STUDY AND COMPARISON OF EV MOTOR DRIVES

BLDC
MOTOR
PRESENTED BY:
JERIN RAJU 401719
JOBS JOHNSON 401720
MAXWIN WADIA 401463
JAIN MATHEW 401513
DERRICK LOBO 401524
INTRODUCTION
E
-rickshaws are small vehicles, with
three wheels and use electric power
from batteries to run. They use an
electric motor as engine which draws
electric power from the rechargeable
batteries installed in the rickshaw body.
These battery operated vehicles are perfect
for small distant transport, both cargo and
people; they are perfect for running on
narrow streets because of their small size.
But the biggest reason for their popularity is
low operating cost and zero pollution. They
are like normal rickshaws but powered by
electric motor instead of petrol or diesel motor. They are best for pollution free,
environmental friendly transport system in short distances. Actually they are not
capable of running long distance.

E-rickshaws are now one of the preferred modes of transport in streets because of its
low maintenance cost, low fuel cost, eco-friendly, no noise pollution, easy to drive and
last but not the least livelihood, e-rickshaw is a boon to the common Man. Without
putting in much physical efforts and without investing much amount of money, the
earning is quite good for an e-rickshaw driver and hence it is an important means of
livelihood for many. These e-rickshaws consist of 3 wheels with a differential
mechanism at rear wheels. Basically these vehicles have a mild steel tubular chassis.
The motor is brushless DC motor manufactured mostly in India and China. The
electrical system used in Indian version is 48V DC can run 90-100 km/full charge.
Basic seating capacity is driver plus 4 passengers. These vehicles are now started
using in transporting light weight goods as eloader. Hence there are lots of
opportunities of income.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working of E-Rickshaw is based on DC motor, battery & suspension system
different from conventional auto rickshaws. It uses a Brush Less DC motor ranging
from 650-1400 Watts with a differential mechanism at rear wheels. The electrical
system used in Indian cities is 48V. Some variants made in fibre are also in use due to
their strength and durability, resulting in low maintenance. It consists of the controller
unit. The battery used is mostly Lead acid/Li-ion battery with a life of 6-12 months.
Deep discharge/cycle batteries designed for EVs are mostly used

MAJOR COMPONENTS AND PARTS

A)Electric Motor: Brush Less Direct Current (BLDC) type 650-1400W & 48V (Input)
motor is used. It is controlled via an electronic controller.
B)Electronic Motor Controller: The controller includes a manual or automatic switch
turning the motor on/off, selecting forward or reverse motion, selecting and regulating
speed, regulating or limiting torque and protecting against overloads. It is connected
to battery pack and controller feeds the input to the motor, lamp, AC/DC converter
and Speedometer/Indicator.
C)Battery: Set of four 12V deep cycle lead acid/Li-ion batteries are used since the
required voltage is 48V. These batteries are connected in series to the controller unit.
D)Differential: Chinese manufactured differential is used in e-Rickshaws which is
connected to the electric motor and rear wheels.
E)Front Shock Absorbers: Helical Spring with dampener with hydraulic telescopic
shock absorbers are used. E-RICKSHAW 5 MGM’s JNEC
F)Rear Suspension: Leaf spring carriage spring with rear shocker.
G)Brakes: Drum brakes, actuated internally, expanding shoe type are used. Brakes are
mounted on the chassis (Pedal brakes), so on pressing the pedal, the brakes will
engage stopping the rear wheels.
H)Speedometer/Indicator: Speedometer generally used have analog dials. The one
the left side indicates vehicle speed and one on the right side indicate battery charge
level. It is connected to the controller unit. I)Steering: Handle bar type steering is
used.
J)Miscellaneous Spare parts: Centre locking, Alloy wheel, Rear light, Front glass,
Front Indicator, Head light, Ignition switch, Charger, Converter, left-right switch, Tyre,
Wirings, Throttle set etc.
MAJOR SPECIFICATIONS
Sr. No. Parameter Specification

