Review Module On Sociology
Review Module On Sociology
Review Module On Sociology
CRIMINOLOGY
-The entire body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and the effort of society to prevent
and repress them.
-The scientific study of the causes of crimes in relation to man and society who set and define
rules and regulations for himself and other to govern.
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. It is an applied science.
2. It is a social science. Crime is a social creation and it exists in a society being a social
phenomenon.
3. It is dynamic. Criminology changes as a social condition changes. It is concomitant with the
advancement of other science that have been applied to it.
4. It is nationalistic. The study of crimes must be in relation with the existing criminal law
within a territory or country. The question as to whether an act is a crime is dependent on the
criminal law of a state.
A. Criminal etiology = the study of the Cause or origin of crime. It studies the primary reason
for crime commission.
B. Sociology of law = attempt at scientific analysis of the condition which the penal/criminal
laws has developed as a process of formal or social control.
C. Sociology = it is the study of human society, its origin, structure, functions and direction.
D. Criminological research = study of the crime correlated to with antecedent variables, state
of crime trend.
CRIME
- An act or omission in violation of public law forbidding or commanding it.
SUB-CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
a. FELONY
- An act or omission punishable by law which is committed by means or dolo (deceit) or culpa
(fault) and punishable under the Revised Penal Code.
b. OFFENSE
- An act or omission in violation of a special law.
c. 3) INFRACTION
- An act or omission in violation of a city or municipal ordinance.
Classes of Crimes
1. Crime Mala In Se = acts that are outlawed because they violate basic moral values such as
rape, murder, assault and robbery?
a. Intentional felony (IFI)
b. Non-intentional felony (IFN)
2. Crime Mala Prohibita = acts that are outlawed because they clash with current norms and
public opinion, such as tax, traffic and drug laws.
ELEMENT OF A FELONY
a) INTENTIONAL FELONIES:
- committed by means of dolo (deceit)
- The act or omission is performed with deliberate intent or malice
1) Freedom or voluntariness
2) Intelligence
3) Intent
b) CULPABLE FELONIES:
- committed by means of Culpa (fault)
- The act or omission of the offender is not malicious and the injury caused by the offender is
unintentional, it being the simply the incident of another act performed without malice
1) Freedom or voluntariness
2) Intelligence
3) Negligence or imprudence (lack of
Foresight or lack of skill)
CRIMINAL
-In the legal sense, a criminal is any person who has been found to have committed a wrongful
act in the course of the standard judicial process; there must be a final verdict of his guilt.
-In the criminological sense, a person already considered a criminal the moment he committed
a crime.
5) It is uniform in application.
An act described as a crime is a crime no matter who committed it. Wherever committed
in the Philippines and whenever committed. No exception must be made as to the criminal
liability. The definition of crimes together with the corresponding punishment must be uniformly
constructed, although there may be a difference in the enforcement of a given specific provision
of the penal law.
2) THE HITTITES
- The Hittites existed about two centuries after Hammurabi and eventually conquered Babylon
3) CODE OF DRAKON
- knows as the “ultimate in severity”
- codified by Drakon, the Athenian lawgiver of the seventh century BC
Highlight of the Code of Drakon:
- Death was the punishment for almost every offense
- Murderers might avoid execution by going into exile; if they return to Athens, it was not a
crime to kill them
- Death penalty was administered with great brutality
4) LAWS OF SOLON
- Solon was appointed archon and was given legitimate powers
- Solon repealed all the laws of the Code of Drakon, except the law on homicide
- Solon was one of the first to see that a lawgiver had to make laws that applied equally to all
citizens and also saw that the law of punishment had to maintain proportionality to the crimes
committed
Highlights of the Laws of Solon:
- the thief was required to return stolen property and pay the victim a sum equal to twice its value
- for the crime of temple robbery, the penalty was death
- for rape of a woman, the penalty was a fine of certain amount
CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
The classical school at criminology grew out of a reaction against barbaric system of law,
punishment and justice that existed. There was no real system of criminal justice in Europe at
that time. Some crimes were specified, some were not. judges had discretionary power to convict
a person for an act not even legally defined as criminal.
This school of thought is based on the assumption that individuals choose to commit
crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions. According to classical criminologists,
individuals havefree will. They can choose legal or illegal means to get what they want, fear of
punishment can deter them from committing crime and society can control behavior by making
the pain of punishment greater than the pleasure of the criminal gains.
This theory, however, does not give any distinction between an adult and a minor or a
mentally-handicapped in as far as free will is concerned.
“It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. That is the chief purpose of all
good legislation.”
JEREMY BENTHAM
- founded the concept of UTILITARIANISM - assumes that all our actions are
calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure and pain
- devised the pseudo-mathematical formula called “felicific calculus” which states that
individuals are human calculators who put all the factors into an equation in order to
decide whether a particular crime is worth committing or not
- he reasoned that in order to deter individuals from committing crimes, the punishment,
or pain, must be greater than the satisfaction, or pleasure, he would gain from
committing the crime
-
Rational Choice theory = law violating behavior occurs when the offender decides to risk
breaking the law after considering both personal factors and situational factors.
Offense – specific = means that criminals does not simply engage in random acts of anti-social
behavior.
Offender-specific =means that criminals does not simply engage in random acts of anti-social
behavior.
Three essential elements in decision making as to commit or not to commit crime:
1) Type of crime
2) Time and place of crime
3) Target
NEOCLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
This theory modified the doctrine of free will by stating that free will of men may be
affected by other factors and crime is committed due to some compelling reasons that prevail.
These causes are pathology, incompetence, insanity or any condition that will make it impossible
for the individual to exercise free will entirely. In the study of legal provisions, this is termed as
their mitigating or exempting circumstances.
POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY
During the late eighteenth century, significant advances in knowledge of both the
physical and social world influenced thinkingabout crime.Forces of positivism and evolutionism
moved the field of criminology from philosophical to a scientific perspective.
Positive theorist was the first to claim the importance of looking at individual difference
among criminals. These theorists focused on biological, psychological and sociological causation
of crime.
CESAR LOMBBROSO
- Considered the FATHER OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGY due to his application of
modern scientific methods to trace criminal behavior, however, most of his ideas are now
discredited
- He claimed that criminals are distinguishable from non-criminals due to the presence of
atavistic stigmata (Atavistic anomalies) – the physical features of creatures at an earlier
stage of development
- He asserted that crimes are committed by those who are born with certain recognizable
hereditary traits
- According to his theory, criminals are usually in possession of huge jaws and strong
canine teeth, the arm span of criminals is often greater than their height, just like
that of apes who use their forearms to push themselves along the ground
- Other physical stigmata include deviation in head size and shape, asymmetry of the
face, excessive dimensions of the jaw and cheekbones, eye defects and peculiarities, ears
of unusual size, nose twisted, upturn or flattened in thieves, or aquiline or beaklike in
murderers, fleshy lips, swollen and protruding, and pouches in the cheek like those of
animal’s toes
- Lombroso’s work supported the idea that the criminal was a biologically and physically
inferior person
- According to him, there are three (3) classes of criminals:
1) Born criminals – individuals with at least five (5) atavistic stigmata
2) Insane criminals – those who are not criminals by birth; they become criminals as a
result of some changes in their brains which interfere with their ability to distinguish
between right and wrong
3) Criminaloids – those with makeup of an ambiguous group that includes habitual
criminals, criminals by passion and other diverse types.
