Hindu units of time

"Srishti" redirects here. For the 1976 Indian Malayalam film, see Srishti
(film).

Hindu units of time are described in Hindu texts ranging from

microseconds to trillions of years, including cycles of cosmic time that
repeat general events in Hindu cosmology.[1][2] Time (kāla) is described
as eternal.[3] Various fragments of time are described in the Vedas,
Bhagavata Purana, Vishnu Purana, Mahabharata, Surya Siddhanta etc.
[citation needed]

Sidereal metrics
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:
 Hindu measurements in logarithmic scale based on seconds

Units:[citation needed]

Relation to SI
Unit Definition
units
Truti त्रुिट Base unit ≈ 0.30 µs

Renu रेणु 60 Truti ≈ 18 µs

Lava लव 60 Renu ≈ 1080 µs

:
 Līkṣaka लीक्षक 60 Lava ≈ 64.8 ms

Lipta िलप्ता
64.8 Leekshaka ≈ 4.2 s
Vipala िवपल

Pala पल

Vighaṭi िवघिट 60 Lipta ≈ 30 s

Vinādī िवनाडी

Ghaṭi घिट

Nādī नाडी 31 Vighaṭi ≈ 1.86 ks

Danda दण्ड

Muhūrta मुहूतर् 2 Ghaṭi ≈ 3.72 ks

Nakṣhatra नक्षत्र 62 Ghaṭī ≈ 86.4 ks
Ahorātram
(sidereal day) अहोरात्रम् 32 Muhūrta ≈ 86.4 ks

According to Sūrya Siddhānta:[4][better source needed]

Unit Definition Relation to SI units

Truti Base unit ≈ 29.6 µs
Tatpara 100 Truti ≈ 2.96 ms
Nimesha 30 Tatpara ≈ 88.9 ms
Kāṣṭhā 18 Nimesha ≈ 1.6 s
Kalā 30 Kāṣṭhā ≈ 48 s
Ghatika 30 Kalā ≈ 1.44 ks

Muhūrta 2 Ghatika ≈ 2.88 ks

Ahorātram
30 Muhūrta ≈ 86.4 ks
(sidereal day)
:
 Small units of time used in the Vedas:[5]

Unit Definition Relation to SI units

Paramāṇu Base unit ≈ 25 µs
Aṇu 2 Paramāṇu ≈ 50 µs
Trasareṇu 3 Aṇu ≈ 151 µs
Truṭi 3 Trasareṇu ≈ 454 µs
Vedha 100 Truṭi ≈ 45 ms
Lava 3 Vedha ≈ 0.14 s
Nimeṣa 3 Lava ≈ 0.4 s
Kṣaṇa 3 Nimesha ≈ 1.22 s
Kāṣṭhā 5 Kṣaṇa ≈6s
Laghu 15 Kāṣṭhā ≈ 92 s
Danda 15 Laghu ≈ 1.38 ks
Muhūrta 2 Danda ≈ 2.76 ks
Ahorātram 31 Muhūrta ≈ 86.4 ks
Masa (month) 30 Ahorātram ≈ 2592 ks
Ritu (season) 2 Masa ≈ 5184 ks
Ayana 3 Ritu ≈ 15552 ks
Samvatsara (year)
2 Ayana ≈ 31104 ks
Ahorātram of Deva

Lunar metrics
Consists of the following:[6]

A Tithi or lunar day is defined as the time it takes for the

longitudinal angle between the Moon and the Sun to increase by
:
 12°. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from
approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours.[7]
A Paksa (also Pakṣa) or lunar fortnight consists of 15 tithis.
A Māsa or lunar month (30 days) is divided into 2 Pakṣas: the one
between new moon and full moon (waxing) is called gaura or
(bright) or Śukla Pakṣa; the one between full moon and new moon
(waning) Kṛiṣhṇa (dark) paksha.
A Ṛitu (or season) is 2 Māsa.
An Ayana is 3 Ṛitus.
A year is two Ayanas.

