
alternative reading and spelling choices in later phases.

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Phase Four Quick Reference Progression:
New word patterns and High-frequency Words
Check
High-
Sound frequency
Week Patterns Letters Word building examples Words

1 -st -lf Containing Phase 2 letters: band, best, bank, felt, gulp,
just, went
-nd -lk gust, hump, husk, jump, kept, lamp, land, lost, milk, nest,
it’s, help
-mp -pt silk, sink, soft, tent, text, tusk, wind
-nt -xt
-VCC Containing Phase 3 graphemes: burnt, champ, chest,
-nk
words chimp, chunk, joint, point, paint, thank, think
-ft
-sk Polysyllabic words: collect, golfer, hamster,
-lt pondweed, sandwich, shampoo, shelving,
children
-lp shortest, windmill, under, sister, September
Tricky said so (reading) he she we me be (spelling)
2 tr- sl- Containing Phase 2 letters:
dr- st- from
cr- tw- twin, trip
br- sm- Containing Phase 3 graphemes: black, blurb, bring, bright,
CCV- fr- pr- broom, brown, clear, creep, croak, droop, frown, green,
words bl- sc-
sk- swung, train, tree trash, tweet,
gl- sn- Polysyllabic words: crashes, creeping,
pl- sw- crickets, fresher, freshest, smelling, snooping, sports-
cl- men, starlight, starving
Tricky have like some come (reading) was you (spelling)
3 Containing Phase 2 letters: blend, blink, brand, clank,
cramp, crept, crusts, drink, dwelt, frost, grand, grunt,
glint, plonk, skunks, slept, slump, smelt, spelt, spend,
as above -nch stamp, stunt, tramp, trend
+ CCVCC shr- Containing Phase 3 graphemes: clench, crunch, branch
words thr-
Polysyllabic words: blanket, crunching, drifted,
driftwood, grandad, grunted, lunchbox, printers,
shrinking, twister, twisting, thrilling, thunderstorm
Tricky were there little one (reading) they all are (spelling)
4 as above Containing Phase 2 letters: scram, scrap, scrub, splat,
scr- spring, sprints, strap, strict, string, script
+CCCVC
str-
& Containing Phase 3 graphemes: screech,
spl-
CCCVCC screen, strain, street, strong
words Polysyllabic words: scrunches, splashes, splendid
Tricky do when out what (reading) my her (spelling)
Draw pupils’ attention to common positions of adjacent
consonants within words/syllables and consonant
sounds/letters that are often found together at the
beginning or end of words/syllables.

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Phase Five Quick Reference Progression:
New Graphemes, Alternative Pronunciations High
Frequency
Week Letters Word building examples * becomes decodable high frequency Words
Phase Five Quick Reference New Letters, Sounds and High Frequency Words: Progression
1 -ou- cloud, fountain, loudest, round, mouth, around, sound about, out
-ea- beads, clean, dream, least, sea, speaking, treat, each, peach
-ie-
-ir- birth, first, girl, quirk, sir, skirt, third, twirling, shirt, bird
Tricky oh their (reading) said so (spelling)
2 -oy boy, destroy, employ, enjoy, oyster, royal, toys, annoy
-ay way, say, clay, play, praying, stay, Thursday, Saturday, Sunday, May day
-ey key, donkey, kidney, jockey, mickey, turkey, valley
-aw-/-aw claws, dawn, draw, hawk, jigsaw, prawn, yawn saw
-ue blue, clue, glue, issues, tissue, true, venue, rescue, Tuesday
Tricky people Mr. Mrs. (reading) have like (spelling)
3 wh- wheel, which, whip, whirling, whisk, whisper when
ph alphabet, dolphin, elephant, morph, phonics, sphinx
-ew
-oe toe, hoe, doe, foe, woe, goes, tomatoes
au astronaut, August, author, hauling, haunt, launch
Tricky looked called (reading) some come (spelling)
4 a-e came made
e-e these, even, theme, gene, scene, complete
i-e time
o-e hope, hole, bone, phone, home, alone, those, stone, woke
u-e
/zh/ treasure, vision, television, pleasure, leisure
-s- -ge visual, measure, usual, casual, beige
Tricky asked (reading) were there (spelling)
5 Alternative Pronunciations of Graphemes:
c cat accident, circus, face, pencil, space, surface, December
g dog agile, cage, gent, gem, ginger, huge, magic, page, rage
ch church chemist, chord, chorus, Christmas, parachute, chef
y yell by, dry crumbly crystal, crypt, gym happy, messy, funny, party
Tricky water where who again thought through (reading) little, one (spelling)
6 a and April, angel, lady after, father want, wash, was, what
e get be, decent, frequent, he, me, secret, she, we
i tin blind, child, I’m, spider, wild, Friday, kind happiness, laziness
o got go, no, old, only, told, most, so, October, November Monday, other, some come, don’t
u but future, music, unicorn, unit, July, duty full, pull, push put
Tricky what, do (spelling)
7 ea sea bread, breakfast, deaf, feather, head, heaven, instead, meant, read
ie tie belief, brief, chief, field, married, relief, shield, thief
er ladder Bernard, germ, her, herbs, jerk, perky, term, verb, person
ow cow blow, grow, low, rowing boat, snow, show, tow, window
ou loud crouton, group, soup, you boulder, shoulder could, would, should
ey key convey, grey, obey, prey, survey, they
Tricky any, eyes, friends, once, please (reading)

