ENERGY ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT
(AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY RESOURCES AND
THEIR PRESERVATION IN PAKISTAN)

Hajra Aamir
SECTION-A 2017-CH-210
 Contents:
Energy introduction: ...................................................................................................................................... 2
Types of energy sources:................................................................................................................................ 2
Renewable energy source: ............................................................................................................................. 2
Non-renewable energy source: ...................................................................................................................... 2
Energy Resources in Pakistan: ........................................................................................................................ 3
Renewable energy sources: ........................................................................................................................... 4
1) Solar energy: .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Solar energy plants in Pakistan:.................................................................................................................. 4
2) Hydro power: ......................................................................................................................................... 7
Canal system: ............................................................................................................................................. 9
3) Wind energy: ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Wind energy projects in Pakistan: ............................................................................................................ 10
Recent projects: ....................................................................................................................................... 11
4) Biomass energy: ................................................................................................................................... 12
Agricultural/Forestry Residues: ................................................................................................................ 13
Animal Manure: ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Municipal Solid Waste:............................................................................................................................. 15
Biomass energy plants: ............................................................................................................................ 16
5) Geothermal: ........................................................................................................................................ 17
Geothermal energy: ................................................................................................................................. 17
Available sources of geothermal energy: ................................................................................................. 17
Northern Geothermal Zone: .................................................................................................................... 17
Chagai Volcanic Zone: .............................................................................................................................. 17
Karachi and Dadu Zone: ........................................................................................................................... 18
Classification of thermal power plants: .................................................................................................... 18
Non-renewable energy sources: .................................................................................................................. 20
1) Natural Gas: ......................................................................................................................................... 20
2) Coal:..................................................................................................................................................... 20
Conclusion: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21

References:................................................................................................................................................. 22
Energy introduction:
Scientists define energy as the ability to do work. Modern civilization is possible because people
have learned how to change energy from one form to another and then use it to do work. The stored
chemical energy in coal or natural gas and the kinetic energy of water flowing in rivers can be
converted to electrical energy, which in turn can be converted to light and heat.

Types of energy sources:

These can be broken down into renewable and non-renewable energy sources.

Renewable energy source:

A renewable energy source is any natural resource that can replace it quickly and dependably.
These energy sources are plentiful, sustainable, naturally replenished and good to the environment.

The major types or sources of renewable energy are:

 Solar energy from the sun.

 Wind energy.
 Geothermal energy from the heat inside the earth.
 Hydropower from flowing water.
 Ocean energy in the form of wave, tidal, current energy and ocean thermal energy.
 Biomass from plants.

Non-renewable energy source:

A non-renewable energy source is a source with a limited supply that we can mine or extract from
the earth, and it’ll eventually run out.

The major types or sources of non-renewable energy are:

 Petroleum.
 Hydrocarbon gas liquids.
 Natural gas.
 Coal.
 Nuclear energy.

The conventional energy sources, i.e. fossil fuels (such as coal and petroleum and biofuels like
wood), mega-hydels, and nuclear plants have remained the energy sources of choice of the world
for long. Now, there has been a growing recognition, for more than one reason, of the dangers
inherent in continuing with the model of economic development based on these sources,
particularly the excessive consumption of fossil-fuels. One reason is that the reserves of fossil-
fuels are not unlimited and, at the present rate of consumption, they would not last very long. The
world community today uses up in one minute what it took the earth a millennium to create.

Energy Resources in Pakistan:

Pakistan’s energy resources consist of fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil), uranium and renewables
(hydropower, wind, solar and biomass). According to informed statistics, Pakistan’s energy mix
is formed of 64% fossil fuels, 27% hydropower, 5% nuclear power and 4% renewables. While
Pakistan has strong potential for producing renewable energy, it is still far behind much of the
world in developing these resources.
In April 2019 it was announced that Pakistan will aim to have 30% of its energy capacity from
renewable sources such as wind, solar and biomass by 2030. It has been estimated that Pakistan
could produce 340GW of wind power alone.

Renewable energy has been slow to develop in Pakistan, and currently only accounts for 4% of
the energy mix.

However, under Prime Minister Imran Khan’s current government, plans to increase the country’s
renewable capacity have stepped up.