Tropical metrics
Consists of the following:[8]

A Yāma = ​1⁄4 of a day (light) or night = ​7 1⁄2 Ghatis (घिट) = ​3 3⁄4

Muhurtas = 3 Horas (होरा)tely 24 hours.
Eight Yāmas make a full day (day + night)
An Ahorātra is a tropical day (Note: A day is considered to begin
and end at sunrise, not midnight.)

Name Definition Equivalence

1​ ⁄
of a day (light) or
Yama याम 4
≈ 3 hours
night

Sāvana सावन
8 Yamas 1 Solar day
Ahorātram अहोरात्रम्

Cosmic metrics
The below table contains calculations of cosmic units of time and the
time dilation experienced by different entities, namely Humans, Pitris
:
 (forefathers), Devas (gods), Manu (progenitor of humanity), and
Brahma (creator god). Calculations use a traditional 360-day year
(twelve 30-day months) and a standard 24-hour day for all entities.

Unit[a] Definition Human Pitri

36,000
Mahā-kalpa Kalpa &
Pralaya
311,040,000,000,000 yr 10,368,000,000,000 yr
Mahā-
Mahā-
kalpa
pralaya
length
1​ ⁄
Mahā-
2
Parārdha 155,520,000,000,000 yr 5,184,000,000,000 yr
kalpa
1,000 CY;
Kalpa 14 M +
15 MS 4,320,000,000 yr 144,000,000 yr
Kalpa
Pralaya
length
Manvantara 71 Catur-
306,720,000 yr 10,224,000 yr
[M] yuga
Manvantara-
Kṛta-yuga
sandhyā 1,728,000 yr 57,600 yr
length
[MS]
Kṛta,
Tretā,
Catur-yuga
Dvāpara 4,320,000 yr 144,000 yr
[CY]
& Kali
yugas

Kṛta-yuga sum total 1,728,000 yr 57,600 yr

kṛta-yuga- 1​ ⁄
kṛta-
10
sandhyā
yuga 144,000 yr 4,800 yr
:
 kṛta-yuga- length
sandhyāṃśa
4 kali-
kṛta-yuga yuga 1,440,000 yr 48,000 yr
lengths

Tretā-yuga sum total 1,296,000 yr 43,200 yr

tretā-yuga-
1​ ⁄
tretā-
sandhyā 10
yuga 108,000 yr 3,600 yr
tretā-yuga- length
sandhyāṃśa
3 kali-
tretā-yuga yuga 1,080,000 yr 36,000 yr
lengths

Dvāpara-
sum total 864,000 yr 28,800 yr
yuga
dvāpara-
yuga- 1​ ⁄
10
sandhyā dvāpara-
72,000 yr 2,400 yr
dvāpara- yuga
yuga- length
sandhyāṃśa
2 kali-
dvāpara-
yuga 720,000 yr 24,000 yr
yuga
lengths

Kali-yuga sum total 432,000 yr 14,400 yr

kali-yuga-
1​ ⁄
kali-
sandhyā 10
yuga 36,000 yr 1,200 yr
kali-yuga-
length
:
 sandhyāṃśa
1,000
kali-yuga Deva 360,000 yr 12,000 yr
years

Time dilation

Time dilation affects the lifespan differently for humans, Pitris

(forefathers), Devas (gods), Manus (progenitors of mankind), and of
Brahma (creator god). The division of a year for each is twelve 30-day
months or 360 days, where a day is divided into a 12-hour dawn and
12-hour dusk. A 30-day month amounts to four 7-day weeks with an
extra 8th day every two weeks (48-week year). A traditional human
year is measured by the sun's northern and southern movements in the
sky,[b] where the new year commences only when the sun returns to
the same starting point and a pause on the commencement otherwise.
For this reason, a traditional 360-day year is equivalent to a modern
≈365.24-day solar or tropical year.