DIFFERENT APPROACHES UNDER THE POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY
A) BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
this explanation for the existence of criminal traits associates an individual’s evil
disposition to physical disfigurement or impairment.
PHYSIOLOGY OR SOMATOTYPE
-this refers to the study of the body build of a person in relation to his temperament and
personality and the type of offense he is most prone to commit. It became popular in the 1 st
half of the 20th century
a) Asthenic – lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders; their crimes are petty thievery
and fraud
b) Athletic – medium to tail, strong, muscular, coarse bones; they are usually
connected with crimes of violence
c) Pyknic – medium height, rounded figures, massive neck, broad face; they tend
to commit deception, fraud and violence
2) WILLIAM SHELDON
- formulated his own group of somatotype:
c) Ectomorphic – relative pre- dominance of skin and its appendages which includes the
nervous system; it has fragile and delicate bones; with droopy shoulders, small face and sharp
nose, fine hair
cerebrotonic –introvert prone to allergies, skin troubles, chronic fatigue, insomnia, sensitive
skin and sensitive to noise and with relatively small body
2) HENRY GODDARD
- he studied the lives of the KALLIKAK FAMILY and found that among the descendants from
MARTIN KALLIKAK’s relationship with a feeble-minded lady, there were 143 feeble-minded
and only 46 normal, 36 were illegitimate, 3 epileptic, 3 criminals, 8 kept brothels and 82 died of
infancy; his marriage with a woman from a good family produced almost all normal descendants,
only 2 were alcoholics, I was convicted of religious offense, 15 died at infancy and no one
became criminal or epileptic.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DETRMINISM
This explains the psychological determinants which define behavior of a person. This
idea has long been hatched by thinkers who were consumed by the belief that it is the
psychological equivalents that prod the person to act the way he does.
There are many ways to classify psychological theories emphasize emotional problems,
mental disorders, sociopathy and thinking patterns. But the common assumption of these theories
is that there is something wrong with the mind of the offender which caused him to commit
crimes.
From among the many theories regarding the relationship of psychology and crime, the
psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud is the most notable:
a) ID – this stands for instinctual drives; the primitive part of the individual’s mental make-up
present ay birth; it is governed by the “pleasure principal”; represent the unconscious
biological drives for pleasure; the id impulses are not social and must be repressed or adapted so
that they may become socially acceptable
b) EGO – this is considered to be the sensible and responsible part of an individual’s personality
and is governed by the ”reality principle”; it is developed early in the demands of the id by
helping the individuals guide his actions to remain within the boundaries of accepted social
behavior; it is the objective, rational part if the personality.
2) PSYCHOSES
-a more serious type of mental disorder, which can be organic or functional
- psychotic people lose contact with reality and have difficulty distinguishing reality from
fantasy
- the most common type of psychosis are the following:
a) SCHIZOPRENIA – also called dementia praecox; characterized by distortion or
withdrawal from reality, disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from
contact.
b) PARANOIA – gradual impairment of the intellect, characterized by delusions or
hallucination.
DELUSION OF GRANDEUR – a false belief that you are greater than everybody else
DELUSION OF PERSECUTION – a false belief that other people are conspiring to kill harm
or embarrass you
Albert Adler (1870-1937) = founder of individual psychology and called the term
“inferiority complex” --- people who have them feelings of inferiority and compensate for them
with a drive for superiority.
Erik Erikson (1902-1984) = described the so called “identity crisis” --- a psychological state in
which youth face inner turmoil and uncertainty about life roles.
August Aichorn= he conclude that societal stress, though damaging, could not alone result in a
life of crimes unless a predisposition existed that psychologically prepared youth for antisocial
acts. He called this mental state the latent delinquency, found on youth whose personality
requires acting in the following ways: (1) seek immediate gratification, (2) consider satisfying
their personal needs more important than relating to others, and (3) satisfying instinctive urges
without considering right and wrong (they lack guilt)
Isaac Ray = an acknowledged American psychiatrist who popularized the concept of “moral
insanity” in his book, “A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity”.
c) SOCIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
- sociological factor refers to things, places and people with whom we come in contact
with and which play a part in determining our action and conduct. These causes may bring about
the development of criminal behavior
1) EMILE DURKHEIM
- one of the founding scholars of sociology
- published a book “Division of Social Labor”, which become a landmark work on the
organization of societies according to him:
a) crime is as normal a part of society as birth and death
b) crime is part of human nature because it has existed during periods of both poverty
and prosperity
c) as long as human differences exists which is one of the fundamental conditions of
society, it is but natural and expected that it will result to criminality
One of his profound contributions to contemporary criminology is the concept of
anomie, the breakdown of social order as a result of loss of standard and values
3) ADOLPHE QUETELET
- He repudiated the free will doctrine of the classicists
- He founded what is known as the CARTHOGRAPHIC SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY,
together with ANDRE MICHAEL GUERRY
- This study used social statistical data and provided important demographic information
on the population, including density, gender, religious affiliations and social economic
status
- He found a strong influence of age, sex, climate condition, population composition and
economic status in criminality
4) ENRICO FERRI
- a member of the Italian parliament
- he believe that criminals could not be held morally responsible because they did not chose to
commit crimes but was driven to commit them by conditions of their lives
SOCIAL NORMS
- Also called rules of conduct
- shared standard of behavior which in turn require certain expectations of behavior in a given
situation
- Socially accepted and expected behavior or conduct in society
- set of rules that govern an individual’s behavior and action
SOCIALIZATION
- refers to the learning process by which a person learns and internalizes the ways of society so
that he can function and become an active part of society.
CULTURE
- refers to the system of values and meanings shared by a group of individuals including the
embodiment of those values and meanings in material object
- refers to the way of life, modes of thinking, acting and feeling
- it is a design of living that is transmitted from one generation to the next
Shaw and Mckay = works on social ecology (environmental forces that have a direct
influence on human behavior) as influence by urban sociologist Robert Ezra Park and Ernes’t
Burgess was focused on social how their breakdown influences deviant and anti-social behavior.
He popularized social disorganization theory.
2) STRAIN THEORY
- holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they
can use to legally obtain them
- argues that the ability to obtain these goals is class dependent: members of the lower class are
unable to achieve these goals which come easily to those belonging to the upper class
- Consequently, they feel anger, frustration and resentment, referred to a STRAIN
- The commission of crimes with the aim of achieving these goals results from this conflict
Cultural transmission = the concept that conduct norms are passed down from one generation
to the next so that they become stable within the boundaries of a culture.
Social bond = ties a person has to the institutions and process of society: according to
Hirchi, elements of the social bond include commitment, attachment, involvement, and
belief.
Containment theory = according to Walter Reckless, it is the idea that strong self-
image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of crimogenic influences in the
environment.
Criminology 2
PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSYTEM
1) LAW ENFORCEMENT
2) PROSECUTION
3) COURTS
4) CORRECTIONS
5) COMMUNITY
LUPONG TAGAPAMAYAPA
It is a body of men created to settle disputes within the barangay level. It is also referred
to as the LUPON
Meditation = is the process by which the Lupon chairman meets with the parties together with
their witnesses to mediate with their conflicting interest.