Having been slow on the renewable uptake Pakistan has belatedly made moves to expand its wind
and solar capacity, alongside boosting its nuclear power capacity. However, the fossil fuel sector
still leads the way in Pakistan.
Renewable energy sources:
1) Solar energy:
Solar energy is a major renewable energy source with the potential to meet many of the challenges
facing the world. There are many reasons to promote its share in the energy market. This power
source is increasing in popularity because it is versatile with many benefits to people and the
environment. Pakistan has some of the highest values of insolation in the world, with eight to nine
hours of sunshine per day, ideal climatic conditions for solar power generation.
Pakistan set a target to add approximately 10 GW of renewable capacity by 2030.

Solar energy plants in Pakistan:

AEDB is pursuing 22 solar PV power projects of cumulative capacity of approximately 890.80
MW.
1. The following Six (06) solar power projects of 430 MW capacity are operational;

Figure 1 Solar energy plants

2. Four (04) IPPs with a cumulative capacity of 41.80 MW have obtained Letter of Support (LOS)
from AEDB and are in the process of achieving Financial Closing of their projects
 Figure 2 Solar energy plants

2. Twelve (12) Solar PV power projects of 419 MW cumulative capacity have obtained LOI
from AEDB and are at different stages of project development. As per the CCoE decisions,
these 12 projects are required to participate in the upcoming competitive bidding to be
carried out by AEDB.
 Figure 3 Solar energy plants

The organization also predicts that solar power plant capex in Pakistan will drop from $530/kW in
2020 to $371/kW by 2030. A global outlook report that was recently published by Solar Power
Europe also predicted that Pakistan will deploy close to 5 GW of solar capacity by 2022.
Pakistan’s installed PV capacity will likely increase from around 1.3 GW at the end of 2019 to
12.8 GW by 2030 and 26.9 GW by 2047, according to the Indicative Generation Capacity
Expansion Plan – IGCEP 2047, which was recently published by the National Electric Power
Regulatory Authority (NEPRA).

NERPA’s base-case scenario predicts that overall generation capacity will grow from 33,000 MW
in 2020 to around 168,200 MW in 2047. But coal and hydropower will still account for 36% and
42% of total capacity, at 32,948 MW and 55,836 MW, respectively.

By 2030, the share of wind and solar in the overall energy mix will likely increase from about 3%
in 2020 to 23%. “Beyond 2030, share of solar and wind plants decreases due to the increase in the
number of new local coal-based plants having greater capacity factors,” NERPA said.

Pakistan’s imports of solar panels were approximately Rs56 billion in fiscal year 2019. Our market
is importing almost 1,000 megawatts from this system in the form of solar technology. Almost 70-
80% of import is from China, rest is from Germany, USA, Taiwan, Malaysia, Korea etc. The
addition of coal and LNG in the production of electricity has raised the prices of electricity in
Pakistan. In these summers when one house would turn on 3-4 air conditioners the consumer will
have to pay a bill of Rs40-50,000 per month.”

Pakistan Alternative Energy Development Board says the country has the potential to generate
annually 2.9 million megawatt of clean energy from solar

2) Hydro power:
Hydropower source of energy is very well known in Pakistan, and there is ever growing experience
in this sector to develop the hydropower potential indigenously in the country. The hydro-potential
was estimated at about 50,000 MW, out of which about 4,800 MW has been developed over the
past 50 years through mega-hydel plants and the remaining has yet to be exploited.
Pakistan Alternative Energy Development Board says the country has the potential to generate
annually 2.9 million megawatt of clean energy from solar, 340,000 megawatts from wind and
100,000 megawatts from hydropower.

In April 2019 it was announced that Pakistan will aim to have 30% of its energy capacity from
renewable sources This plan will coincide with hydropower rising slightly to 30% of Pakistan’s
energy mix. According to the International Hydropower Association, Pakistan has the potential to
produce 60,000MW of hydropower, but currently produces just over 7000MW.
The largest hydropower plant in the country is the Tarbela Dam project in the north of the country.
With a capacity of over 4000MW, the power plant has been in operation since 1984 at a cost of
nearly $1.5bn.