Unit[a] Human Pitri Deva Manu

Brahma
3,110,400,000,000 yr 103,680,000,000 yr 8,640,000,000 yr ~
year
Manu
3,067,200 yr 102,240 yr 8,520 yr 1 yr
year
Deva
360 yr 12 yr 1 yr ~
year
Pitri
30 yr 1 yr ~
year
Human
1 yr ~
year
:
 Cosmic date

According to Puranic sources,[c] Krishna's departure marks the end of

the human age of Dvapara Yuga and the start of Kali Yuga, which is
dated to midnight on 17/18 February 3102 BCE of the proleptic Julian
calendar. (See Kali Yuga). We are currently halfway through Brahma's
life (Mahā-Kalpa), whose lifespan is equal to the duration of the
manifested material elements, from which Brahma manifests his
universe in Kalpa cycles:[12][13][14][15][16]

51st year of 100 (2nd half or Parārdha)

1st month of 12
1st Kalpa (Shveta-Varaha) of 30
7th Manvantara (Vaivasvatha) of 14
28th Catur-Yuga (a.k.a. Mahā-Yuga) of 71
4th Yuga (Kali) of 4

A Mahā-Kalpa is followed by a Mahā-Pralaya (full dissolution) of equal

length. Each Kalpa (day of Brahma) is followed by a Pralaya (night of
Brahma or partial dissolution) of equal length. Preceding the first and
following each Manvantara is a Manvantara-Sandhyā (connection
period), each with a length of Kṛta Yuga (a.k.a. Satya Yuga).[12][13]

Hindu texts specify that the start and end of each of the Yugas are
marked by astronomical alignments. This cycle's Treta Yuga began with
5 planets residing in the "Aries" constellation. This cycle's Dwapara
Yuga ended with the "Saptarshi" constellation (Ursa major) residing in
the "Magha" constellation. The current Kali Yuga will end with the Sun,
Moon and Jupiter residing in the "Pushya" sector.[17][better source needed]

Human
:
 Main article: Yuga Cycle

The history of humanity is divided up into four yugas (a.k.a. dharmic

ages or world ages)—Krita Yuga (a.k.a. Satya Yuga), Treta Yuga,
Dvapara Yuga and Kali Yuga—each with a 25% decline in dharmic
practices and length, giving proportions (caraṇas) of 4:3:2:1 (e.g.
Satya: 100% start; Kali: 25% start, 0% end), indicating a de-evolution in
spiritual consciousness and an evolution in material consciousness. Kali
Yuga is followed by Satya Yuga of the next cycle, where a cycle is
called a Chatur Yuga (a.k.a. Maha Yuga or Yuga Cycle). Each yuga is
divided into a main period (sometimes called the Yuga) and two
Sandhis or Sandhyās (connecting periods)​—Sandhyā (dawn) and
Sandhyāṃśa or Sandhyānśa (dusk)​—where each Sandhi lasts for 10%
of the main period. Lengths are given in divine years (a.k.a. celestial or
Deva years), where a divine year lasts for 360 solar (human) years. A
Yuga Cycle lasts for 4.32 million solar (12,000 divine) years.[18][19][20]
[21][22][d]

Elapsed yuga

A Kali Yuga lasts for 432,000 years and is the 4th of 4 Yugas as well as
the current Yuga, with Sandhyās that last for 36,000 years:[e]

Yuga started 3102 BCE in past:

= 2020 + 3102 - 1
= 5121 years

Sandhyā (dawn) ends 32,899 CE in:

= 36000 - 2020 - 3102 + 1

= 30879 years
:
 Sandhyāṃśa (dusk) starts 392,899 CE in:

= 432000 - 36000 - 2020 - 3102 + 1

= 390879 years

Yuga ends 428,899 CE in:

= 432000 - 2020 - 3102 + 1

= 426879 years

Elapsed chatur yuga

A Chatur Yuga (a.k.a. Maha Yuga) lasts for 4.32 million years, where the
current is the 28th of 71:[e]

Started 3,891,102 BCE in past:

= 4320000 - 432000 + (2020 + 3102 - 1)

= 3893121 years
≈ 3.89 million years

Ends 428,899 CE in:

= 432000 - 2020 - 3102 + 1

= 426879 years

28th Chatur (Maha) Yuga

Yuga Start Length
Satya 3,891,102 BCE 1,728,000 (4,800)
Treta 2,163,102 BCE 1,296,000 (3,600)
Dvapara 867,102 BCE 864,000 (2,400)
Kali* 3102 BCE – 428,899 CE[f] 432,000 (1,200)
:
 Years: 4,320,000 solar (12,000 divine)
(*) Current.

