Bdwbu: Bgybv Cövyx Cwiwpwz
Bdwbu: Bgybv Cövyx Cwiwpwz
Bdwbu: Bgybv Cövyx Cwiwpwz
G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
nvBWªv (Hydra)
cvV 2.1 : †kªwYweb¨vm, ¯^fve I evm¯’vb
cvV 2.2 : MVb, Lv`¨ MÖnY I cwicvK
cvV 2.3 : Pjb, cÖRbb I wg‡_vRxexZv
cvV 2.4 : e¨envwiK: nvBWªvi ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY I wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b
Nvmdwos (Grasshopper)
cvV 2.5 : †kªwYweb¨vm, ¯^fve I evm¯’vb, cwicvK
cvV 2.6 : e¨envwiKÑ Nvmdwos/†Zjv‡cvKv Gi gy‡Lvcv½ kbv³KiY I wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b
cvV 2.7 : msenb I k¦mb
cvV 2.8 : †iPb I cÖRbb
cvV 2.9 : cyÄvwÿi MVb I `k©b †KŠkj
iæB (Labeo)
cvV 2.10 : †kªwYweb¨vm, ¯^fve, evm¯’vb I MVb
cvV 2.11 : Lv`¨ I Lv`¨vf¨vm Ges i³ msenbZš¿
cvV 2.12 : k¦mbZš¿ I cÖRbb (cÖvK…wZK I K…wÎg)
cvV 2.13 : Ÿ¨envwiK- iæB/ UvwK gv‡Qi i³ msenbZš¿ e¨e‡”Q`, ch©‡eÿY Ges wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b
cvV 2.14 : iæB gv‡Qi cÖvK…wZK msiÿY
cvV 2.15 : e¨envwiK- Kvc© RvZxq gv‡Qi dzjKv I evqy_wj kbv³KiY
nvBWªvi †kÖwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb (Systemic position of Hydra) : Hydra Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Aveªvnvg
†Uª¤^‡j| Gi bvgKiY K‡ib weÁvbx wjwbqvm|
Kingdom : Animalia (cÖvYx)
Sub-Kingdom : Metazoa (eû‡Kvlx)
Phylum : Cnidaria (wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl I wm‡j‡›Uib)
Class : Hydrozoa (Awef³ wm‡j‡›Uib)
Order : Hydroida (cwjc `kv cÖavb)
Genus : Hydra
Species : Hydra vulgaris
Hydra-i ¯^fve (Habit) : Hydra ¯^vaxb gy³Rxex I gvsmvkx cÖvYx| Hydra wgVv cvwb‡Z wbgw¾Z KwVb e¯‘ I
RjR Dw™¢‡`i cvZvi wb‡Pi c„‡ô SzjšÍ Ae¯’vq AvU‡K _v‡K| Kwl©Kvi mvnv‡h¨ Giv Lv`¨ MÖnY, †`‡ni ms‡KvPb,
cÖmviY I PjvPj m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| e¨vcb cÖwµqvq k¦mb I †iPb m¤úbœ K‡i| gyKz‡jv`Mg I wØwefvR‡bi mvnv‡h¨
A‡hŠb Rbb Ges Rbb‡Kvl m„wó K‡i †hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i| Hydra cybiærcwË (regeneration) ÿgZv cÖvß|
Hydra-i evm¯’vb (Habitat) : Hydra wgVvcvwbi cÖvYx| Giv mvaviYZ Lvj, wej, cyKzi, n«`, †Wvev, SY©vi cvwb‡Z
evm K‡i| †Nvjv cvwb‡Z G‡`i Kg cvIqv †M‡jI cwi¯‹vi, A‡cÿvK…Z kxZj Ges †¯ªvZnxb cvwb‡Z G‡`i‡K
Zzjbvg~jK †ewk cvIqv hvq| PjvP‡j mÿg n‡jI Hydra AwaKvsk mgqB cvwb‡Z Aew¯’Z †Kvb e¯‘‡K Aej¤^b
K‡i †eu‡P _v‡K| A‡bK mgq Giv fvmgvb cÎLÐ msjMœ n‡q cvwb‡Z wb¤œgyLx Ae¯’vq Szj‡Z _v‡K|
mvims‡ÿc
Hydra Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Aveªvnvg †Uª¤^‡j| Gi bvgKiY K‡ib weÁvbx wjwbqvm| evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ cÖRvwZi Hydra
cvIqv hvq Z¤§‡a¨ Hydra vulgaris me‡P‡q †ewk cvIqv hvq| Kwl©Kvi mvnv‡h¨ Giv Lv`¨ MÖnY, †`‡ni
ms‡KvPb, cÖmviY I PjvPj m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| e¨vcb cÖwµqvq k¦mb I †iPb m¤úbœ K‡i| gyKz‡jv`Mg I
wØwefvR‡bi mvnv‡h¨ A‡hŠb Rbb Ges Rbb‡Kvl m„wó K‡i †hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i| Hydra cybiærcwË
(regeneration) ÿgZv cÖvß| Hydra wgVvcvwbi cÖvYx| Giv mvaviYZ Lvj, wej, cyKzi, n«`, †Wvev, SY©vi cvwb‡Z
evm K‡i| †Nvjv cvwb‡Z G‡`i Kg cvIqv †M‡jI cwi¯‹vi, A‡cÿvK…Z kxZj Ges †¯ªvZnxb cvwb‡Z G‡`i‡K
Zzjbvg~jK †ewk cvIqv hvq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.1
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. nvBWªv †Kvb cÖwµqvq †iPb I k¦mb m¤úbœ K‡i?
K. Awf¯ªeY L. mv‡jvKms‡kølY M. e¨vcb N. cvwb †kvlY
2. nvBWªvi bvgKiY †K K‡i‡Qb?
K. †Uª¤^‡j L. A¨vwi÷Uj M. w_Id«v÷vm N. wjwbqvm
3. nvBWªv-
i. gy³Rxex ii. me©f~K iii. Aixq cÖwZmg
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
evwn¨K MVb : Hydra-i †`n big, bjvKvi Ges Aixq cÖwZmg| Giv mvaviYZ 10-30 wg.wg. ch©šÍ j¤^v
I cÖvq 1 wgwjwgUvi PIov nq| GKwU cwiYZ nvBWªvi †`n wb¤œwjwLZ Ask wb‡q MwVZÑ
1. nvB‡cv‡÷vg (Hypostome) : †`‡ni gy³ I m¤§yL cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z †gvPvK…wZ, ms‡KvPb cÖmviYkxj AskwUB
nvB‡cv‡÷vg| Gi P~ovq gyLwQ`ª Aew¯’Z| gyL wQ`ªc‡_ Lv`¨ M„nxZ I AcvP¨ Ask ewn®‹Z
… nq|
2. †`nKvÐ (Trunk) : nvB‡cv‡÷v‡gi wbP †_‡K cv`PvKwZi Dci ch©šÍ AskwU‡K †`nKvÐ e‡j| †`nKv‡Ð
wb¤œwjwLZ Ask¸‡jv cvIqv hvqÑ
K. Kwl©Kv (Tentacles) : nvB‡cv‡÷v‡gi Pvicv‡k 5-8 wU miæ, ms‡KvPb cÖmviYÿg, †`n A‡cÿv mvgvb¨ j¤^v I
duvcv myZvi b¨vq Kwl©Kv _v‡K| Kwl©Kvi ewntcÖvPx‡i AmsL¨ †QvU †QvU wUDgv‡ii gZ †bgv‡Uvwm÷ e¨vUvix we`¨gvb|
cÖ‡Z¨K e¨vUvix‡Z K‡qKwU K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi †bgv‡Uvwm÷ _v‡K| Kwl©Kv I †bgv‡Uvwm‡÷i mn‡hvwMZvq Hydra
Lv`¨ MÖnY, Pjb I AvZ¥iÿvq Ask †bq|
L. gyKzj (Bud) : †`nKv‡Ði mv‡_ GK ev GKvwaK MVbiZ I cwiYZ gyKzj msjMœ Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i hv
cieZx©‡Z c~Y©v½ nvBWªvq cwiYZ nq| MÖx®§Kv‡j hLbB ch©vß Lv`¨ cvIqv hvq Ges AbyK~j cwi‡ek weivR K‡i
ZLbB gyKz‡jv`Mg (Budding) cÖwµqvq nvBWªvi A‡hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ nq|
M. Rbbv½ (Gonad) : cÖRbb FZz‡Z (†ngšÍ I kxZKv‡j) †`nKv‡Ði Dc‡ii Aa©vs‡k GK ev GKvwaK †KvYvKvi
ïµvkq Ges wb‡Pi Aa©vs‡k GK ev GKvwaK †MvjvKvi wW¤^vkq bvgK A¯’vqx Rbbv½ †`Lv hvq| ïµvkq I wW¤^vkq
h_vµ‡g ïµvYy I wW¤^vYy Drcv`b K‡i †hŠb Rb‡b Ask MÖnY K‡i|
M. cv`PvKwZ (Pedal disc) : †`nKv‡Ði wb¤œ ev cðvr cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z †MvjvKvi ev Pvcv AskB n‡jv c`Zj ev
cv`PvKwZ| cv`PvKwZ †_‡K wbtm„Z AvVv‡jv i‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Hydra †Kvb Z‡ji mv‡_ †j‡M _v‡K Ges ey`ey` m„wó
K‡i cÖvYx‡K fvwm‡q ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| cv`PvKwZ wegy³ K‡i nvBWªv wewfbœ iK‡gi Pjb m¤úbœ K‡i| MÖwš’‡Kvl
wbtm„Z wcw”Qjim A¨vwge‡qW Pj‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges ÿYc` MVbKvix †Kv‡li mvnv‡h¨ MøvBwWs Pjb m¤úbœ K‡i|
KvR
ms‡e`x †Kv‡l msM„nxZ DÏxcbv w`‡q cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡i |
Giv †`‡ni wewfbœ †Kv‡li Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i
4| ms‡e`x †Kvl (Sensory cell) : Gme †Kvl miæ, j¤^vK„wZi ev gvKz AvK…wZi| gy‡Li Pviw`‡K, Kwl©Kvq I
cv`PvK&wZ‡Z AwaK msL¨vq Ae¯’vb K‡i| Gme †Kvl evB‡ii w`‡K ms‡e`x †ivg enb K‡i Ges wfZ‡ii w`‡K
¯œvqyZš‘ Øviv ¯œvqy †Kv‡li mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i _v‡K|
KvR:
cwi‡ek n‡Z wewfbœ Abyf~wZ (Av‡jv, Zvc, ¯úk©, ivmvqwbK c`v_© BZ¨vw`) MÖnY K‡i Zv ¯œvqy †Kv‡l †cÖiY K‡i
_v‡K|
hv‡K evU (but) ev k¨vdU (shaft) e‡j| k¨vd‡U eve© (barb) bvgK wZbwU eo KuvUv Ges evwe©Ij (barbule) bvgK
KZ¸‡jv †QvU KuvUv _v‡K| ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq m~ÎKwU _wji wfZ‡i D‡ëv Ae¯’vq cu¨vPv‡bv _v‡K|
(M) AcviKzjvg (Operculum) : wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kv‡li †bgv‡Uvwm÷ _wjwU evB‡ii w`‡K GKwU XvKbv Øviv Ave„Z
_v‡K, hv‡K AcviKzjvg e‡j|
(N) wb‡Wvwmj (Cnidocil) : GwU wb‡Wveøv‡÷i gy³cÖv‡šÍi GKcv‡k Aew¯’Z `„p, ÿz`ª, ms‡e`bkxj †iv‡gi gZ
Ask| Gi Dci Pvc co‡jB †bgv‡Uvwm÷ m~ÎK evwn‡i wbwÿß nq|
(O) †cwkm~Î I j¨v‡mv (Muscle fibre and lasso) : A‡bK wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kv‡l †bgv‡Uvwm÷ _wji cÖvPxi n‡Z
†cwkZš‘ †ei n‡q mvB‡UvcøvR‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i| ZvQvov †bgv‡Uvwm÷ _wji wb¤œ w`‡K j¨v‡mv bvgK cu¨vPv‡bv m~ÎK
_v‡K|
wPÎ : 2.2.3 : wb‡WvmvBU; evg w`‡K ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq I Wvb w`‡K myZvwU Db¥y³
wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kv‡li KvR
G¸‡jv Hydra-i wkKvi Amvo Kiv I aivi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
Hydra-i AvZ¥iÿvq Ask †bq|
Pj‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
cÖvYx‡K †Kvb e¯‘ AvK‡o ai‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
Hydra-i M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m (AšÍtZ¡K) †Kvlmg~n: M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m †`‡ni AšÍtZ¡K MVb K‡i| Gi AwaKvskB
e„n`vKvi Kjvgbvi Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kvl Øviv MwVZ| Hydra i M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m wb¤œwjwLZ †Kvl wb‡q MwVZÑ
1| cywó †Kvl ev †cwk AveiYx †Kvl (Nutritive cell or musculo epithelial cells) : M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡mi †ewki fvM
Ask Ry‡o G †Kvl¸‡jv Ae¯’vb K‡i, ¯Í¤¢vKvi †Kvl¸‡jv GKwU eo wbDwK¬qvmhy³ I MnŸihy³| cywó †Kvlmg~n‡K
`yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