PANGKAT TAGAPAGKASUNDO
It shall acts as the conciliation panel. It is also referred to as the PANGKAT
It shall be composed of three (3) members chosen from the members of the Lupon.
They shall choose from among the three of them the Pangkat Chairman and Pangkat Secretary.
The pangkat shall be constituted whenever a dispute is brought before the Lupon.
The members of the Pangkat shall be chosen by the parties of the disputes from
among the Lupon members. In case of disagreement the Barangay Chairman shall draw
lots.
COMPLAINANT – the person who filled the complaint against the respondent.
CAUSE OF ACTION – an act or omission of one party in violation of the legal rights of
another for which the latter suffers damage which affords a party to a right to judicial
intervention.
2. Upon receipt of the complaint the Chairman shall meet with the respondent and
complainant and mediate, if he falls in his mediation within fifteen (15) days he shall set a
date for the constitution of the Pangkat.
3. The Pangkat shall meet not later than three (3) days after their constitution, on the date
set by the Chairman, to hear both parties.
4. The Pangkat shall arrive at a settlement of the dispute within fifteen (15) days from its
meeting. This period may be extended for another fifteen (15) days, at the discretion of the
Pangkat.
Ancient Roots
The forerunner of the contemporary police system was the practice of barangay chieftains
to select able-bodied young men to protect their barangay during the night and were not required
to work in the fields during daytime.
Spanish Period
Carabineros de SeguridadPublica – organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the
regulations of the Department of State; this was armed and considered as the mounted police;
years discharged the duties of a port, harbor and river police
Guardrilleros – this was a body of rural police organized in each town and established by the
Royal Decree of 18 January 1836; this decree provided that 5% of the able-bodied male
inhabitants of each province were to be enlisted in this police organization for three years.
Guardia Civil – this was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Crown on 12 February 1852
to partially relieve the Spanish Peninsular troops of their work in policing towns; it consisted of a
body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capitals of the central
province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor
American Period
The American established the United States Philippine Commission headed by General
Howard Taft as its first governor general on January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police
Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act No. 70 of the Taft Commission. This has
become the basis for the celebration of the anniversary of Manila’s Finest every January 9th.
Act No 175 – entitled “An Act providing for the Organization and Government of an insular
Constabulary”, enacted on July 18, 1901
Act No 255 – the act that renamed the insular constabulary into Philippine Constabulary enacted
on October 3, 1901
Executive Order 389 – ordered that the Philippines Constabulary be one of the four services of
the Armed Forces of the Philippines, enacted on December 23, 1940.
Post-American Period
RA 4864 – otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of 1966, enacted the Police
Commission (POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training and professionalization
of the local police forces under the Office of the President; later POLCOM was renamed into
National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM)
Executive Order No 1040 – transferred the administrative control and supervision of the INP
from the Ministry of National Defense to the National police Commission.
RA 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the interior and local Government Act of
1990, enacted on December 13, 1990; reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine
National Police, Bureau of Fire protection, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the
Philippine Public Safety College.
RA 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization
Act of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this law amended certain provision of RA 6975
R.A. 9708 =
DUTIES OF A PROSECUTOR
1) To conduct preliminary investigation:
2) To make proper recommendation during the inquest of the case referred to them by the
police after investigation of the suspect;
3) To represent the government or state during the prosecution of the case against the
accused
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
- An inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there is sufficient ground to engender a
well-founded belief that a crime has been committed and the respondent is probably
guilty thereof
- It is requires to be conducted before the filling of the information for an offense where
the penalty prescribed by law is at least four years, two months and one day
PROBABLE CAUSE
- The existence of such facts and circumstances as would excited a belief in a reasonable
mind, acting on the facts within the knowledge of the prosecutor, that the person is guilty
of the crime for which he is prosecuted
- Such facts and circumstances which would lead a reasonably discreet and prudent man to
believe that an offense has been committed by the person sought to be arrested
COMPLAINT
- A sworn, written statement charging a person with as offense, subscribed by the offended
party, any peace officer or other public officers, charged with the enforcement of the law
- It may be filled either before the prosecutor’s office or the court
INFORMATION
- An accusation in writing charging a person with an offense subscribed by the fiscal and
filed with the court
OFFENDED PARTY
- The person against whom or against whose property the crime was committed
PEACE OFFICERS
- Officers directly charged with the preservation of peace, law and order
- Includes members of the Philippines National Police
1) There must be a complaint accompanied by the affidavit of the complaint and his
witnesses as well as other supporting documents to establish probable cause.
2) The investigating prosecutor shall either dismiss the case or issue a subpoena to the
respondent within ten (10) days after filling of the complaint.
3) The respondent shall submit his counter-affidavit and that of his witnesses within ten (10)
days from receipt of the subpoena. If the respondent cannot be subpoena or if he failed to
submit his counter-affidavit within the prescribe period, the investigating prosecutor shall
resolve the complaint based on the evidence presented by the complainant.
4) The investigating prosecutor may set a hearing if there are facts or issues to be clarified.
The hearing shall be held within ten (10) days from the submission of the counter-
affidavit, or from the expiration of the period of submission. Such hearing shall be
terminated within five (5) days.
5) Within ten (10) days after the investigation, the investigating prosecutor shall determine
whether or not there is sufficient ground to hold the respondent for trial. The fermentation
of the hearing shall be the end of the investigation.
6) If the investigating prosecutor finds cause to hold the respondent for trial he shall prepare
the resolution and information. He shall forward the record of the case to the provincial
or city prosecutor or chief state prosecutor within five (5) days his resolution.
If the investigating prosecutor recommends dismissal of the case, the same procedure
shall apply.
The provincial, city or chief state prosecutor shall act on the resolution within ten (10)
days from receipt and shall immediately inform the parties of such action.
No complaint or information may be filed or dismissed by the investigating prosecutor
without prior written authority or approval of the provincial or city or chief state
prosecutor.
7) If the investigating prosecutor recommends the filing of the case but the provincial, city
or chief state prosecutor disapproves and wants the case dismissed, the provincial, city or
chief state prosecutor may dismiss the case without need for another preliminary
investigation.
If the investigating prosecutor recommends dismissal of the case but the provincial, city
or chief state prosecutor finds probable cause, the provincial, city or chief state
prosecutor may file the information with the court without the need for preliminary
investigation.
8) In case either party is not satisfied with findings of the provincial, city or chief state
prosecutor, he may submit his petition with the Secretary of Justice.
The Secretary of Justice has the power to modify the resolution of the provincial, city of
chief state prosecutor. The Secretary may affirm or reverse the resolution of the
provincial, city or chief state prosecutor without conducting another preliminary
investigation.
KINDS OF JURISDICTION
1) General – when the court is empowered to decide all disputes which may come before it
except those assigned to other courts.
2) Limited – when the court has authority to hear and determine only a few specified cases.
3) Original – when the court can try and hear a case presented for the first time
4) Appellate – when the court can try a case already heard and decided by a lower court,
removed from the latter by appeal.
