Nishkam Karma:-Nishkam Karma Is A Central Theme in The Bhagavad Gita. An
Nishkam Karma:-Nishkam Karma Is A Central Theme in The Bhagavad Gita. An
Nishkam Karma:-Nishkam Karma Is A Central Theme in The Bhagavad Gita. An
(2-marks)
Those who practice sattva seek to nourish the body with pure substances and
engage in purifying practices. This can include upholding a sattvic diet,
meditating, pranayama, asana practice, and/or the study of sacred scripture Sattva
denotes having the natural quality of purity and goodness. For something (such as
food) to be considered sattvic, it should not increase evil or disease, and must be
pure and natural.
Sattva can also be considered an emotional or mental state wherein the mind is at
peace. Sattvic individuals often strive to deepen, strengthen and mature the soul.
Many people cultivate sattva through practicing a sattvic diet, which includes
foods that are considered most pure and life-giving to the body.
Dualism :- Dualism is the belief that there are two kinds of reality: material
(physical) and immaterial (spiritual). In Philosophy of Mind, Dualism is the
position that mind and body are in some categorical way separate from each other,
and that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical in nature.
3
Philosophy paper -ii
After the death of Buddha, Buddhism was divided into two sects
namely Mahayana and Hinayana. The terms Hinayana (Lesser
Vehicle or Modest Vehicle) and Mahayana (Greater Vehicle or Vast
Vehicle) originated in The Prajnaparamita Sutras
Laya yoga :- Laya yoga is an ancient form of meditation, with concentration on
energy centers or chakras. Laya yoga attempts to locate these energy centers and
channelize them through meditation. The aim of Laya yoga practice is to alter the
conscious level of the mind to a higher state by making the mind listen to the inner
sound. Practicing Laya yoga includes asanas, pranayama, mudras, mantras
and bandha.
Reduce stress
Cures mood swings
Promotes emotional stability
Cures addiction
Improves immune system
Pramana (correct knowledge)
Viparyaya (misconception / wrong knowledge)
4
Philosophy paper -ii
Karma theory :- Karma means action, work or deed; it also refers to the spiritual
principle of cause and effect where intent and actions of an individual (cause)
influence the future of that individual (effect). Good intent and good deeds
contribute to good karma and happier rebirths, while bad intent and bad deeds
contribute to bad karma and bad rebirths.
The philosophy of karma is closely associated with the idea of rebirth in many
schools of Indian religions
Pratyahara :- Pratyahara is a Sanskrit term meaning "withdrawal of the senses." It
is the fifth limb of Patanjali’s. Pratyahara is considered important in yoga because
it forms a bridge between the external focus of the previous limbs of yoga and the
internal focus of the subsequent limbs, which move the practitioner into
concentration, meditation and, eventually, to the goal of samadhi (union with the
Divine). By withdrawing the focus from the senses and the external environment,
the mind can turn inward, deepening yogic practice.
Ashtanga yoga:- is named after the term given in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutrasfor the
eight-fold path of yoga, or ashtanga, meaning “eight-limbed” in Sanskrit.
Ashtanga yoga is a dynamic, flowing style that connects the movement of the body
with the breath. The method stresses the importance of daily practice of a set series
of movements. There are six series of Ashtanga yoga sequences, which the student
progresses through at their own pace.
5
Philosophy paper -ii
(5-marks)
According to Satkaryavada principle the cause is hidden inside the effect. This
effect exists due to several reasons-
According to vivartavada, the effect is only the manifestation of cause. The cause
remains unchanged and is not subjected to any transformation.
Prakrti- Prakrti is the first cause of the universe. It is the material cause out of
which all objects of this world one derived. Object in this world are many and are
subjected to creation and destruction. They are relative non-eternal and dependent.
Prakriti is independent, absolute and eternal.
Prakriti is in the form of three gunas. The three gunas are sattva, rajas and tamas.
Sattva guna refers to goodness and produces pleasure, the colour is white and it is
light in nature. It causes upward movement, happiness and bliss. Rajas is the
principle of action, it is stimulating in its nature. Psychologically it causes pain; its
colour is red. Tamas is the principle of inertia. It arrests activity. Psychologically it
causes indifferences, passivity and negativism. It causes ignorance and confusion.