(K) d¬¨v‡Rjxq †Kvl (Flagellated cell) : †Kv‡li gy³ cÖv‡šÍ 1-4wU j¤^v myZvi gZ d¬¨v‡Rjv hy³ _v‡K| Gme
d¬¨v‡Rjvi Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j wm‡j‡›Ui‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ekK…Z Lv`¨ g‡i hvq|
(L) ÿYc`xq †Kvl (Pseudopodial cell) : Gme †Kvl G‡`i gy³ cÖv‡šÍ A¯’vqx ÿYc` MVb K‡i hvi mvnv‡h¨
cwicvKK…Z Lv`¨ †Kv‡li wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Kivq| Giv cwicvKK…Z Lv‡`¨i cwi‡kvl‡Y f~wgKv iv‡L|
2| B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl (Interstitial cell) : G‡ÛvWv‡g©i †Kvl¸‡jvi duv‡K duv‡K †MvjvK…wZ B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl
Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖwZwU B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, gm„Y G‡ÛvcøvRwgK RvwjKv I ivB‡ev‡mvg wb‡q MwVZ|
3| MÖwš’ †Kvl (Gland cell) : AveiYx †cwk‡Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wW¤^vK…wZi MÖwš’‡Kvl we`¨gvb _v‡K|
nvB‡cv‡÷v‡g G‡`i msL¨v me©vwaK| Gme †Kvl mvaviYZ wgDKvm wbtmvix A_ev GbRvBg wbtmvix n‡q _v‡K|
4| ¯œvqy †Kvl (Nerve cell) : G‡ÛvWv‡g©i G †Kvl¸‡jv †g‡mvwMøqv †Nu‡m Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges msL¨vq Lye Kg n‡q
_v‡K| eûf~RvK…wZ G †Kvl¸‡jv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kvLvwš^Z Zš‘ m„wó K‡i ¯œvqyRvjK MVb K‡i|
5| ms‡e`x †Kvl (Nerve cell) : ms‡e`x †Kvl¸‡jv j¤^v I miæ| G‡ÛvWv‡g© cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Ae¯’vb K‡i| ms‡e`x
†Kv‡li gy³cÖv‡šÍ ms‡e`x †jvg Ges †g‡mvwMøqv msjMœ cÖv‡šÍ ms‡e`x Zš‘ _v‡K| ms‡e`x Zš‘¸‡jv ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i mv‡_
hy³ _v‡K|
wPÎ 2.2.5: nvBWªvi Lv`¨ wPÎ 2.2.6 : nvBWªvi Lv`¨ MÖnY †KŠkj
Hydra-i Lv`¨ cwicvK cÖYvjx (Process of digestion): †h ˆRe ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq RwUj I †kvlY
Abyc‡hvMx Lv`¨e¯‘ †`nvf¨šÍ‡i wewfbœ GbRvBg I cvwbi mvnv‡h¨ †f‡½ Zij, mij I †kvlY Dc‡hvMx Lv`¨e¯‘‡Z
cwiYZ nq Zv‡K cwicvK (Digestion) e‡j| Hydra-i Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki mgq AšÍtZ¡‡Ki MÖwš’‡Kvl †_‡K GbRvBg
wbtm„Z nq| Hydra-i Lv`¨ cwicvK `ywU ch©v‡q msNwUZ nq| h_vÑ
1| ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK (Extracellular digestion) : †Kv‡li evB‡i Lv`¨e¯‘i cwicvK‡K ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK
e‡j| Lv`¨ wm‡j‡›Ui‡b †cuŠQv‡bvi m‡½ m‡½ gyLwQ`ª eÜ n‡q hvq Ges AšÍtZ¡Kxq MÖwš’¸‡jv mwµq nq| g~jZ
M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m wbtm„Z GbRvB‡gi wµqvq wkKv‡ii g„Zz¨ N‡U| Gici †`n cÖvPx‡ii ms‡KvPb I cÖmvi‡Yi wµqvq
Lv`¨e¯‘ P~Y©-weP~Y© nq| cieZx©‡Z AšÍtZ¡‡Ki d¬¨v‡Rjxq †Kv‡li d¬¨v‡Rjvq mÂvj‡b Lv`¨KYv GbRvB‡gi mv‡_
fv‡jvfv‡e wgwkÖZ nq| MÖwš’‡Kvl wbwg©Z wUªcwmb GbRvBg †cÖvwUb‡K cwj‡ccUvB‡W cwiYZ K‡i| wjwcW I kK©iv
Lv`¨e¯‘i †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|
2| AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK (Intracellular digestion) : †Kv‡li Af¨šÍ‡i Lv`¨MnŸ‡ii g‡a¨ Lv`¨e¯‘i †h cwicvK
nq Zv‡K AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK e‡j| wm‡j‡›Ui‡b †`‡ni ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j Lv`¨ AviI ÿz`ª KYvq cwiYZ
nq| †cwk AšÍtAveiYxi ÿbc`xq †Kvl¸‡jv ÿYc` †ei K‡i Ges wKQz wKQz Lv`¨KYv mvgvb¨ Zij c`v‡_©i mv‡_
d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm c×wZ‡Z M„nxZ nq| d‡j †Kv‡li wfZ‡i Lv`¨ MnŸ‡ii m„wó nq| Lv`¨-MnŸ‡i Lv‡`¨i Avw¤øK I
ÿvixq Dfq `kvB AwZevwnZ nq| mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Aew¯’Z wewfbœ GbRvBg Lv`¨MnŸ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi
Lv`¨‡K cwicvK K‡i| Hydra ÷vP© RvZxq Lv`¨ cwicvK bv Ki‡Z cvi‡jI †cÖvwUb, †¯œn RvZxq Lv`¨ cwicvK
K‡i| cwicvKK…Z Lv`¨mvi e¨vcb cÖwµqvq wewfbœ †Kv‡l cwievwnZ nq| Lv‡`¨i AcwicvKK…Z Ask gyLwQ`ª w`‡q
†`‡ni evB‡i wbwÿß nq|
nvBWªvi GwcWvwg©‡mi †Kvl¸‡jv Kvjvi †cwÝj w`‡q AvU© †ccv‡i Gu‡K K¬v‡m
wkÿv_©xi KvR
Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿc
Hydra-i †`n cÖvPx‡i Aew¯’Z B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl¸‡jv †`‡ni cÖ‡qvR‡b †`‡ni †h †Kvb †Kvl Drcv`‡b mÿg|
Gme †Kvl †`‡ni cyi‡bv †Kvl¸‡jvi Afve c~iY K‡i| wb‡WvmvB‡Ui Af¨šÍixY fvM wnc‡bvUw·b (Avwgl I
wdbj) bvgK welv³ Zi‡j c~Y© _v‡K, hv wkKvi‡K Amvo Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| GQvov Hydra ÿYc`xq †Kv‡li
gva¨‡g AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK I MÖwš’‡Kv‡li gva¨‡g ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK m¤úbœ K‡i|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.2
eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU bZzb †Kvl ˆZwi K‡i?
K. †bgv‡Uvwm÷ L. MÖwš’‡Kvl M. B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl N. wb‡WvmvBU
2. wb‡Pi †Kvb GbRvBg †cÖvwUb‡K cwj‡ccUvB‡W cwiYZ K‡i?
K. wUªcwmb L. A¨vgvB‡jR M. jvB‡cR N. †cÖvwUI‡jR
3. wnc‡bvUw·b bvgK welv³ Zij c`v‡_©i MVb Dcv`vb n‡jv-
i. Avwgl ii. wdbj iii. Mø‡y KvR
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. i I ii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
nvBWªvi Pjb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
nvBWªvi †hŠb I A‡hŠb cÖRbb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wg‡_vRxexZv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
nvBWªvi Pjb (Locomotion of Hydra) : †h c×wZ‡Z Rxe‡`n ˆRweK cÖ‡qvR‡b A_©vr Lv`¨ msMÖn,
AvZ¥iÿv, cÖRbb ev cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek †gvKv‡ejvq GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Mgb K‡i Zv‡K Pjb e‡j|
Hydra-i Pj‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb mywbw`©ó A½ †bB| GwcWvwg©‡m we`¨gvb †cwk AveiYx †Kvl Hydra-i Pj‡b cÖavb
f~wgKv iv‡L| Z‡e Kwl©Kv, wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl, MÖwš’ †Kvl I cv`PvKwZ nvBWªvi Pj‡b we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L| Hydra-q
wb¤œ ewY©Z wewfbœ ai‡bi Pjb jÿYxqÑ
1| jywcs ev nvgv¸wo (Looping) : Hydra j¤^v `~iZ¡ AwZµg Kivi Rb¨ G c×wZ e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| Hydra-G
cÖwµqvq ïiæ‡Z †`n‡K MwZc‡_i w`‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i I †`n‡K euvwK‡q †gŠwLK Zj‡K wfwËi KvQvKvwQ wb‡q Av‡m
Ges Kwl©Kvi MøywUb¨v›U †b‡gv‡Uvwm‡÷i mn‡hvwMZvq wfwˇK AvU‡K a‡i| cieZx©‡Z c`Zj‡K wegy³ K‡i gy‡Li
mwbœK‡U ¯’vcb K‡i Ges Kwl©Kv wehy³ K‡i †mvRv n‡q `uvovq| Gfv‡e nvBWªv G c×wZi cybive„wË K‡i ¯’vb Z¨vM
K‡i|
3| MøvBwWs ev A¨vwge‡qW Pjb (Gliding) : c`Zj Øviv Hydra-gm„Y Z‡ji Dci MøvBwWs c×wZ‡Z axi MwZ‡Z
Lye Aí `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i| cv`PvKwZi MÖwš’‡Kvl †_‡K wbtm„Z wcw”Qj im Pjb Zj‡K wcw”Qj K‡i| c‡i H ¯’vb
†_‡KB cÖwÿß †Kvlxq ÿYc‡`i A¨vwge‡qW Pj‡bi mvnv‡h¨ †`nwU AZ¨šÍ axiMwZ‡Z Lye mvgvb¨ `~iZ¡ AwZµg
K‡i|
4| nuvUv (Walking) : we‡kl †Kvb Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq Hydra Kwl©Kvi Dci fi w`‡q D‡ëvfv‡e `uvovq Ges
Kwl©Kv¸‡jv‡K cv‡qi b¨vq e¨envi K‡i axi MwZ‡Z MwZc_ AwZµg K‡i|
5| muvZvi (Swimming) : Hydra Kwl©Kv¸‡jv‡K †XD‡qi gZ Av‡›`vwjZ K‡i Ges †`n‡K wfwË †_‡K gy³ K‡i
mn‡RB muvZvi KvU‡Z cv‡i|
6| fvmv (Floating) : cv`PvKwZi G‡±vWvg©vj MÖwš’‡Kvl †_‡K M¨vmxq ey`ey` m„wó K‡i Hydra †`n‡K nvjKv K‡i
wfwË †_‡K wePz¨Z n‡q cvwbi DcwiZ‡j †f‡m I‡V| G ey`ey`‡K cv`PvKwZi msjMœ K‡i nvBWªv cvwb‡Z wbw®Œqfv‡e
†f‡m †¯ªv‡Zi gva¨‡g ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
7| Av‡ivnb-Ae‡ivnb (Climbing) : RjR Dw™¢` ev cvwb‡Z wbgw¾Z ev fvmgvb e¯‘‡K AvuK‡o aivi wbwg‡Ë
nvBWªv †Kvb †Kvb mgq Kwl©Kv¸‡jv‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i| cieZx©‡Z cv`PvKwZ‡Z wegy³ K‡i bZzb ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb K‡i wbP
†_‡K Dc‡i Av‡ivnb A_ev Dci †_‡K wb‡P Ae‡ivnb K‡i _v‡K|
8| †`‡ni ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY (Body extraction and expansion) : G cÖwµqvq nvBWªv Zvi †`n‡K gy³ K‡i †`n
cÖvPx‡ii †cwk AveiYx wUmy¨i ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g †`‡ni AvKvi `ªæZ j¤^v I Lv‡Uv nq| ewntZ¡‡K †cwk
†j‡Ri ms‡KvP‡b †`n Lv‡Uv I AšÍtZ¡‡Ki †cwk †j‡Ri ms‡KvP‡b †`n j¤^v nq| G‡Z GK ai‡bi Pjb m¤úbœ nq|
GKwU gvÎ ïµvYyi wbDwK¬qvm wW¤^vYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ GKxf~Z n‡q wb‡lK m¤úbœ K‡i Ges GKwU wWcø‡qW
RvB‡MvU (2n) MVb K‡i|
3| cwiùzUb (Development) : gvZ…‡`‡n RvB‡MvU Ave× _vKv Ae¯’vq gvB‡Uvwmm wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g Gi e„w× ïiæ
