Grammar 9 - Oxford

Pronouns
 Indefinite pronouns
Words like everyone, someone, something, everybody etc. are called

indefinite pronouns. They refer to people, things or places without saying
exactly who, what or where they are.
People: someone, anyone, everyone, no one,

somebody anybody everybody nobody
Things: something anything everything nothing
Places: somewhere anywhere everywhere nowhere
Time: sometime anytime all the time never
Indefinite pronouns are followed by a singular verb, but we refer back to
them in a sentence with them/they/their.
Someone is waiting for you. They have been waiting for some time.
Someone phoned, and I told them you were out.
 Someone, anyone, something, etc.

- Words with some are common in positive sentences and words with
any – in questions and negatives.
There’s someone at the door. (Positive)
Is there anyone at the door? (Question)
There’s no one at the door. (Negative)
There isn’t anyone at the door. (Negative)
Tom went somewhere yesterday. (Positive)

Did to go anywhere yesterday? (Question)
Tom went nowhere yesterday. (Negative)
Tom did not go anywhere yesterday. (Negative)
- We can use words with some in a question if it is an offer or request.
Can I ask you something?
Would you like some coffee?
- We can use any in positive sentences to mean “it doesn’t matter which”.
We can go anywhere we want during our holidays.
- Some has the idea of a definite idea, and any has the meaning of “no
limit”.
Is someone coming to pick you up? There must be a particular person.
Is anyone coming to pick you up? Anyone at all.
Have you got some letters for me? There are particular letters I am
expecting.
Have you got any letters for me? I have no idea if you have letters
for me or not.
 Everyone, no one, etc.
- Words with every- mean all the people, things or places in a group.
Everybody likes Sue.
Everything in the room was red.
- Every one (two words) has a different meaning. It means “each single
one” and is used to give emphasis. In pronunciation, both words have
equal stress.
There were ten chocolates in the box and you have eaten every one!
- Everything is used as a single word subject instead of all.
Everything has gone wrong.

All my plans have gone wrong.
- Words with no- mean no people, things or places.
No one knows the answer.
Nobody is at home.
There is nothing to eat.
 Reflexive pronouns: myself, himself, etc.
- Reflexive pronouns are used for actions that we do to ourselves.

I have cut myself.
Did you cut yourself?
We enjoyed ourselves.
- Verbs often used in this way are: cut, enjoy, hurt, kill, introduce.
At the end of the play, Cleopatra kills herself.
- Reflexive pronouns are also used for emphasis.

John cooked the food himself. (No one helped him)
In such a case, they are called Emphatic Pronouns.
 Impersonal one
- In normal conversation we use “you” to refer to “people in general”.
As you get older you tend to forget things.

You take the train to the airport from the Central Station.
But in formal speech and writing we use “one” with the same meaning.
One takes the train to the airport from the Central Station.
One’s luggage is carried in а special compartment. (Possessive form).
Possession
 ’s (apostrophe s)
- We use apostrophe ’s to show that something belongs to a person.

This is Jim’s scarf.
Those are Helen’s gloves.
We can use the ’s form without a following noun if the meaning is
clear.
This is Jim’s.
Those are Helen’s.
- An apostrophe is sometimes used when something is part of another

thing.
What is the book’s title?
What is this plant’s name?
- With plural nouns and nouns ending in -s we add the apostrophe only.
Those are the students’ coats.
- A special use of ’s is to refer to someone’s home, a shop name or a

place name.
George bought this melon in the greengrocer’s / in Smith’s.
I went to the doctor’s and the dentist’s on the same day.
 Of and compound noun

- We use of to show that one thing belongs to another thing.
The end of the street. (NOT the street’s end).
The last twenty pages of the book. (NOT the book’s pages).
- Compound nouns are formed from two nouns together. The first
noun is 1ikе an adjective and describes the second noun.
I saw the shirt in а shop window.
I bought some new football boots.
- Compound nouns are very common in technical descriptions.
Loosen the corner brackets first.
- Sometimes a hyphen is used to join the words.

I bought а chocolate ice-cream.
 Possessive adjectives
- Possessive adjectives are used before nouns. They are:

my your her its his our their
Peter is my cousin. He doesn’t live in our town.

- We can add the word “own” to a possessive adjective for emphasis.
This isn’t my own bike. I’ve borrowed it from а fiend.
 Possessive pronouns
- Possessive pronouns are used instead of a possessive adjective and
noun. They are:
mine yours hers its his ours theirs
- Possessive pronouns stand on their own. They are not used with
another noun.
This is my bike. (Possessive adjective + noun)
This bike is mine. (Possessive pronoun)
- There is no apostrophe in possessive pronouns.
Whose keys are these? Are they yours or mine?

Yours are on the table. These are mine.
 Double possessive
- There are two common situations where we use two possessive forms
together. Both are when we describe the relationship between people.
1. Of and apostrophe
Jo is а friend of my brother’s.
2. Of and possessive pronoun
I met а cousin of mine at the party.
Do you like this new hat of mine?
Assignment: Section 13 with all exercises pp. 189 - 200

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Pronouns

Words like everyone, someone, something, everybody etc. are called

People: someone, anyone, everyone, no one,

 Someone, anyone, something, etc.

Tom went somewhere yesterday. (Positive)

We can go anywhere we want during our holidays.

Everything has gone wrong.

 Reflexive pronouns: myself, himself, etc.

- Reflexive pronouns are used for actions that we do to ourselves.

- Reflexive pronouns are also used for emphasis.

As you get older you tend to forget things.

- We use apostrophe ’s to show that something belongs to a person.

- An apostrophe is sometimes used when something is part of another

- A special use of ’s is to refer to someone’s home, a shop name or a

 Of and compound noun

- Sometimes a hyphen is used to join the words.

- Possessive adjectives are used before nouns. They are:

Peter is my cousin. He doesn’t live in our town.

- There is no apostrophe in possessive pronouns.

Whose keys are these? Are they yours or mine?

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