5) Exclusive – when the court can try and decide a case which cannot be presented before
any other court.
6) Concurrent – when any of two or more courts may take cognizance of a case.
COURT OF APPEALS
- Headed by a Presiding Justice
- Has appellate jurisdiction over cases decided by the RTC
DECISION
- The judgment rendered by a court of justice or other competent tribunals
JUDGEMENT
- The adjudication by the court that the accused is guilty or not guilty of the offense
charged and the imposition of the proper penalty and civil liability
- It must be written in the official language, personally and directly prepared by the judges
and subscribed by him
- Shall contain clearly and distinctly a statement of the facts and the law upon which it is
based
CONTENTS OF JUDGEMENT
1) JUDGMENT OF CONVICTION
- When the judges finds the accused guilty of the charges against him
- The legal qualification of the offense constituted by the acts committed by the accused
and the aggravating or mitigating circumstances which attended its commission
- The participation of the accused in the offense, whether as principal, accomplice or
accessory after the fact
- The penalty imposed upon the accused
- The civil liability or damages caused by his wrongful act or omission to be recovered
from the accused by the offended party unless the enforcement of the civil liability by a
separate civil action has been reserved or waived.
2) JUDGEMENT OF ACQUITAL
- When the judge finds the accused not guilty of the charges against him.
- Shall state whether the evidence of the prosecution absolutely failed to prove the guilt
of the accused or merely failed to prove his guilt beyond reasonable doubt
PROMULGATION OF JUDGEMENT
- By reading in the presence of the accused and any judge of the court which it was
rendered
- If the judge is absent, the judgment may be promulgated by the clerk of court
FOURTH: CORRECTION
Correction = is that branch of administration of criminal justice charged with the responsibility
for the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of convicted offenders.
Penology = a branch of criminology which deals with the treatments; management and
administration of inmates.
Penalty = the suffering that is inflicted by the state for the transgression of the law.
2) According to fine:
a. National or Insular – one who is sentenced to serve a prison term of three years and
one day to death or whose fine is more than 6,000.00 or both
b. City/Provincial prisoner – one who is sentenced to serve a prison term of six months
and one day to three years or whose fine is less than P6,000.00 but more than P200.00
, or both.
c. Municipal prisoner – one who is sentenced to serve a prison term of one day to six
months or whose fine is not more than P200.00 or both.
3) According to Status
a. Detention prisoners – those held for security reasons, investigating; those
awaiting or undergoing trial and awaiting judgment.
b. Sentence prisoner – those convicted by final judgment and serving their
sentence.
Prison – institutions for confinement of convicted offenders sentenced to more than three (3)
years of imprisonment.
- derived from the Greco-Roman word “presidio”
- administered by the National Government under the Bureau of Corrections.
-also called national prisons and also includes the penal colonies and penal farms.
Provincial jails are administered and supervised by their respective provincial governor.
City and municipal jails are administered and supervised by the Bureau of jail
Management and Penology.
Executive Clemency = collective term for absolute pardon, conditional pardon, and
commutation of sentence.
= granted by the chief Executive Officer (President of the Philippines).
Kinds of Pardon:
a. Absolute pardon – the extinction of the criminal liability of the individual to when it
is granted without any condition and restores to the individual his civil rights.
b. Conditional Pardon – the extinction of the criminal liability of an individual from the
punishment which the law inflicts for the offense he has committed within certain limits or
conditions.
2. Commutation of Sentence – reduction of the sentence from a heavier sentence to a less
serious one, or from longer prison term to a shorter one.
- convicted offenders may only be granted commutation of sentence as provided by law.
3. Amnesty – an act of sovereign power granting oblivion or general pardon for the past offense,
usually granted in favor of certain classes of persons who have committed crimes of political
character, such as treason or rebellion.
4. Commutation of sentence – reducing the period of imprisonment into shorter period.
5. Reprieve – temporary suspension of the execution of sentence.
Parole – a method by which a prisoner who has served a portion of his sentence is conditionally
released but remains in legal custody, the condition being that in case of misbehavior, he shall
put back to prison.
- granted to convicted offender who have served a portion of their sentence as provided
by law granted by the Board of Pardons and Parole.
Criminology 3
Ethics and values
I. Definition
The word ethics was derived from the Late Latin ”ethnicus”, from Greek “Ethnikos”
Which means “national”, which means nations, people; akin to Greek “ethos” custom
(Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2006).
Ethics based on its etymological meaning is taken to mean as a philosophical
science that deals with the morality of human conduct or human acts (Babor, Ethics,
2008).
Ethics is the practical science of the morality of human conduct (Glenn, Ethics).
HUMAN ACTS
Actions that are done knowingly, deliberately and freely.
BASES OF MORALITY
1) SOCIAL NORMS – unwritten standard of acceptable behavior in society
a) Customs
b) Tradition – the handling down from generation to generation of opinions and
practices.
c) Culture-
2) LAWS OF SOCIETY – written rules of behavior
a) Laws created by men to maintain harmony and order
3) RELIGION – a system of beliefs and practices based on faith and truths revealed to man
by God
4) CONSCIECE – the practical judgment of reason telling us what should be done and
what should be avoided; reflection is one’s character
CHARACTER
- refers to the traits of a person shown through his thoughts, action, values and virtues
“Character is what you do when nobody’s looking.”
- Anonymous
VALUE/S
- refer to anything that a person considers important, such as idea or experiences
-These are one’s belief, principles, that are important, cherished, upheld and defended
- they affect and influence how one thinks and feel, what one perceives, shape one’s goals,
objectives and aspirations
-These dictate one’s lifestyle and life’s choices and decisions
VIRTUE/S
- The habit of doing what is good or right
- The opposite of which is vice
FOUR (4) MORAL/CARDINAL VIRTUES
1) PRUDENCE
- The ability to make decision by means of reason and sound judgment
- the virtue that attracts the intellect to choose the most effective means for accomplishing
what is good and avoiding what is evil.
2) FORTITUDE
- Firmness of mind; the courage to endure without yielding the virtue that gives a person
strength of the will; the virtue that incites courage
Examples of Fortitude:
a) PATIENCE
- The ability to be calm in enduring situations
b) PERSERVERANCE
- The ability to go on despite obstacles
c) ENDURANCE
- The ability to last
3) TEMPERANCE
- The ability to moderate one’s instincts and emotions; the virtue that regulates a person’s wants;
also means self-control
4) JUSTICE
- The virtue that inclines the will to give to each what is due to him; the virtue that inclines the
will to respect the rights of others
MAENING OF JUSTICE
1) “To render to each his due”
2) “Treat equals equally and unequal unequally in proportion to their inequality”
THREE (3) DIVISION OF JUSTICE
1) COMMUTATIVE JUSTICE
-regulates those actions that involve the rights that exist between individuals
-calls for fundamental fairness in all agreement and exchanges between individuals or
private social groups
-demands respect for the equal human dignity of all persons in economic transaction
contract or promises
Examples:
Workers owe their employers diligent work in exchange for their wages.
Likewise, employers owe their workers payment for work done.
2) DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
-regulates those actions that involve the rights that an individual may claim from society
-concerned with the fair allocation of resources among diverse members of a community
-implies that society has a duty to the individuals in serious need and all individuals have
duties to others in need
-basis for the saying:
“Those who have less in life should have more in law.”
