Rainwater Harvesting Final Year Project

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
(CONVEYANCE AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM)
MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN HANIFAH
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the award Diploma of Mechanical Engineering
School of Professional and Continuing Education
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
October 2020
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project report is based on my original work except
for citations and quotations which have been duly acknowledged. I also
declare that it has not been previously and concurrently submitted for any
other diploma or award at UTM or other institutions.
Signature : __________________________
Name : Muhammad Haziq bin Hanifah

__________________________
ID No. : 970722 – 14 – 5795

__________________________
Date : DD / MM / YYYY
__________________________
Specially dedicated to my beloved father, mother and my siblings who have
been supporting me throughout this project.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank everyone who had contributed to the successful

completion of this project. I would like to express my gratitude to my
supervisor, Ms. Noor Izaety binti Azhar for her invaluable advice, guidance,
and her enormous patience throughout the development of the research.
In addition, I would also like to express my gratitude to my beloved

parents and friends who had helped me and give me encourage throughout
the project.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
DECLARATION II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III
TABLE OF CONTENTS VI
LIST OF TABLES VII
LIST OF FIGUES VIII
LIST OF SYMBOLS IX
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS X
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 The Objectives of the Study 2
1.3 Scope of the Study 2
1.4 Significance of the Study 2
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 3
2.2 Amount of Rainfall in Kuala Lumpur 3
2.3 Rainwater Harvesting System Component 4
2.4 Rainwater Harvesting System Policies in Malaysia 5

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 6
3.2 Flow chart 6
3.3 Product design specification 7
CHAPTER 4 DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
4.1 Introduction 8
4.2 Roof catchment area 9
4.3 Gutter 10
4.2 Downpipe 11
4.2 Pipe distribution 12
REFERENCES 13
APPENDICES 14
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS / ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The largest environmental challenges that world faces today is the scarcity of
water. By 2025, about 1.8 billion people are expected to experience water
scarcity, while two-thirds of the population will experience water stress (Lee
et al., 2016). Water is one of necessity to stay alive for all living things. The
fast-growing population across the globe have increase the demand on the
water resources. The continuous availability of water resources is very crucial
as it will affect the development of the society significantly. To overcome
shortage of water resources, an alternative water resources are required.
Malaysia had never experienced any serious water crisis in the past
few decades. However, being a developing nation, it cannot escape from
water issues either. (Lee et al., 2016). In 2020 itself, Selangor and Kuala
Lumpur which is among the busiest states in Malaysia, faced major water
disruption due to the pollution in Sungai Selangor. It has left the water
authorities no choice but to shut down treatment plants, leading to 1292 areas
in those states and more than one million households without the world’s most
precious resource. In addition, unscheduled water cuts due to pollution seems
a perennial problem. A cursory search on the Internet will show that over the
past year and a half, there were several unscheduled water cuts, most of them
affecting Selangor and KL (New Straits Times Online, 2020)
Malaysia is blessed with abundant rainfall estimated about 3000 mm

per year. (Hamid and Nordin, 2011). Hence, the introduction of rainwater
harvesting system (RWHS) will overcome shortage of water resources and
act as its main alternative. Besides, this will also reduce the dependencies on
the current domestic water supply. RWHS is the collection of water volume
from raindrops from the catchment area which mainly the roof. In 1999, the
government of Malaysia promote the implementation of RWHS. However, it
is still below expectation mainly due to the low-level awareness among the
people (Hamid and Nordin, 2011) Fortunately, with the recent increasing
water shortage and rationing events, RWHS has started to gain its practical
application (Lee et al., 2016). In addition, with the recent development,
rainwater harvesting can be the sources of potable water supply after few
purifications and filtration processes. Potable water uses include drinking,
bathing, cooking, and washing (Mohammed, Johari and Ghazali Abd Halim,
2009). Therefore, a study on RWHS need to be carried out, to evaluate its
potential and limitation.
1.2 The Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to design a rainwater harvesting system.

Next, the supplementary objective of this study is to create and evaluate a
conveyance and distribution system in the rainwater harvesting system.
1.3 Scope of the Study
An analysis is performed on the conveyance and distribution of the RWHS

based on the related data such as rainfall, daily water consumption etc. A
housing development area in Kuala Lumpur is selected for the
implementation of designed RWHS because of the frequent water disruption
in the state.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The conveyance and distribution system implemented on the designed RWHS

will maximize the amount of water collected and minimize the lost. Hence
better quantity and quality of RWHS produced.

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RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

(CONVEYANCE AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM)

MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN HANIFAH

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

School of Professional and Continuing Education

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Name : Muhammad Haziq bin Hanifah

ID No. : 970722 – 14 – 5795

I would like to thank everyone who had contributed to the successful

In addition, I would also like to express my gratitude to my beloved

LIST OF TABLES VII

LIST OF FIGUES VIII

1.2 The Objectives of the Study 2

1.3 Scope of the Study 2

1.4 Significance of the Study 2

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2 Amount of Rainfall in Kuala Lumpur 3

2.3 Rainwater Harvesting System Component 4

2.4 Rainwater Harvesting System Policies in Malaysia 5

3.2 Flow chart 6

3.3 Product design specification 7

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT

4.2 Roof catchment area 9

4.2 Pipe distribution 12

Malaysia is blessed with abundant rainfall estimated about 3000 mm

1.2 The Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to design a rainwater harvesting system.

1.3 Scope of the Study

An analysis is performed on the conveyance and distribution of the RWHS

1.4 Significance of the Study

The conveyance and distribution system implemented on the designed RWHS

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