nq| RvB‡Mv‡Ui wefvRb n‡jveøvwóK ev m¤ú~Y© ai‡bi| G cÖwµqvq RvB‡MvU gvB‡Uvwmm wefvR‡b evievi wefvwRZ
n‡q eû‡Kvlx, wb‡iU I †MvjvKvi †Kvlwc‡Ð cwiYZ nq hv‡K giæjv (morula) e‡j| cieZx©‡Z giæjvi †Kvl¸‡jv
GKwU duvcv, †MvjvKvi åæ‡Y cwiYZ nq hv‡K eøv÷zjv (blastula) e‡j| eøv÷zjvi †Kvl¸‡jv‡K eøv‡÷vwgqvi Ges
†K‡›`ªi duvKv Ask‡K eøv‡÷vwmj e‡j| eøv÷zjvi eøv‡÷vwgqvi¸‡jv `ªæZ wefvwRZ n‡q M¨v÷ªy‡jkb NUv‡bvi gva¨‡g
GKwU wدÍix, wb‡iU I †MvjvKvi M¨v÷ªyjv MVb K‡i| M¨v÷ªyjvi Af¨šÍ‡i m„ó MnŸi‡K Avw` wm‡j‡›Uib ejv n‡q
_v‡K| M¨v÷ªyjv MwVZ nIqvi ci ewnt¯Í‡i GKwU KvBwUb wbwg©Z KuvUvgq †LvjK ev wm÷ (cyst) MwVZ nq| wm‡÷
Ave„Z åæYwU gvZ…cÖvYx n‡Z wew”Qbœ n‡q Rjvk‡qi Zj‡`‡k P‡j hvq| mvaviYZ kxZKv‡j wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq åæ‡Yi
†Kvb weKvk N‡U bv| em‡šÍi ïiæ‡Z AbyK~j ZvcgvÎvq wm‡÷i wfZ‡i åæ‡Yi cieZx© cwiùzUb N‡U| åæYwU µgk
j¤^v n‡Z _v‡K Ges Gi kxl©fv‡M nvB‡cv‡÷vg, gyLwQ`ª I Kwl©Kv Ges cðvrcÖv‡šÍ cv`PvKwZ _v‡K| åæ‡Yi G
`kv‡K nvBWªyjv (Hydrula) e‡j| cwi‡k‡l wm‡÷i ewniveiY †du‡U †M‡j AcwiYZ AcZ¨ Hydra wm‡÷i evB‡i
¯^vaxbfv‡e Rxeb hvcb K‡i|
3. nvBWªvq wecvKxq Kv‡R D™¢~Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ eR©¨c`v_©‡K ˆkevj wewfbœ Kv‡R e¨envi K‡i|
nvBWªv †hfv‡e DcK…Z nq
1. ˆkev‡ji mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y m„ó O2 nvBWªvi k¦m‡b e¨eüZ nq|
2. nvBWªvi wecv‡K m„ó bvB‡Uªv‡RbRvZ eR©¨ c`v_© ˆkevj KZ©„K M„nxZ nIqvq nvBWªv mn‡RB eR©¨ c`v_© gy³ nq|
3. mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq ˆkevj †h Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i Zvi DׄZ Ask Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|
4. nvBWªvi k¦m‡b m„ó CO2 ˆkevj MÖnY K‡i cÖvYx‡K Sv‡gjvgy³ K‡i|
5. g„Z ˆkevj‡K nvBWªv A‡bK mgq fÿY K‡i|
wkÿv_©xi KvR wb‡P mgvimwës I jywcs Pj‡bi g‡a¨ `ywU cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
mvims‡ÿc
†h c×wZ‡Z Rxe‡`n ˆRweK cÖ‡qvR‡b A_©vr Lv`¨ msMÖn, AvZ¥iÿv, cÖRbb ev cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek †gvKv‡ejvq GK
¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Mgb K‡i Zv‡K Pjb e‡j| Hydra-i Pj‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb mywbw`©ó A½ †bB| GwcWvwg©‡m
we`¨gvb †cwk AveiYx †Kvl Hydra-i Pj‡b cÖavb f~wgKv iv‡L| Z‡e Kwl©Kv, wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl, MÖwš’ †Kvl I
cv`PvKwZ nvBWªvi Pj‡b we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L| Hydra wewfbœ ai‡bi Pjb cÖwµqv cÖ`k©b Ki‡jI jywcs I
mgvimwës G `y‡UvB g~j Pjb cÖwµqv| gyKz‡jv`Mg n‡jv nvBWªvi ¯^vfvweK Rbb cÖwµqv| nvBWªv wg‡_vRxexZv
cÖ`k©bKvix GKwU Rxe|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.3
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. †KvbwU nvBWªvi `ªæZ Pjb cÖwµqvÑ
K. jywcs L. mgvimwës
M. MøvBwWs N. fvmv
2. eøv÷zjvi duvKv MnŸi‡K wK e‡j?
K. eøv‡÷vwmj L. eøv‡÷vwgqvi M. giæjv N. wm÷
3. HydraÑGi †ÿ‡Î
i. Aby‰`N©¨ wefvRb N‡U|
ii. AbycÖ¯’ wefvRb N‡U|
iii. wØwefvR‡b B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl fywgKv iv‡L|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
cvV- 2.4 e¨envwiK- nvBWªvi ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY I wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b
cv`-PvKwZ
wPÎ 2.4.2 : nvBWªvi j¤^‡”Q`
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
Nvmdwos Gi †kÖwYweb¨vm D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Nvmdwos Gi ¯^fve I evm¯’vb ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
Nvmdwos-Gi cwicvK cÖYvwj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Nvmdwos (grasshopper) : Arthropoda c‡e©i Insecta †kÖwYi Pterygota Dc‡kÖwYi Orthoptera eM©fz³
cZ½| G ch©šÍ cÖvq `k nvRvi cÖRvwZi Nvmdwos kbv³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
¯^fve I evm¯’vb (Habit and Habitat) : dm‡ji Ab¨Zg ÿwZKviK cÖvYx ev †c÷ (pest) wn‡m‡e c„w_exi me©Î
Nvmdwos cvIqv hvq| Giv †h‡nZz Nvm, cvZv, km¨ I k‡m¨i KwPcvZv Avnvi K‡i ZvB mvaviYZ gy³ Z…Yf~wg‡Z
G‡`i e¨vcK †`Lv hvq| ¯^v`ycvwbi I g¨vb‡MÖvf Rjvk‡q †h‡nZz cvwbi DVv-bvgv †ewk nq Ges wWg cøvweZ n‡q
hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K ZvB Gme emwZ‡Z Nvmdwos Kg †`Lv hvq| Nvmdwos Gi A‡bK cÖRvwZ hLb `je× n‡q
PjvPj K‡i ZLb Zv‡`i‡K c½cvj (locust) e‡j| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki Nvmdwos c½cvj cÖK…wZi bq| Giv A‡bK
`~i ch©šÍ D‡o †h‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡k G‡`i wKQz cÖRvwZ cwihvqx nq|
cwicvK (Digestion) : Nvmdwos Gi †cŠwóKZš¿ Gi Lv`¨vf¨v‡mi mv‡_ Awf‡hvwRZ Ges Gi cwicvKZš¿ 1.
cwicvKbvwj (alimentary canal) I 2. cwicvKMÖwš’ (digestive gland) wb‡q MwVZ|
cwicvKbvwj (Alimentary Canal): Nvmdwos Gi cwicvKbvwj mij cÖK…wZi Ges †`‡ni ga¨‡iLv eivei gyLwQ`ª
†_‡K cvqywQ`ª ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| cwicvKbvwj K. †÷v‡gvwWqvg, L. †g‡m‡›Uib I M. †cÖv‡±vwWqvg G wZbwU As‡k
wef³|
†÷v‡gvwWqvg ev AMÖcvwicvKbvwj (Stomodaeum or Foregut) : GwU cwicvKbvwji cÖ_g Ask Ges GwU gyLwQ`ª
†_‡K wMRvW© ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| †÷v‡gvwWqv‡gi AšÍtcÖvPxi KvBwUb bvgK k³ Avei‡Y Ave„Z| gyLwQ`ªwU ÿz`ª Ges
gyLwee‡i Db¥y³| gyLwQ‡`ªi A¼xqZ‡j d¨vwism _v‡K| gyLwee‡ii cieZx© AskwU n‡jv Mjwejxq Abœbvwj hv
†gvPvKvi _wji AvK…wZi µ‡c cÖ‡ek K‡i| µ‡ci cieZx© w·KvYvKvi †ek k³, cyiæ cÖvPxi wewkó AskwUi bvg
wMRvW©| wMRv‡W©i AšÍtcÖvPxi KvBwUbgq `ywU `uvZ I cyiæ e„ËvKvi †cwkhy³| wMRv‡W©i `„p ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Y k³
Lv`¨ P~Y© weP~Y© nq|
†g‡m‡›Uib ev ga¨ cwicvKbvwj ev cvK¯’wj (Mesenteron or midgut) : †g‡m‡›Uib wMRv‡W©i ci †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
cvK¯’wj ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z _v‡K| †g‡m‡›Ui‡bi AšÍtcÖvPxi wKDwUK‡ji cwie‡Z© †cwiUªwdK c`©v w`‡q Ave„Z| †g‡m‡›Uib
I †÷v‡gvwWqv‡gi ms‡hvM¯’‡j Qq †Rvov duvcv, j¤^v, †gvPvK…wZi _wj _v‡K hv †ncvwUK wmKv ev M¨vw÷ªK wmKv bv‡g
cwiwPZ| †ncvwUK wmKv Lv‡`¨i mvi Ask †kvl‡Y I Dr‡mPK ˆZwi‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †g‡m‡›Ui‡bi
†kl fv‡M m~² Pz‡ji gZ AmsL¨ meyR e‡Y©i nj‡` A½vYy _v‡K| G‡`i‡K gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv e‡j| Giv mvaviYZ
†iPb A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
†cÖv‡±vwWqvg ev cðvr cwicvKbvwj (Proctodaeum or hindgut) : ‡cÖv‡±wWqvg gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi cðvr cÖvšÍ
†_‡K ïiæ n‡q cvqywQ`ª ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| G bvwji cÖ_g Ask n‡jv c¨vPwenxb cÖk¯Í bjvKvi Bwjqvg cieZx© miæ
bjvK…wZi As‡ki bvg †Kvjb| †Kvj‡bi cieZx© me©‡kl ùxZ I cyiæ cÖvPxihy³ _wji b¨vq As‡ki bvg †iKUvg ev
gjvkq hv cvqywQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g evB‡i Db¥y³ nq|
cwicvKMÖwš’ (Digestive gland): Nvmdwos Gi †`‡n cwicvKMÖwš’ wn‡m‡e jvjvMÖwš’, †g‡m‡›Ui‡bi AšÍtAveiY Ges
†ncvwUK wmKv KvR K‡i| jvjvMÖwš’ Nvmdwos Gi cÖavb cwicvKMÖwš’| †÷v‡gvwWqv‡gi µ‡ci wb‡P ÿz`ª, kvLv
cÖkvLvhy³ GK‡Rvov jvjvMÖwš’ Aew¯’Z| jvjvMÖwš’i bvwj j¨vweqv‡gi †Mvovq gyLwee‡i Db¥y³ nq| jvjvMÖwš’ †_‡K
wbtm„Z jvjvim Lv`¨ Pe©‡Y I MjvatKi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| †g‡m‡›Ui‡bi AšÍtcÖvPx‡i AmsL¨ wbt¯ªvex †Kvl _v‡K hv
†_‡K wbtm„Z cvPKim Lv`¨ cwicv‡K mnvqZv K‡i| †÷v‡gvwWqvg I †g‡m‡›Ui‡bi ms‡hvM¯’‡j †ncvwUK wmKv _v‡K
hv cwicvK mnvqK MÖwš’ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
AcvP¨ Ask †_‡K AwZwi³ cvwb, LwbR jeY BZ¨vw` †kvlY K‡i †bq| c‡i KwVb AcvP¨ e¯‘ gjiƒ‡c cvqy wQÎc‡_
†`‡ni evB‡i wbM©Z nq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR Nvmdwos Gi cwicvKZš¿ A¼b K‡i wewfbœ Ask wPwýZ Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿc
Nvmdwos (grashopper) Arthropoda c‡e©i Insecta †kÖwYi Pterygota Dc‡kÖwYi Orthoptera eM©fz³ cZ½ ejv
nq| G ch©šÍ cÖvq `k nvRvi cÖRvwZi Nvmdwos kbv³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Nvmdwos Gi †cŠwóKZš¿ Gi Lv`¨vf¨v‡mi
mv‡_ Awf‡hvwRZ Ges Gi cwicvKZš¿ cwicvKbvwj I cwicvKMÖwš’ wb‡q MwVZ| Nvmdwos Gi cwicvKbvwj mij
cÖK…wZi Ges †`‡ni ga¨‡iLv eivei gyLwQ`ª †_‡K cvqywQ`ª ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| cwicvKbvwj †÷v‡gvwWqvg, †g‡m‡›Uib
I †cÖv‡±vwWqvg G wZbwU As‡k wef³|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.5
eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv †Kvb A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i?