“From those to whom much is given, much is expected.”
3) LEGAL JUSTICE
-regulates those actions which society may justly require of the individual for the common good
-according to legal justice, the State may institute just laws and perform such acts to further the
welfare of the community
-thus, laws are created to protect the citizens
RIGHT
-anything that is owed or due
-something to which a person has a just and lawful claim
-anything that a person can lawfully demand
HUMAN RIGHTS
-rights pertaining to the rights of man; rights inherent to human by virtue of being a human being
-are the supreme, inherent and inalienable rights to life, dignity and to self-development
Supreme rights
= highest form of rights
Inherent rights
= rights attached to men as human
Inalienable rights
= rights that cannot be transferred, cannot be borrowed and cannot be taken away.
SPECIAL ETHICS
- the study of the application of the general principles of morality
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
-a sub-branch of special ethics
-a set of moral code to which every profession must subscribe
-aims to guide the actuations of the professional in the practice of his profession
Examples of professional ethics
1) Medical ethics
2) Business ethics
3) Legal ethics
4) Code of ethics of teachers
5) Code of ethics of public officials
6) POLICE ETHICS
POLICE ETHICS
-a practical science that treats the principles of human morality and duty as applied to law
enforcement
Definition of terms
NEGLECTS OF DUTY OR NON-FEASANCE
-the omission or refusal, without sufficient excuse, to perform an act or duty, which it was
the peace officer’s legal obligation to perform; it implies a duty as well as its breach and the
fact can never be found in the absence of duty.
IRREGULARITIES IN THE PERFORMANCE OF DUTY OR MISFEASNCE
-the doing, either through ignorance, inattention or malice, of that which the officer had no
legal right to do at all, as where he acts without any authority whatsoever, or exceeds,
ignores, or abuses his powers
-generally means wrongful, improper or unlawful conduct, motivated by premeditated,
obstinate or intentional purpose
-usually refers to transgressions of some established and definite rules of actions.
INCOMPETENCY
-the manifest lack of adequate ability and fitness for the satisfactory performance of police
duties
-has references to any physical, moral or intellectual quality the lack of which substantially
incapacitated one perform his duties
OPPRESSION
-an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful exaction, domination, or excessive use of authority
DIALOYALTY TO THE GOVERNMENT
-consists of abandonment or renunciation of one’s loyalty to the Government of the
Philippines, or advocating the overthrow of the government
VIOLATION OF LAW
-presupposes conviction in court of any crime or offense penalized under the Revised Penal
Code or any special law or ordinance
GOVERNMENT
-includes the national government, the local governments, the government-owned and –
controlled corporations, and all other instrumentalities or agencies of the Republic of the
Philippines
PUBLIC OFFICER
-includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or temporary, whether
in the classified or unclassified or exempt service receiving compensation, from the
government.
GRAFT
-the acquisition of gain or advantage by dishonest, unfair or sordid means, especially through
the abuse of one’s position or influence in politics or government
CORRUPTION
-an act done with an intent to give some advantage inconsistent with official duty and the
rights of others.
-the state of making something or someone other than what is ideal.
BRIBERY
-the act of receiving gifts or presents or accepting offers and or promises in exchange for
committing a crime that relates to the exercise of the office which the public officer
discharges.
DISHONESTY
-concealment or distortion of truth in matter of fact relevant to one’s office or connected with
the performance of his duties
COMMAND
-the authority a person lawfully exercises over subordinates by virtue of rank or assignment
or position
RESPONSIBILITY
-the obligation to perform one’s duties and functions and his accountability for his actions
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
-the doctrine that imposes commensurate accountability to one who is vested with authority
to exercise management and/or leadership functions
LAW ENFORCEMENT CODE OF ETHICS
-as a law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard life
and property; to protect the innocent against deception; weak against oppression or
intimidation; and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and to respect the constitutional
rights of all men, to liberty, equality and justice
I will keep my private life unsullied as an example to all; maintain courageous calm in the
face of danger; scorn or ridicule; develop self-restraint and be constantly mindful of the
welfare of others. Honest in thought and deed in both my personal and official life, will be
exemplary in obeying the laws of the land and regulations of my organization. Whatever I
see or hear of a confidential nature or that is confided to me in my official capacity will be
kept ever secret unless revelation is necessary in the performance of my duty.
I will never act officially or permit personal feelings, prejudices, animosities or friendship to
influence my decision, with no compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution of
criminals. I will enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear of favor, malice
or ill-will, never employing unnecessary force gratuities in return.
I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public faith and I accept it as a public trust
to be held so long as I am true to the ethics of police service. I will never engage in acts of
corruption or bribery, nor will I condone such acts by other police officers. I will
cooperate with all legally authorized agencies and their representatives in the pursuit of
justice.
I know that I alone am responsible for my own standard of professional performance and will
take every reasonable opportunity to enhance and improve my level of knowledge and
competence. I will constantly strive to achieve these objectives and ideals, dedicating myself
before God to my chosen profession… law enforcement
Delicadeza
-sense of pride and self-worth
-police officers must be able to sacrifice self interest in the name of duty
-police officers must not do anything that would bring dishonor to himself and to the PNP
organization itself.
Police Patronage
-police officers must NEVER ASK for recommendation from public officials in matters
pertaining to promotion, assignment, awards and others
Morality
-police officers must adhere to high standard of morality and decency and shall set good
examples for other to follow
-they must not be involved with illegal activities
-they shall be loyal to their spouses
Judicious Use of Authority
Judicious = wise; proper
-police officers must exercise proper and legitimate use of authority in the performance of duty
Integrity
-police officers must not allow themselves to be victims of corruption and dishonest practices in
accordance with applicable laws
Humility
-police officers must never forget that they are public servants and not master of the people
-they should perform their duties without arrogance
Orderliness
-police officers must follow logical procedures in accomplishing tasks to minimize waste of
time, money, effort, and other resources
Perseverance
-police officers must exert all effort to achieve their goal or mission even in the face of
difficulties and obstacles
I. Definition of Terms:
1. Police Community Relations – it is the sum total of dealing of the police with the
people it serves and whose goodwill and cooperation it craves for the greatest possible efficiency
in public service.
2. Police Public Relations – it is the continuing process by which endeavors are made to
obtain the goodwill and cooperation of the public for effective enforcement of the law and
accomplishment of the police purpose
3. Public Relations – it is the act of bringing about better understanding, confidence and
acceptance for an individual or an organization,
4. Human Relations – consists of those fundamental precepts, both moral and legal,
which govern the relationship of man in all aspect of life.
5. Public Information Program – it is designed to bridge any communication gap between
the police and the public. It is the basic ingredient in effective police community relations.
6. Civic Action Program - a program which makes the policemen a friend and partner of
the people for progress as well as their defender.
7. MASSCOM Program – it is designed to influence the opinions, emotions, attitudes,
and behavior of the public so that they will behave in manner beneficial to the police service.
8. Propaganda – it is the planned use for the public or a mass communication for a public
purpose.
9. Integrated Police Advisory Council – a council that involves local officials and the
citizenry in the preservation of peace and order ant the promotion of public safety.