Purusa – Purusa is the soul, the self and the sprit. It is one of the absolute realities
of Samkhya system. It is the principle of pure consciousness. It is the subject of all
experience. It is different form the intellect, ego and mind. It is the ultimate
knowledge. Prakrti can evolve only when is comes in contact with purusa. When
purusa comes in contact with prakrti the equilibrium of parkrti gets disturbed, then
the evolution of prakrti begins.
7
Philosophy paper -ii
The Yoga Sutras are a path of purification, refinement, and surrender.The causes of
your suffering are the following:
8
Philosophy paper -ii
All of these are resolved through meditation when you remember your essential
nature of unbounded consciousness.
The Yoga Sutras contain a set of observances and practices to guide your spiritual
journey. These are known as the Eight Limbs of Yoga. i.e Ashtanga Yoga (Eight
limbs of Yoga)
The eight limbs of yoga as defined in the second chapter are as follows:
1. Yamas (self restraints): The yamas are guidelines for how to interact with
the outside world at a social level. The five yamas are: Ahimsa (non-violence),
Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Brahmacharya (abstinence),
Aparigraha (non-hoarding).
2. Niyamas (observances): The niyamas represent guidelines for self-
discipline. The five niyamas are: shoucha (cleanliness), santosha
(contentment), tapas (austerity), swadhyaya (study of the scriptures and self-
study), and Ishwara pranidhana (surrender to God). Together, yamas and
niyamas provide an ethical and moral code to be followed so the aspiring yogi
can establish an adequate moral foundation for his/her spiritual journey.
3. Asana (posture): Asana refers to the seated posture which should be steady
and comfortable so the yogi can sit and meditate for long periods of time.
4. Pranayama (breath control): Pranayama, which literally means stretching
or expansion of prana, the vital life force, involves breath control and helps
train and prepare the mind for dharana (concentration).
5. Pratyahara (sense withdrawal): Through pratyahara one gains the ability
to withdraw the senses from their objects thus achieving perfect control over
the senses.
6. Dharana (concentration/focus): Dharana involves focusing the mind on a
single object of concentration for long periods of time.
7. Dhyana (meditation): When there is an uninterrupted flow of the mind
toward the object of focus, the yogi enters the state of meditation.
8. Samadhi (total absorption): Finally when even the self-awareness of the
mind disappears and only the object of meditation shines through, it is called
the state of samadhi.
The first four yamas prepare the body for the next three, which take you to the
doorway of the eight. The main focus of Patanjali is controlling the mind and
9
Philosophy paper -ii
subduing the fluctuations of the mind, called 'chitta vrittis'. Once the mind is calm
and peaceful, one gets established in his own true nature.
3. Notes on DHARMA-MEGHA-SAMADHI
Dharma Megha Samadhi – It is the most unique kind of Samadhi. It is the state
of travelling out of the universe of relative happenings and surroundings and
transitioning into Kaivalya. Megha means Cloud and Dharma means virtue "Cloud
of Dharma." At this stage the yogi has gone beyond the principles governing the
cosmos. The creation is made of 24 Tattvas, according to Sankhya Philosophy. All
these Tattvas exist because of Prakriti supported by the
three Gunas – Sattva, Rajas and Tamas. In Dharma Megha Samadhi, the yogi
becomes free from the three Gunas and identifies himself with Purusha or the
supreme reality. He is beyond all the powers; and is full of bliss, purity and
knowledge. From Dharma Megha Samadhi comes the end of all afflictions and
karma. The yogi reaches the ultimate stage of Kaivalya or complete liberation.
10
Philosophy paper -ii
his kaivalya is secured, which means the attainment of his "being his true self."
The Bodhisattva forgoes, for the time being, the complete bliss and the ultimate
perfection of Buddha hood and accedes to the pleas of the devas to physical and
make himself present in a bodily form among humans for their benefit alone.
From the Dharmamegha Samadhi comes the removal of all afflictions and
Karmas.
NOTES
The cause for Samsara is Klesha-karmas that are mixed with Vasanas. When these
are destroyed, the Yogi becomes free while living. There is no fear of downfall, as
the Klesha-karmas, the seeds for Samsara are totally fried now. As this Samadhi
showers always the state of Kaivalya, the fruit of actions that are called Akrishna
and Asukla, it is called Dharmamegha. It is quite a significant name indeed. The
afflictions and Karmas are already described in Sutras II-3, 15 & 16.
Then comes the removal of all coverings of impurities due to the infinity of
knowledge and the knowable becomes very little.