Major and minor hydro plants in Pakistan:

In Pakistan, the system presently includes three major reservoirs (i.e., Terbela, Mangla and
Chashma dams) and several other smaller ones, 19 barrages/headworks, 12 link canals, 45 canal
commands and some 99,000 watercourses.
The northern areas of the country are rich with hydropower resources. In the northern areas of
Pakistan, the results of the hydrological surveys revealed that there are numerous small streams
and waterfalls, with strong and violent flow, having sufficient potential for electricity generation
through micro-hydroelectric power plants. The recoverable potential in micro-hydropower (MHP)
units up to 100 kW is roughly estimated to be 300 MW on perennial water-falls in northern
Pakistan.
In the country, WAPDA, PCRET, and other public and private-sector organizations, like Azad
Jammu & Kashmir (AJK) Electric Board, Sarhad Small Hydroelectric Organization, the Northern
Areas Public Works Department and the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme, are investing for
the development of the hydroelectric plants of various generating capacities, i.e., very large hydro
plants, small hydro plants, and micro hydro plants, since people are well aware and have become
familiar with the relevant technology.
Canal system:
Besides, there is an immense potential for exploiting water-falls in the canal network, particularly
in Punjab, where low-head with high discharge exists on many canals. One of the largest irrigation
systems of the world has been developed, mainly in the upper and middle parts of Indus-basin
utilizing waters of Indus and its tributaries for the conventional flood-irrigation. The total length
of the canal-system is about 58,450 km with watercourses, farm channels and field ditches running
another 160,000 km in length. The canal system has a huge hydropower-potential at numerous
sites/locations on these irrigation canals, ranging from 1MW to more than 10MW, which can be
utilized for developing small hydro-power stations, using low-head high-discharge water turbines
in Punjab and Sindh provinces. For example, the Punjab province has an extensive network of
irrigation canals, and at many sites, small waterfalls are available, which can be exploited to
employ low-head high-discharge hydropower plants.
Pakistan has Proposed Support for 15 Hydropower Projects in PSDP 2020-21

3) Wind energy:
Wind power is a form of renewable energy in Pakistan which makes up more than 6% of the total
electricity production in the country. As of 2018, wind power capacity in Pakistan was 1,237
MW.[1][2] The government is looking to increase the share of renewable energy and plans to add
around 3.5 GW of wind energy capacity by 2018.

Wind energy projects in Pakistan:

Artistic Energy (Pvt) Ltd:
Artistic Energy (Pvt) Ltd. setup 49.3 MW wind power project in Jhimpir Sindh. The EPC
contractor was Hydro-china. Artistic Energy (Pvt) Ltd was commissioned on march 2018. It
consists of 29 Wind turbines GE 1.7 MW each, and having hub height of 92m, highest hub height
in the region. It supplies power to 220 kV Jhimpir New Grid Station through two 132KV lines,
one is Tapal line and other is New Jhimpir line.
Jhimpir wind power plant:
The Jhimpir Wind power plant was developed in Jhimpir, Sindh by Zorlu Energy Pakistan. The
total cost of project is $136 million. it has a total capacity of 50 MW. This wind Corridor has a
50000 megawatt potential with average wind speeds over 7 meter per second.
Foundation wind energy I and II:
Fauji Foundation setup two wind projects (50 MW each) at Gharo, Thatta District. The EPC
contractors were Nordex and Descon with Nordex as the lead contractor.
Sapphire wind power plant:
A 52.8 MW wind power plant attained commercial operation date (COD) in a record time of only
14 months. Its availability in RRT (Run Reliability Test) was also a record in Pakistan. Hydro
China, a Chinese EPC contractor using 33x1.68 MW GE wind turbines constructed the power
plant. SWPCL is the first wind project of General Electric in Pakistan and it was also a first project
of Hydro china
Tricon Boston Consulting corporation wind power plant:
Tricon Boston Consulting corporation setup 50 MW * 3 = 150MW wind power project in Jhimpir
Sindh. The EPC contractor was Hydro-china International. Tricon Boston was commissioned in
2018. It consists of 87 Wind turbines GE 1.7 MW. It supplies power to 220 kV Jhimpir New Grid
Station through two 132KV lines.
ACT wind farm:
The ACT wind farm is located at the province of Sindh. Hydro China, a subsidiary of China Power
Construction Corporation, is run by three local Pakistani Groups Namely Akhtar, Candyland and
Tapal Groups. The deal was for 20 GW82 1.5MW turbine.