Draw pupils’ attention to common positions of letters

or graphemes within words/syllables to aid alternative
reading and spelling choices.

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 Phase Five Quick Reference Progression:
Alternative Consonant Digraph and Long Vowel Spellings positional
spelling rules
Sound Letters Word examples = high frequency/common exception notes

Alternative Spellings of Consonant Digraph Sounds:

8-30 with positional Phase 6 spelling rules)

-ng string ng, twisting, spelling /ng/ is spelt n

/ng/ before k
n(k) bank, think, honk, thank, blink, shrink
ch chips, much, church, children /ch/ is often
spelt -tch after
-tch chase, pitch, fetch, notch, crutch, kitchen, catch single vowels.
/ch/ Exceptions:
others*: capture, feature, puncture, rapture rich, much,
such, which
Alternative Spellings of Long Vowel Sounds:
-ai- , rain, wait, train, paid, afraid ai and oi are
-ay Sunday day, play, say, way, stay, crayon, May never used
at the end of
/ai/ a-e made, came, same, take, safe, maze words.
a April, able, bacon, lady, apricot, angel -ay and -oy
are used at the
others*: break, great, steak • survey • they • eight • straight end of words
/oi/ -oi-, -oy oil, join, coin, point, soil, joint, spoilt • boy, toy, enjoy, annoy or syllables

ee bee, see, tree, green, meet, week, keep

ea each, sea, dream, meat, read, speak, beach, creature
-y, very, happy, funny, party, family, body, city, every, everybody
in conjunction

-y and -ey
-ie- chie eld, thief, belief spellings are
/ee/ found at the
e-e these, theme, athlete, complete, extreme
end of words
-ey key, donkey, monkey, chimney, valley
Weeks 8-30 and into Phase 6 (can beWeeks

e being, he, we, me, she, be, equal

others*: ceiling • people
-igh- high, night, light, bright, righ ight
-ie(d,s) lie, tie, pie, cried, tried, dried, skies
y spelling is
i-e prize, alive ve, ride, like, time, side, twice, pine most common
/igh/ spelling at the
-y by, my, cry, dry, try, reply
end of a word
-i- kind lion, mind, wild, Friday, nd, behind, child
others*: eye • height • bye
-oa- boat, coat, road, coach, goal, coal
-oe(s) toe, goes, tomatoes, doe The digraph oa
o-e home, those, woke, hope, hole, drove is very rare at
/oa/ the end of an
-ow(n) own, blow, snow, grow, show, known English word.

others*: don’t, go, no, so, gold, hold, told, both, most, October • oh • shoulder • though
-ow- now, how, brown, town, clown, crowd, down, growl
/ow/ -ou- ground, house, mouse, out, about, mouth, around, sound
others*: drought, plough
oo too, food, pool, moon, zoo, soon, spoon
-ew grew ew, drew, threw, screw, chew /oo/ and /yoo/
sounds can be
/oo/ -ue clue, blue, clue, true spelt as u–e,
u-e rule, rude, prune, tube, tune, use, June ue and ew.

others*: do, to, today, who • fruit, juice • lose • July, super, truth • through • two • you If words end in
the /oo/ sound,
-ew news, new, newt, few • use, tube, tune ue and ew are
-ue Tuesday, argue, barbecue, rescue more common
/y-oo/ spellings than
u-e amuse, confuse oo.
others*: unit, tuna, usual, unicorn, uniform • feud