NOTES
When the Yogi gets this infinite knowledge, the knowledge that ordinary men get
from worldly experiences and the knowable becomes very, very insignificant. The
knowledge of the Yogi is like a sun. The knowledge of objects is like the light of a
glow-worm. The Yogi sees without eyes, tastes without tongue, hears without ears,
smells without nose and touches without skin. His Sankalpa can work miracles. He
simply wills. Everything comes into being. This is described as follows: The blind
man pierced the pearl; the fingerless put a thread into it; the neckless wore it and
the tongueless praised it (Taittiriya Aranyaka I-ii-5). The sum total of all
knowledge of this world, of all other secular sciences is nothing, nothing, is mere
husk when compared with the infinite knowledge of a Yogi who has attained
Kaivalya.
NOTES
When the cloud of virtue dawns, when there is highest knowledge and when Para
Vairagya (detachment) fully manifests, the entire cessation of the effects of the
three Gunas comes in. The Gunas operate for the enjoyment, experience and
emancipation of the Purusha. The Purusha having realised His native state, the
Gunas, of course, cease to act, they having fulfilled their end. Therefore the
succession of the modifications of Gunas comes to an end for the Purusha who has
attained Kaivalya.
NOTES
Succession of moments implies order of time. Its form can only be understood if
you have a knowledge of the minute particle of time Kshana. Succession is the
uninterrupted flow of moments. It can be known only when a particular
modification comes to an end. Succession has reference to order and time. For the
Yogi who has attained Asamprajnata Samadhi, there is no succession for him. He
has simultaneous knowledge. The past and future are blended in the present for
him. Everything is 'now'. Everything is 'here'. He has transcended time and space.
Siddhis are generally powers to control the self, others and the natural world. It is
said that, although they appear to be supernatural, they are actually accessible to all
humans and can be explained in rational ways. They arise naturally when, through
spiritual practices, that clean and openness of the mind is realized.
12
Philosophy paper -ii
1. Normal siddhis - the forces of the world that transform elements; and
2. Extraordinary siddhis - the ability to open up for the truth that leads to
realization and enlightenment.
Siddhis can be powers such as the power to fly, to become invisible or to walk on
water. Buddha is clear that in order for these to be manifested, the spiritual
practitioner must attain perfection in their spiritual practice, bringing themselves to
a state where their thoughts are in complete quiescence.
Patanjali writes that the siddhis are attained after mastery of the last three steps of
the eightfold path: the ability to simultaneously sustain concentration, meditation,
and samadhi at will. In Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, the process of attaining a range of
different siddhis is outlined in great detail. He states that they may be reached
through:
Approximately twenty-five siddhis are listed in the third book of the Yoga Sutras.
An exact number is difficult to pin down because the abilities may be interpreted in
different ways, and there is some overlap. But it is possible to view all the siddhis
as variations on three basic classes:
13
Philosophy paper -ii
Fifteen of the siddhis fall into the category of clairvoyance, four fi t into the
category of psychokinesis, and six in mind- body control.
For example, if one focuses on another person, in samyama one becomes the other
person. The siddhi that arises is what we would call telepathy.
As another example, in samyama one may focus on the processes of time, change,
and transformation. The Siddhi that arises simultaneous regarded as the past,
present, and the future
Description of Siddhis
Danger
14
Philosophy paper -ii
reinforce one’s sense of separate self, leading to ego, pride, and arrogance, and this
becomes an impediment toward further spiritual unfoldment.
(15 marks )
Ashtanga Yoga is one of the most ancient forms of yoga. Ashtanga yoga comprises
of eight steps towards perfection mentioned in the Yoga Sutras. The term
“Ashtanga” means eight limbs. Hence “Ashtanga yoga” focuses on purifying the
individuals mind through eight (meaning asht) steps. This is the basis of almost all
schools and branches of yoga. One cannot proceed to the next step without
mastering the preceding the step. The eight steps of Ashtanga are listed below:
Yama (ethical living)
Niyama (healthy living)
Asana (the meditative sitting posture, or the more physical yoga poses)
Pranayama (awareness of one's breath)
Pratyahara (withdrawing one's mind from the senses)
Dharana (deep concentration)
Dhyana (deep meditation)
Samadhi (enlightenment)
Of these, the first five are known as external preparation, of the first five, the first
two are known as ethical preparations and last three are known as internal
preparations. The purpose of this yoga is to embody the eight limbs of yoga,
mentioned above into the yoga sutras of Patanjali’s. Ashtanga yoga has its
influence in most of the forms of yoga being taught today.