K. †kvlY A½ L. †iPb A½
M. k¦mb A½ N. †KvbwU bq
2. Nvmdwos †Kvb †Mv‡Îi AšÍf³
©y ?
K. Cypirindae L. Tetrigidae
M. Meconematidae N. Acrididae
3. cwicvKZ‡š¿i mv‡_ m¤úwK©ZÑ
i. gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv
ii. IgvwUwWqv
iii. †ncvwUK wmKv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. iii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
cvV- 2.6 e¨envwiK t Nvmdwos / †Zjv‡cvKv Gi gy‡Lvcv½ kbv³KiY I wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b|
cixÿ‡Yi bvg : Nvmdwos-Gi gy‡Lvcv½ kbv³KiY I wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: GKwU KuvwP, wW‡mKwUs †Uª, `yBUv wPgUv, ¯øvBW, wMømvwib, wKwjs Rvi, †K¬v‡ivdg©, Wªwqs †cwÝj,
e¨envwiK LvZv|
Kvh©c×wZ : mieivnK…Z g„Z NvmdwoswU‡K evg nv‡Zi Av½yj w`‡q Ggbfv‡e †P‡c ai‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Nvmdwos Gi
A¼xq w`KUv Dc‡ii w`‡K Ges c„ôxq w`KUv nv‡Zi Zvjyi w`‡K _v‡K| Zvici GKUv bgbxq I m~² wPgUv w`‡q
nvjKvfv‡e †U‡b GK GK K‡i gy‡Lvcv½¸‡jv‡K Zz‡j ¯øvB‡Wi Dci wP‡Î †hfv‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †mfv‡e mvwR‡q
ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖ_‡g j¨vweqvg, Gici evg I Wvb g¨vw·jv AZtci evg I Wvb g¨vwÛej, Zvici nvB‡cvd¨vwism
†U‡b DVv‡Z n‡e Ges me‡k‡l mveav‡b †QvU KuvwP w`‡q j¨veªvg †K‡U DVv‡Z n‡e|
ch©‡eÿY
1| j¨veªvg : j¨veªvg‡K Dc‡ii †VvUI ejv nq| GwU cÖk¯Í, mÂvjbÿg Ges A‡bKUv PZzf©yR AvK…wZi|
2| nvB‡cvd¨vwism : j¨vweqv‡gi Dc‡ii w`‡K Ges j¨veªv‡gi wb‡P GKwU Amg AvK…wZi ÿz`ª Ges j¤^v‡U gvsmj
Dcv½ _v‡K| G‡K nvB‡cvd¨vwism e‡j| GwU †cŠwóKbvwji m¤§yL As‡k Mjwe‡ji mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K|
3| g¨vwÛej : g¨vwÛej gyLwQ‡`ªi Dfq cv‡k GK‡Rvov k³, w·KvYvKvi MVb we‡kl| cÖwZwU g¨vwÛe‡ji †fZ‡ii
w`‡K Kiv‡Zi `uv‡Zi gZ LuvR KvUv _v‡K| G¸‡jv‡K †gvjvi cÖ‡mm (molar process) ev †Ww›UKj (denticle)
e‡j| g¨vwÛej `yB ¸”Q †cwk (A¨vWv±i I A¨veWv±i)i mvnv‡h¨ gv_vi m‡½ †j‡M _v‡K|
4| j¨vweqvg : gyL MneŸ‡ii †g‡S‡Z Aew¯’Z e„n`vKvi GKwU †hŠwMK Dcv½| GwU wcÖ‡g›Uvg, †g›Uvg I mve-
‡g›Uvg wb‡q MwVZ| wcÖ‡g›Uv‡gi wfZi I evwn‡i †Møvmv I c¨viv‡Møvmv bv‡g `yB †Rvov A½ Av‡Q| G‡`i wN‡i
i‡q‡Q wZb LÐ wewkó j¨vweqvj cví|
5| g¨vw·jv : Nvmdwos Gi gyLwQ‡`ªi Dfq cv‡k g¨vwÛej eivei I wb‡P GK‡Rvov eûLÐ wewkó g¨vw·jv Av‡Q|
K‡qKwU LÐvsk wb‡q g¨vw·jv MwVZ| †hgb- †Mvovq Kv‡W©v, Gi Dc‡ii Lvov Ask ÷vBcm Ges Gi cieZx©
LЇK wfZ‡ii w`‡K j¨vwmwbqv Ges evB‡ii w`‡K M¨vwjqv Aew¯’Z| GQvov ÷vBc‡mi evB‡ii w`‡K cuvP
LÐKwewkó ïu‡oi b¨vq GKwU ms‡e`x A½ _v‡K, hv‡K g¨vw·jvwi cví e‡j|
j¨veªvg
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
Nvmdwos Gi i³ msenbZš¿ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Nvmdwos Gi k¦mb †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
n‡jv ü`h‡š¿i A¼xq w`‡K Aew¯’Z c„ôxq c`©v (dorsal diaphragm) Ges ¯œvqyi¾yi Dc‡ii w`‡K we¯Í…Z A¼xq c`©v
(ventral diaphragm)| mvBbvm wZbwU n‡jvÑ
‡cwiKvwW©qvj ev Wm©vj mvBbvm (Pericardial or dorsal sinus) : c„ôxq c`©vi Dc‡i †`‡ni c„ôw`‡K †cwiKvwW©qvj
mvBbvm Aew¯’Z| G‡Z ü`hš¿ Ae¯’vb K‡i|
‡cwiwf‡mivj mvBbvm (Perivisceral sinus) : c„ôxq I A¼xq c`©vi gv‡S †cwiwf‡mivj mvBbvm Aew¯’Z| GwU
†iPbZš¿, †cŠwóKZš¿, I RbbZš¿ aviY K‡i|
‡cwiwbDivj ev ÷vb©vj mvBbvm (Perineural or sternal sinus) : A¼xq c`©vi wb‡P †`‡ni A¼xq w`‡K
†cwiwbDivj mvBbvm Ae¯’vb K‡i| G‡Z ¯œvqyi¾y Ae¯’vb K‡i|
wn‡gvwm‡ji KvR : wn‡gvwmj †`‡ni wewfbœ A½, i³, jwmKv aviY K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g Lv`¨im I eR©¨e¯‘ cwievwnZ
nq|
M. ü`hš¿ (Heart) : Nvmdwos Gi ü`wcÐ bjvKvi Ges †`‡ni c„ô ga¨‡iLv eivei †cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbv‡mi g‡a¨
Ae¯’vb K‡i| Gi cÖvPxi †cwkeûj| ü`wcÐwU avivevwnKfv‡e mw¾Z KZ¸‡jv cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³, cÖ‡Kvô¸‡jv dv‡bj
m`„k| G‡`i cðvr Ask PIov Ges m¤§yL Ask µgk miæ| cÖwZwU cÖ‡Kvô Gi miæ Ask Øviv AMÖeZx© cÖ‡Kv‡ôi
PIov As‡ki mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| cÖwZwU cÖ‡Kv‡ôi cvk¦x©q w`‡K GKwU K‡i †gvU GK‡Rvov KcvwUKv mgwš^Z wQ`ª
_v‡K| hv‡`i‡K Aw÷qv (Ostia), GKeP‡b Aw÷qvg (Ostium) e‡j| KcvwUKv _vKvq i³ ü`wc‡Ði cÖ‡Kv‡ô
cÖ‡ek Ki‡jI †ei n‡Z cv‡i bv ü`h‡š¿i cÖwZwU cÖ‡Kv‡ôi cvk¦©fv‡M GK‡Rvov wÎfzRvK…wZi †cwk _v‡K hv A¨vjvwi
†cwk (alary muscle) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
wkÿv_©xi KvR wb‡Pi Q‡K UªvwKqv I UªvwKI‡ji g‡a¨ `ywU cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
mvims‡ÿc
Rxe‡`‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb, cywó`ªe¨, ni‡gvb BZ¨vw` i‡³i gva¨‡g †`n‡Kv‡l †cuŠQv‡bv Ges †`n‡Kvl †_‡K
wecv‡K m„ó eR©ª GKBfv‡e †iPb A‡½ wb‡q Avmvi cÖwµqvi bvgB n‡”Q msenb| cÖvwY‡`‡n `yÕai‡bi i³
msenbZš¿ †`Lv hvq h_v Db¥y³ i³ msenbZš¿ Ges e× i³ msenbZš¿| Nvmdwos Gi i³ msenbZš¿ Db¥y³ ev
j¨vKzbvi cÖK…wZi| Nvmdwos‡qi i³ msenbZš¿ i³, wn‡gvwmj I ü`wcÐ wb‡q MwVZ| Nvmdwos Gi k¦mbZš¿‡K
UªvwKqvj Zš¿ e‡j| Nvmdwos‡qi UªvwKqvj Zš¿ 1| k¦vmiÜ«, 2| k¦vmbvwj, 3| UªvwKIj I 4| evqy_wj wb‡q MwVZ|
Nvmdwos‡qi k¦mb k¦vm MÖnY I k¦vm Z¨vM c×wZ‡Z N‡U|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.7
eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. e× i³ msenbZš¿ cvIqv hvq-
K. wPswo L. cZ½
M. ‡gvjv¯‹v N. †giæ`Ðx
2. wn‡gvwj‡çi KvR bq †KvbwU?