Recent projects:
Recently, in 2020 Goldwind has received a new wind turbine supply contract for 20 units of GW
121-2.5MW high temperature model wind turbines for ACTII project. The project is located at
Jhimpir of Sindh Province in Pakistan, where is well known as “wind corridor” with around 1GW
installed wind capacity.

This is the second time cooperation between Goldwind and the experienced local wind project
developer ACT Wind (Pvt) Ltd. The company’s first project – 30MW ACT wind power project
has also employed Goldwind’s technology and well operated for around 4 years.

In the efforts to achieve greater energy security, the Government of Pakistan through its
Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) has signed implementation agreements and
guarantees direct agreements with 11 wind independent power producers (IPPs) for 560 MW of
new wind energy capacity to serve the Pakistan grid.

These projects would provide more than 1.8 billion units of clean energy annually. The projects
were agreed with the help of the private sector and development finance institution (DFIs)
including the International Finance Corporation (IFC), CDC, FMO, and ICD, amongst others.

Six out of eleven wind projects are financed by the IFC, which on November 15, signed agreements
to finance the so-called Super Six project portfolio with USD 450 million in debt. Those power
plants, with a combined capacity of 310 MW, will be installed in the Jhimpir wind corridor in
Sindh province and will be able to generate enough electricity to cover the annual needs of 450,000
homes while offsetting around 650,000 tons of CO2 emissions annually, IFC said in a separate
statement. It will provide some USD 86 million in funds from its own account and USD 234
million mobilized from other lenders.

4) Biomass energy:
Being an agricultural economy, biomass energy potential in Pakistan is highly promising. Pakistan
is experiencing a severe energy crisis these days which is resulting in adverse long term economic
and social problems. The electricity and gas shortages have directly impacted the common man,
industry and commercial activities.
The high cost of energy mix is the main underlying reason behind the power crisis. The main fuel
for the local power industry is natural gas however due to the continued depletion of this source
and demands elsewhere the power generation companies are now dependent on furnace oil which
is relatively expensive.

The way out of this crisis is to look for fuel sources which are cheap and abundantly available
within the country. This description and requirement is fulfilled by biomass resources which have
been largely ignored in the past and are also available in sufficient quantities to tackle the energy
crisis prevailing in the country.

The potential to produce power from biomass resources is very promising in Pakistan. Being an
agrarian economy, more than 60% of the population is involved in agricultural activities in the
country. As per World Bank statistics, around 26,280,000 hectares of land is under cultivation in
Pakistan.

Figure 4 The major sources of biomass energy are crop residues, animal manure and municipal solid wastes

Agricultural/Forestry Residues:
Agricultural residues are abundantly available biomass sources that can be considered a principal
source for power generation. Pakistan, which has an agriculture-based economy where over 60%
of the population are involved in agriculture-related activities, has a promising potential to utilize
agricultural wastes, as explained in Table 15. The statistics report of the World Bank showed that
47% of the land area is used to grow crops [77–79]. Pakistan has vast agriculture resources and
vacant land to support the cultivation of several crops. Major agricultural residues include rice
husk, wheat straw, bagasse, rice straw, cane trash and cotton sticks. Traditionally, crop residues
are burnt in fields. The major crops in Pakistan include sugar cane, cotton and wheat, which are
harvested on a large scale [80,81]. The growth percentage is as follows: cotton (11.4%), sugarcane
(7.4%), rice (8.7%), maize (7.0%) and wheat (4.4%)
 Table: Agricultural Statistics

The consumption rate of timber and firewood plays an important role in wood stock and forest
area in Pakistan. With the rising population of the country, the consumption of these products is
increasing due to the growing energy demand, and no alternatives are available to replace wood
consumption. This research is based on time-series macroeconomic data and projections to the
year 2040 of wood supply, forest area, population growth and different uses of wood in the country.
Wood accessibility in Pakistan is highly reliant on forest wood stock and forest area.