1. Yama
Yama is the first of the eight limbs of yoga outlined in the yoga sutras. Yama is
also sometimes called “the five restraints” because it describes what one should
avoid to advance on the spiritual path. They are often wrongly described as dos
and don’ts. But in reality, they are guidelines for a balanced life. It helps to create a
harmonious and peaceful society. It deals with one's ethical standards and sense of
integrity, focusing on our behavior and how we conduct ourselves in life.
15
Philosophy paper -ii
2. Niyama
Niyama is the second limb of the spiritual path as outlined by the ancient sage
Patanjali in his yoga sutras. Niyama consists of the do’s. They are observed in
order to to develop the individual values. It lists five things you should do to make
spiritual progress. They are:
16
Philosophy paper -ii
3. ASANA
Asana is the third limbs of yoga outlined in the yoga sutras. The yoga sutras define
asana as – ‘Sthiram Sukham Asanam’, which means Asana is a posture that is
steady and comfortable. Asana is an essential step towards the higher practices of
yoga. There are many types of postures and their practice will help in the
development of both body and mind, it develops mental equilibrium and prevent
fickleness of mind. Asanas can be meditative poses or they can be other poses
aimed towards attaining strength, balance and steadiness. Apart from the spiritual
benefits, each Asana can have particular health benefits too.
4. Pranayama
pranayama is the fourth stage in Ashtanga Yoga. Pranayama means the regulation
of breath. Breath and mind are closely related. Pranayama includes three stages;
the first one is called puraka or inhaling, the second kumbaka or retaining and the
third recaka or exhaling of breath.the time taken for this is gradually increased
through practice and helps to attain more and more concentration of mind. If one
can control the breath, one can control the mind and vice versa. Pranayama gives
steadiness and calmness to the mind. Prana or bio-energy flows through pranic
pathways called nadi. Pranayama helps to clean these nadis and remove all
impurities, commonly referred to as ‘Nadi Shuddhi’ . This has a direct effect on the
physical body as a well as the mind. Our health improves and one gets clarity of
mind. One experiences a sense of well being. Only a calm mind can go inwards.
An agitated mind cannot be meditative. Pranayama automatically leads to the next
stage called Pratyahara, which is the withdrawal of senses from the external
objects.
5. PRATYAHARA
Pratyahara is the process of introversion. In this, the mind is withdrawn from the
external object and the senses are shut against all external sensual stimuli. It is the
fifth limb, or requirement, to attain full Self-realization as outlined in the Yoga
Sutras. This process makes one detached from the sensual world and helps in
cleaning the mind of all impurities.
17
Philosophy paper -ii
6. Dharana
As each stage prepares us for the next, the practice of pratyahara creates the setting
for dharana, or concentration. Dharana, which is the sixth stage of Ashtanga
Yoga has to do with concentration. The word used in Yoga Sutras is ‘Samapatti’ or
absorption. If the mind can be absorped at a point or an idea or an object, it is
called dharana. Dharana is the ability to bring the mind into focus and to hold the
concentration on a single point. We learn how to slow down the thinking process
by concentrating on a single object: a specific energetic center in the body, an
image, or the silent repetition of a sound. In true dharana all body-consciousness
and restless thoughts cease, enabling one to focus on the object of meditation
without distraction.
7. Dhyana
Prolonged period of dharana leads to the next stage of Ashtanga Yoga called
Dhyana. This is commonly translated as meditation. Although concentration
(dharana) and meditation (dhyana) may appear to be one and the same, a fine line
of distinction exists between these two stages. Where dharana practices one-
pointed attention, dhyana is ultimately a state of being keenly aware without focus.
It is the absorption of the mind on one object, or point or an idea, without
distraction for a prolonged period of time. It is continuous and without break.For
example, someone who had achieved the state of dharana would say that they
were able to focus completely on a light during meditation. Someone who had
achieved dhyana would say that they seemed to become the light, as if they had
merged with it.
8. Samadhi
The last stage of Ashtanga Yoga is called Samadhi or super conscious awareness.
As one proceeds on the path of dhyana or meditation, a point comes when one
loses self-consciousness or the sense of ‘I’. This is the beginning of Samadhi state.