1 Motor type Brushless DC motor

2 Power 850 W

3 Charge voltage 250 V

4 Charging time 6-10 hours

5 Top speed 25 km/hr

6 Conti und trip mileage 80-90 km

7 Transmission mode Gear

8 Brake type Double rear drum brake

9 Dimension 2850x1050x1800

10 Net weight 190 kg

11 Seating capacity 4+1+(40kg luggage)

12 Max. Load capacity Up to 400 kg

13 Electricity consumption/charge 5-6 units

TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF E-RICKSHAW

OPERATIONS
• Maximum Power – The observed maximum power was in the range of 1200
W to 1500 W.
•  Rated Power – The rated power was observed to be around 80 percent of
maximum power.
• Top Speed – The observed top speed with full load was between 15 to 20
km/hr compared to 25 km/hr claimed by manufacturer. 
• Range – The observed range was in the range of 55 to 65 km on single
charge against the 80 km per charge claimed by the manufacturer.
• Storage Capacity – Battery storage capacities determine the range of the
vehicle. In the case of electric rickshaws, a higher battery capacity
increases the capital cost of the vehicle.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ELECTRIC DRIVE SYSTEM
WITH DUAL ENERGY SOURCES:
SOLAR E-RICKSHAW

Model SER-4 SONYA ELECTRIC AUTO RICKSHAW

Body LLDPE/GRP body

Body size 2.8m length, 1.0M width and 1.8M height

Accomodation 4 passengers and one driver

Weight of rickshaw 220 kg. Including batteries

Loading Capacity 380 kg. (4 passenger, 1 driver, 40 kg luggage)

Ground clearance 120mm

Grade-ability range 70 gradient-start and move with a speed of 5kmph

Max. Speed 80km (approx.)

Reverse Gear 35 kmph (25 kmph fully laden)

Battery Provided

D.C Motor 4 nos. 12V 100 AH tubular

Motor Controller 48V DC, 1000 W, Brushless For starting, accreting, decelerating,
driving and stopping

Wiper Windsheild Motor operated on front windshield

Brakes For service and parking

Instrumental Panel Speedometer, Battery charge indicator, start/stop s/w

GPS system Provision provided on dashboard

Tyre 12’’ standard and space for 1 spare tyre

Mains Battery Charger Mains operated battery charger provided

COMPARISON
Economic Analysis the vehicles involved in the study

Parameters Gasoline Driven Vehicle Electric vehicle SPEA

(GDV)

Vehicle overall cost INR 150,000 INR 110,000 INR 165,000

Yearly revenue INR 390,00 INR 390,000 INR 390,000

Inspection and INR 20,000 INR 15,000 INR 26,000

maintenance

Fuel cost/charging INR 60,000 INR 20,000 INR 6000

cost

Taxes and other INR 5000 INR 5000 INR 5000

documentation
charges

Yearly expenditure INR 85,000 INR 40,000 INR 37,000

Yearly income INR 305,000 INR 350,000 INR 353,000

Comparison of social consideration involved in vehicles

Parameters GDV EV SPEA

Emissions Nox, CO, HC and CO2 No tail pipe emissions No tail pipe emissions

Maximum speed range 50 to 60 km/h 25-30 km/h 25-30 km/h

Mileage 18 to 20 km/L Battery capacity 80 km per completer

25 km/l 70-80 km charging

Energy source Gasoline/LPG Grid/Batteries Solar panel

Energy storage Fuel tank Batteries batteries

Extraction of energy Crude oil Wide variety of sources Solar energy

Prime mover Internal combustion AC/DC motor Brushless DC motor

engine

Speed control Variable speed gearbox Motor controller Motor controller

Prime mover power 6.6kW at 5000 rpm 1 kW 1 kW

Braking system Single control, foot Mechanical Drum Mechanical drum

operated hydraulic brakes brakes
brakes
CHARGING STATION
An electric vehicle charging station, also called EV charging station, electric
recharging point, charge point, ECS (Electronic Charging Station) and EVSE (Electric
Vehicle Supply Element), is an element in an infrastructure that supplies electric
energy for the recharging of electric vehicles.

