Mark scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

(✓)

Hydraulic Action (✓)

Do not credit weathering
Abrasion (✓)
1 Attrition (✓) 1
Examiner’s Comments
Corrosion/Solution (✓)
Corrasion (✓)
Most answers were correct. Longshore drift, backwash
and swash were popular incorrect answers.

Total 1

2 a C: Stack (✓) 1 (✓)

b Case study: UK coastal landscape 6 Indicative Content

Level 3 (5-6 marks) Candidate responses could include an erosional or
An answer at this level demonstrates thorough depositional coastline. Geomorphic processes could
knowledge of geomorphic processes occurring at the include: weathering, mass movement, erosion, transport
case study location (AO1) and thorough understanding and deposition.
how the geomorphic processes have shaped the chosen
coastal landscape (AO2). Example of a well–developed idea:
This will be shown by including well-developed ideas Blakeney point is a spit in North Norfolk. It is made up of a
about the geomorphic processes that are shaping the shingle ridge (9km in length) and sand dunes as well as a
chosen coastal landscape. salt marsh in the sheltered area behind the spit.
The answer must include place–specific details of the Longshore drift has transported eroded material from the
UK coastal landscape. Amount of relevant place-specific cliffs, mainly by saltation and suspension until it is
detail determines credit within level. deposited on the spit. The spit is 200m wide by 10m in
depth and the material is graded as it is deposited with the
Level 2 (3–4 marks) largest shingle at the base of the ridge where the waves
An answer at this level demonstrates reasonable break. The spit has grown westwards and migrated inland
knowledge of geomorphic processes occurring at the as eroded material continues to be deposited. The end of
case study location (AO1) and reasonable understanding the spit is hooked as waves push material southwards at
how the geomorphic processes have shaped the chosen far point.
coastal landscape (AO2).
This will be shown by including developed ideas about Example of a developed idea:
the geomorphic processes that are shaping the chosen Blakeney point is a spit in North Norfolk. It is made up of a
coastal landscape. shingle ridge, sand dunes as well as a salt marsh.
Developed ideas but no place–specific detail credited up Longshore drift has transported material along the coast,
to middle of level. dropping it on the spit to build it up over time. The spit is
very long and the material it is made from varies in size
Level 1 (1–2 marks) along it. The spit has grown westwards and at the end it
An answer at this level demonstrates basic knowledge of curves round as the sea does this.
geomorphic processes occurring at the case study
location (AO1) and basic understanding how the Example of a simple idea:
geomorphic processes have shaped the chosen coastal There is a large hooked piece of land made up large
landscape (AO2). stones. These keep being dropped by the sea.
This will be shown by including simple ideas about the
geomorphic processes that are shaping the chosen
coastal landscape.
Simple ideas or appropriate named example only credited
at bottom of level.

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 0 marks
No response or no response worthy of credit.

Total 7

3 Case study – UK river basin 6 Indicative Content

Geology
Level 3 (5-6 marks) River landforms (appropriate) – e.g. waterfall, gorge.
An answer at this level demonstrates thorough Meanders are an acceptable landform but need to be
knowledge of the geology and resultant landforms in the linked to the geology of the area to reach Level 2.
chosen UK river basin (AO1) with a thorough
understanding of the influence of geology in the formation Example of a well-developed idea:
of river landforms within the chosen river basin (AO2). In the upper course of a river where there is a layer of
This will be shown by including well-developed ideas hard rock (e.g. dolerite) overlying a layer of soft rock (e.g.
about the influence of geology in the formation of river limestone), the vertical erosion processes will wear away
landforms within the chosen river basin. the soft rock more quickly, deepening the river bed and
The answer must also include place-specific details for creating a steep drop called a waterfall.
the named river basin. The softer rock is eroded more quickly creating an
overhang of harder rock. This happens at High Force
Level 2 (3-4 marks) waterfall on the River Tees.
An answer at this level demonstrates reasonable
knowledge of the geology and resultant landforms in the Example of a developed idea:
chosen UK river basin (AO1) with a reasonable Waterfalls are formed where a layer of hard rock lies on
understanding of the influence of geology in the formation top of a layer of soft rock. The river erodes the soft rock,
of river landforms within the chosen river basin (AO2). leaving a steep drop called a waterfall.
This will be shown by including developed ideas about
the influence of geology in the formation of river landforms Example of a simple idea:
within the chosen river basin. Developed ideas but no Waterfalls are formed where hard rock lies on top of soft
place-specific details credited up to bottom of level. rock.