In this state – the meditator, the process of meditation and the object of meditation
becomes one. Samadhi is actually a series of states and experiences. Yoga Sutras
describes various types of samadhis. One has to go through the different types of
Samadhi experience. Finally the practitioner reaches the highest stage of
18
Philosophy paper -ii
It means concentration and it is the final step in the practice of yoga. Here at this
stage the yogi’s mind is completely absorbed in the object of meditation, it loses
itself in the object and has no awareness of itself. In dhyana the act of meditation
and the object of meditation remain separate, but here at this state they become
one. So at this stage only the object of thought exists in the mind and the yogi does
not even know that there is a process of thought in the mind.
In this modern world our environment is fighting for survival and we human suffer
from more and more physical and psychological stress, we can’t always control
them but can learn how to face them and to this end. Yoga is as good an invention
it has ever been. The aim of yoga is attainment of physical, mental, and spiritual
health.
yoga is an ancient and comprehensive form of spiritual self discovery. The word
yoga originates from Sanskrit and means ‘to join’, ‘to unite’. Yoga is a holistic
effect and brings body, mind, and conscious and soul into balance. many thousands
19
Philosophy paper -ii
of years ago in India, rishis explored nature and the cosmos in their meditation.
they discovered the laws of the material, and spiritual realms and gained an insight
into the connection within the universe. They investigated the cosmic laws, the
laws of nature and the elements, life on earth and the powers and energies at work
in the universe, both in the external world as well as on a spiritual level. The unity
of matter and energy, the origin of the universe and the effects of the elementary
powers have been described and explained in the Veda. Much of this knowledge
have been discovered and confirmed by modern science
modern age is of science and technology. then yoga refers to the Science of health,
happiness and harmony. but yoga has been much popular in modern Days as the
Science and art of holistic living, which includes all. People are attracting towards
yoga as a holistic care system. According to world health organization health is the
state of well being at physical, mental, social and spiritual level. Holistic approach
of health care includes 1.Preventive health 2.Promotive health 3. Curative health.
The ancient yoga is more relevant in modern stressful life; yoga is a way of life
good living and for the benefit of the body. It is the only way through which the
body will be fit and fine without any trainer, without equipment and medicine
Some of the main problems which we notice in the fast moving modern world. our
country is now developing in the I.T. field, education structure is developing in a
faster way. In the I.T. field person’s brain are used heavily for hours due to which
the mental tension increases and back & pain also increases. Therefore such
reasons for immediate relief they go for tablets and have side effects which will
bring them to the level of cancer also. Now going to the business man’s life tension
can be seen more. They mainly depend on alcoholic drinks which again lead them
to a bad condition. we can noticed such type of person having mental disorders at
the end.
20
Philosophy paper -ii
children who have embraced yoga are calmer, more alert, better listeners, more
creative, more physically focused with stronger and healthier bodies. Inspired to be
successful in whatever they choose to do. more able to channel their speed,
agibility and stability which helps improve their performance in sports such as
hockey, foot ball, running, athletics, swimming, dancing, skating etc.
In fact some of its asanas are good for relaxation of the mind, while others are
good for digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nerves and granular systems.
Pranayama promotes blood circulation and help to improve the oxygen supply all
parts of the body. Meditation is good not only for restoration the lost
psychosomatic balance, but it is equally good for prevention of loss of balance.
yoga promotes a balanced and integrated personality.
21
Philosophy paper -ii
The name itself indicates that yoga can be used in Daily life. Positive thinking,
perseverance, disciplines ,orientation towards the Supreme, prayer as well as
kindness and understanding from the way to self knowledge and self realization.
The main goals of yoga in Daily life are 1. Physical health 2. Mental Health 3.
Social Health 4. Spiritual Health 5. Self Reali0ation.
During your first class, you probably won’t be able to touch your toes, never
mind do a backbend.
But if you stick with it, you’ll notice a gradual loosening, and eventually,
seemingly impossible poses will become possible.
You’ll also probably notice that aches and pains start to disappear. That’s no
coincidence.
Tight hips can strain the knee joint due to improper alignment of the thigh
and shinbones.
They also protect us from conditions like arthritis and back pain, and help
prevent falls in elderly people.
And when you build strength through yoga, you balance it with flexibility.
22
Philosophy paper -ii
If you just went to the gym and lifted weights, you might build strength at
the expense of flexibility
Your head is like a bowling ball—big, round, and heavy. When it’s balanced
directly over an erect spine, it takes much less work for your neck and back
muscles to support it.
Move it several inches forward, however, and you start to strain those
muscles.
Hold up that forward-leaning bowling ball for eight or 12 hours a day and
it’s no wonder you’re tired.
Poor posture can cause back, neck, and other muscle and joint problems.