* Other/rarer spelling examples have been included for reference, high-frequency words and discretionary
use during Phase 5 (and Phase 6 into wider word specific spelling)

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 Phase Five Quick Reference Progression:
Alternative R-controlled Vowel Spellings positional
spelling rules
Sound Letters Word examples = high frequency/common exception notes
Weeks 8-30 and into Phase 6 (can be in conjunction with positional Phase 6 spelling rules)

Alternative Spellings of r-controlled Vowel Sounds:

-air hair, pair, chair, fair, air, stairs
-are care, share, square, stare, bare, dare, scared
/air/
-ear bear, pear, wear
others*: their • everywhere, where, there
-ar- hard, lark, shark, car, start, park, arm, garden, March
-al- calm, half, palm, calf
/ar/
-a- drama, lather, rather, father • grass, after, past, class, pass, plant, last
others*: are • aunty • heart
ear rear, year, dear, hear, beard, near, year
/ear/ -eer beer, deer, steer
others*: here, interfere, severe, • pier, skier
-or- torch, for, short, born, horse, morning
-au-/au- August, Autumn, haunt, dinosaur, author, astronaut
-aw- draw, saw, yawn, crawl, prawn, drawn, hawk
/or/
-ore before, bored, explore, more, score, wore, shore
others*: • four, tour, your • door, oor, poor • (w)ar warm, quarter, dwarf, • brought • caught,
taught • corridor • board • talk • thought • water, waterfall, called, all
-ur- turn, hurt, church, burst, Thursday, Saturday
-ir- girl, bird, shir rst, third
/ur/ is often
/ur/ -er- her, term, verb, person, germ, herb spelt or after
the letter w
(w)or* words, work, world, worm, worse, worth
others*: search, earth, learn • journey • were

/schwa/ -er * sister, under, winter, summer, September *has many alternative spellings learned as needed
Tricky oh, their, people, Mr, Mrs, called (spelling)
Alternative Spellings of Short Vowel Sounds:
e slept, speck, egg, edge, elastic, ever, expect, together,
/e/ -ea- head, bread, meant, weather, read, ready, spread, thread, instead
others*: friend • many, any • said • says
i if, important, in, insect, strings, whisk
/i/ y gymnast, symbols, system, mystery, pyramid
others*: build, builder, biscuit • busy • pretty
o odd, frost, stop /o/ is often
spelt a when
/o/ (w)a/ a(l) want, was, what, swan • halt, salt
it follows w or
others*: cough • fault precedes l

u ugly, umbrella, uncle, until, funny, butter, summer

/u/ o done, some, come, other, mother, brother, nothing, Monday, love
others*: doe oods • tough
-oo- look, book, cooking, crook, hook, looked, mistook, rook
/oo/ -u- push, put, pull, useful
others*: could, should, would

* Other/rarer spelling examples have been included for reference, high-frequency words and discretionary use
during Phase 5 (and Phase 6 into wider word specific spelling).

Word examples include those specified in the Curriculum Key Stage 1 list of words children
commonly use in writing, plus numbers, days of the week and months of the year.
 Phase Five Quick Reference Progression:
Alternative Consonant Spellings positional spelling rules
notes
Sound Letters Word examples = high frequency/ common exception
in conjunction with positional Phase 6 spelling rules)

Alternative Spellings of Single Consonant Sounds:

because, come, can, crocodile • clock, crack, kick
c, -ck, x /k-s/
• fox, wax, exit The /k/ sound is spelt as
/k/ k rather than as c before
ch chemist, school, Christmas e, i and y.
k(e, i, y) keep, sneaky, take, woke, bike skin, sketch, frisky
8-30 Phase 6 spelling rules)

funny, friends, face, flair • flu , hu , blu

Christopher, elephant, dolphin, alphabet, phonics,
/f/ ph
photograph
others*: cough, laugh
jam, jar, jelly, jacket The letter j is never used
j- for the /j/ sound at the
end of English words.
At the end of a word it is
-dge [dg] bridge, judge, dodge, fudge, nudge, badge, podgy, stodgy spelt –dge straight after
the ‘short’ vowels. After
all other sounds, it is
/j/ spelt as –ge at the end
-ge change, charge, large, bulge, village of a word.
with positional

often (but not always)

spelt as g before e, i,
and y.
g(i, e, y)* gent, giant, magic, huge, age
Is always spelt as j
before a, o and u.