Level 1 (1-2 marks) Maximum Level 1 for a non-UK river.

An answer at this level demonstrates basic knowledge of
the geology and resultant landforms in the chosen UK
river basin (AO1) with a basic understanding of the
influence of geology in the formation of river landforms
within the chosen river basin (AO2). This will be shown by
including simple ideas about the influence of geology in
the formation of river landforms within the chosen river
basin. Examiner’s Comments

Simple ideas or appropriate named example only credited Generally, this was not well answered. Case study choice
at bottom of level. made a big difference to the ease of the question, but it
was possible to reach 6 marks using any case studies.
0 marks The best responses tended to focus on the formation of
No response worthy of credit. waterfalls and the role of geology in the speed of erosion
and the formation of landforms such as overhangs and
plunge pools. There were also good answers that dealt
with the formation of rapids, v -shaped valleys and steep-
sided gorges. It was also possible to describe the
influence of geology on the rate and speed of formation of
meanders and their migration across the floodplain. This
was a harder argument to make and candidates did not
score as highly as the answers tended to move away from
the role of geology into a long description of meander
formation and then continuing to the formation of an

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 oxbow lake.

The question required case study detail to move beyond 3

marks. This needs to be more than just the name of the
river with the generic description of a landform and its
formation. Named landforms, such as High Force
Waterfall, or accurate rock types, Whin Sill, are the types
of place specific detail to reach Level 3, if the quality of
the landform formation was also detailed enough.

Total 6

Cairngorms (✓)
Loch Lomond and the Trossachs (✓)
Northumberland (✓)
Lake District (✓)
North York Moors (✓)
4 i Yorkshire Dales (✓) 1 (✓)
Snowdonia (✓)
Peak District (✓)
Brecon Beacons (✓)
Exmoor (✓)
Dartmoor (✓)

Broads (✓)
Pembrokeshire Coast (✓)
ii 1 (✓)
New Forest (✓)
South Downs (✓)

The built landscape is created by people for human

2 × 1 (✓) for explaining the difference between the two
iii activity such as a town / city (✓) whereas the natural 2
landscapes
landscape is formed from natural processes (✓).

Total 4

To be food secure a person would have physical and

5 a economic access to food (✓) that meets which dietary 2 2 × 1 (✓)
needs and food preferences (✓).

b D: 3 and 4 (✓) 1 (✓)

Total 3

6 Case Study: food security 3 This question will be marked using 3 levels.

Level 3 (5-6 marks) Indicative Content

An answer at this level will show thorough knowledge of Named country can be AC, EDC or LIDC.
one local scale method to improve food security (AO1)
with thorough understanding of how food security has Credit Goat Aid, Tanzania as an example of food security
been achieved through this method (AO2). at a local scale.

This will be shown by including well-developed ideas Level 1 max for large scale projects e.g. GM crops,
about one local scale method to improve food security Fairtrade, ethical consumerism.
and how food security has been achieved through this
method. Example of well developed ideas:

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 Allotments are a local scale method of achieving food
security in the UK. This involves people in urban areas
growing their own food crops on small plots of land.
Councils help to subsidise this and the Landshare
website helps people to find plots of land. People are able
to grow and eat fresh fruit and vegetables which is good
for their health and saves money. This means that people
have enough to food eat and that they eat healthily. The
The answer must also include place-specific details.
Shettleston Housing Association in Glasgow have
created 50 raised beds on former derelict land. The
Level 2 (3-4 marks)
raised beds are used by local people to grow a range of
An answer at this level will show reasonable knowledge
vegetables for themselves.
of one local scale method to improve food security (AO1)
with reasonable understanding of how food security has
Example of developed ideas:
been achieved through this method (AO2).
Allotments are common in urban areas of the UK. People
grow their own food crops, such as vegetables, on small
This will be shown by including developed ideas about
plots of land. Local councils and other groups help people
one local scale method to improve food security and how
to secure allotments. For example, the Housing
food security has been achieved through this method.
Association in Glasgow created allotments on former
derelict land. These are used by local people to grow
Developed ideas but no place-specific details credited up
their vegetables. This means that people have enough to
to bottom of level.
food eat and that they eat healthily.

Level 1 (1-2 marks)

Example of simple ideas:
An answer at this level will show basic knowledge of one
People in the UK can grow their own food on allotments
local scale method to improve food security (AO1) with
in towns and cities. This gives them fresh vegetables at
basic understanding of how food security has been
low costs to keep them healthy.
achieved through this method (AO2).

Examiner’s Comments
This will be shown by including simple ideas about one
local scale method to improve food security and how food
Many candidates were credited at Level 3 for this
security has been achieved through this method.
question. Candidates demonstrated a good case study
knowledge especially relating to Goat Aid in Tanzania,
Simple ideas or appropriate named example only credited
candidates quoted statistics and developed their
at bottom of level.
responses in relation to families achieving food security.
Zambia and Ethiopia also featured with goat aid being
0 marks
used in most cases. Good UK based case studies
No response worthy of credit
focussed mainly on ‘Food Banks’ with Newcastle being
the most common, however candidates who opted for this
often lacked specific detail, facts and figures to support
their answer and therefore were credited at Level 2.
Some candidates incorrectly interpreted the scale of the
question and wrote about national or international food
security projects such as the Canada Wheat Project.

Total 6

A = Calories per day per capita has decreased initially

7 i 1 (✓)
then increased over time (✓).

ii C = Have equal intervals (✓). 1 (✓)

Total 2

8 i Many of the countries classified as ‘serious’ are located in 3 2 x 1 for describing the pattern (✓)

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 Candidate must be describing ‘serious’ locations (beige
shading)

No credit for pattern described in relation to lines of

latitude.

No credit for just ‘Asia’, requires Southern or South East

Asia

Africa (✓) as well as parts of Southern Asia (✓) (C)

1 x 1 (C) for communicating the answer in an appropriate
and logical way this may be achieved with incorrect
Much of Africa is classified as serious (✓) as well as
content.
isolated countries like North Korea (✓) (C)

Examiner’s Comments
Much of Africa is classified as serious (✓) for example
Ethiopia (✓).
This was well answered by most candidates. Candidates
commonly identified Africa and specified south or South
East Asia, with many candidates able to name specific
countries within those two areas. Many candidates wrote
well worded and structured responses and were therefore
credited with the communication mark. Fewer candidates
used non-geographical vocabulary such as ‘above’ and
‘below’ to describe location and some tried to link the
distribution to lines latitude – typically the equator which
was not accurate.

1 x 1 (✓) for appropriate change to the data presentation

method suggested

Credit candidates suggesting alternative appropriate

Make sure that all shading on map is clearly matched by presentation methods e.g. a table, located bar chart
information on the key (✓)
Include data for all countries/ for industrialised countries Examiner’s Comments
(✓)
Change the map projection (✓) Appropriate responses such as those listed in the mark
ii Draw and label lines of latitude (✓) 1 scheme were commonly used by most candidates. Many
Make a narrower range of data bands (✓) wrote about improving the clarity of the colours used or
Countries with ‘insufficient data’ should be more clearly reducing the intervals of the data ranges or making the
indicated/ should be greyed out. (✓) intervals consistent. Some candidates commented on
Label country names on the map (✓) labelling countries or continents on the map and
Add units to the key (✓) suggested the inclusion of key lines of latitude. It was
clear that candidates had confidence in interpreting this
type of choropleth map. A small number of candidates
suggested different presentation methods which is not
what the question was asking of them.

Total 4

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