Table: Forest areas in Pakistan

Timber supply from state forests has decreased from 18% to less than 10%, whereas farmland
share has increased from about 41% to 84%. Wood yield extraction per hectare will increase from
7.4 m3 to 10.9 m3 in 2040.
Animal Manure:
Pakistan is the world’s fourth largest producer of milk. The cattle and dairy population is around
67,294,000 while the animal manure generation is estimated at 368,434,650 metric tons. Biogas
generation from animal manure is a very good proposition for Pakistan as the country has the
potential to produce electrical energy equivalent to 23,654 GWh.
Livestock has an important value in Pakistan and has been receiving increasing interest because of
increasing demand. The cattle colony of Landhi in Karachi is the most feasible site in Pakistan for
a biogas plant project. This cattle colony covers about 3 km2 and has a population of about 400,000
animals, making it one of the world’s largest cattle associations. The animals produce about 4200
tons of manure each day and thus have an electricity generating capacity of around 20 MW to 22
MW. The Karachi Electric Supply Company set a target of 500 MW by 2020, which will increase
to 1500 MW in 2030. Electricity generated from this plant will be fed into the national grid to meet
the growing energy demands of the country.

Municipal Solid Waste:

The generation or solid wastes in 9 major urban centers is around 7.12 million tons per annum
which is increasing by 2.5% per year due to rapid increase in population and high rate of
industrialization. The average calorific value of MSW in Pakistan is 6.89 MJ/kg which implies
power generation potential of around 13,900 GWh per annum.

The increasing population in urban areas is responsible for this upsurge in the amount of waste,
thus forming a direct relationship between population and solid waste. Estimations show that the
net generated MSW is up to 48 million tons per annum, which is growing at an annual rate of 2%
in Pakistan. Nevertheless, major cities of Pakistan lack a proper waste management system. About
65% of MSW of cities is collected, and the remaining MSW is either openly burnt or dumped.
Open dumping of MSW has hazardous impacts on soil and vegetation growth. Pakistan is facing
rapid environmental deterioration due to the prevailing conventional system of collection and
dumping of solid wastes. Therefore, waste management has become a major concern in the
country. The MSW potential for energy production using biochemical and thermochemical
conversion is around 216 and 552 kWh/t, respectively. Pakistan has a great potential in operating
biogas plants
 Table: Cities of Pakistan generating MSW

Biomass energy plants:

The National Electric Power Regulatory (NEPRA) is working to enhance the power capacity of
the country by offering attractive incentives to independent power plants for building new
cogeneration firing waste for power generation plants. Wastes from different industries, such as
sugar, paper/pulp processing, vegetable storing and livestock, are utilized as bioenergy in electric
power generation.

Table: List of generation licenses

 5) Geothermal:
Geothermal energy:
Geothermal energy is another form of clean, renewable energy that is obtained from the heat
energy available on the earth. There are various sources of geothermal energy, such as hot springs,
volcanoes, fumaroles, and geysers. Pakistan also has great potential for electricity production from
geothermal energy. There are numerous hot springs with temperatures of 30–170°C in the regions
of Baluchistan, Sindh, Karachi, Azad Kashmir, and KPK that can be exploited for the generation
of geothermal energy. Despite having plentiful geothermal resources, there is no substantial work
or planning to produce usable energy from these resources in Pakistan.

Available sources of geothermal energy:

Hot springs have been discovered in the Gilgit, Hunza, and Yasin valleys in the Northern areas.
The highest surface temperature recorded in the Hunza valley is 210ıC and preliminary studies
indicate higher subsurface temperatures. In the south, the subduction of the Arabian Plate beneath
the Indian plate has resulted in the emergence of the Chagai volcanic arc where quaternary volcanic
are found with evidence of recent tectonism. The third geothermal zone extends from NE to SE of
the country as a narrow belt along the Indus basin margin, down to Karachi. A large concentration
of geothermal manifestations occurs in Dadu District of the Sindh province. The zone also extends
into the Main Boundary Thrust which constitutes the northern limits of the geothermal system.

Northern Geothermal Zone:

This zone is located in the extreme north of Pakistan. It extends from 340 400 to 370 040 N and
720 300 to 770 500 E. It is bounded in the north by Afghanistan and China and in the East by
Jammu and Kashmir. The area is connected with Islamabad through air and road links. The area
is characterized by steep topography and U-shaped valleys. Some of the highest peaks like K-2
(8,611 m), Gasherbrum (6,068 m), and Rakaposhi are the significant tectonic features of the area.
The main water source of the area is the Indus river, with the Shigar, Shiyok, and Yasin rivers as
its tributaries. The geothermal system here is the result of the collision of the Indian and Eurasian
plates. Hot springs are scattered and its temperature ranges up to 91ıC. In the Gilgit area, there are
two well-known thermal springs, one is near Turboto das and the other is located 3 km near Darkot
pass. Quite a number of thermal springs are located in a place called Garam Chashma, where the
subsurface temperature ranges from 85 to 252ıC, based on silica and Na-K geothermometers,
respectively.

