Chapter Summary: Chapter 4: Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo de Manila (1872-1877)
Chapter Summary: Chapter 4: Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo de Manila (1872-1877)
Chapter Summary: Chapter 4: Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo de Manila (1872-1877)
Ateneo Municipal
June 10, 1872 – Jose, accompanied by Paciano, went to Manila to take the entrance
examinations on Christian Doctrine, arithmetic, and reading at College of San Juan de
Letran, and passed them. His father was the first one who wished him to study at Letran
but he changed his mind and decided to send Jose at Ateneo instead.
Father Magin Fernando – college registrar of Ateneo Municipal, refused to admit Jose
because: (1) he was late for registration and (2) he was sickly and undersized for his age
(11 years old).
Manuel Xerez Burgos – nephew of Father Burgos; upon his intercession, Jose Rizal was
admitted at Ateneo.
Jose used Rizal instead of Mercado because the name “Mercado” had come under
suspicion of the Spanish authorities.
Boarded in a house on Caraballo Street, owned by Titay who owed Rizal family 300 pesos.
Jesuit trained the character of the student by rigid discipline, humanities, and religious
instruction.
The students heard Mass in the morning before the beginning of daily class.
Classes were opened and closed with prayers.
Students were divided into two groups: Roman Empire – consisting of the internos
(boarders) with red banners; and Carthaginian Empire – composed of the externos (non-
boarders) with blue banners.
Each of these empires had its rank. Students fought for positions. Any student could
challenge any officer in his “empire” to answer questions on the day’s lesson. With 3
mistakes, opponents could lose his position.
• 1st best: EMPEROR
Ateneo students’ uniform is consisted of “hemp-fabric trousers” and “striped cotton coat”.
The coat was called rayadillo and was adopted as the uniform for Filipino troops during the
days of the First Philippine Republic.
Rizal lost the leadership but he repented and even studied harder, once more he became
emperor. He received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal.
He had 3 classmates from Biñan who had also been his classmates in the school of Maestro
Justiniano.
Doña Teodora told her son of her dream the previous night. Rizal, interpreting the dream,
told her that she would be released from prison in 3 months time. It became true.
Doña Teodora likened his son to the youthful Joseph in the Bible in his ability to interpret
dreams.
The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas – Jose Rizal’s first favorite novel.
Also read non-fiction, Cesar Cantu’s historical work Universal History.
He also read Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Feodor Jagor, German who visited the
Philippines in 1859-1860. In this book, he foretold that someday Spain would lose the
Philippines and that America would come to succeed here as colonizer.
Shortly after the opening of classes, his mother was released from prison.
Rizal did not make an excellent showing in his studies.
He failed to win the medal in Spanish because his spoken was not fluently sonorous.
Extra-Curricular Activities
Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration) – first poem he wrote for his mother’s
birthday.
In 1875, inspired by Father Sanchez, he wrote more poems such as: Filicitacion
(Felicitation), El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes (The Departure Hymn to
Magellan’s fleet), Y Es Espanol: Elcano, the first to circumnavigate the world), and El
Combate: Urbiztondo Terror de Jolo (The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo).
In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics: Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblu (In Memory of
My Town), Alianza Intima Entre la Region Y La Buena Educacion (Intimate Alliance
Between Religion and Good Education), Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre La Patria
(Through Education the Country Receive Light), E Cultivero Y El Triunfo (The Captivity
and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boabdil), and La Entrada
Triuntal de Los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Triumphal Entry of The Catholic
Monarches into Granada).
A year later, in 1877 he wrote more poems: El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of
Colombus), Colon y Juan II (Colombus and John II ), Gran Consuelo en la Mayor
Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune), and Un Diarogo Alusivo a la Despedida de
los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students.
Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus) – a brief ode; written in 1875 when he was 14 years
old.
A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary).