K. ni‡gvb cwienb L. RxevYy aŸsm
M. Wvbvi AvK…wZ MVb N. i³ Z‡b mvnvh¨ Kiv
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
Nvmdwos Gi †iPbZš¿ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
Nvmdwos Gi RxebPµ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†iPbZš¿ (Excretory system) : Avwgl RvZxq Lv`¨ wecv‡K m„ó bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ eR©¨ †h cÖwµqvq †`n
†_‡K wb®‹vwkZ nq Zv‡K †iPb (Excretion) e‡j| †h me A½ †iPb Kv‡h© mn‡hvwMZv K‡i Zv‡`i‡K
†iPb A½ e‡j| Ab¨me cZ‡½i g‡Zv Nvmdwos Gi cÖavb †iPb A½I gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv| Z‡e BD‡iU †Kvl,
BDwi‡KvR MÖwš’, †b‡d«vmvBU Ges wKDwUKj AwZwi³ †iPb A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv (Malpighian tubules) : Nvmdwos Gi cÖavb †iPb A½ gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv| BZvjxq
wPwKrmK I RxeweÁvbx me©cÖ_g 1669 mv‡j Zvi bvgvbymv‡i (Macello Malpighi) G bvwjKv Avwe®‹vi I bvgKiY
K‡ib| Nvmdwos Gi ga¨ I cðvr †cŠwóKbvwji ms‡hvM¯’‡j m~² m~Zvi gZ njy` e‡Y©i cÖvq 100wU gvjwcwRqvb
bvwjKv Ae¯’vb K‡i| gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi gy³cÖvšÍ e× Ges wn‡gvwm‡j wbgw¾Z _v‡K Ges Gi cðvrcÖvšÍ
cwicvKbvwji MnŸ‡i Db¥y³ _v‡K| cÖwZwU gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv cÖvq 25 wgwjwgUvi j¤^v Ges cÖvq 1 wgwjwgUvi
e¨vmhy³ duvcv, bjvKvi kvLvwenxb A½| G bvwjKv GK¯Íiwewkó Gwc‡_wjqvg †Kv‡l MwVZ| †Kvl¯Í‡ii evB‡i
†em‡g›U c`©v (basement membrane) _v‡K| gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi wfZ‡ii cÖvPx‡i ˆewkó¨c~Y© eªvk eW©vi (brush
border) Ae¯’vb K‡i| G eªvkeW©vi¸‡jv AmsL¨ gvB‡µvwfjvB (microvilli) mgš^‡q MwVZ| gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi
Af¨šÍ‡i duvKv MnŸi‡K jy‡gb (lumen) e‡j|
bvwjKv QvovI Nvmdwos Gi †`‡n we`¨gvb d¨vUewW (Fat body) i gva¨‡g wKQz †iPb c`v_© †`n †_‡K wb®‹vwkZ
nq|
cÖRbb cÖwµqv I iƒcvšÍi (Reproduction and metamorphosis)
cÖRbbZš¿ (Reproductive system) : Nvmdwos GKwj½ cÖvYx| G‡`i †hŠb wØiƒcZv my¯úó| ¯¿x Nvmdwos-Gi
D`‡ii IwfcwRUi (ovipositor) †`‡L cyiæl m`m¨‡K Avjv`v Kiv hvq| wb‡P Nvmdwos Gi cyiæl I ¯¿x RbbZ‡š¿i
mswÿß weeiY †`qv n‡jvÑ
cysRbbZš¿ (Male reproductive system) : cyiæl Nvmdwos Gi †`‡n 3q, 4_© I 5g D`i L‡Ð ïµvkq _v‡K|
cÖwZwU ïµvkq avivevwnKfv‡e mw¾Z j¤^v‡U ÿz`ª dwjKj mgwš^Z| ïµvkq, fvmwWdv‡iÝ, †ÿcY bvwj, †mwgbvj
†fwmKj cÖf…wZ A½ wb‡q Nvmdwos Gi cysRbbZš¿ MwVZ|
¯¿xRbbZš¿ (Female reproductive system) : ¯¿xRbbZš¿ wW¤^vkq, wW¤^bvwj, †hvwb, ¯úvg©vw_Kv ev †mwgbvj
wi‡m‡ÞKj, ¯¿xRbbiÜ« I Avbylw½K MÖwš’ wb‡q MwVZ| ¯¿x Nvmdwos Gi A‡š¿i Dci `ywU wW¤^vkq Aew¯’Z|
wW¤^vk‡qi Ifvwi¸‡jv GKwÎZ n‡q GKwU cÖk¯Í wW¤^bvwj MVb K‡i| `ywU wW¤^bvwj GKwÎZ n‡q †hvwb MVb K‡i|
†hvwb me©‡k‡l IwfcwRU‡ii †cø‡U Db¥y³ nq|
¯úvg©vw_Kvi cvk w`‡q hvevi mgq ïµvYy †KvwiI‡bi GKwU wQ`ªc_ gvB‡µvcvBj (microphyle) Gi gva¨‡g
wW¤^vYy‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| AZtci ïµvYy wbDwK¬qvm Ges wW¤^vYy wbDwK¬qvm wgwjZ n‡q wb‡lK m¤úbœ nq|
wWgcvov (Oviposition) : wgj‡bi ci †_‡K wKQzw`b ci ci ¯¿x Nvmdwos j¤^v, ev`vgx is‡qi wWg cvo‡Z ïiæ
K‡j| ¯¿x Nvmdwos IwfcwRU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ ÿz`ª MZ© Lbb K‡i Ges Gi wfZ‡i GKm‡½ cÖvq 20wU wWg ¸”QvKv‡i
cv‡o| Giv `kwU ¸‡”Q cÖvq 200wU wWg cv‡o Ges wWg cvovi ci ¯¿x I cyiæl Dfq Nvmdwos gviv hvq|
cwiùzUb (Development) : Nvmdwos-Gi wW¤^vYy †m‡Uªv‡jwm_vj (centrolecithal) ai‡bi A_©vr Gi Kzmyg †K‡›`ª
mxgve× _v‡K| wbwl³ nevi ci wW‡gi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i cwiùzUb Pj‡Z _v‡K| cÖ_g Ae¯’vq cÖvq wZb mßvn cwiùzUb
P‡j| kxZKv‡j cwiùzUb eÜ _v‡K| G Ae¯’v‡K WvqvcR (diapause) e‡j| em‡šÍi AbyK~j AvenvIqvq Avevi
cwiùzUb Avi¤¢ nq Ges wWg dz‡U beRvZK †ei n‡q Av‡m| beRvZK Nvmdwos wbç bv‡g cwiwPZ| wbç †`L‡Z
A‡bKUv cwiYZ Nvmdwos‡qi g‡ZvB Z‡e Giv AvKv‡i †QvU, Wvbvwenxb, g¯ÍK †`‡ni Zzjbvq eo Ges Am¤ú~Y©
cÖRbbZš¿ mg„× |
wkÿv_©xi KvR GKwU Q‡Ki gva¨‡g wbç I c~Y©v½ Nvmdwos Gi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiæb
mvims‡ÿc
Nvmdwos-Gi †iPb KvR cwiPvwjZ nq GK ai‡Yi miæ bvwjKvi gva¨‡g| gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv bv‡gi Gme †iPb
A½ wn‡gvwmj †_‡K †iPb`ªe¨ msMÖn K‡i g‡ji gva¨‡g †`n †_‡K †ei K‡i †`q| cZ‡½i åæY hLb K‡qKwU
avivevwnK cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g c~Y©v½ `kv cÖvß nq ZLb G ai‡bi åæ‡YvËi cwiùzUb‡K iƒcvšÍi e‡j| Avi G
iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡gB Nvmdwos Gi RxebPµ m¤úbœ nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.8
eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. wbç n‡Z c~Y©v½ Nvmdwos G cwiYZ n‡Z KZ w`b mgq jv‡M?
K. 30 w`b L. 60 w`b M. 75 w`b N. 120 w`b
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU wb‡çi ˆewkó¨?
K. cvLvwenxb L. Rbbv½ _v‡K
M. G‡`i Lv`¨vf¨vm Nvmdwos †_‡K Avjv`v N. G‡`i emwZ Nvmdwos †_‡K wfbœ
3. Nvmdwos Gi †ÿ‡ÎÑ
i. Nvmdwos Gi †iPb A½ gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv
ii. Nvmdwos Gi iƒcvšÍi Am¤ú~Y© ai‡bi
iii. GZ ewntwb‡lK N‡U
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I iii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
GKwU Nvmdwos Gi Av`k© IgvwUwWqv‡gi MVb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Nvmdwos Gi `k©b †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Nvmdwos Gi cyÄvwÿ (Compound eye of grasshopper) : cZ‡½i Z_v Av‡_ªv‡cvWv c‡e©i cÖvYx‡`i
`k©b Bw›`ª‡qi bvg cyÄvwÿ (Compound eye)| gv_vi `yÕcv‡k Aew¯’Z `y‡Uv e„°vKvi cyÄvwÿi mgš^‡q
NvmdwosGi Av‡jvK ms‡e`x A½ MwVZ| cÖ‡Z¨K cyÄvwÿ cÖvq `ynvRvi (cÖRvwZ †f‡` msL¨v wewfbœ, lof~RvKvi mij
†PvL ev IgvwUwWqvg (Ommatidium) wb‡q MwVZ| IgvwUwWqvg¸‡jv cyÄvwÿi MVbg~jK I Kvh©Kix GKK| mgMÖ
cyÄvwÿi DcwifvM ¯^”Q wKDwUKj G Ave„Z _v‡K| cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqv‡gi MVb, KvR I Kvh©c×wZ GKB iKg|
Av`k© IgvwUwWqv‡gi mgMÖ MVb : GKwU IgvwUwWqv‡g †gvU `kwU cÖavb Ask _v‡K| wb‡P IgvwUwWqv‡gi wewfbœ
As‡ki MVb I KvR eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ
1| Kwb©qv (Cornea) : IgvwUwWqv‡gi evB‡ii eY©nxb, ¯^”Q, lof~RvK…wZ I DËj A‡Kvlxq AveiYx‡K Kwb©qv e‡j|
KvR : Gi gva¨‡g Av‡jvKiwk¥ evB‡i †_‡K IgvwUwWqv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i|
2| Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kvl (Corneagen cell) : Kwb©qvi wb‡P cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z GK‡Rvov P¨vÞvK…wZ (wbDwK¬qvmhy³)
†Kvl‡K Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kvl e‡j|
KvR : G †Kvl¸‡jvi wbtm„Z i‡m Kwb©qv MwVZ nq|
3| wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb †Kvl (Crystalline cone cell) : Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kvl¸‡jvi wb‡P wbDwK¬qvmhy³ PviwU j¤^vK…wZi
†Kvl‡K wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb †Kvl e‡j|
KvR : G †Kvl¸‡jvi wbtm„Z i‡m wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb MwVZ nq|
4| wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb (Crystalline cone) : wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb †Kvl Øviv cwi‡ewóZ Ges G‡`i ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b
Aew¯’Z ¯^”Q I †gvPvK…wZi Ask‡K wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb e‡j|
KvR : Gi gva¨‡g Av‡jvKiwk¥ cÖwZmwiZ nq|
5| AvBwik iÄK AveiY (Iris pigment sheath) : Kv‡jv iÄK KYvhy³ †µvg¨v‡Uv‡dvi †Kvl Øviv wbwg©Z AveiYwU
n‡”Q AvBwik AveiY|
KvR: Zxeª Av‡jv‡Z G AveiY cÖmvwiZ n‡q †Kvb †Kvl¸‡jv‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Ave„Z K‡i| Avevi g„`y Av‡jv‡Z
msKzwPZ n‡q AvswkK Db¥y³ iv‡L|
6| †iwUbyjvi †Kvl (Retinular cell) : †Kvb †Kvl¸‡jvi wb‡P 7 ev 8wU j¤^vK„wZ †Kvl e„ËvKv‡i mw¾Z _v‡K|
G‡`i‡K †iwUbyjvi †Kvl e‡j|
KvR : G †Kvl¸‡jvi wbtm„Z i‡m i¨ve‡Wvg MwVZ nq| G¸‡jv Av‡jvK ms‡e`x|
7| i¨ve‡Wvg (Rhabdome) : †iwUbyjvi †Kvl Øviv cwi‡ewóZ Ges wµ÷vjvBb †Kv‡bi wb‡P AbycÖ¯’fv‡e mw¾Z
`ÐvK…wZ, A‡Kvlxq j¤^v I ¯^”Q cÖwZmiYkxj A½‡K i¨ve‡Wvg e‡j|
KvR : i¨ve‡Wv‡g e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó nq|
8| †iwUbyjvi AveiY (Retinular sheath) : †iwUbyjvi †Kvl¸‡jv Kv‡jv iÄK KYvhy³ AveiY Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K
hv‡K †iwUbyjvi AveiY e‡j|
KvR : Av‡jv‡Ki ZxeªZv Abyhvqx G c`©v msKzwPZ n‡q †iwUbyjvi †Kvl¸‡jv‡K AvswkK Abve„Z K‡i Ges cÖmvwiZ
n‡q m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L|
9| wfwËc`©v (Basement membrane) : IgvwUwWqvg †h cvZjv c`©vi Dci Ae¯’vb K‡i Zvi bvg wfwËc`©v|
KvR: GwU IgvwUwWqvg‡K aviY K‡i Ges Gi mvnv‡h¨ ¯œvqyZš‘ IgvwUwWqv‡gi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
10| ¯œvqyZš‘ (Nerve fibre) : cÖwZwU †iwUbyjvi †Kvl †_‡K ¯œvqyZš‘ †ei n‡q AcwUK ¯œvqyi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
KvR : Gme Zš‘ IgvwUwWqv‡gi gva¨‡g M„nxZ cÖwZwe¤^ gw¯Í‡®‹ cvVvq|
`k©b †KŠkj (Mechanism of sight) : †Kvb e¯‘ †_‡K cÖwZdwjZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ Kwb©qvi gva‡g IgvwUwWqv‡g cÖ‡ek
K‡i| G Av‡jvKiwk¥ wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb KZ©„K cÖwZmwiZ n‡q i¨ve‡Wv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges †mLv‡b e¯‘i GKwU ÿz`ª
As‡ki cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| Gfv‡e mKj IgvwUwWqv‡gi cÖwZwe¤^ wgwjZ n‡q GKwU c~Y©v½ cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i| G
cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó K‡iB Nvmdwos Ab¨vb¨ e¯‘‡K Ae‡jvKb K‡i| Nvmdwos w`evPi (diurnal) cÖvYx| w`‡bi D¾¡j Av‡jv
I w`‡bi †k‡l g„`y Av‡jv G `y mg‡qB G‡`i `„wókw³ Kvh©Ki _v‡K| DR¡j Av‡jvq A¨v‡cvwRkb I g„`y Av‡jvq
mycvicwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i| wb‡P cÖwµqv `y‡Uvi eY©bv †`qv n‡jvÑ
1| D¾¡j Av‡jv‡Z `k©b cÖwµqv ev A¨v‡cvwRkb (Apposition) : Zxeª ev D¾¡j Av‡jv‡Z Nvmdwos‡qi †Pv‡L
†Kv‡bv `k©bxq e¯‘i †h cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq Zv‡K A¨v‡cvwRkb ev †gvRvBK cÖwZwe¤^ (apposition or mosaic image)
e‡j| Zxeª Av‡jv‡Z AvBwik AveiYx I †iwUbyjvi AveiYx Awew”Qbœfv‡e cÖmvwiZ n‡q KwY©qv‡Rb †Kvl I
wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb‡Kvl ¸‡jv‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Ave„Z K‡i †d‡j| d‡j cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqvg ci¯úi n‡Z c„_K n‡q hvq|
e¯‘i Askwe‡kl n‡Z AvMZ Dj¤^ Av‡jvK iwk¥¸‡jv IgvwUwWqv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges h_vµ‡g Kwb©qv I wµ÷vjvBb
†Kvb n‡q i¨ve‡Wv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i| wKš‘ wZh©K Av‡jvKiwk¥¸‡jv Kwb©qvi gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek Ki‡jI AvBwik I †iwUbyjvi
AwewQbœ AveiYx KZ©„K †kvwlZ nq| G Ae¯’vq GKgvÎ IgvwUwWqv‡g cÖwZwe¤^ A‡bKUv †gvRvBK ev †g‡Si cv_‡ii
gZ g‡b nq|
2| g„`y Av‡jv‡Z `k©b cÖwµqv ev mycvicwRkb (Superposition) : g„`y ev w¯ÍwgZ Av‡jv‡Z Nvmdwos‡qi †Pv‡L
†Kv‡bv `k©bxq e¯‘i †h cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq Zv‡K mycvicwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ (Super position iamge) e‡j| g„`y Av‡jv‡Z
†iwUbyjvi AveiY I AvBwik AveiY msKzwPZ n‡q h_vµ‡g wfwËc`©v I Kwb©qvi w`‡K AcmvwiZ nq| d‡j cÖwZwU
IgvwUwWqv‡gi AwaKvsk Ask Abve„Z n‡q c‡o| e¯‘ †_‡K AvMZ Dj¤^ Av‡jvKiwk¥¸‡jv G‡`i eivei
IgvwUwWqvg¸‡jvi Kwb©qv I wµ÷vjvBb †Kv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q i¨ve‡Wv‡g †cŠQvq| wKš‘ wZh©K iwk¥¸‡jv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
IgvwUwWqv‡gi Kwb©qvi ga¨ w`‡q cvk¦©eZx© IgvwUwWqvgmg~‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i| d‡j †Kv‡bv GKwU IgvwUwWqv‡g `k©bxq
e¯‘i GKvwaK we›`y †_‡K AvMZ Av‡jvKiwk¥ cwZZ n‡q GKwU i¨ve‡Wv‡g †cuŠQvq Ges m¤ú~Y© e¯‘wUi GKwU A¯úó,
mvgwMÖK I Svcmv cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq|
mvims‡ÿc
cZ‡½i Z_v Av‡_ªv‡cvWv c‡e©i cÖvYx‡`i `k©b Bw›`ª‡qi bvg cyÄvwÿ| gv_vi `yÕcv‡k Aew¯’Z `y‡Uv e„°vKvi
cyÄvwÿi mgš^‡q NvmdwosGi Av‡jvK ms‡e`x A½ MwVZ| cÖ‡Z¨K cyÄvwÿ cÖvq `ynvRvi (cÖRvwZ †f‡` msL¨v
wewfbœ, lof~RvKvi mij †PvL ev IgvwUwWqvg wb‡q MwVZ| GKwU Av`k© IgvwUwWqv‡gi wewfbœ Ask n‡jvÑ Kwb©qv,
Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kvl, wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb †Kvl, wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb, AvBwik iÄK AveiY, †iwUbyjvi †Kvl, i¨ve‡Wvg,
†iwUbyjvi AveiY, wfwËc`©v I ¯œvqyZš‘|†Kvb e¯‘ †_‡K cÖwZdwjZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ Kwb©qvi gva‡g IgvwUwWqv‡g
cÖ‡ek K‡i| G Av‡jvKiwk¥ wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb KZ©„K cÖwZmwiZ n‡q i¨ve‡Wv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges †mLv‡b e¯‘i
GKwU ÿz`ª As‡ki cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| Gfv‡e mKj IgvwUwWqv‡gi cÖwZwe¤^ wgwjZ n‡q GKwU c~Y©v½ cÖwZwe¤^ MVb
K‡i| G cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó K‡iB Nvmdwos Ab¨vb¨ e¯‘‡K Ae‡jvKb K‡i| Nvmdwos w`evPi cÖvYx| w`‡bi D¾¡j
Av‡jv I w`‡bi †k‡l g„`y Av‡jv G `y mg‡qB G‡`i `„wókw³ Kvh©Ki _v‡K| DR¡j Av‡jvq A¨v‡cvwRkb I g„`y
Av‡jvq mycvicwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.9
eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. Nvmdwos Gi ms‡e`x A½ bq †KvbwU?