II. Introduction
The basic purpose of preserving the peace and protecting life and property is
accomplished by controlling the behavior of people. A person’s conduct is determined either by
what he wants to do, or by what he is afraid to do. Compliance with law and regulation is
obtained either by developing or by compelling people to conform by threat of punishment.
Hence, the two processes, enforcement and the development of attitudes favorable to law
observance, cannot be completely separated, with the police free to choose and reject the other;
their use is a matter of judgment varying degree or emphasis.
The primary concern of the PNP is to earn and maintain the greatest possible public
confidence. Police effectiveness depends largely upon public support based on faith of the people
in their police. To ensure maximum efficiency, the PNP shall endeavor to gain public support by
conducting massive and sustained activities in the field of good community relations.
Consequently, the active interest and participation of the citizens is a source so vital to an
effective, efficient, economic and harmonious law enforcement and public safety that deliberate
efforts should be made to arouse, promote and maintain public concern in the objective and
affairs of the PNP.
MASSCOM Program shall design to influence the opinion, emotions, attitude, and
behavior of the public so that they will behave in a matter beneficial to the unit in particular and
the PNP in general.
Policemen should be equipped with a basis knowledge of Mass Com and must devote
time for a “heart-to-heart” talk or dialogue with the people, particularly the youth whom he shall
strive to mold into useful and law-abiding citizens.
The PNP unit conducting the program shall condition the citizenry to adhere to the laws
of the land and dissuade them from committing crimes, thereby minimizing their changes to
engage in criminal activities and preventing them from being influences by the misguided
elements in our society.
PNP personnel are in good position to conduct MassCom because of their direct contact
with the people in their respective direct contact with the people in their respective areas. The
PNP units in the provinces know the ideological temper and peculiarities, including
susceptibilities of the people in their localities.
MASSCOM should be an integral part of police operations because use of the force alone
can never single handedly solve the problems f dissidence and lawlessness.
Objectives of MassCom:
1. Develop a full media information dissemination style in order to strengthen the
bonds of friendship with the citizenry and broaden public understanding of the
PNP.
2. Keep the public well-informed that the government and the PNP/AFP and keep
them aware of the need for the PNP/AFP and the vital role it played in the
security and development of the country.
3. Generate public support for the activities and programs of the PNP/AFP and keep
then aware for the need for the PNP/AFP and the vital role it plated in the security
and development of the country.
4. Established rapport and good working relationship with the media
5. Development a psychological environment whereby the people will readily
respond and support government program which aimed to establish a
democratically independent, unified, self-reliant and progressive society.
III. Objectives of the Police Community Relations: From the viewpoint of Law Enforcement
1. To maintain and develop the goodwill and confidence of the community for the police.
2. To obtain public cooperation and assistance.
3. To develop public understanding and support and appreciation for the service of the
police.
4. To create broader understanding and sympathy with the problems and needs of the police.
5. To facilitate law enforcement and law compliance.
6. To build public police opinion in favor of the police.
7. To achieve the police purpose of preserving the peace, protecting life and property and
the prevention of crime.
The police is a social problems. They are the agency around which the community often
rallies in time of tension and emergency. They must have other means of developing and
sustaining civic peace. Greater emphasis should be placed upon preventive policing that
is programs aimed at anticipating and hearing of social conflicts, the cause of which are
so intimately related to the causes of crime and delinquency.
Crime prevention is generally recognized as an important police function. But the police
can do little without community cooperation assistance. The police must take the
initiative and show the way in effect, to assists the community to meet his responsibility,
at the same time hopefully, to improve police community relations.
1. Domestic Relations – Consist of persons dealing with his family, parent and immediate
relatives with who he has to have good relationship to deserve a respectable family
prestige and community relations.
2. Neighborhood Relations – Consist of a person’s dealing with neighbors who constitute a
vital link to good reputation in the community.
3. Community relations – Consist of a persons dealings with the citizens of the community,
city or town where a person lives, and his membership or contribution to the civic
organization or community association in the locality.
4. Church Relations – Consist of persons dealing in the religious congregation or faith
where he belongs. Religious affiliation is necessary for the stability of moral principles.
5. Government Relations – Consist of the dealing which a person’s makes with the
government and its various instrumentalities. Recognition of government authority, its
laws and ordinance, as well as other public responsibilities, are significant phases of an
individual’s public relations.
1. Intra-Departmental Relations – Consist of peace officers relations with the officers and
men of his own department, his superior the station command as well as the
city/municipal mayor where he is assigned.
2. Inter-Departmental Relations – Relations with other police agencies consist to the
enforcement of the law and maintenance of peace and order, together with the giving of
information to the public on criminal and non-criminal activities.
3. Citizens Relations – includes all dealing or contacts with the citizens in relation to the
enforcement of the law and maintenance of peace and order together with the giving
information to the public on criminal and non-criminal activities.
4. Complaints Relations – includes a police officer’s dealing with complaints, the
techniques of interview, manner of approach, and treatment of witness as well as
informer or assets.
5. Relations with Accused Persons – Consist in the proper treatment of suspect the
recognition of their constitutional rights during custodial investigation and the handling
of accused persons during confinement.
6. Relations with state Prosecutors or Fiscals – include a peace officers duty to cooperate
during preliminary investigations and gathering got further evidence when so received by
the fiscals.
7. Judicial Relations – Consist of the Peace officers duties toward the courts when
appearing as a witness and the honesty in testimony.
8. Government Relations – include all his dealings with other non-police agencies or
officers of the government, both national and local, in connection with official duties
such as request for verifications, coordination and whatever help are needed.
Criminology 4
(Juvenile Delinquency)
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
It refers to an anti-social act or behavior which deviates from the normal pattern of rules
and regulations, customs and culture which society does not accept and which there justifies
some kind of punishment or corrective measures. A delinquent is one whose behavior has
brought a minor or child in repeated conflict with the law.
Juvenile
- Refers to a persons of tender year
- A minor, a youth or those who are not emancipated by law.
- Those who are below the age of majority
- Refers to a person’s below 18 years of age or those but are unable to fully take care of
themselves from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation or discrimination because of
physical or mental disability or conditions.
- R.A. 6809 – an act lowering the age of majority from 21 to 18 and amending for such
purpose E.O. 209.
Status Offense
Refers to an act or omission which if committed by an adult may not be considered
punishable but which are generally considered wrong once committed by minor such as:
Truancy, curfew violation, loitering, running away from home without justifiable cause and
others.
>>ENVIRONMENT
This is where the child gets most of his influence, especially in his first formative years.
Youth in the society turns to become delinquent due to companions in given environment. Our
youth today accused those ahead of them of failure to define how to live with the right values,
with honor and success in a world that is charging too fast for them to understand. Some of the
results of a crime inducing environment are the following;
1. Association with criminal groups;
2. Alcoholism and drug addiction;
3. Impulse of fear;
4. Crime-inducing situations that causes criminalistic tendencies; and
5. Imitated instinct like selfishness, violence and anti-social wishes.
The environment of a child plays a big role in his development as an individual since it
reflects on the personality structure of the child. The environment also covers the place where the
child grows up, the people around him, and the conditions both physical, emotional, spiritual
plus the mental sep-up of those close to him.
