Future Perfect

f t g+ p
Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done."
Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Perfect with "Will"

[will have + past participle]

Examples:

 You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
 Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
 You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]

Examples:

 You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
 Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the
U.S.?
 You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the
U.S.

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or
no difference in meaning.

Complete List of Future Perfect Forms

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future

The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the
future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.

Examples:

 By next November, I will have received my promotion.

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  By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house.
 I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.
 Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
 Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this
afternoon.
 By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
 How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple
Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and
you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Future
Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future.

Examples:

 I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.
 By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.

Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-
continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes
used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time
expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead
of Future Perfect, Present Perfect is used.

Examples:

 I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not Correct

 I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

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  You will only have learned a few words.
 Will you only have learned a few words?

 You are only going to have learned a few words.

 Are you only going to have learned a few words?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

 They will have completed the project before the deadline. Active

 The project will have been completed before the deadline. Passive

 They are going to have completed the project before the deadline. Active

 The project is going to have been completed before the deadline. Passive

Future Perfect Continuous

f t g+ p
Future Perfect Continuous has two different forms: "will have been doing " and "be going to
have been doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect Continuous forms are usually
interchangeable.

FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Will"

[will have been + present participle]

Examples:

 You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
 Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?
 You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.

FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have been + present participle]

Examples:

 You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally
arrives.
 Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally
arrives?
 You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane
finally arrives.

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NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect Continuous
with little or no difference in meaning.

Complete List of Future Perfect Continuous Forms

USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Future

We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular
event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all
durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to
the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect
Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future.

Examples:

 They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.

 She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it
finally closes.
 James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time
he leaves for Asia.
 How long will you have been studying when you graduate?
 We are going to have been driving for over three days straight when we get to
Anchorage.
 A: When you finish your English course, will you have been living in New Zealand for
over a year?
B: No, I will not have been living here that long.

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple
Present rather than Simple Future. This is because these future events are in time clauses, and
you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

USE 2 Cause of Something in the Future

Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show
cause and effect.

Examples:

 Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an
hour.

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  Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to
have been studying English in the United States for over two years.

Future Continuous vs. Future Perfect Continuous

If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday,"
many English speakers choose to use the Future Continuous rather than the Future Perfect
Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Future
Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes a
duration of time before something in the future. Study the examples below to understand the
difference.

Examples:

 He will be tired because he will be exercising so hard.

This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will be exercising at that
exact moment in the future.
 He will be tired because he will have been exercising so hard.
This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will have been exercising for
a period of time. It is possible that he will still be exercising at that moment OR that he
will just have finished.

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with
time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc.
Instead of Future Perfect Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous is used.

Examples:

 You won't get a promotion until you will have been working here as long as Tim. Not
Correct
 You won't get a promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim. Correct

AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous

tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous
tenses. Instead of using Future Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Future
Perfect .

Examples:

 Ned will have been having his driver's license for over two years. Not Correct
 Ned will have had his driver's license for over two years. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

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The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

 You will only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.
 Will you only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?

 You are only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.
 Are you only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

 The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is
finished. Active
 The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the
time it is finished. Passive

 The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the
time it is finished. Active
 The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six
months by the time it is finished. Passive

NOTE: Passive forms of the Future Perfect Continuous are not common.

Future in the Past

f t g+ p
Like Simple Future, Future in the Past has two different forms in English: "would" and "was
going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express
two different meanings.

FORM Would

[would + VERB]

Examples:

 I knew you would help him.

 I knew you would not help him.

FORM Was/Were Going To

[was/were + going to + VERB]

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Examples:

 I knew you were going to go to the party.

 I knew you were not going to go to the party.

USE 1 Future in Past

Future in the Past is used to express the idea that in the past you thought something would
happen in the future. It does not matter if you are correct or not. Future in the Past follows the
same basic rules as the Simple Future. "Would" is used to volunteer or promise, and "was going
to" is used to plan. Moreover, both forms can be used to make predictions about the future.

Examples:

 I told you he was going to come to the party. plan

 I knew Julie would make dinner. voluntary action
 Jane said Sam was going to bring his sister with him, but he came alone. plan
 I had a feeling that the vacation was going to be a disaster. prediction
 He promised he would send a postcard from Egypt. promise

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, Future in the Past cannot be used in clauses beginning with time
expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead
of using Future in the Past, you must use Simple Past.

Examples:

 I already told Mark that when he would arrive, we would go out for dinner. Not Correct
 I already told Mark that when he arrived, we would go out for dinner. Correct

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

 I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active

 I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive

 I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner. Active

 I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally. Passive

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