TYPES OF CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE

The charging infrastructure available throughout the world can be broadly classified
into four categories:
A. Public charging station on public domain (e.g. airport or bus stands)
B. B. Public charging station on private domain (e.g. shopping malls)
C. C. Semi-public charging station on public or private domains (e.g. hotels, school
parking or business parking for visitors and customers)
D. D. Privately accessible charging station (e.g. home)

TYPE OF CHARGING STATION

Charging of electric vehicles is one of the major obstacles in proliferation of these

vehicles.
1. Level-I Charging Stations:
• It comes under slow charging.
• It takes about 8-10 hours to completely charge the vehicle.
• These are mostly used at home as it perfectly suits overnight charging.
• With this type of charging, the life of batteries is high.
2. Level-II Charging Stations:
• It comes under medium charging category.
• It takes 3-4 hours to completely charge the vehicles.
• These level-II charging stations are the most popular means of charging.
• With this type of charging, the life of batteries is comparatively high but not as
that of level-I charging.
3. Level-III Charging (DC Fast Charging) Stations:
• This is the fastest type of charging.
• The charging units are very expensive and require more power.
• To charge 80% of the battery, it takes around 30 to 45 minutes.
• These are widely used for public charging along with level-II charging.
• Life of battery is widely affected by the speed of charging.
PROPOSED CHARGING STATIONS AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS

These are some of the proposed charging station at different location:

• Comercial Parking
• Parking near metro station
• Shopping malls
• Residential Parking
• Bust stand and taxi & auto stand

E-RICKSHAW CHATTING STATION BUSINESS

MODELS
BATTERY SWAP STATION:

• Customer can get charged battery by swapping the old one to new one.
• Huge charged battery bank need to be maintained properly along with man-power
BATTERY CHARGING STATION:

• Battery charging station is the commercially most feasible.

• It takes more or less time for charging depending on types of battery.
CHARGE AND SWAP INTEGRATED STATION:

• In this emergency cases can be handled

• More infrastructure is required

BATTERY CHARGING MODEL

• In this model, the charging station near the metro will have a fast charging
infrastructure for charging Lithium Ion batteries or slow charging for Lead Acid.

• The batteries will be given to the E rickshaw drivers on lease.

• The E-Ricks will be charged based on either of the three ways
a. Per km
b. Number of units charged
c. A fixed amount paid every month similar to the mobile charging.

• The batteries are owned by the charging station.

• The site can have a parking lot as well, where the E-Ricks can be parked
during night hours and during lunch.

• Incentives could be provided by the government to the charging station which

owns the batteries.

• They can also get additional revenue through advertising boards in the charging
station.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF E-RICKS

ADVANTAGES:

For commuters

1. It is easily available and it is an affordable transportation to not properly connected

places

For government and society

1. It is large scale employment generator for unskilled and semi-skilled person.

2. Savings in oil/gas import bill of about Rs. 2.78 billion

For environment

1. Environment friendly vehicles supposed to reduce CO2 emission by 164398 tones

annually which can increase unto 821980 tones annually by 2020

DISADVANTAGES:

Unregulated market and sub-standard components

• These vehicles are not registered and don’t have any number plates. Thus a
commuter can’t claim insurance as no FIR is lodged by Delhi police In case of fatal
accident

• Neither motorised nor non-motorised according to Delhi motor vehicle act.

• No driving license is required to drive these vehicles which led to unruly driving and
traffic congestion in already overcrowded Delhi roads.

Illegal charging

• These e-ricks are charged at the owner’s premises with domestic connection due to
which Delhi companies are losing money in the tune of 12 to 15 lakhs daily

• These are also incidents od electricity theft and overloading of distribution

transformers

• Power quality of DISCOM’s is also effected

LI-ION AND LEAD ACID BATTERIES
Comparative analysis of li-ion and lead acid batteries used in E-rickshaw

Parameters Lead acid battery operated E- Li-ion operated E-rickshaw

rickshaw

Battery cost 22000-28000 85000

Mileage 60-70 based on terrain and 50-60 constant

slope

Charging time 8 4

Charging point required 15A 15A

Energy consumption for single 5 units 4 units

charge

Vehicle pickup Reduced on slopes Same on plane or slopes

Weight 120 35

Warranty 6 months or 1 year 2 years

Battery life 8-10 months 2 years

Environment impact Sulphuric acid and lead used in Much cleaner technology and
batteries which are hazardous to are safer for environment
environment

WHY BLDC MOTORS IS MOSTLY USED IN EV’S?

