INTRODUCTION&THEORETICAL
INTRODUCTION&THEORETICAL
INTRODUCTION&THEORETICAL
2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a Public
2020. As of 11 February 2021, more than 107 million cases have been confirmed, with
illness. The virus spreads mainly through the air when people are near each other. It
leaves an infected person as they breathe, cough, sneeze, or speak and enters another
person via their mouth, nose, or eyes. It may also spread via contaminated surfaces.
People remain infectious for up to two weeks, and can spread the virus even if they do
Based on the Survey there are more than 2.2 billion adolescents in the world
who constitute approximately 28% of the world's population. Those aged between 10 to
19 years make up 16 % of the world's population. COVID-19 has impacted the lives of
manner. Throughout the world, essential modus of prevention from COVID- 19 infection
has been isolation and social distancing strategies to protect from the risk of infection.
On these grounds, since January, 2020, various countries started implementing regional
and national containment measures or lockdowns. In this backdrop one of the principal
measures taken during lockdown has been closure of schools, educational institutes
and activity areas. These inexorable circumstances which are beyond normal
experience, lead to stress, anxiety and a feeling of helplessness in all. (Shen K, et al.,
2020)
demonstrated that this type of measure has had an effective impact at reducing the
incidence and mortality of COVID-19 during the current pandemic. This article
recommended that along with other public health procedures, lockdown should be
enforced at an early stage to prevent the COVID-19 infection from spreading further.
The study has shown evidence that lockdown measures are consistently beneficial, with
44% to 81% of new cases and 31% to 63% deaths, compared to a lack of any lockdown
measure. The authors showed that a lockdown may prove helpful in controlling the
COVID-19 outbreak. The study showed that the lockdown was beneficial in decreasing
the rate of growth per day of infection, but ultimately insufficient to bring the absolute
growth rate down to 1.0 or less which is the point where an epidemic is clearly under
number of people exposed to contagious patients and therefore fewer people will be
impact on the psychological and mental well-being of individuals across society. Many
of the anticipated consequences of isolation measures are themselves key risk factors
for mental health issues including suicide, self-harm, substance misuse, and domestic
and child abuse. Social interaction has been widely interlinked with psychological well-
However, this present research will focus on the double lockdown experiences of
CoVid-19 patients and its effect to the psychological well-being while in isolation. Since
CoVid-19 is the growing problem in the whole world, conducting a research regarding
The researchers also have an obligation to make sure our actions match our
words when it comes to COVID-19 safety measures. At some point, most of us will find
ourselves in a position to remind patients, visitors and even our colleagues about the
importance and the expectation to wear a mask to protect others from potential
infection.
concern on the current health issues and be able to help and to know the experiences
of CoVid-19 patients and its effect to the psychological well-being while in isolation.
Theoretical Framework
CoVid-19 patients and its effects to the psychological well-being while in isolation, the
researchers uses the theory Betty Neuman’s System’s Model and Adaptation Model of
and administrative staff members to produce positive client outcomes. Dr. Betty
Neuman developed the theory based on her education and professional experiences.
The model outlines a dynamic script deployed by practitioners around the world, and the
The Neuman Systems Model views the client as an open system that responds
sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual. The client system consists of a basic or core
structure that is protected by lines of resistance. The usual level of health is identified as
the normal line of defense that is protected by a flexible line of defense. Stressors are
intra-, inter-, and extra personal in nature and arise from the internal, external, and
created environments. When stressors break through the flexible line of defense, the
system is invaded and the lines of resistance are activated and the system is described
the system will be reconstituted with the normal line of defense restored at, below, or
prevention occurs before the stressor invades the system; secondary prevention occurs
after the system has reacted to an invading stressor; and tertiary prevention occurs after
the system has reacted to an invading stressor; and tertiary prevention occurs after
in regard to clients. The model suggests that every client has distinct characteristics and
circumstances and responds, within a limited range, to their environment. The theory
goes on to warn that several known and unknown stressors can affect clients and
possibly disturb their well-being. In the Neuman Systems Model, practitioners call this
stability the client’s Line of Defense (LOD). It is how the stressors interact with the
patient that determines how the patients’ LOD holds up against stressors. Neuman
2017)
NSM practitioners monitor and note normal client LOD levels and interpret
negative deviations from this status as trouble signs. NSM practitioners subscribe to the
idea that clients’ support resources strongly influence their stress levels (University,
2017).