Doña Teodora opposed the idea of sending Rizal to UST to pursue higher education
because she knew what happened to Gom-Bur-Za and the Spaniards might cut off his head
if he gets to know more. Rizal was surprised by his mother’s opposition, who was a
woman of education and culture. Despite his mother’s tears, Don Francisco told Paciano to
accompany Rizal to Manila.
While Rizal was studying at UST, he also studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational course
leading to the title of “perito agrimensor” (expert surveyor).
Miss L
- Fair with seductive and attractive eyes.
- Romance died a natural death.
- 2 Reasons for his change of heart: (1) the sweet memory of Segunda was still fresh in
his heart and (2) his father did not like the family of “Miss L”.
Leonor Valenzuela
- Daughter of the next-door neighbors of Doña Concha Leyva (her house is where Rizal
boarded).
- Tall girl with a regal bearing.
- Pet name: Orang.
- Rizal sent her love notes written in invisible ink. This ink consisted of common table
salt and water. He taught Orang the secret of reading any note written in the invisible
ink by heating it over a candle or lamp so that the words may appear.
Leonor Rivera
- Rizal’s cousin from Camiling.
- Born in Camiling, Tarlac on April 11, 1867.
- A student of La Concordia College where Rizal’s youngest sister, Soledad was then
studying.
- Frail, pretty girl “tender as a budding flower with kindly, wistful eyes”.
- They became engaged.
- In her letters to Rizal, Leonor signed her name as “Taimis”, in order to camouflage
their intimate relationship from their parents and friends.
- Rizal lived in: Casa Tomasina No. 6 Calle Santo Tomas, Intramuros Antonio Rivero –
Rizal’s landlord-uncle is the father of Leonor Rivera.
Artistic-Literary Lyceum – opened another literary contest for both Filipino and Spaniards
to commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes, Spain’s glorified man-of-
letters and famous author of Don Quixote.
Rizal submitted an allegorical drama entitled El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the
Gods) and he received the first prize, a gold ring on which was engraved the bust of
Cervantes.
Junto al Pasic (Beside the Pasig) (1880) – a zarzuela which was staged by the Ateneans on
December 08, 1880, on the annual celebration of the Feast Day of the Immaculate
Conception (Patrones of the Ateneo).
A Filipinas (1880) – a sonnet he wrote for the album of the Society of Sculptors.
Summer of May 1881 - Rizal went to a pilgrimage to the town of pakil, famous shrine of
the Birhen Maria de los Dolores.
He was accompanied by his sisters—Saturnina , Maria, and Trinidad and their female
friends.
They took a casco (flat-bottom sailing vessel) from Calamba to Pakil, Laguna, and stayed
at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Regalado, whose son Nicolas was Rizal’s friend in
Manila.
Rizal and his companions were fascinated by the famous turumba (people dancing in the
streets during the procession in honor of the miraculous Birhen Maria de los Dolores)
Rizal was infatuated by a pretty girl colegiala, Vicenta Ybardolaza, who skillfully played
the harp at the Regalado home.
Reasons why Rizal and his company made side trip to the neighboring town of Pagsanjan:
(1) it was the native town of Leonor Valenzuela and (2) to see the world famed Pagsanjan
Falls.
Rizal was the champion of the Filipino students in their fights against the arrogant Spanish
students, who insultingly called their brown classmates “Indio, chongo!” In retaliation, the
Filipino students called them “Kastila, bangus!”.
In 1880 - Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students in the University of Santo
Tomas called “Compaňerismo” (Comradeship), whose members were called “Companions
of Jehu,” after the valiant Hebrew general who fought the Armaeans.
Galicano Apacible - Rizal’s cousin from Batangas; secretary of Compañerismo.
Fierce encounter near the Escolta in Manila where Rizal was wounded on the head, and
tenderly washed and dressed by Leonor Rivera in his boarding house “Casa Tomasina”.
He was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because (1) the
Dominican professors were hostile to him; (2) the Filipino students were racially
discriminated against by the Spaniards, and (3) the method of instruction was obsolete and
repressive.
