This Scenario Applies To Questions 1 and 2: A Study Was Done To Compare The Lung

Name : ELVA YULINES
Nim : 1910533019
Int.Class of Accounting
Tuesday, September 15th 2020
Statistics Economics
30 minutes
CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER

This scenario applies to Questions 1 and 2: A study was done to compare the lung
capacity of coal miners to the lung capacity of farm workers. The researcher studied
200 workers of each type. Other factors that might affect lung capacity are smoking
habits and exercise habits. The smoking habits of the two worker types are similar,
but the coal miners generally exercise less than the farm workers.
1. Which of the following is the explanatory variable in this study?

a. Exercise
b. Lung capacity
c. Smoking or not
d. Occupation
2. Which of the following is a confounding variable in this study?

a. Exercise
b. Lung capacity
c. Smoking or not
d. Occupation
This scenario applies to Questions 3 to 5: A randomized experiment was done by

randomly assigning each participant either to walk for half an hour three times a
week or to sit quietly reading a book for half an hour three times a week. At the end
of a year the change in participants' blood pressure over the year was measured, and
the change was compared for the two groups.
3. This is a randomized experiment rather than an observational study because:

a. Blood pressure was measured at the beginning and end of the study.
b. The two groups were compared at the end of the study.
c. The participants were randomly assigned to either walk or read, rather
than choosing their own activity.
d. A random sample of participants was used.
4. The two treatments in this study were:

a. Walking for half an hour three times a week and reading a book for half an
hour three times a week.
b. Having blood pressure measured at the beginning of the study and having blood
pressure measured at the end of the study.
c. Walking or reading a book for half an hour three times a week and having blood
pressure measured.
d. Walking or reading a book for half an hour three times a week and doing nothing.
Scenario for Questions 3 to 5, continued
5. If a statistically significant difference in blood pressure change at the end of a

year for the two activities was found, then:
a. It cannot be concluded that the difference in activity caused a difference in the
change in blood pressure because in the course of a year there are lots of
possible confounding variables.
b. Whether or not the difference was caused by the difference in activity depends
on what else the participants did during the year.
c. It cannot be concluded that the difference in activity caused a difference in the
change in blood pressure because it might be the opposite, that people with
high blood pressure were more likely to read a book than to walk.
d. It can be concluded that the difference in activity caused a difference in the
change in blood pressure because of the way the study was done.
6. What is one of the distinctions between a population parameter and a sample

statistic?
a. A population parameter is only based on conceptual measurements, but a
sample statistic is based on a combination of real and conceptual
measurements.
b. A sample statistic changes each time you try to measure it, but a
population parameter remains fixed.
c. A population parameter changes each time you try to measure it, but a sample
statistic remains fixed across samples.
d. The true value of a sample statistic can never be known but the true value of a
population parameter can be known.
7. A magazine printed a survey in its monthly issue and asked readers to fill it out
and send it in. Over 1000 readers did so. This type of sample is called
a. a cluster sample.
b. a self-selected sample.
c. a stratified sample.
d. a simple random sample.
8. Which of the following would be most likely to produce selection bias in a survey?
a. Using questions with biased wording.
b. Only receiving responses from half of the people in the sample.
c. Conducting interviews by telephone instead of in person.
d. Using a random sample of students at a university to estimate the
proportion of people who think the legal drinking age should be lowered.
9. Which one of the following variables is not categorical?

a. Age of a person.
b. Gender of a person: male or female.
c. Choice on a test item: true or false.
d. Marital status of a person (single, married, divorced, other)
10. I suggest two reasons why I feel people fall foul at the first hurdle of learning statistics.
Which of the following are they? (two correct choices)
a. 'user friendly' introductions under emphasising basic concepts

b. 'user friendly' introductions incorrectly explaining basic concepts
c. statistics presented as a poorly defined subjective discipline
d. over emphasis on the use of computers
e. statistics presented as a clear cut subject with clearly defined rules
11. Which of the following is an example of nominal data? (one correct choice)
a. Number of people on a course