Pitri

The lifespan of the Pitris (forefathers) lasts for 100 of their years.[8]

1 day of Pitris = 1 solar month (masa)

30 days (1 month) of Pitris = 30 solar months (2.5 solar years)
12 months (1 year) of Pitris = 30 solar years (1 month of Devas)
100 years (lifespan) of Pitris = 3,000 solar years (​1⁄4 Mahā-Yuga)

Deva

The lifespan of the Devas (gods) lasts for 100 of their years.[8]

1 day of Devas = 1 solar year

30 days (1 month) of Devas = 30 solar years (1 year of pitras)
12 months (1 year) of Devas = 360 solar years
100 years (lifespan) of Devas = 36,000 solar years (3 Mahā-
Yugas)

Manu

Main article: Manvantara

The lifespan of the Manus (progenitors of mankind) lasts for 100 of

their years. Each Manu reigns over a period called a Manvantara, each
lasting for 71 Mahā-Yugas. A total of 14 Manus reign successively in
one Kalpa (day of Brahma). Preceding the first and following each
Manvantara is a Sandhyā (connection period), each lasting the duration
of a Satya Yuga. During each Manvantara-Sandhyā, Earth (bhu-loka) is
:
 submerged in water.[12][18][23][24]

1 day of Manu = 8,520 solar years

30 days (1 month) of Manu = 255,600 solar years
12 months (1 year) of Manu = 3,067,200 solar years
100 years (lifespan) of Manu = 306,720,000 solar years (71 Mahā-
Yugas)

Elapsed manvantara

A Manvantara lasts for 306.72 million years, where the current (ruled by
Vaivasvatha Manu) is the 7th of 14:[e]

Started in past:

= (4320000 - 432000 + (2020 + 3102 - 1)) + 4320000 * 27

= 120533121 years
≈ 120.53 million years

Ends in:

= (432000 - 2020 - 3102 + 1) + 4320000 * 43

= 186186879 years
≈ 186.19 million years

Brahma

Main article: Kalpa (aeon)

The lifespan of Brahma (creator god) lasts for 100 of his years. His 12-
hour day or Kalpa (a.k.a. day of Brahma) is followed by a 12-hour night
or Pralaya (a.k.a. night of Brahma) of equal length. At the start of his
days, he is re-born and creates the planets and the first living entities.
:
 At the end of his days, he and his creations are unmanifest (partial
dissolution). His 100-year life is called a Mahā-Kalpa, which is followed
by a Mahā-Pralaya (full dissolution) of equal duration, where the bases
of the universe, Prakriti, is manifest at the start and unmanifest at the
end of a Mahā-Kalpa.[13][24][25]

1 day (12 hrs: Kalpa) of Brahma = 4.32 billion solar years (1,000
Mahā-Yugas) (14 Manvantaras + 15 Sandhyās)
1 Day (24 hrs: Kalpa + Pralaya) of Brahma = 8.64 billion solar years
30 Days (1 month) of Brahma = 259.2 billion solar years
12 months (1 year) of Brahma = 3.1104 trillion solar years
50 years (Parārdha) of Brahma = 155.52 trillion solar years
100 years (lifespan: 2 Parārdha) of Brahma = 311.04 trillion solar
years

Elapsed kalpa

A day of Brahma (Kalpa) lasts for 4.32 billion years, where the current
(Shveta-Varaha) is the 1st of 30 in his 1st month of his 51st year: [e]

Started in past:

= ((4320000 - 432000 + (2020 + 3102 - 1)) + 4320000 * 27) +

1728000 * 7 + 306720000 * 6
= 1972949121 years
≈ 1.97 billion years

Ends in:

= ((432000 - 2020 - 3102 + 1) + 4320000 * 43) + 1728000 * 8 +

306720000 * 7
= 2347050879 years
:
 ≈ 2.35 billion years

Elapsed maha kalpa

A life of Brahma (Maha Kalpa) lasts for 311.04 trillion years:[e]

Started in past:

= (((4320000 - 432000 + (2020 + 3102 - 1)) + 4320000 * 27) +

1728000 * 7 + 306720000 * 6) + 4320000000 * 36000
= 155521972949121 years
≈ 155.52 trillion years

Ends in:

= (((432000 - 2020 - 3102 + 1) + 4320000 * 43) + 1728000 * 8 +

306720000 * 7) + 4320000000 * 35999
= 155518027050879 years
≈ 155.52 trillion years

Avatar

Main article: Dashavatara § Lists

The Puranas describe Vishnu avatars that come during specific yugas,
but may not occur in every Yuga Cycle.