Rizal, the most brilliant graduate of Ateneo, failed to win high scholastic honors.
After finishing the fourth year of his medical course, Rizal decided to study in Spain. He
could no longer endure the rampant bigotry, discrimination, and hostility in the University
of Santo Tomas.
He did not seek his parent’s permission and blessings to go abroad; and even his beloved
Leonor.
To observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries, commerce and
government and laws of the Europian Nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty
task of liberating of oppressed people from Spanish tyranny.
Approval of his older brother Paciano
Rizal has no permission and blessings to his parents.
The only Filipino to board the steamer with 16 passengers, the rest was Spaniards, British,
and Indian Negroes.
Captain Donato Lecha - ship captain from Asturias, Spain, befriended him.
May 08, 1882 - he saw a beautiful island; he remembered “Talim Island with the Susong
Dalaga”
From Colombo, Djemnah continued the voyage crossing the Indian Ocean to the Cape of
Guardafui, Africa, and then a stopover on Aden. From Aden, Djemnah proceeded to the
city of Suez, the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal. It took five days to traverse the Suez
Canal. At Port Said, the Mediterranean terminal of the Suez Canal, Rizal landed and he
was fascinated to hear the multi-racial inhabitants speaking a babel of tongues – Arabic,
Egyptian, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish, etc.
Rizal sighted the barren coast of Africa which he called an “inhospitable land but famous”.
Aden - hotter than manila; he was amused to see the camels.
Ferdinand de Lesseps (French diplomat-engineer) - built the Suez Canal, inaugurated on
Nov. 17, 1869.
Barcelona
“Amor Patrio”
“Amor Patrio” (Love of Country) – nationalistic essay; his first article written on Spain’s
soil.
Basilio Teodoro Moran – publisher of Diariong Tagalog, first Manila bilingual newspaper
(Spanish and Tagalog.
It was under Rizal’s pen name: Laong Laan.
Printed in Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882.
Published in two texts – Spanish (originally written by Rizal in Barcelona) and Tagalog
(made by M.H. del Pilar).
“Los Viajes” (Travels) – second article for Diariong Tagalog
“Revista de Madrid” (Review of Madrid) – third article; wrote in Madrid on November 29,
1882; returned to him because the Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication due to lack of
funds.
September 15, 1882 - Rizal received a letter from Paciano. According to the letter, cholera
was ravaging Manila and the provinces.
Sad news from Chengoy, Leonora Rivera was unhappy and getting thinner because of the
absence of a loved one.
In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882) Paciano advised Rizal to finish his medical
course in Madrid, therefore, Rizal establish himself to Madrid.
Life in Madrid
Señor Roces – owner of store where Rizal purchased 2nd hand books.
Rizal was deeply affected by Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” and Eugene Sue’s
“The Wandering Jew”.
Rizal as a Mason
Financial Worries
After Rizal’s departure for Spain, things turned from bad to worse in Calamba. Due to hard times
in Calamba, the monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival and there were times
they never arrived. On June 24, 1884, a touching incident in Rizal’s life occurred; with an empty
stomach, he attended his class at the university, participated in the contest in Greek language and
won the gold medal. In the evening, he was able to eat dinner, for he was a guest speaker in a
June 25, 1884 – the banquet was sponsored by the Filipino community.
Luna’s Spolarium won first prize and Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to the
Populace, second prize in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid.
November 20, 21, and 22, 1884 – Madrid exploded in bloody riots by the students of the
Central University.
Dr. Miguel Morayta – professor of history; these student demonstrations were caused by
his address “the freedom of science and the teacher”.
The appointment of the new Rector intensified the fury of the student demonstrators.
June 21, 1884 - degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid.
Did not present the thesis required for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he was
not awarded his Doctor’s diploma.
June 19, 1885 (his 24th birthday) – degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the
Universidad Central de Madrid.