The NSM model suggests that all clients have a Line of Resistance (LOR).
Clients’ LORs are a defense mechanism used to maintain mental and environmental
stability. The LOR continues to function despite clients’ stability status. Neuman
environments for clients, allowing them to heal as quickly and wholly as possible
(University, 2017).
The Neuman Systems Model operates on the premise that several resource
variables affect the client. Clients’ resources determine how they persevere against
stressors.
stressors do not exceed these available resources. The client’s perpetually cycle
through resource exhaustion and rejuvenation. This cycle is crucial to a client’s stability.
theory, these layers each have five dimensions. The physiological client dimension
encompasses body chemistry state, and the client’s psychological dimension involves
their mental health. The socio-cultural dimension concerns clients’ relationships and
cultural belief systems. NSM practitioners also consider clients’ spiritual beliefs. The fifth
NSM dimension takes into account clients’ development throughout their lifespan
(University, 2017).
clients heal and function. Dr. Betty Neuman engineered the practice starting in the early
70’s. The model is fluid; Neuman encourages its users to reformulate the model as it
applies to their work environment. NSM practitioners treat each client based on their
hugely successful, regularly revised and remains current to this day (University, 2017).
The Roy Adaptation Model presents the person as a holistic adaptive system in
constant interaction with the internal and the external environment. The main task of the
According to Roy and Andrews (1999), adaptation refers to “the process and
Adaptation leads to optimal health and well-being, to quality of life and to death with
dignity (Andrews & Roy, 1991). The adaptation level represents the condition of the life
Coping processes in the Roy adaptation model include both innate coping
mechanisms and acquired coping mechanisms. Innate coping processes are genetically
“the regulator and cognator subsystems as the apply to individuals, and the stabilizer
and innovator subsystems as applied to groups”. A basic type of adaptive process, the
channels. Stimuli from the internal and external environment act as inputs through the
senses to the nervous system, thereby affecting the fluid, electrolyte and acid-base
balance, as well as the endocrine system. This formation is all channeled automatically,
The second adaptive process, the cognator subsystem, responds through four
selective attention, coding, and memory. Learning involves imitation, reinforcement, and
insight. Judgement includes problem solving and decision making. Defenses are used
to seek relief from anxiety and make affective appraisal and attachments through the
emotions.
viewed as an output of the human system and takes the form of either adaptive
with the human system using this information to decide whether to increase or decrease
subsystems, it is not possible to directly observe the functioning of these systems. The
mode. It is through these four modes that responses to and interaction with the
activities of all cells, tissues, organs, and system making up the body. Five basic needs
exist: oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, activity and rest, and protection. In addition,
four processes are involved in physiologic adaptation: the senses; fluid, electrolyte, and
acid-base balance; neurologic function; and endocrine function. The underlying need for
the physiologic mode is physiologic integrity. When viewing the first mode in relationship
because the basic need associated with the physical mode for a group is resource
(Roy, 2009).
self, including body sensation and body image, and the personal self, including body
sensation and body image, and the personal self, including self-consistency, self-ideal,
and moral-ethical-spiritual self. The basic need underlying the self-concept mode for the
individual is psychic and spiritual integrity—that is, the need to know who one is so that
one can be or exist with a sense of unity. “Group identity” is the term used to refer to the
second mode with groups. This mode comprises interpersonal relationships, group self-
image, social milieu, culture, and shared responsibility of the group. Identity integrity is
The role function mode focuses on the roles of the person in society and the
roles within group. The basic need underlying the role function mode is social integrity—
that is, the need to know who one is in relation to others so that one will know how to
act.
and receiving of love, respect, and value. The basic need of this mode is relational
integrity, or the feeling of security in nurturing relationships. Thus it follows that two
specific relationships are the focus within this mode for the individual: significant others
and support systems. For the group, the interdependence mode relates to the social
context in which the group operates; important factors in this case include infrastructure
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