Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 35 views

    Basic Principles of Logic

    Uploaded by

    Millen Lagana
    According to Aristotle's basic principles of logic there are three main laws: 1. The law of identity states that something is what it is and has a set of consistent attributes that define its identity. 2. The law of non-contradiction says that something cannot be both true and false at the same time. 3. The law of excluded middle holds that a statement is either true or false, there is no middle ground.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Basic Principles of Logic

    Uploaded by

    Millen Lagana
    35 views18 pages
    According to Aristotle's basic principles of logic there are three main laws: 1. The law of identity states that something is what it is and has a set of consistent attributes that define its identity. 2. The law of non-contradiction says that something cannot be both true and false at the same time. 3. The law of excluded middle holds that a statement is either true or false, there is no middle ground.

    Original Description:

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    According to Aristotle's basic principles of logic there are three main laws: 1. The law of identity states that something is what it is and has a set of consistent attributes that define its identity. 2. The law of non-contradiction says that something cannot be both true and false at the same time. 3. The law of excluded middle holds that a statement is either true or false, there is no middle ground.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views18 pages

    Basic Principles of Logic

    Uploaded by

    Millen Lagana
    According to Aristotle's basic principles of logic there are three main laws: 1. The law of identity states that something is what it is and has a set of consistent attributes that define its identity. 2. The law of non-contradiction says that something cannot be both true and false at the same time. 3. The law of excluded middle holds that a statement is either true or false, there is no middle ground.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    BASIC PRINCIPLES

    According to the Aristotle’s Basic Principles of Logic

    IPHP class for section Paprika


    IN HIS LOGIC, ARISTOTLE EXPLICITLY
    ESTABLISHED THREE LAWS OR
    PRINCIPLES OF LOGICAL THOUGHT
    PRINCIPLE OF IDENTITY
    “EACH THING IS INSEPARABLE
    FROM ITSELF AND ITS BEING ONE
    JUST MEANT THIS”
    - A THING IS JUST ITSELF AND NOT
    SOMETHING ELSE
    EXAMPLE:
    A VOLLEYBALL IS A VOLLEYBALL
    AND NOT A SHUTTLECOCK
    The law of identity states that A is A. An Apple is an Apple. In other
    words, something is what it is. If something exists, it has a nature, an
    essence. For example, a book has a front and back cover with pages. A car
    has four wheels, seats, doors, windows, etc. A tree has branches, leaves, a
    trunk, and roots. This also means that anything that exists has
    characteristics. We recognize what something is by observing its
    characteristic. You know that a tree is a tree because you see its branches,
    it's leads, its trunk, etc.
    Furthermore, if something has an identity, it has a single identity. It
    does not have more than one identity. In other words, if something exists
    it has a set of attributes that are consistent with its own existence. It does
    not have a set of attributes that are inconsistent with itself. Therefore we
    can easily conclude that a cat is not a parachute. An Apple is not a race car.
    A tree is not a movie.
    PRINCIPLE OF CONTRADICTION

    “THE SAME ATTRIBUTE CANNOT AT


    THE SAME TIME BELONG AND NOT
    BELONG TO THE SAME SUBJECT AND
    IN THE SAME RESPECT”
    EXAMPLE:
    THIS VOLLEYBALL CANNOT BOTH “BE
    COLOR YELLOW & BLUE” AND “NOT
    YELLOW AND BLUE” AT THE SAME TIME
    Note: Things may have and not have the same
    attributes in different ways: For example, man
    is the most intelligent creature compared to
    animals but he is not intelligent compared to
    God. So man is both intelligent (compared to
    animals) and not intelligent (compared to
    God. There is no contradiction because
    ‘intelligent’ is being used in different ways.
    PRINCIPLE OF NON-CONTRADICTION

    “TWO OPPOSITE STATEMENTS


    CAN’T BOTH BE TRUE AT THE
    SAME TIME OR IN THE SAME WAY.”
    EXAMPLE:
    THE SUN IS SO HOT OUT HERE.
    I AM FREEZING OUT HERE.
    (The speaker here is contradicting himself)
    EXAMPLE:
    THE SUN IS SO HOT OUTSIDE BUT
    I AM FREEZING INSIDE THE OFFICE.
    (There is no contradiction in the speaker’s statements
    because two places with different temperatures are
    involved and he is present in only one of them.)
    The law of non-contradiction tells us that A cannot be both A and not A
    at the same time and in the same sense. In other words, something (a
    statement) cannot be both true and false at the same time and in the same
    way. We use the law of non-contradiction constantly in discussions and
    debates because we are naturally able to recognize when someone is
    contradicting himself. If I were to tell you that yesterday I went shopping
    and then later I told you that yesterday I did not go shopping, you would
    be correct in saying there was a contradiction. A contradiction occurs
    when one statement excludes the possibility of another and yet both are
    claimed to be true. Since we know that both cannot be true, we see a
    contradiction. From this principle, we can conclude that truth is not self-
    contradictory.
    PRINCIPLE OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE
    OR EXCLUDED THIRD

    “SOMETHING IS EITHER TRUE OR


    FALSE. THERE IS NO MIDDLE
    GROUND.”
    EXAMPLE:
    1ST : IT IS RAINING IN SAN JUAN NOW.
    2ND: IT IS NOT RAINING IN SAN JUAN NOW.
    3RD: IT IS BOTH RAINING AND NOT
    RAINING IN SAN JUAN NOW.
    EXAMPLE:
    1ST : IT IS RAINING IN SAN JUAN NOW.
    2ND: IT IS NOT RAINING IN SAN JUAN NOW.
    3RD: IT IS BOTH RAINING AND NOT
    RAINING IN SAN JUAN NOW.
    EXAMPLE:
    1ST : THE VOLLEYBALL IS YELLOW AND BLUE.
    2ND: THE VOLLEYBALL IS NOT YELLOW AND BLUE.
    3RD: THE VOLLEYBALL IS BOTH YELLOW AND BLUE
    AND NOT YELLOW AND BLUE.
    EXAMPLE:
    1ST : THE VOLLEYBALL IS YELLOW AND BLUE.
    2ND: THE VOLLEYBALL IS NOT YELLOW AND BLUE.
    3RD: THE VOLLEYBALL IS BOTH YELLOW AND BLUE
    AND NOT YELLOW AND BLUE.
    The law of excluded middle says that a statement is either true or false.
    For example, my hair is brown. It is either true or false that my hair is
    brown. Another example: I am pregnant. The statement is either true or
    false. If I am a male, it is not possible for me to be pregnant. Therefore,
    the statement is false. If I were a female, it would be possible for me to be
    pregnant (given normal bodily conditions). The law of excluded middle is
    important because it helps us deal in absolutes. This is particularly
    important in a society where relativism is promoted and truth statements
    are denied.

    You might also like