/h/ h-, wh- has, have, help, hole • who, whole

6 (can beWeeks

m, mm must, November, September • summer, drummer

The -mb spelling is only
/m/ found at the end of root
be in conjunction

-mb climb, comb, thumb, lamb, numb, plumber words

others*: Autumn, column • come, some
n, nn nice, often, snow, burnt • winning
The ‘k’ and ‘g’ at the
kn- knit, knees, knew, knickers, knight, knobbly, knot, know beginning of these words
/n/ was sounded hundreds
(canPhase

gn- gnat, gnaw, gnome of years ago.

others*: gone
r, rr grape, robot • squirrel carried
wr is only used at the
/r/ wr- wrap, wrench, write, written, wrote, wrong, wrap
8-30into

beginning of words
others*: rhino, rhyming, rhythm
s, -ss ears, second, so, surprise • class
8-30 and

c is often used before

c (e, i, y) December, princess, nice, race, ice, cell, city, fancy e, i and y
/s/
-se, -ce horse, house • bounce, chance
WeeksWeeks

others*: listen, rustle, • scene

v- vanish, vegetables, vixen English words never
end in the single letter
/v/ -ve above, dove, have, gave, give, love, solve, twelve v unless they are
others: of abbreviations

w away, swim, will, wail, wash, want, worm, worry, way

wh is commonly used at
/w/
whale, when, where, which, when, while, wheel, whisper, the beginning of a word
wh-
why, whisker

* Other/rarer spelling examples have been included for reference,

high-frequency words and discretionary use during Phase 5
(and Phase 6 into wider word specific spelling)

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Phase Five Quick Reference Progression:
Alternative Consonant & Consonant Digraph Spellings positional spelling rules
notes
Sound Letters Word examples
Weeks 8-30 and into Phase 6 (can be in conjunction with positional Phase 6 spelling rules)
= high frequency /common exception
Alternative Spellings of Single Consonant Sounds:
bus, bug, tube
/b/* b, -bb-
• bubble, rabbit, rubber, rubbish, wobble

do, day, dad, drew, could, around, old, made, side

d, dd
• ladder, madder, add, sudden
/d/* spelt ed, regardless of
the sound it makes
-ed banged, called, played, cleaned, tangled, turned, looked

g, gg girl, grape, forget, glug • hugging, plugged, egg

/g/*
others: gherkin, spaghetti, yoghurt • guest, guitar • league
l /-ll laugh, little, loud, pile, smile, • all, call At the end of a word:
-le is the most common
-le table, apple, bottle, little, middle spelling. The –el spelling
-el camel, tunnel, squirrel, travel, towel, tinsel is much less common
/l/* than –le.
-al metal, pedal, capital, hospital, animal The –el spelling is used
after m, n, r, s, v, w and
-il pencil, fossil, nostril more often than not
after s.

t, -tt- best, out, sent, teacher, test, to, • buttons, sitting

/t/* -ed helped, jumped, stopped, cracked, looked spelt ed, regardless of
the sound it makes
others: doubt

zebras, zoo, prize, crazy, lizard

z, zz
buzz zz puzzle, guzzle
/z/* browse, cause, please, cheese, pause, noise
-se, -ze
• sneeze, freeze, breeze
others: those, surprise • scissors
More Alternative Spellings of Consonant Digraph Sounds:
sh dish, fish, shocking, should other: sugar

ch chef, chute, Michelle, Charlotte -tion is the most

/sh/ common spelling of the
/shun/ ending
-t(i), -c(i),
station, action, patient • facial, special • mission, pressure
s(i, u), -ss(i, u)

beige, casual, collage, leisure, measure, pleasure, treasure,

/zh/ -ge, -s(i, u)
vision

More Tricky Words asked, water, everyone, hour, beautiful (spelling)

* Other/rarer spelling examples have been Draw pupils’ attention to common positions of graphemes
included for reference, high-frequency within common words/syllables. Revise and revisit known
words and discretionary use during
Phase 5 (and Phase 6 into wider word graphemes (as needed) when new graphemes for spelling
specific spelling) are introduced, to ensure previously learnt knowledge is
not forgotten.

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