>>POVERTY
Jobless people are poor, thus become susceptible to crime commission since low-income
families usually take refuge among city relatives who lives in congested and depressed areas.
The implication of this problem on poverty reflects on the children of poor families whose
physical and health welfare are being set aside, giving more priority to foods.
The proper discharge of police responsibilities should be carried through the following:
1. Close observation of places and conditions which may be regarded as breeding places for
youth crime and delinquency;
2. Police should always be in a better position than others to discover the existence of
harmful influence to children;
3. The police should know who are potential or actual delinquents and recognize who are
victims of abuse and neglect;
4. They should also give emphasis to the public that home is the most vital force in the
prevention of the juvenile delinquency.
>>RELIGION
A child’s development usually involves the inculcation of a set of moral belief that lead in
the direction of socially approved behavior. Religion becomes a causative factor in juvenile
delinquency when its traditional role in the area of delinquency prevention fails much more when
its religious leaders or spokesperson remain un forceful in delinquency problem. When members
of the religious community take an active part in the problem of delinquency behavior among the
youth, with its full blast of support and mobilization, the juvenile problem will be minimized if
not totally eradicated.
>>SCHOOL
The school, unlike the family, is a public instrument for training young people. Hence, the
school is more directly accessible to change through the development of new resources and
policies. And, since it is the principal institutions for the development of a basic commitment to
the goals and values of our society. It is expected that our educational institutions be provided
with the resources to compete with illegitimate attraction for the youth’s mind. These factors that
create a gap between institution-child relationships are the following:
1. Failure of the school in the character development of the youth;
2. Use of methods that create the condition of failure on the part of the students;
3. Truancy
4. Lack of facilities for curricular and extra-curricular activities
5. Absence of proper motivation on the part of the school’s mentors
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 603 – THE CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE CODE
Approved by – late Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on Dec. 10, 1974
Effectively date – June 10, 1975
The Child and Youth Welfare Code is one of the many special laws enacted by the
government in order to guarantee the following constitutional mandates:
DUTIES OF PARENTS:
1. To give him affection, companionship and understanding
2. To extend to himself benefits of moral guidance, self-disciplined and religious instruction
3. To inculcate in him the value of industriousness, thrift and self-reliance
4. To supervise his activities including his recreation
5. To provide him with adequate support including:
a. Food or sustenance
b. Dwelling or shelter
c. Clothing
d. Medical assistance
e. Educational and transportation
f.
Parents shall take special acre to prevent the child from becoming addicted to
intoxicating drinks, narcotics, smoking, gambling, and other vices or harmful practices.
Liabilities of Parents
Parents and guardians are responsible for the damage or torts (an injury or wrong done to
another) caused by the child under their parental authority in accordance with the Civil Code.
Barangay Councils
Barangay Council shall have the authority to enact ordinance and resolutions not
inconsistent with the law or municipal ordinance, as may be necessary to provide for the proper
development and welfare of the children in the community, in consultation with representatives
of national agencies concerned with child and youth welfare.
Examples of ordinance or resolutions the barangay can enact;
1. Step to prevent juvenile delinquency and assist parents of children with behavioral
problems;
2. Adopt measures for the health of the children;
3. Curfew hours, especially for children
4. Recreational or sport facilities to keep them busy
Parental authority – or the so called partiapotestasis the sum total of the rights which
the law grants to the parents over the person and property of their children while they are minors
and unemancipated to facilitate compliance with their duties of support and education, which are
incumbent upon them.
Parental responsibility – is the sum total of the duties and obligations of parents over
their minor and unemacipated children.
Neglected child – one whose basic needs have been deliberately unattended or
inadequately attended. Neglect may occur in two ways.
a) There is physical neglect when the child is malnourished, ill clad and without proper
shelter. A child is unattended when left by himself without provisions for his needs
and/or without proper supervision.
b) Emotional neglect – exist when children are maltreated, raped, seduced; when children
are exploited, overworked or made to work under conditions not conductive to good
health; or are made to beg in the streets or public places, or when children are in moral
danger, or exposed to gambling, prostitution and other vices.
WORKING CHILDREN
Section 12 – Employment of Children
Children below fifteen (150 years of age may be employed, provided, that the
following minimum requirements are present:
1. The employer shall secure for the child a work permit from the Department of Labor and
Employment;
2. The employer shall ensure the protection, health, safety and morals of the child;
3. The employer shall institute measures to prevent exploitation or discrimination taking
into account the system and level of renumeration, and the duration and arrangement of
working time; and
4. The employer shall formulate and implement a continues program for training and skill
acquisition of the child.
Diversion programs – refers to programs that the juvenile in conflict with the law is required to
undergo instead to remain in his home after conviction and sentence.
Probation – is a disposition alternative under which a juvenile in conflict with the law is
released and permitted to remain in his home after conviction and sentence.
Discernment – means the mental capacity to understand the difference between right and wrong
and its consequences.
Restorative justice – is a principle which requires a process of resolving conflicts with the
maximum involvement of the victim, the offender, and the community, it seeks to obtain
reparation for the victim, reconciliation of the offender, the offended and the community and
reassurance to the offender that he can be reintegrated in society.
Initial contact – is the apprehension or taking into custody of a juvenile in conflict with the law
by law enforcement officers or private citizens.
Exemption from criminal liability does not include exemption from civil liability which
shall be enforces in accordance with the provisions Art. 221 of the Family Code.
CRIMINOLOGY 5
Human Behavior
Definition
Anything an organism does that involves self-initiated action and/or reaction to given
stimulus. It is composed of adoptive adjustment people make as they cope with one another, with
problems, with opportunities, and with working together-aspects, ina given situation.
It is the sum total of man’s reaction to his environment
Developmental Tasks
Every stage of life has its accompanying development tasks. They are task imposed on
the individual by maturation and culture that prepare him for the next stage of life.
THEORIES OF LEARNING
Connectionism Theory – by Thorndike states that practice strengthens the association
between stimuli an response can be strengthens further by means or reward or satisfaction but
can be weakened by punishment or dissatisfaction, through the use of the 3 law of effect. This
theory in learning assumed that if a thing is to be learned, there should be frequent repetitions of
stimulus and response.
Classical or Respondent Conditioning – by Pavlov which states that the association
between a conditioned stimulus and response is strengthened by repeated presentation with the
unconditional stimulus.
Instrumental or Operant Conditioning – wherein the learning or stimulus response
relationship is strengthened by immediately making a follow-up of the thing learned.
MOTIVATION
Motivation – is defined as behavior instigated by needs within the individual and
directed towards a goal can satisfy the needs. Motivation may also be regarded as explanation for
action which influences behavior in many ways. All definitions of motivation have certain things
in common such as; it comes from within; it is directed towards a goal; and it arouses interest in
the activity.
Motivation is important because it controls and directs behavior. Behavior must be
controlled for the good of the individual and society for human happiness, it is necessary to
control behavior. Motivation is also important in all aspects of man’s life.
Classification of Motives:
1. Biological drives – includes physiological, basic and primarily unlearned motives e.g.
water, food and other survival motives.