Chagai Volcanic Zone:

This zone lies in the Baluchistan province. The area is comprised of a narrow belt that extends
eastwards and truncates against the Chaman transform fault. This structure is formed as a result of
subduction of the Arabian plate beneath the Eurasian plate and is likely to be the important
geothermal system. Due to the subduction, a trench has been formed south of Makran and a
volcanic arc has emerged. The Koh-e-Sultan volcano and other volcanic cones in the Chagai area
are the result of subduction. The water from the thermal springs in the Koh-e-Sultan area has been
analyzed and subsurface temperatures from 1,500 to 1,700 were reported.

Karachi and Dadu Zone:

The offshoots of the Kirthar range run as a series of parallel ridges between the boundaries of
Karachi and Dadu Districts. In the Dadu area, there is a large concentration of thermal springs
where the average surface temperature is 40ıC (Bakar, 1965). The surface temperature of the
springs in the Mangopir area at Karachi is 48ıC.

Classification of thermal power plants:

1. Fossil fuels Power plant (Thermal):
Fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas or petroleum oil are burnt in this type thermal power plant to
produce electricity. They are designed on a large scale for continuous operation. A steam turbine
is used in this type of power plant whereas in natural gas fired plants a combustion turbine is used.
In coal burning process a lot of carbon di oxide gas is released to the atmosphere and contributes
to global warming which clearly is a side effect of this process. Natural gas is regularly flamed in
gas turbines and boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine can be used to raise steam, in a
combined cycle plant that improves overall efficiency.

2. Biomass fueled power plants:

Currently, most biomass power plants burn lumber, agricultural or construction wood wastes.
Biomass fuel is burnt in direct combustion power plants boilers that supply steam for the same
kind of steam electric generators used to burn fossil fuels. In this process biomass is converted into
methane gas which can then fuel steam generators, combustion turbines and fuel cells.

By prime mover:
1. Steam turbine plants:
In steam turbine power plants, the dynamic pressure generated by expanding steam is used to move
the blades of the turbine. This system is quite common in almost all non-hydro power plants. Using
steams turbines produces about 80% of world electric power.

2. Gas turbine power plants:

A Gas turbine power plants basically works on three main things:
The compressor: Compressor draws air into the engine, pressurize it and load it to the combustion
chamber at a very high speed.
Combustion system: It injects a regular supply of fuel to combustion chambers where it mixes
with air. This mixture is then burnt at a very high temperature. A high pressure gas stream is that
which enters through the turbine section.
A turbine: As hot combustion gas expands through the turbine; it spins the rotating blades. The
rotating blades spins a generator to produce electricity.

3. Combined cycle plants:

Both gas and steam turbines are used together in a combined cycle power plants to produce
electricity. The waste heat from the gas turbine is routed to the nearby steam turbine, which
generates extra power. Most of the electricity in Pakistan is produced from thermal power plants
by using resources like oil, gas and coal. Some of them are combo-cycled, steam turbine and gas
turbine. Total number of thermal plants in Pakistan are 49 located in Punjab, Sindh and
Baluchistan. Pakistan is producing 61% of electricity from Thermal power. Total thermal installed
capacity of Pakistan is 16599MW. The biggest thermal power plants are Guddu with capacity
2402MW, TPS Muzaffargarh 1350MW, Kot Addu with 1638MW capacity and HUBCO
Baluchistan with 1200MW capacity. The oldest one is NGPS Multan, made in 1960 with installed
capacity of 195MW. Pakistan have recently installed three biomass fueled power plants with
67MW capacity.

Thermal power plants and their nominal power:

Non-renewable energy sources:
The non-renewable energy sources are the sources which are available on the earth surface or even
beneath the surface.