b. Cancer staging scale
c. List of different species of bird visiting a garden over the past week
d. Popularity rating of UK top ten television programmes
e. Heart rate
12. Which of the following are examples of Interval/Ratio data? (two correct choices)

e. Heart rate
13. Which of the following are examples of Ordinal data? (two correct choices)

e. Heart rate
14. Which of the following is the correct listing of data from the simplest to the most
complex? (one correct choice)
a. Nominal -> Ordinal -> Interval -> Transcendental

b. Nominal -> Ordinal -> Interval -> Ratio
c. Qualitative -> Ordinal -> Interval -> Discrete
d. Qualitative -> Ordinal -> Interval -> Ratio
e. Nominal -> Ordinal -> Interval -> Quantitative
15. Which of the following is an incorrect statement about Ranking a dataset? (one correct choice)
a. You can rank any dataset as long it is not Nominal

b. Each value in a dataset should only occur once
c. The process of ranking a dataset involves ordering it and then assigning a 'rank' value to
each score from 1 to the number of scores in the dataset.
d. When ranking a dataset tied scores receive the average of the rank value given to the ties.
16. The result of ranking a dataset means that you loose the effect of magnitude if the
data were Interval/Ratio I suggest two reasons why I feel people fall foul at the first hurdle of
learning statistics. Which of the following are they? (two correct choices)
a. 'user friendly' introductions under emphasising basic concepts

b. 'user friendly' introductions incorrectly explaining basic concepts
c. statistics presented as a poorly defined subjective discipline
d. over emphasis on the use of computers
e. statistics presented as a clear cut subject with clearly defined rules
17. Which of the following is an example of nominal data? (one correct choice)

e. Heart rate
18. Which of the following are examples of Interval/Ratio data? (two correct choices)

e. Heart rate
19. Which of the following are examples of Ordinal data? (two correct choices)

e. Heart rate
20. Which of the following is the correct listing of data from the simplest to the most
complex? (one correct choice)
a. Nominal -> Ordinal -> Interval -> Transcendental

b. Nominal -> Ordinal -> Interval -> Ratio
c. Qualitative -> Ordinal -> Interval -> Discrete
d. Qualitative -> Ordinal -> Interval -> Ratio
e. Nominal -> Ordinal -> Interval -> Quantitative
21. Which of the following is an incorrect statement about Ranking a dataset? (one correct choice)
a. You can rank any dataset as long it is not Nominal

b. Each value in a dataset should only occur once
c. The process of ranking a dataset involves ordering it and then assigning a 'rank' value to
each score from 1 to the number of scores in the dataset.
d. When ranking a dataset tied scores receive the average of the rank value given to the ties.
22. A parameter is:
a. a sample characteristic
b. a population characteristic
c. unknown
d. normal normally distributed
23. A statistic is:
a. a sample characteristic
b. a population characteristic
c. unknown
d. normally distributed
24. Observational studies allow:
a. population inference
b. causal inference
c. both types of inference
d. neither type of inference
25. A numerical value used as a summary measure for a sample, such as sample mean, is known as a
a. population parameter
b. sample parameter
c. sample statistic
d. population mean
e. None of the above answers is correct.

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Name : ELVA YULINES

CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER

1. Which of the following is the explanatory variable in this study?

2. Which of the following is a confounding variable in this study?

This scenario applies to Questions 3 to 5: A randomized experiment was done by

3. This is a randomized experiment rather than an observational study because:

4. The two treatments in this study were:

5. If a statistically significant difference in blood pressure change at the end of a

6. What is one of the distinctions between a population parameter and a sample

9. Which one of the following variables is not categorical?

a. 'user friendly' introductions under emphasising basic concepts

a. Number of people on a course

a. Number of people on a course

a. Number of people on a course

a. Nominal -> Ordinal -> Interval -> Transcendental

a. You can rank any dataset as long it is not Nominal

a. 'user friendly' introductions under emphasising basic concepts

a. Number of people on a course

a. Number of people on a course

a. Number of people on a course

a. Nominal -> Ordinal -> Interval -> Transcendental

a. You can rank any dataset as long it is not Nominal

23. A statistic is:

24. Observational studies allow:

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