As you slump, your body may compensate by flattening the normal inward
curves in your neck and lower back.
Each time you practice yoga, you take your joints through their full range of
motion.
Joint cartilage is like a sponge; it receives fresh nutrients only when its fluid
is squeezed out and a new supply can be soaked up.
23
Philosophy paper -ii
Spinal disks—the shock absorbers between the vertebrae that can herniate
and compress nerves—crave movement. That’s the only way they get their
nutrients.
Many postures in yoga require that you lift your own weight.
Yoga’s ability to lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol may help keep
calcium in the bones.
More specifically, the relaxation exercises you learn in yoga can help your
circulation, especially in your hands and feet.
Yoga also gets more oxygen to your cells, which function better as a result.
24
Philosophy paper -ii
Twisting poses are thought to wring out venous blood from internal organs
and allow oxygenated blood to flow in once the twist is released.
After three months, Savasana was associated with a 26-point drop in systolic
blood pressure (the top number) and a 15-point drop in diastolic blood
pressure (the bottom number—and the higher the initial blood pressure, the
bigger the drop
A regular practice gets you moving and burns calories, and the spiritual and
emotional dimensions of your practice may encourage you to address any
eating and weight problems on a deeper level.
Yoga lowers blood sugar and LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and boosts HDL
(“good”) cholesterol.
In people with diabetes, yoga has been found to lower blood sugar in several
ways: by lowering cortisol and adrenaline levels, encouraging weight loss,
and improving sensitivity to the effects of insulin.
25
Philosophy paper -ii
Get your blood sugar levels down, and you decrease your risk of diabetic
complications such as heart attack, kidney failure, and blindness.
Conclusion
Today, yoga is thoroughly globalised phenomenon. yoga has taken the world by
storm and is gaining popularity day by day. yoga suggests a number of ways to
achieve a calm peaceful mind. To get rid of the diseases one needs to cultivate the
habit to culture the mind. Happiness is that state of mind which positively brings
about a change in once attitude towards ours self. So let us all make it a habit to
bring yoga to our day to day life
The modern lifestyle is complex and filled with tension. As a result, people in
urban areas are busy with work schedules to full fill what life demands survival.
The modern man is living in a competitive environment due to technological
progress. In the current lifestyles especially in urban industrial society the work
style, eating habit and family life structure is completely changed. The extended
family structure in this society is unthinkable, and administering the nuclear family
structure itself is hectic due to the huge demands it requires. This lifestyle brought
stress to the individuals which leads to different types of diseases. Therefore,
practicing yoga is significant in controlling health problems resulted from modern
life situation. Yoga is holistic which provide physical, psychological, social and
spiritual benefits
Mantra yoga
Mantra yoga is a type of yoga that uses mantras to awaken the Self and deepen the
meditative aspects of a physical yoga practice. Mantra yoga is an exact science that
is meant to engage the mind through focusing on sound, duration and number of
repetitions. Repetition of the mantras is a means to get closer to the divinity within,
and it creates positive vibrations that benefit both the one who chants and the one
who listens.
Laya yoga was created by sage Gorakhnath who was the disciple of sage
Matsyendranath. The aim of Laya yoga practice is to alter the conscious level of
the mind to a higher state by making the mind listen to the inner sound. Practicing
Laya yoga includes asanas, pranayama, mudras, mantras and bandha.
Other than elevating one's consciousness, some of the other benefits of practicing
Laya yoga include:
Alleviates stress
Cures mood swings
Promotes emotional stability
Cures addiction
Improves immune system
27
Philosophy paper -ii
Hatha yoga
Hatha is a Sanskrit word that can be broken down into two smaller
words: ha, meaning “sun,” and tha, meaning “moon.” The word may also mean
“willful” or "forceful.” In yoga, Hatha yoga is one of many types of yoga practice.
The practice of Hatha yoga focuses on total mastery of the physical body,
including all bodily functions. It also emphasizes activating the chakras in order to
stimulate kundalini and promote spiritual and physical wellness, including disease
elimination.
28
Philosophy paper -ii
Integral yoga
Integral yoga, sometimes called Supramental yoga, is a type of yoga based on the
teachings of Swami Satchidananda (1914 - 2002). Known for saying, "Truth is
one, paths are many," he encouraged students to combine elements of various other
yoga practices in order to find a path that suited them. Integral yoga is a gentle
practice and accessible to pregnant women, the elderly and those unable to
participate in strong, physical yoga classes.
29