Power Density

Power Density is capacity-to-weight proportion of any electric motor and is normally

computed utilizing the motor apex power. Power density for any motor is acquired by
subdividing the apex power yield (in kW) by mass (in kg). Measurement unit of power density
is kW/kg. PM motor appreciates most astounding power density and that is because of the
nearness of high power density permanent magnets. The PMS machine delivers the highest
power thickness; allowing a powerful machine and little substance in the confined
establishment field of a car’s motor cell by Thomas Finken et. Al., 2008. At that point PM
brushless motors turn to be best pursued by IM and SRM both. Again, dc motors possess the
most reduced power density. Indicate references by John G.W. West, 1994. PM is accepted to
pick up the unmistakable attributes for EV application, as this machine has most elevated
power density by AbdElhafez et. Al., 2017.
Energy Efficiency

Electric motor efficiency provides us connection among electrical and mechanical yield. Every
single electric motor is generally intended to work at maximal efficiency at measured output.
It is observed that BLDC motor gives the best energy efficiency (greater than 95%) followed by
Induction Motors (greater than 90″%) Indicate references by Ahmed A. AbdElhafez, 2017. BLDC
Motors have the most elevated efficiency in light of the fact of the nonappearance of rotor
losses by Behzad Asaei, 2017. BLDC endeavors the greatest proficiency in a characterized
velocity run as indicated in reference by Thomas Finken, 2008.

Reliability

Presently comparing based on fidelity of the Electric Motor that is breakdowns and support
ought to be least, utmost reliable ones are IM and SRM as indicated by Gagandeep Luthra,
Gaurav Nanda and Narayan C. Kar, 2017. It is pursued by PM motors. Slightest dependable is
the DC Motor. DC motor brushes and switches enter current in the armature, along these lines
and hence are less decisive and ill-equipped for maintenance free task. Induction motors
abide by the vital competitor due to their fidelity by A. Pennycott, 2013.

Cost Factor

One of the vital difficulties in front of electric car producers is providing customer an EV
belonging to same class as fuel vehicle yet inside a moderate cost. The ultimate to be utilized
here are the IM pursued by the DC and SRM Motors. The induction engines are accepted by
most manufacturers for the EV applications since they are economical. For large capacity
motor, the price of DC motor is much higher than that of AC motor of same capacity. If two
motors are with the same power capacity are compared, a higher speed, lower torque motor
will cost less than a lower speed, higher torque motor.
CONCLUSION:
From the above attributes of the different motors utilized in electric vehicles,
an endeavor has been made to give the readers a superior point of view of
various motors to be utilized in the EVD frameworks.
The fundamental ends that can be drawn from this paper are:

• The most generally utilized motors are the induction motors and the PM
brushless motors.

• Induction motors are the savviest among the motors thought about.
• Taking efficiency into account, the utmost effective are the PM BLDC
motors.

• DC motors have a standout amongst the most developed innovations as a

great deal of research has
been done on them throughout the years.

• The IMs and the SRMs are the solid advancements and need minimum
measure to upkeep.

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Application”, Volume: 06 Issue: 09, IIJERT: International Journal Of Research In Engineering And
Technology, Sep-2017.

Gagandeep Luthra, in “Comparison Of Characteristics Of Various Motor Drives Currently Used

In Electric Vehicle Propulsion System”, Volume- 5, Issue-6, Jun.-2017, International Journal of
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Volume 7, Issue No.4, International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing IJESC, 2017
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Traction Applications”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering, Volume 10, Number 1-

2017.
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