Rama appears at the end of Treta Yuga.[26] According to Vayu Purana

and Matsya Purana, Rama appeared in the 24th Yuga Cycle.[27]
According to the Padma Purana, Rama also appeared in the 27th Yuga
Cycle of the 6th Manvantara. [28]

Krishna's departure marked the end of Dvapara Yuga and the start of
:
 Kali Yuga according to Puranic sources.[c] In the 28th Yuga Cycle,
Krishna appeared as His original self, which only happens once in a
Kalpa (day of Brahma).[citation needed]

Yuga avatars
Krita (Satya) Treta Dvapara
Matsya
Kurma
Varaha
Narasimha
Vamana
Parashurama
Rama
Krishna

See also
Age of the universe
Hindu cosmology
Hindu astronomy
Hindu calendar
Indian mathematics
Indian science and technology
Indian weights and measures
Jyotish
List of numbers in Hindu scriptures
Time in India
:
 Universe
Vedanga Jyotisha
Vedas
Yojana
Tamil units of measurement
Tamil months

Notes
1. ^ a b Calculations use a traditional 360-day year (twelve 30-day
months) and a standard 24-hour day for all entities:
* Brahma: creator god.
* Manu: progenitor of mankind.
* Devas: gods, celestials or divine.
* Pitris: forefathers or ancestors.
* Humans: year equals Sun's northern and southern movements in
Earth's sky (a.k.a. solar or tropical year).
2. A human year is divided into twelve equal months, measured by
the sun's six month movements in the north BG 8.24 and south BG
8.25, as indicated in Bhagavad-gita.
3. ^ a b The Bhagavata Purana (1.18.6),[9] Vishnu Purana (5.38.8),[10]
and Brahma Purana (2.103.8)[11] state that the day Krishna left the
earth was the day that the Dvapara Yuga ended and the Kali Yuga
began
4. Viṣṇu Purāṇa, Book I, Ch. III
5. ^ a b c d e Calculations as of midnight on 17/18 February 2020 CE.
Note, the number of years from 1 BCE to 1 CE is 1 year and not 2
years since there is no year zero.
6. Each Kali-yuga-sandhi lasts for 36,000 solar (100 divine) years:
* Sandhyā: 3102 BCE – 32,899 CE
:
 * Sandhyāṃśa: 392,899 CE – 428,899 CE