1) Natural Gas:
Pakistan meets two-thirds of its energy requirement from fuel oil and natural gas. In the country’s
energy mix, the share of natural gas stood at 34.6% and that of fuel oil 31.2%.
Natural gas which is available in the provinces of Baluchistan in Pakistan is a well-known
nonrenewable source of generating energy in Pakistan and not only for the domestic purposes but
also on commercial scale natural gas is being used to generate energy by heating the furnaces and
concluding in the generation of energy.
Pakistan’s Natural Gas Production: OPEC: Marketed Production was reported at
36,879.000 Cub m mn in Dec 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of
38,820.000 Cub m mn for Dec 2017. Pakistan’s Natural Gas Production: OPEC: Marketed
Production data is updated yearly, averaging 11,450.000 Cub m mn from Dec 1960 to
2018, with 59 observations.

2) Coal:
Coal is also a very popular resource available in Pakistan which is serving for hundreds of years
in the process of generating energy in Pakistan. Pakistan is one of those fort unable countries which
have large reserves of this nonrenewable resources for production of energy. Coal is another form
of fossil fuel and its consumption for energy generation is growing in Pakistan. Its share in the
energy mix stood at a high level of 12.7% at the end of FY18. There are little chances for a
significant decrease in its share in FY19 and FY20 despite protests from those who advocate a
cleaner environment.

Power plant Capacity (MW) Power plant Capacity (MW)

Sitara Chemical 40 Hub coal power 1320

Industries Ltd project
Master power pvt 20 Port Qasim coal 1320
Limited power project
Maple Leaf Power 40 Engro powergen thar 660
Ltd

DG Cement Coal 30 Sahiwal coal power 1320

Power Project project
Conclusion
Some important result that we obtain from the above statistics about the energy
production in Pakistan in the recent years is mentioned below:
The installed electricity generation capacity in Pakistan reached 35,972 megawatts by the end of
April 2020 as compared to 33,452MW in April 2019, a growth of 7.5%, reveals Pakistan
Economic Survey 2019-20.

Currently, thermal electricity has the largest share in power generation. Gas and re-gasified
liquefied natural gas (RLNG) are among cheaper sources of energy.

A significant growth in RLNG consumption in energy mix has helped improve supply to various
power plants like Bhikki, Haveli Bahadur Shah, Balloki, Halmore, Orient, Rousch, Kapco, Saif
and Sapphire. Moreover, RLNG is being supplied to fertiliser plants, industrial and transport
sectors as well.

According to the survey, the share of hydroelectric power in total power generation increased
from 25.8% in April 2019 to 30.9% by April 2020. However, the share of thermal power
dropped from 63% to 58.4%.

The share of nuclear electricity went up from 3% to 8.2% whereas the share of renewable energy
dropped from 8.2% to 2.4%.

Coal is a massive energy resource that exists in the country and further exploration in different
areas is in progress but only a fraction of it is being utilised.
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 https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2020/05/04/solar-is-the-future-so-might-as-well-
hurry/
 https://www.exhibitionstand.contractors/en/news/218/ELECTRICITY-Energy-Storage-
2020-PAKISTAN
 https://steelguru.com/power/pakistan-proposes-support-for-15-hydropower-projects-in-
psdp-2020-21/556470
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268224059_Hydropower_Potential_in_Pakistan
/link/546659570cf2f5eb18016d8f/download
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan
 https://www.evwind.es/2020/06/01/wind-energy-in-pakistan-goldwinds-wind-turbines-
for-wind-farms/74961

 https://ieefa.org/pakistan-signs-deals-for-560mw-of-new-wind-power/

 https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/biomass-
pakistan/#:~:text=Agricultural%20Residues,major%20crop%20residues%20in%20Pakist
an.&text=Majority%20of%20the%20cotton%20sticks,considered%20as%20biomass%20
energy%20resource.
 https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/1/249/pdf
 https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/107384-Pak-geothermal-energy-resources-have-
potential-to-generate-100000MW-power-Research
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233482185_Study_of_Geothermal_Energy_Res
ources_of_Pakistan_for_Electric_Power_Generation
 https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:917526/FULLTEXT01.pdf
 https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/pakistan/natural-gas-production-opec-marketed-
production
 https://tribune.com.pk/story/2181838/2-realistic-view-energy-mix