K. _v‡g©vwi‡mÞi L. d‡Uvwi‡mÞi
M. ‡K‡gvwi‡mÞi N. w_M‡gvwi‡mÞi
2. GKwU cyÄvwÿ KZwU IgvwUwWqvg wb‡q MwVZ?
K. cÖvq 2000 L. cÖvq 3000
M. cÖvq 4000 N. cÖvq 5000
3. Nvmdwos Gi †ÿ‡ÎÑ
i. Giv Av‡_©ªv‡cvWv c‡e©i cÖvYx
ii. g„`y Av‡jv‡Z A¨v‡cvwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq
iii. IgvwUwWqvg `kwU As‡k wef³|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
iæB gv‡Qi †kÖwYweb¨vm ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
iæB gv‡Qi ¯^fve I evm¯’vb D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
iæB gv‡Qi evwn¨K MVb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
iæB gvQ : iæB gvQ evsjv‡`k Z_v Gwkqv A‡ji Af¨šÍixY Rjvk‡qi GKwU mvaviY gvQ| G‡`i‡K
†gRi Kvc© ejv nq| Kvc© RvZxq gvQ ej‡Z †mB mg¯Í gvQ‡K †evSvq hv‡`i AšÍtK¼vj Aw¯’ Øviv ˆZwi
g¯ÍK AvuBkwenxb Ges AwZwi³ k¦mb A½wenxb| Avgv‡`i †`‡k iæB A_©vr Labeo rohita gv‡Qi Pvwn`v A‡bK
†ewk|
†kÖwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb (Systemic position)
Phylum : Chordata
Subphylum : Vertebrata
Class : Osteichthyes
Subclass : Actinopterygii
Order : Cypriniformes
Family : Cyprinidae
Genus : Labeo
Species : L. rohita
¯^fve I evm¯’vb (Habit & Habitat) : ¯^v`y cvwbi Rjvkq we‡kl K‡i cyKzi, n«`, b`x, Lvj, wej, nvIi-evIi
cÖf…wZ‡Z Labeo rohita cvIqv hvq| iæB gvQ Z…Y‡fvRx ¯^fv‡ei| `yB †_‡K wZb eQi eq‡m Giv †hŠb cwic°Zv
jvf K‡i| Ryb-RyjvB gv‡m cÖevngvb Rjvk‡q Giv wWg cv‡o| nvj`v b`x iæB gv‡Qi cÖvK…wZK cÖRbb †K›`ª wn‡m‡e
MY¨| eZ©gv‡b n¨vPvix ev grm¨ Lvgv‡i cÖ‡Yvw`Z cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g iæB gv‡Qi evwYwR¨K Pvl Kiv nq| iæB gvQ
fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb, evsjv‡`k, gvqvbgvi I Avwd«Kvi wKQz A‡j cvIqv hvq|
iæB gv‡Qi evwn¨K MVb (External structure of L. rohita) : iæB gv‡Qi †`n gvKz m`„k (Spindle shaped) A_©vr
ga¨fvM †gvUv I `yB cÖvšÍ µgk miæ, cÖ¯’ †_‡K D”PZv †ewk| Pj‡bi mgq cvwbi wfZi MwZ evavcÖvß nq bv e‡j G
ai‡bi AvK…wZ‡K w÷ªgjvBbW (Streamlined) e‡j| †`‡ni c„ôfvM Kv‡jv e‡Y©i Ges cvk¦© A¼fvM iƒcvwj mv`v
e‡Y©i| c~Y©v½ iæB gvQ 15-25 †KwR IRb wewkó nq| iæB gv‡Qi †`n‡K g¯ÍK ev gv_v (Head), ao ev †`nKvÐ
(trunk), †jR ev cy”Q (tail) G wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
mvims‡ÿc
A_©‰bwZK w`K we‡ePbvq †h mg¯Í Aw¯’wewkó gvQ wgVvcvwb‡Z evm K‡i, hv‡`i G‡Ki AwaK k¦mb A½ _v‡K bv
Ges hv‡`i gv_v Auvkwenxb Zv‡`i‡K Kvc© RvZxq gvQ e‡j| iæB gv‡Qi †`n‡K gv_v, †`nKvÐ I †jR G wZb
fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| iæB gv‡Q †gvU cuvP ai‡bi cvLbv i‡q‡Q, h_vÑ eÿ cvLbv, †kÖvwY cvLbv, c„ôxq
cvLbv, cvqy cvLbv I cy”Q cvLbv|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.10
eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. †KvbwU †`‡L gv‡Qi eqm wbY©q Kiv hvq?
K. †dvKvm L. A¨vbyjvm
M. mviKzjvm N. †iwWB
2. iæB gvQ †Kvb e‡M©i AšÍM©Z?
K. Cypriniformes L. Siluriformes M. Rajiformes N. Perciformes
3. iæB gv‡Qi †ÿ‡ÎÑ
i. iæB gv‡Qi AuvBk‡K mvBK¬‡qW AuvBk e‡j|
ii. iæB gvQ gvsmvkx|
iii. iæB gv‡Q 5 ai‡bi cvLbv i‡q‡Q|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
iæB gv‡Qi Lv`¨vf¨vm m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
iæB gv‡Qi i³, ü`wcÐ, Awj›`, wbjq Z_v i³ msenbZš¿ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Lv`¨ I Lv`¨vf¨vm (Food and eating habit) : iæB gvQ kvKvkx| Giv mvaviYZ Rjvk‡qi ga¨¯Í‡ii
Lvevi Lvq| †QvU Ae¯’vq iæB gv‡Qi cÖavb Lv`¨ n‡”Q Zooplankton Ges eq¯‹iv Phytoplankton †L‡q
euv‡P| iæB gv‡Qi gyL wKQzUv wb‡Pi w`‡K bvgv‡bv Ges †VuvU cyiæ _vKvi Kvi‡Y gv‡S gv‡S Giv cvwbi Zj‡`k †_‡K
cuPv ˆRe c`v_© †L‡q RxebaviY K‡i| GQvov wdmwgj (Fish meal), ˆL‡ji ¸uov, Kuyov BZ¨vw` cyKz‡i Pv‡li mgq
m¤ú~iK Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| GQvov eq¯‹ iæB gvQ gv‡S gv‡S Kuv`v I evwj Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|
iæB gv‡Qi i³ msenbZš¿ (Blood circulatory system of Labeo rohita) : cÖvwY‡`‡ni †hme A½ cÖZ¨‡½i
cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvq i³, Lv`¨mvi, ni‡gvb, †iPb eR©¨ BZ¨vw` `ªe¨ †`‡ni wewfbœ †Kv‡l cwievwnZ nq Zv‡K
i³ msenbZš¿ e‡j| i³, ü`wcÐ, agwbZš¿, wkivZ‡š¿i mgš^‡q Labeo-i i³ msenbZš¿ MwVZ|
1| i³ (Blood) : i³im (plasma) I i³ KwYKv (blood corpuscles) wb‡q iæB gv‡Qi i³ MwVZ| i³ KwYKv `y
ai‡bi h_vÑ wW¤^vK…wZi wbDwK¬qvmhy³ †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv (RBC) Ges A¨vwge‡qW wjD‡KvmvBWhy³ †k¦Z i³
KwYKv (WBC)| iæB gv‡Qi i³ jvj e‡Y©i|
2| ü`wcÐ (Heart) : iæB gv‡Qi ü`wcÐ dzjKv؇qi wcQ‡b †cwiKvwW©qvj MnŸi (Pericardial cavity) bvgK GKwU
we‡kl cÖ‡Kv‡ô Ave„Z _v‡K| †cwiKvwW©qvg bvgK k³ Avei‡Y
ü`wcÐwU Ave„Z _v‡K| iæB gv‡Qi ü`wcÐ wZbwU cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³|
h_v- mvBbvm †f‡bvmvm (sinus venosus), A¨vwUªqvg ev Awj›`
(atrium or auricle) Ges †fw›UªKj ev wbjq (ventricle)| mvBbvm
†f‡bvmvm cvZjv cÖvPxi wewkó cÖ‡Kvô hv ü`wc‡Ði c„ô‡`‡k
Aew¯’Z| wkivmg~‡ni CO2 A¨vwUªqvg ü`wc‡Ði e„nËg cÖ‡Kvô| Gi
cÖvPxiI cvZjv| GwU GKw`‡K mvBbvm †f‡bvmvm Ab¨w`‡K
A¨vwUªI †fw›UªKzjvi wQ`ªc‡_ †fw›UªK‡j Db¥y³| †cwiKvwW©©qvg
MnŸ‡i A¼xq cðvr †`‡k †fw›UªKj Aew¯’Z| Gi cÖvPxi cyiæ I
gvsmj| Gi MnŸi wbqZ Ges GKwU wQ`ªc‡_ evj¦vm AvU©vwiImvm
bvgK cÖ‡Kv‡ô hy³ nq| G wQ‡`ª `ywU Aa© P›`ªvK…wZ KcvwUKv _v‡K|
d‡j G‡`i ü`wc‡Ði ga¨ w`‡q i³ †Kej GKgyLx cÖev‡n cÖevwnZ
wPÎ 2.11.1 : iæB gv‡Qi ü`wcÐ
nq|
3| agwbZš¿ (Arterial system) : †hme i³ evwnKvi gva¨‡g O2 hy³ i³ mviv †`‡n cÖevwnZ nq Zv‡K agwbZš¿
e‡j| iæB gv‡Qi agwbZš¿ cÖavbZ AšÍe©vnx eªvw¼qvj- agwb (afferent branchial arteries), ewne©vnx eªvw¼qvj agwb
(efferent branchial arteries), Wm©vj A¨vIUv© I Gi kvLv cÖkvLv wb‡q MwVZ|
(K) AšÍe©vnx eªvw¼qvj agwb (Afferent branchial artery) : †h me agwb ü`wcÐ n‡Z dyjKvi w`‡K CO2 mg„×
i³ enb K‡i Zv‡K AšÍe©vnx eªvw¼qvj agwb e‡j| ü`wc‡Ði evj¦vm A¨vIUvi m¤§yL fvM †_‡K †h `„p cÖvPxi wewkó
agwb Drcbœ nq Zv‡K †f›Uªvj A¨vIUv© e‡j| GwU Mjwe‡ji A¼xq w`K w`‡q nvBI‡qW AvP© ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z nq| †f›Uªvj
A¨vIUvi cÖwZcvk †_‡K PviwU K‡i †gvU Pvi †Rvov AšÍe©vnx eªvw¼qvj agwb †ei nq| cÖ_g †Rvov agwb cÖ_g dzjKv
†Rvovq cÖ‡ek K‡i| Abyiƒcfv‡e wØZxq, Z…Zxq I PZz_© †Rvov agwb h_vµ‡g 2q, 3q I 4_© dzjKv †Rvovq cÖ‡ek
K‡i| Giv CO2 mg„× i³ dzjKvq mieivn K‡i|
(L) ewne©vnx eªvw¼qvj agwb (Efferent branchial artery) : †hme agwb dzjKv n‡Z O2 mg„× i³ †`‡ni wewfbœ
As‡k cwienb K‡i Zv‡K ewne©vnx eªvw¼qvj agwb e‡j| iæB gv‡Qi Pvi‡Rvov dzjKv †_‡K Pvi †Rvov ewne©vnx
eªvw¼qvj agwbi m„wó nq| A_©vr cÖwZwU dzjKv Av‡P© GKwU K‡i AšÍe©vnx I ewn©evnx eªvw¼qvj agwb _v‡K| cÖ_g
ewne©vnx agwb A¼xq‡`‡k nvBI‡qW Av‡P©i wmD‡Wveªv‡¼ i³ enb K‡i Ges wmD‡Wveªv‡¼i m¤§y‡L Ac_¨vjwgK agwb
we¯Í…Z nq I †Pv‡L i³ †cÖiY K‡i| cÖwZ cv‡ki cÖ_g I wØZxq ewne©vnx eªvw¼qvj agwb wgwjZ n‡q GKwU Aby‰`N©¨