After completing his studies in Madrid, Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in
ophthalmology. He particularly chose this branch of medicine because he wanted to cure his
mother’s eye ailment. In Berlin, Jose met and befriended several top German scientists, Dr.
Feodor Jagor, Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, and Dr. Rudolf Virchow.
Maximo Viola – friend of Jose; a medical student and a member of a rich family of San
Miguel, Bulacan.
Señor Eusebio Corominas – editor of the newspaper La Publicidad and who made a crayon
sketch of Don Miguel Morayta.
Rizal relaxed by visiting his friends, such as the family of the Pardo de Taveras (Trinidad, Felix,
and Paz), Juan Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo.
"His co-Filipino medical student, Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera offered hospitality and support for
Rizal's courageous ventures. Nellie Bousted (standing third from right), who lived in Biarritz and
Paris, fenced with Rizal (second from left) and might have become Mrs. Rizal, had she not
insisted on turning him Protestant. Also in photo are artist Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo (third
from left) and Paz Pardo de Tavera Luna (second from right). Juan Luna's mother-in-law, Juliana
GorrichoPardo de Tavera is seated at the center holding Luna's son Andres."
Paz Pardo de Taveras – a pretty girl who was engaged to Juan Luna. In her album, Jose
sketches the story of “The Monkey and the Turtle”.
“The Death of Cleopatra” – where he posed as an Egyptian Priest.
“The Blood Compact” – where he posed as Sikatuna, with Trinidad Pardo de Taveras
taking the role of Legazpi.
"Rizal (seated) shared a deep friendship with painter Juan Luna and often agreed to pose for
Luna's paintings as in 'The Death of Cleopatra.'" -- In Excelsis: The Mission of José Rizal,
Humanist and Philippine National Hero by Felice Prudenta Sta. Maria. In the foreground is
Rizal as Egyptian scribe, recording the event for posterity. Behind him are Trinidad Pardo de
Tavera as Octavius Caesar and Felix Pardo de Tavera as Dolabella. Missing are Charmian and
Iras.
Rizal as a Musician
November 27, 1878 – Rizal wrote a letter to Enrique Lete saying that “he learned the
solfeggio”, the piano, and voice culture in one month and a half.
Flute – the instrument that Jose played in every reunion of Filipinos in Paris.
“Alin Mang Lahi” (Any Race) – a patriotic song which asserts that any race aspires for
freedom.
La Deportacion (Deportation) – a sad danza, which he composed in Dapitan during his
exile.
In Historic Heidelberg
Spring of 1886 – Rizal was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the cool banks of the
Neckar River.
The light blue “forget-me-not” – his favorite flower
April 22, 1886 – wrote a fine poem “To the Flower of Heidelberg”.
July 31, 1886 – Rizal wrote his first letter in German to Blumentritt.
Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt – Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria.
The 4 day ultimatum expired. RIZAL himself apologize to the chief police, while asking why
has he to be deported, the police chief answered that he was always seen visiting many villages,
thereby pronouncing him as a French SPY.
RIZAL in fluent GERMAN explained to the police, that he was a Filipino ethnologist, who visits
rural areas to observe customs and lifestyles of their simple inhabitants. The chief impressed and
fascinated on RIZAL’s explanation, allowed him to stay freely in GERMAN
• Padre Salvi - was identified by Rizalists as Padre Antonio Piernavieja, the hated
Augustinian friar in Cavite who was killed by the patriots during the Revolution.
• Capitan Tiago - was Captain Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas.
• Padre Damaso - typical of a domineering friar during the days of Rizal, who was
arrogant, immoral and anti-Filipino.
After the publication of Noli, Rizal planned to visit the important places in Europe. Dr. Maximo
Viola agreed to be his traveling companion. Rizal received Pacianos remittance of P1000 which
forward by Juan Luna from Paris and immediately paid his debt to Viola which he loaned so that
the Noli could be printed. First, he and Viola visited Potsdam, a city near Berlin.