References
1. Gupta, Dr. S. V. (2010). "Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements". In Hull,
Prof. Robert; Osgood, Jr., Prof. Richard M.; Parisi, Prof. Jurgen;
Warlimont, Prof. Hans (eds.). Units of Measurement: Past, Present
and Future. International System of Units. Springer Series in
Materials Science: 122. Springer. p. 3. ISBN 9783642007378.
2. Dick Teresi. Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern
Science—from the Babylonians to the Maya. SimonandSchuster.
p. 174.
3. Gupta 2010, p. 8.
4. "Vedic Time System - वेद Veda". veda.wikidot.com. Retrieved 4
December 2019.
5. Gupta 2010, p. 5.
6. Gupta 2010, p. 5-6.
7. Kumar, Ashwini (2005). Vaastu: The Art And Science Of Living.
Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 50. ISBN 81-207-2569-7.
8. ^ a b c Gupta 2010, p. 6.
9. "Skanda I, Ch. 18: Curse of the Brahmana, Sloka 6". Bhagavata
Purana. Part I. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.
1950. p. 137. “On the very day, and at the very moment the Lord
[Krishna] left the earth, on that very day this Kali, the source of
irreligiousness, (in this world), entered here.”
10. Wilson, H. H. (1895). "Book V, Ch. 38: Arjuna burns the dead, etc.,
Sloka 8". The Vishnu Purana. S.P.C.K. Press. p. 61. “The Parijata
tree proceeded to heaven, and on the same day that Hari
[Krishna] departed from the earth the dark-bodied Kali age
descended.”
:
 11. "Ch. 103, Episode of Krsna concluded, Sloka 8". Brahma Purana.
Part II. Motilal Banarsidass. 1955. p. 515. “It was on the day on
which Krishna left the Earth and went to heaven that the Kali age,
with time for its body set in.”
12. ^ a b c Krishnamurthy, Prof. V. (2019). "Ch. 20: The Cosmic Flow of
Time as per Scriptures". Meet the Ancient Scriptures of Hinduism.
Notion Press. ISBN 9781684669387. “Each manvantara is
preceded and followed by a period of 1,728,000 (= 4K) years
when the entire earthly universe (bhu-loka) will submerge under
water. The period of this deluge is known as manvantara-sandhya
(sandhya meaning, twilight). ... According to the traditional time-
keeping ... Thus in Brahma's calendar the present time may be
coded as his 51st year - first month - first day - 7th manvantara -
28th maha-yuga - 4th yuga or kaliyuga.”
13. ^ a b c Gupta 2010, pp. 7-8.
14. Godwin 2011, p. 301: Vishnu Purana, translated by the great
Sanskritist Horace Hayman Wilson: One Pararddha, or half
[Brahma's] existence, has expired, terminating with the Maha
Kalpa called Padma. The Kalpa (or day of Brahma) termed Varaha
is the first of the second period of Brahma's existence. ... The
Hindu astronomers agree that the Kali Yuga began at midnight
between February 17 and 18, 3102 BCE. Consequently it is due to
end about 427,000 CE, whereupon a new Golden Age will dawn.
15. Burgess, Ebenezer (1860). "Ch. I, Of the Mean Motions of the
Planets". Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu
astronomy, with notes and an appendix. Journal of the American
Oriental Society. pp. 10-12 (1.21-24), 17.
16. Matchett, Freda; Yano, Michio (2003). "Part II, Ch. 6: The Puranas
/ Part III, Ch. 18: Calendar, Astrology, and Astronomy". In Flood,
Gavin (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Blackwell
:
 Publishing. pp. 139–140, 390 (Kali yuga epoch).
ISBN 0631215352.
17. Bharatbarsha – A Living Legend.
18. ^ a b Gupta 2010, p. 7.
19. Godwin, Joscelyn (2011). Atlantis and the Cycles of Time:
Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations. Inner Traditions.
p. 300-301. ISBN 9781594778575.
20. Merriam-Webster (1999). "Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of
World Religions". In Doniger, Wendy; Hawley, John Stratton (eds.).
Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. pp. 445
(Hinduism), 1159 (Yuga). ISBN 0877790442. “
* HINDUISM: Myths of time and eternity: ... Each yuga is preceded
by an intermediate "dawn" and "dusk." The Krita yuga lasts 4,000
god-years, with a dawn and dusk of 400 god-years each, or a
total of 4,800 god-years; Treta a total of 3,600 god-years;
Dvapara 2,400 god-years; and Kali (the current yuga) 1,200 god-
years. A mahayuga thus lasts 12,000 god-years ... Since each
god-year lasts 360 human years, a mahayuga is 4,320,000 years
long in human time. Two thousand mahayugas form one kalpa
(eon) [and pralaya], which is itself but one day in the life of
Brahma, whose full life lasts 100 years; the present is the midpoint
of his life. Each kalpa is followed by an equally long period of
abeyance (pralaya), in which the universe is asleep. Seemingly the