2. Psychological or social drives – they are secondary, acquired, learned, and derived e.g.
motives to be rich popular, balanced and other acquisition of achievements.
3. Unconscious motives – includes mostly general drives such as curiosity, maternal
instinct and just being nice as a natural drive.
PERSONALITY
Personality is defined as a pattern of habits, attitudes and trials that defines as
individual’s characteristics, behavior and qualities.
= A stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine the similarities and
differences in the psychological behavior such as thoughts, feeling, and actions, of people. It can
be introvert, extrovert or ambivert, an introvert is one characterized by direction of interest
toward oneself and ones’ inner world of experience; the extrovert characterized by interest
directed towards the external environment of people and things rather than toward inner
experiences and oneself; the ambivert is a mixture of between an extrovert and introvert
According to A.H. Maslow, who introduced the hierarchy of needs which ascends from the
basic biological needs present at birth to the more complex psychological needs which becomes
important only after the more basic needs have been satisfied.
Frustration occurs when a person is blocked in the satisfaction of need. Man becomes
anxious and restless and tries to seek means of relieving these anxieties. So he tries to engage in
various forms of activities intended to satisfy hi needs and reduces his tensions.
Reaction to Frustration
People differ in the way they react to frustration. An individual’s way of reacting to
frustration is known as coping mechanism. Generally reacting to one or two ways; by fighting
the problem in a constructive way and direct way by means of breaking down the obstacles that
stop a persons from reaching his goal; or by getting angry and becoming aggressive; or by
running away from the problem or fight by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent, and giving
up without a fight. These reactions to frustration are called fight-flight reactions.
Frustration tolerance
Individuals also differ in their capacity to tolerate unadjusted states or tolerance to
frustration. Some people are able to withstand prolonged periods of tension without showing
signs of abnormality. Other become neurotic or psychotic, or convert their frustration into anti-
social acts or become alcoholics or drug addicts. Most people react to frustration in the
following ways;
1. Direct approach
2. Detour or change direction
3. Substitution
4. Withdrawal or retreat
5. developing feelings of inferiority
6. aggressions, and
7. use of defense mechanism
Defense mechanism
They are unconscious psychological processes that serve as safety valves to provide relief
from emotional conflict and anxiety. Defense mechanisms are forms of self deception which a
person may not be aware of they are resorted to whenever psychological equilibrium is
threatened by severe emotional injury arising from frustration. Among the most common defense
mechanism used are the following:
1. Identification – a process whereby an individual’s without awareness, satisfies,
frustrated desires by psychologically assuming the role of another person.
2. Substitution – is resorted to, when an unattainable or unacceptable goal, emotion, or
object is replaced by one that is attainable or acceptable.
3. Compensation – a process whereby one makes up for some real o imaginary inadequacy
by doing well in another activity.
4. Rationalization – it is a fallacious thinking intended to justify ideas and behavior in a
way that seems reasonable to oneself, although, they are intellectually justified and often
socially disapproved as well.
5. Displacement – this is where one transfer his emotion connected with one person or
thing.
6. Fantasy or daydreaming – this is where an imagined sequence of events or mental
images that serves to express unconscious conflicts to gravity unconscious wishes or to
prepare for an anticipated future event.
7. Projection – manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to oneself, but projected
onto others so that they may seem to have these feelings or ideas, that free the
individuals from the guilt and anxiety associated with them.
8. Reaction formation – is defined as the development of a trait or traits which are the
opposite of tendencies that we do not want to recognize. It is shown, when an individual
is motivated to act in a certain way, but behaves in the opposite way, and be able to keep
his urges and impulses under control.
9. Denial – when a person uses this mechanism, he refuses to recognize and deal with
reality because of strong inner needs.
10. Repression – is an unconscious process where unacceptable urges or painful, traumatic
experiences are completely prevented from entering consciousness.
11. Suppression – is a conscious activity by which an individual attempts to forget
emotionally disturbing thoughts and experiences by pushing them out of one’s mind such
as, when a person attempts to forget emotional pain by losing himself in his work.
12. Regression – when a person employs this defense mechanism, he goes back to a pattern
of feeling, thinking or behavior which was appropriate to an earlier stage of development,
such as when a person demands for something from others and when denied, uses
tantrums to get it., as what he or she has done in early childhood when parents give to
demands of children by the use of tantrums.
13. Sublimation – is the changing of unacceptable id impulses or needs into socially and
culturally acceptable channels or means. It is also a positive and constructive mechanism
for defending against otherwise unacceptable impulses and needs. Such as when a
homosexual works as a physical therapist and find sexual satisfaction in performing his
job, in meeting his needs and impulses.
When a person is frustrated in his attempts to adjust himself to difficult situation
over a long period of time, he may try to escape from conflicts by suffering from any of
the following mental disorders;
1. Neurosis – a condition where a person compromises with reality by developing
imaginary ailment, phobia, obsession or compulsion:
2. Psychosis – a mental condition where the person may withdraw from the real world into
the world of fantasy and make-believe; where a person’s hidden or unexpressed desires
can be fulfilled;
3. Psychopath or sociopath with an antisocial personality – a mental disorder where one,
instead of compromising with reality, withdraw into his shell. The person may become
very aggressive and cruel in his antisocial behavior comes in conflict with the law, he
becomes a criminal.
4. Psychoneurotic person – are those in the twilight zone between normality and
abnormality. They are not insane, but neither are they normal. The neurotic is always
tense, restless, and anxious. Frequently, they have obsession, compulsion, phobia, and in
some cases, amnesia. Anxiety is the dominant characteristic.
Sexual Deviancy – a sexual behavior that seeks stimulation and sexual gratification by
means other than heterosexual relation.
Sexuality or heterosexuality – the only normal sexual relation between members of the
opposite sex that could lead to reproduction.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Crisis management – is simply good management under pressure.
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION
In hostage situation the general tendency of the hostage taker is to hostage a prominent
personality in order to gain needed leverage in the negotiation. What is important in this situation
is improved communication and the efficiency of the police in responding to the call of
emergency.
Upon arrival at the scene of the incident. Negotiator should act immediately on the
following:
On surrender approach – start with a position approach an act as if the hostage-taker will
surrender. Do not talk too much, talk detail of surrender process, and explain why now is better
than later.
19. The offense where there is 23. The age when a child,
no private offended party: fifteen years old and above
A. Status offense but below eighteen years of
B. Victimless crime age, commits an offense with
C. Minor crime discernment:
D. Light felony A. Criminal responsibility
A B C D A B C D
1. 51.
2. 52.
3. 53.
4. 54.
5. 55.
6. 56.
7. 57.
8. 58.
9. 59.
10. 60.
11. 61.
12. 62.
13. 63.
14. 64.
15. 65.
16. 66.
17. 67.
18. 68.
19. 69.
20. 70.
21. 71.
22. 72.
23. 73.
24. 74.
25. 75.
26. 76.
27. 77.
28. 78.
29. 79.
30. 80.
31. 81.
32. 82.
33. 83.
34. 84.
35. 85.
36. 86.
37. 87.
38. 88.
39. 89.
40. 90.
41. 91.
42. 92.
43. 93.
44. 94.
45. 95.
46. 96.
47. 97.
48. 98.
49. 99.
50. 100.