j¨vUvivj A¨vIU©vq cwiYZ nq| Z…Zxq I PZz_© ewne©vnx eªvw¼qvj agwb GKwÎZ n‡q j¨vUvivj A¨vIU©vq cwiYZ nq|
j¨vUvivj A¨vIU©v m¤§y‡L K¨v‡ivwUW agwbiƒ‡c we¯Í…Z nq Ges K‡ivwU‡Z i³ mieivn K‡i| `yÕcv‡ki j¨vUvivj
A¨vIU©v cðv‡Z GKxf~Z n‡q Wm©vj A¨vIU©v MVb K‡i|
(M) Wm©vj A¨vIU©v (Dorsal aorta) : Wm©vj A¨vIU©v †`‡ni c„ó‡`‡k †giæ`‡Ði wbP w`‡q m¤§yL n‡Z cðvr ch©šÍ
A_©vr †jR ch©šÍ cÖmvwiZ _v‡K| Bnv wewfbœ kvLv agwb m„wói gva¨‡g wewfbœ A‡½ i³ mieivn K‡i| G‡`i g‡a¨
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ kvLv agwb n‡”Q wmwjqvK I †g‡mbUvwiK agwb, mveK¬¨vwfqvb agwb, c¨vivBUvj agwb, †ibvj agwb,
KWvj agwb|
mvims‡ÿc
†Kej CO2 mg„× i³ enb K‡i e‡j gv‡Qi ü`wcЇK wkiv ü`wcÐ e‡j| AšÍe©vnx I ewne©vnx eªvw¼qvj agwb
wb‡qB iæB gv‡Qi agwbZš¿ MwVZ| †h me wkiv †`‡ni wewfbœ Ask †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q mivmwi ü`wc‡Ð bv †cuŠ‡Q
Ab¨ †Kvb A½ cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges RvwjKv MVb K‡i Zv‡K †cvU©vj wkivZš¿ e‡j| iæB gv‡Qi cÖavb k¦mbA½ n‡jv
Pvi †Rvov dzjKv|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.11
eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. AšÍevn©x eªvw¼qvj agwb KZ †Rvov?
K. 1 L. 2
M. 3 N. 4
2. iæB gv‡Qi ü`wcÐ KqwU cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³?
K. 2 L. 3
M. 3 N. 4
3. iæB gv‡Qi ü`wcÐ MVbKvix cÖ‡Kvô¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
i. atrium
ii. Ventricle
iii. Sinus venosus
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
iæB gv‡Qi k¦mbZš¿ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
evqy_wj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
iæB gv‡Qi RxebPµ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
iæB gv‡Qi k¦mbZš¿ (Respiratory system of L. rohita) : †h ˆRe ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq Aw·‡R‡bi
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvl ga¨¯’ Lv`¨ RvwiZ n‡q Kve©b WvBA·vBW I cvwb Drcbœ nq Ges Lv‡`¨i w¯’wZkw³ Zvc
I MwZkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Zv‡K k¦mb e‡j| †`‡n †hme A½-cÖZ¨½ k¦mbKv‡R AskMÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i GK‡Î
k¦mbZš¿ e‡j| eZ©gv‡b G Zš¿‡K M¨vm wewbgq Zš¿ (Gases exchange system) e‡j|
iæB gvQ GKwU Aw¯’gq gvQ| RjR cÖvYx nIqvq iæB gvQ cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z O2 MÖnY K‡i| Pvi †Rvov dzjKv (gill) G
gv‡Qi k¦mb A½| cÖwZwU dzjKv Kvb‡Kv (operculum) Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| Giv Mjwe‡ji `yBcv‡k `ywU dzjKv
cÖ‡Kv‡ô Ae¯’vb K‡i| Mjwe‡ji cvk¦©cÖvPx‡i cuvP †Rvov dzjKv wQ`ª _v‡K| `ywU dzjKv wQ‡`ªi ga¨eZx© Mjwe‡ji
cÖvPxi Aw¯’ Øviv MwVZ hv‡K dzjKv AvP© (gill arch) e‡j| G‡`i g‡a¨ PviwU dzjKv AvP© GKwU K‡i dzjKv enb
K‡i| cÂg AvP© †Kvb dzjKv enb K‡i bv| nvBI‡qW Av‡P©i n«vmcÖvß (vestigial) dyjKv ev wmD‡Wveªvw¼qv
(pseudobranchia) Kvb‡Kvi wfZ‡ii w`‡K GKwU Pv‡Ki gZ †j‡M _v‡K| G‡Z gvÎ GK mvwi dzjKv wdjv‡g›U
(gill filament) _v‡K| dzjKv Av‡P©i wfZ‡ii w`‡K Mjwej cÖvPxi †_‡K K‡qKwU fuv‡Ri gZ m„wó nq| G‡`i‡K
dzjKv †iKvi (gill raker) e‡j| dzjKv †iKvi¸‡jv dyjKv¸‡jv‡K KwVb e¯‘i Nl©Y †_‡K iÿv K‡i|
wPÎ 2.12.1 : Labeo i (K) evgcv‡ki dzjKv; (L) dzjKv-m~‡Îi mvaviY MVb, (M) GKwU dzjKv-m~‡Îi j¤^‡”Q`|
dzjKvi MVb (Structure of gill) : cÖwZwU dzjKv `yB mvwi dzjKv j¨v‡gjv ev wdjv‡g›U (gill lamella or filament)
enb K‡i| G¸‡jv wfZ‡ii w`‡K (proximally) eªvw¼qvj Av‡P©i mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨K mvwi dzjKv j¨v‡gjv‡K
†nwgeªv¼ ev †Wwgeªv¼ (Hemibranch or demibranch) e‡j| `yB mvwi †nwgeªv‡¼i g‡a¨ n«vm cÖvß B›Uvieªvw¼qvj c`©v
_v‡K| hvi d‡j †nwgeªv‡¼i WMv¸‡jv gy³ _v‡K| cÖwZwU dzjKv j¨v‡gjv A‡bK¸‡jv †QvU †QvU AvovAvwofv‡e
mvRv‡bv cvZ ev †cøU enb K‡i| G cvZ¸‡jv cvZjv Gwc‡_wjqvg c`©v Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K Ges †`‡ni wfZ‡i
i³bvwjKvi ˆKwkKRvwjKv we¯Í…Z _v‡K| cvZ¸‡jv GKcvk w`‡q AšÍe©vnx (afferent) I Aci cvk w`‡q ewne©vnx
(efferent) i³ bvwjKv (agwb) we¯Í…Z nq|
k¦mb †KŠkj (Mechanism of respiration) : cÖ‡Z¨KwU Rx‡ei †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Aw·‡Rb| iæB gv‡Qi
k¦mbwµqv k¦vmMÖnY (Inspiration) I k¦vmZ¨vM (Expiration) G `yB av‡c m¤úbœ nq| G †ÿ‡Î dzjKv cÖ‡Kvô †PvlY
cv¤ú (Suction pump) wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Gi d‡j AšÍe©vnx agwb (afferent artery) w`‡q ü`wcÐ †_‡K CO2
mg„× i³ dzjKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| dyjKvq Aew¯’Z ˆKwkK RvjK †_‡K e¨vcb cÖwµqvq CO2 cvwb‡Z wbM©Z nq Ges
cvwb †_‡K `ªexf~Z O2 dzjKvi ˆKwkK Rvj‡K e¨vcb cÖwµqvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| G O2 mg„× i³ ZLb ewne©vnx
(efferent artery) agwbi gva¨‡g mviv‡`‡n Qwo‡q c‡o|
evqy_wj ev cUKv (Air bladder / swim bladder) : iæB gv‡Qi evqy_wj ev muvZvi _wj ev cUKv GKwU cvZjv
cÖvPxi wewkó _wj we‡kl| GwU †cŠwóK bvwji c„ôxq cÖvPxi †_‡K DrcwË jvf K‡i| GwU †`L‡Z PKP‡K Ges Gi
wfZ‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi M¨vm †hgb- O2, N2, CO2 we`¨gvb _v‡K| iæB gv‡Qi evqy_wj `yÕ cÖ‡Kvô wewkó h_v m¤§yL I
cðvr Kÿ| m¤§yL KÿwU †QvU Ges cðvr KÿwU eo| `ywU K‡ÿi gvSLv‡b GKwU Mfxi LuvR i‡q‡Q| evqy_wji
m¤§yL Kÿ GKwU miæ byg¨vwUK Wv± (pneumatic duct) Øviv Abœbvwji m¤§y‡L c„ôxq A‡j hy³ nq|
wWg e‡j| wKš‘ iæB gv‡Qi wWg cvwbi Zjvq Wz‡e hvq| G ai‡bi wWg‡K wWgvimvj wWg e‡j| cÖRb‡bi mgq cyiæl
gvQ ¯¿x gvQ‡K AbymiY K‡i| ¯¿x gvQ cÖ_‡g cvwb‡Z wWg (egg) Qvo‡j cyiæl gvQ Zvi Dci exh© (sperm) Qwo‡q
†`q Ges ZvrÿwYKfv‡e wb‡lK m¤úbœ nq| iæB gv‡Qi wb‡lK †`‡ni evB‡i b`xi cvwb‡Z m¤úbœ nq e‡j G‡K
ewntwb‡lK (External fertilization) e‡j|
Rxeb Pµ (Life cycle) : iæB gvQ GKwjw½K| wb‡l‡Ki ci wWg
RvB‡Mv‡U (2n) cwiYZ nq| RvB‡MvU cieZx©‡Z wefvwRZ n‡q
giæjv, eøv÷zjv I M¨v÷ªyjv `kvq cwiYZ nq| M¨v÷ªyjv `kv
cieZx©‡Z jvf©v `kvq cwiYZ nq| G jvf©v `kv cieZx©‡Z †iYy
†cvbv (Hatchlings), avbx †cvbv (Fry), Av½yix †cvbv
(Fingerlings) q cwiYZ nq| 25 w`b eqmx †cvbvwU‡K cyY©v½
gv‡Qi mKj ˆewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq| Gmgq †cvbvi gy‡Li `yÕcv‡k
¯úkx© (Barbel) my¯úó nq Ges ˆ`‡N©¨ cÖvq 30 wg. wg. nq|
Gfv‡e iæB gvQ mvaviYZ †`o †_‡K `yB eQi eq‡m †hŠb
cwic°Zv jvf K‡i|
wPÎ 2.12.6 : iæB gv‡Qi RxebPµ
iæB gv‡Qi dzjKvi j¤^‡”Q` A¼b K‡i Gi wewfbœ Ask wPwýZ Kiæb Ges
wkÿv_©xi KvR
K¬v‡m Dc¯’vcb Kiæb
mvims‡ÿc
Pvi †Rvov dzjKv iæB gv‡Qi cÖavb k¦mb A½| iæB gv‡Qi †giæ`‡Ði wb‡P Ges †cŠwóKbvwji Dc‡i †hvRK
wUmy¨‡Z MwVZ cvZjv cÖvPxi wewkó _wjwUi bvg evqy_wj ev cUKv| G evqy_wjB iæB gvQ‡K fvwm‡q ivL‡Z mnvqZv
K‡i _v‡K| AwaKvsk KwVbvw¯’ gv‡Qi wWg cvwbi Dc‡i †f‡m _v‡K| G‡`i‡K †cjvwRK wWg e‡j| wKš‘ iæB
gv‡Qi wWg cvwbi Zjvq Wz‡e hvq| G ai‡bi wWg‡K wWgvimvj wWg e‡j|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.12
eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. iæB gv‡Qi evqy_wj‡Z †Kvb M¨vm _v‡K bvÑ
K. O2 L. N2
M. CO2 N. H2
2. iæB gvQ †Kv_vq cÖRbb K‡i?