Tour Begins
At the dawn of May 11, 1887, Rizal and Viola, two browned-skinned doctors on a roaming
spree, left Berlin by train. Spring was an ideal season for travel. Their destination was in
Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany´.
Dresden
Rizal and Viola tarried for sometimes in Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, who was
overjoyed to see them. In the Museum of Art, Rizal was deeply impressed by painting of
Prometheus Bound.
They also meet Dr. Jagor and heard there plan about Leitmeritz in order to see Blumentritt. He
advice to wire Blumentritt because the old professor might be shock of their visit.
First Meeting with Blumentritt
At 1:30 pm of May 15, 1887 the train arrived at the railroad station of Leitmeritz. Professor
Blumentritt was at the station carrying a pencil sketch of Rizal which he sent to identify his
Later, when Rizal learned of the brilliant defense of Father Garcia of his novel, he cried because
his gratitude was over-whelming. Rizal, himself defended his novel against Barrantes attack, in a
letter written in Brussels, Belgium, in February, 1880. In this letter, he exposed Barrantes’
ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental dishonesty which is unworthy of an academician.
Barrantes met in Rizal his master in satire and polemics.
During the days when the Noli was the target of a heated controversy between the friars (and
their minions) and the friends of Rizal, all copies of it were sold out and the price per copy
soared to unprecedented level. Both friends and enemies of the Noli found it extremely difficult
to secure a copy. According to Rizal, in a letter to Fernando Canon from Geneva, June 13, 1887,
the price he set per copy was five pesetas (equivalent to one pese), but the price later rose to fifty
pesos per copy.
While the storm over the Noliwas raging in fury, Rizal was not molested in Calamba. This is due
to Governor General Terrero’s generosity in assigning a bodyguard to him. Between this Spanish
bodyguard, Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade, and Rizal, a beautiful friendship bloomed.
Together, Rizal and Andrade, young, educated and cultured, made walking tours of the verdant
countrysides, discussed topics of common interest, and enjoyed fencing, shooting, hunting, and
painting. Lt. Andrade became a great admirer of the man he was ordered to watch and protect.
Years later, he wrote for Rizal: “Rizal was refined, educated and gentlemanly. The hobbies that
most interested him were hunting, fencing, shooting, painting and hiking. . . I well remember our
excursion to Mount Makiling, not so much for the beautiful view . . . as for the rumors and
pernicious effects that result from it. There has one who believed and reported to Manila that
What marred Rizal’s happy days in Calamba with Lt. Andrade were (1) the death of his older
sister, Olimpia, and (2) the groundless tales circulated by his enemies that he was “a German
spy, an agent of Bismarck, a Protestant, a Mason, a witch, a soul beyong salvation, etc”
4. Tenants who had spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of said lands
for flimsy reason.
5. High rates of interest were charged the tenants for delayed payment of rentals, and
when the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated their
carabaos, tools and homes.
Farewell to Calamba
One day Governor General Terrero summoned Rizal and “advise” him to leave the Philippines
for his own good. He was giving Rizal a chance to escape the fury of the friar’s wrath.
This time Rizal had to go. He could not very well disobey the governor general’s veiled orders.
But he was not running like a coward from a fight. He was courageous, a fact which his worst
enemies could not deny. A valiant hero that he was, he was not afraid of any man and neither
was he afraid to die. He was compelled to leave Calamba for two reason: (1) his presence in
Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends and (2) he could not
fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign
countries.
A Poem for Lipa
Shortly before Rizal left Calamba in 1888 his friend from Lipa requested him to write a poem in
commemoration of the town’s elevation to a villa (city) by virtue of the Becerra Law of 1888.
Gladly, he wrote a poem dedicated to the industrious folks of Lipa. This was the “Himno Al
Trabajo” (Hymn to Labor). He finished it and sent it to Lipa before his departure from Calamba.