universe will come to an end at the end of Brahma's life, but
Brahmas too are innumerable, and a new universe is reborn with
each new Brahma.
* YUGA: Each yuga is progressively shorter than the preceding
one, corresponding to a decline in the moral and physical state of
humanity. Four such yugas ... make up a mahayuga ("great yuga")
... The first yuga (Krita) was an age of perfection, lasting 1,728,000
:
 years. The fourth and most degenerate yuga (Kali) began in 3102
BCE and will last 432,000 years. At the close of the Kali yuga, the
world will be destroyed by fire and flood, to be re-created as the
cycle resumes. In a partially competing vision of time, Vishnu's
10th and final Avatar, Kalki, is described as bringing the present
cosmic cycle to a close by destroying the evil forces that rule the
Kali yuga and ushering in an immediate return to the idyllic Krita
yuga.”
21. Hans Kng (31 October 2006). Tracing The Way: Spiritual
Dimensions of the World Religions. A&C Black. p. 50.
ISBN 9780826494238.
22. "Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) 3.11.19". Bhaktivedanta
Vedabase. Retrieved 10 July 2020. “
catvāri trīṇi dve caikaṁ kṛtādiṣu yathā-kramam ।
saṅkhyātāni sahasrāṇi dvi-guṇāni śatāni ca ॥ 19 ॥
(19) The duration of the Satya millennium equals 4,800 years of
the years of the demigods; the duration of the Tretā millennium
equals 3,600 years of the demigods; the duration of the Dvāpara
millennium equals 2,400 years; and that of the Kali millennium is
1,200 years of the demigods. PURPORT: As aforementioned, one
year of the demigods is equal to 360 years of the human beings.
The duration of the Satya-yuga is therefore 4,800 × 360, or
1,728,000 years. The duration of the Tretā-yuga is 3,600 × 360, or
1,296,000 years. The duration of the Dvāpara-yuga is 2,400 ×
360, or 864,000 years. And the last, the Kali-yuga, is 1,200 × 360,
or 432,000 years.”
23. Doniger, Wendy; Hawley, John Stratton, eds. (1999). "Merriam-
Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions". Merriam-Webster.
Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. p. 691 (Manu).
ISBN 0877790442. “a day in the life of Brahma is divided into 14
:
 periods called manvantaras ("Manu intervals"), each of which lasts
for 306,720,000 years. In every second cycle [(new kalpa after
pralaya)] the world is recreated, and a new Manu appears to
become the father of the next human race. The present age is
considered to be the seventh Manu cycle.”
24. ^ a b Penprase, Bryan E. (2017). The Power of Stars (2nd ed.).
Springer. p. 182. ISBN 9783319525976.
25. Johnson, W.J. (2009). A Dictionary of Hinduism. Oxford
University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-19-861025-0.
26. "Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) 9.10.51". Bhaktivedanta
Vedabase. Retrieved 18 May 2020. “Lord Rāmacandra became
King during Tretā-yuga, but because of His good government, the
age was like Satya-yuga. Everyone was religious and completely
happy.”
27. Knapp, Stephen. "Lord Rama: Fact or Fiction". Stephen Knapp
and His Books on Vedic Culture, Eastern Philosophy and
Spirituality. Retrieved 17 May 2020. “In the Vayu Purana (70.47-
48) [published by Motilal Banarsidass] there is a description of the
length of Ravana’s life. It explains that when Ravana’s merit of
penance began to decline, he met Lord Rama, the son of
Dasarath, in a battle wherein Ravana and his followers were killed
in the 24th Treta-yuga. ... The Matsya Purana (47/240,243-246) is
another source that also gives more detail of various avataras and
says Bhagawan Rama appeared at the end of the 24th Treta-
yuga.”
28. Mani, Vettam (1975). "RAKTAJA". A Comprehensive Dictionary
with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Puranic
Encyclopedia. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 630(b). ISBN 0842608222.
“In Padma Purana (Chapter 14). Devendra raised a legal objection
to the above injunction of Vishnu as follows: "You, who incarnated
:
 yourself as Rama in the twentyseventh yuga of the last
Manvantara for the purpose of killing Ravana, killed my son Bali.
Therefore I do not wish to procreate Nara as my son." To this
objection of Indra, Vishnu assured him that as a penalty for the
mistake of killing Bali, he would be a companion of Nara (Arjuna)
who would be born as Indra's son.”

External links
Scientific Explanation of Hindu Time Units
Translation of the Surya Siddhanta (1861)
Exegesis of Hindu Cosmological Time Cycles
Surya Siddhanta, Chapter I with Commentary and Illustrations
Vedic Time Converter
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