K. cyKz‡i L. b`x‡Z
M. ‡gvnbvq N. Lvj-we‡j
3. wb‡Pi ˆewk󨸇jv co–bÑ
i. iæB gv‡Q ewntwb‡lK N‡U|
ii. iæB gv‡Q `yB †Rvov dzjKv _v‡K|
iii. iæB gv‡Qi wWg‡K wWgvimvj wWg e‡j|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
cvV- 2.13 e¨envwiK- iæB/UvwK gv‡Qi i³ msenbZš¿ e¨e‡”Q`, ch©‡eÿY Ges wPwýZ
wPÎ A¼b
cixÿ‡Yi bvg: iæB gv‡Qi i³ msenbZš¿ e¨e‡”Q`, ch©‡eÿY Ges wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b|
cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ : KuvwP, wbWj (myB), Avjwcb, WvB‡mKwUs †Uª, wPgUv, †eøW, †cbwmj, WªBs LvZv|
1| AšÍe©vnx ev A¨vdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agwb e¨e‡”Q` : GKwU m`¨ g„Z iæB gvQ‡K wPr K‡i †Uª‡Z †i‡L cvqywQ`ª †_‡K
ïiæ K‡i I‡ôi AvM ch©šÍ KuvwP w`‡q †K‡U †`n wenei Db¥y³ Ki‡Z n‡e| A¼xq‡`‡k †`nZ¡K I †cwk mveav‡b
†K‡U †dj‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †Kvb i³bvwj †K‡U i³ †ewi‡q bv c‡o| eÿxq Ask Db¥y³ Ki‡jB mv`v is-Gi
†cwiKvwW©qvg c`©v Øviv Ave„Z ü`wcÐ †`Lv hv‡e| †cwiKvwW©qvg c`©v AcmviY K‡i ü`wcЇK Db¥y³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
AZtci ü`wc‡Ði m¤§yL cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z †f›Uªvj A¨vIU©v (A¼xq gnvagwb) †`Lv hv‡e|
G gnvagwb †_‡K Dfq cv‡k PviwU K‡i AšÍe©vnx eªvw¼qvj
agwb cÖmvwiZ n‡q dzjKv ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z nq| †cwk c`©v I
dzjKv wSjøx cwi®‹vi Ki‡j G¸‡jv ¯úó †`Lv hv‡e| GLb
Gi wewfbœ Ask ch©‡eÿY, kbv³ I LvZvq wPwýZ wPÎ
AuvK‡Z n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
iæB gv‡Qi msiÿ‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖvK…wZK Dcv‡q iæB gvQ msiÿY-Gi cÖwZeÜKZv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
iæB gvQ evsjv‡`‡ki AwZ cwiwPZ I my¯^v`y gvQ| iæB gvQ Cyprinidae †MvÎfz³ cÖRvwZ| G †MvÎfz³
gvQ¸‡jv‡K mvaviYZ Kvc© RvZxq gvQ e‡j| iæB gvQ QvovI evsjv‡`‡k KvZjv, g„‡Mj, KvwjevDm RvZxq
Kvc© gvQ cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ wewfbœ n¨vPvix‡Z Pv‡li Kvi‡Y mxwgZ I wbw`©ó gv‡Qi g‡a¨ AšÍtcÖRb‡bi d‡j wRbMZ
ˆewPΨ webó nq| †ivMvµvšÍ gv‡Qi AvwaK¨ †`Lv hvq| GQvov b`x fivU Kiv, b`xi cÖevn cwiewZ©Z nIqv, nvIi-
evIi, Lvj, wej fivU I `Lj n‡q hvIqvi Kvi‡Y G m¤ú` AvR ûgwKi m¤§yLxb| G m¤ú`‡K Aek¨B iÿv Ki‡Z
n‡e Ges Gi h_vh_ hZœ wb‡Z n‡e| wb‡¤œ iæB gvQ‡K cÖvK…wZKfv‡e msiÿ‡Yi welqwU Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ
1| nvj`v b`x msiÿY: PÆMÖv‡gi nvj`v b`x Gwkqvi e„nËg GKwU cÖvK…wZK grm¨ cÖRbb †K›`ª| nvj`v b`xi
ˆewkó¨ n‡jv GwU Ggb GKwU b`x hv evsjv‡`‡k DrcwË n‡q evsjv‡`‡k cwZZ n‡q‡Q| nvj`v b`x‡K gv gv‡Qi
†gUviwbwU wK¬wbKI ejv n‡q _v‡K| nvj`v b`x †_‡KB iæB RvZxq gvQ, †hgb iæB, g„‡Mj, KvZjv, KvwjevDm
gv‡Qi wWg mivmwi msMÖn Kiv nq| wKš‘ iv‡óªi myôz cwiKíbv I iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Afv‡e nvj`v b`xi HwZn¨ AvR
aŸsmcÖvß| we‡klÁiv g‡b K‡ib b`x `~lY, nvj`v b`x msjMœ GjvKvq Awbqwš¿Zfv‡e wkí KviLvbv M‡o IVv,
nvj`v b`xi A· ev euvKmg~n †K‡U gv‡Qi cÖRbb evÜe cwi‡ek bó Kiv, myBP‡MU wbg©vY, cÖRbb FZz‡Z wbwe©Pv‡i
wWgIqvjv ev eªæW gvQ aivmn bvbv gvbem„ó Kvi‡Y G b`x‡Z iæB gv‡Qi cÖRbb K‡g †M‡Q| Avkvi K_v n‡jv
mvwe©K Ae¯’v we‡ePbv K‡i evsjv‡`k miKvi 2007 mv‡j †M‡RU weÁwßi gva¨‡g nvj`v b`x‡K AfqvkÖg †NvlYv
K‡i‡Q| GgZve¯’vq miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk RbMY‡KI GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
2| AfqvkÖg : wbw`©ó cÖRvwZi gvQ eQ‡ii wbw`©ó mg‡q wbw`©ó cÖRbb †ÿ‡Î eske„w× K‡i _v‡K| ZvB Aeva wePiY
I cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó Rjvkq eQ‡ii wbw`©ó mg‡q gv‡Qi AfqvkÖg wn‡m‡e miKvi †_‡K †NvlYv Kiv nq| wKš‘
¸iæZ¡c~Y© GjvKv †hgb- nvj`v b`xi g`ybv NvU GjvKv, wejvBQwo GjvKv‡K †gŠmygx AfqvkÖg wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz wbw`©ó mgq e¨ZxZ G ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GjvKv¸‡jv AiwÿZ _v‡K ZvB wKQz gvbyl wb‡la Agvb¨ K‡i mviv
eQi gvQ a‡i _v‡K| ZvB Gme GjvKv¸‡jv‡K KwVb bRi`vwii g‡a¨ †i‡L mviv eQi e¨vcx AfqvkÖg wn‡m‡e
†NvlYv Kiv `iKvi|
3| †cvbv gRy` : b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej A‰ea fv‡e fivU I `Lj n‡q hvIqvi Kvi‡Y gv‡Qi Drcv`b w`b w`b n«vm
cv‡”Q| e× wej I Rjvk‡q gv‡Qi Drcv`b e„w× Kivi Rb¨ †cvbv gRy` Kiv `iKvi| cÖwZ eQ‡i Rvbyqvix †_‡K gvP©
gvm ch©šÍ GKevi I Ryb †_‡K †m‡Þ¤^i gvm ch©šÍ GKevi †gvU `yBevi iæB gv‡Qi †cvbv gRy` Kiv hvq|
4| cwi‡ek e¨e¯’vcbv : nvj`v b`x evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ †Rvqvi fvUvi b`x †hLvb †_‡K grm¨Pvlxiv †cvbvi e`‡j
iæB gv‡Qi wbwl³ wWg msMÖn K‡i wb‡q hvb| nvj`v b`x‡Z iæB gv‡Qi weï× wRb cvIqv hvq ZvB G b`x msiÿY
Kiv AZ¨vek¨K| GQvov nvj`v b`xi ZxieZx© †hme `~lY m„wóKvix wkí-cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|
AcwiKwíZ euva BZ¨vw` wbg©vY eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|
5| Rbm‡PZbZv : cÖRbbÿg gvZ… iæB gv‡Qi ¸iæZ¡, gv‡Qi RxebPµ, gvQ msiÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Ávb
mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨ Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e| wbw`©ó wb‡Pi gv‡ci (mvaviYZ 8-9 BwÂ) †Kvb iæB gv‡Qi †cvbv hv‡Z
evRv‡i wewµ bv nq †mw`‡K jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e| GQvov Rjvk‡qi cv‡ki GjvKvi Rwg‡Z KxUbvkK e¨env‡i mZK©Zv
Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| KjKviLvbvi wbwÿß eR©¨ hv‡Z mivmwi Rjvk‡q wg‡k Rjvk‡qi cvwb‡K `~wlZ Ki‡Z bv cv‡i
†mRb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b grm AvBb ms‡kvab Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AvB‡bi mwVK ev¯Íevqb
wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
wkÿv_©xi KvR iæB gvQ msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU cÖ¯Ívebv ˆZwi K‡i MÖæ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
mvims‡ÿc
MZ cÂv‡ki `k‡K †`‡ki †gvU grm Pvwn`vi 70% c~ib Ki‡Zv nvj`v b`x| wKš‘ mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ myôz
cwiKíbv I mwVK e¨e¯’vcbvi Afv‡e nvj`v b`x‡Z gv‡Qi Drcv`b w`b w`b K‡g hv‡”Q| iæB gvQ Pjgvb cvwb
Qvov ¯úwbs (spawning) K‡i bv| ZvB iæB gv‡Qi cÖvK…wZK Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ nvj`v b`x AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.14
eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kvc© (carp) RvZxq gvQ bq?
K. KvZj L. g„‡Mj M. iæB N. cv½vm
2. wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv co–bÑ
i. iæB gvQ ¯^v`y cvwbi gvQ
ii. n¨vPvixi gvQ cÖvK…wZK gv‡Qi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i
iii. nvj`v b`xwU ev›`iev‡b Aew¯’Z|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i L. i I iii M. i I ii N. ii I iii
cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ : KuvwP, wPgUv, Avjwcb, †eøW, WvB‡mKwUs †Uª, wbWj (myB), †cbwmj, WªBs LvZv|
1| dzjKv e¨e‡”Q` (Dissection of gill) : cÖ_‡g GKwU iæB gvQ evg nv‡Z wb‡q e„×v½yj I ZR©bx w`‡q gv_vwU k³
K‡i ai‡Z n‡e, Wvb nv‡Z †bqv aviv‡jv KuvwPi mvnv‡h¨ Kvb‡Kv AcmviY K‡i dzjKv cÖ‡Kvô Db¥y³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
c‡i dzjKv †K‡U ¯øvB‡W wb‡q Gi wewfbœ Ask ch©‡eÿY Ki‡eb|
ch©‡eÿY
1. jvj e‡Y©i PviwU dzjKv GKwU we‡kl dzjKv cÖ‡Kv‡ô Ave× _v‡K|
2. cÖ‡Z¨KwU dzjKv G‡KKwU Aw¯’gq eªvw¼qvj AvP© G Aejw¤^Z|
3. dzjKv Av‡P©i AšÍtwKbviv cÖmvwiZ n‡q KuvUvhy³ cvZjv dzjKv †iKvi _v‡K|
4. cÖwZwU dzjKv `yB mvwi dzjKv wdjv‡g›U ev dzjKv j¨vwgjv w`‡q MwVZ|
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Kiæb
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.1 : 1.M 2. N 3. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.2 : 1.M 2.K 3.L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.3 : 1.L 2.K 3.N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.5 : 1.L 2.N 3.K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.7 : 1.N 2.M 3.L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.8 : 1.L 2.K 3.K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.9 : 1.M 2.K 3.M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.10 : 1.L 2.K 3.L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.11 : 1.N 2.L 3.N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.12 : 1.N 2.L 3.L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.14 : 1.N 2.K