Sumerian King List

The Sumerian King List is an ancient text in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer (ancient southern
Iraq) from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of the kingship.
This text is preserved in several recensions. The list of kings is sequential, although modern research indicates many
were contemporaries, reflecting the belief that kingship was handed down by the gods and could be transferred from
one city to another, asserting to a hegemony in the region.[1]

The final attested version of the King List, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, aimed to legitimize Isin's claims to
hegemony when Isin competed for dominance with Larsa and other neighboring city-states in southern
Mesopotamia.[1][2]

Contents
Composition
Sources
List
Antediluvian rulers
First dynasty of Kish
First rulers of Uruk
First dynasty of Ur
The Weld-Blundell Prism,
Dynasty of Awan inscribed with the Sumerian King
Second dynasty of Kish List

Dynasty of Hamazi
Second dynasty of Uruk
Second dynasty of Ur
Dynasty of Adab
Dynasty of Mari
Third dynasty of Kish
Dynasty of Akshak
Fourth dynasty of Kish
Third dynasty of Uruk
Dynasty of Akkad
Fourth dynasty of Uruk
Gutian rule
Fifth dynasty of Uruk
Third dynasty of Ur
Dynasty of Isin
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Composition
The list blends prehistorical, presumably mythical predynastic rulers enjoying implausibly lengthy reigns with later, more plausibly historical dynasties.
Although the primal kings are historically unattested, that does not preclude their possible correspondence with historical rulers who were later
mythicized. Some Assyriologists view the predynastic kings as a later fictional addition.[1][3] Only one ruler listed is known to be female: Kug-Bau "the
(female) tavern-keeper", who alone accounts for the Third Dynasty of Kish. The earliest listed ruler whose historicity has been archaeologically verified
is Enmebaragesi of Kish, c. 2600 BC. Reference to him and his successor, Aga of Kish, in the Epic of Gilgamesh has led to speculation that Gilgamesh
himself may have been a historical king of Uruk. Three dynasties are absent from the list: the Larsa dynasty, which vied for power with the (included)
Isin dynasty during the Isin-Larsa period; and the two dynasties of Lagash, which respectively preceded and ensued the Akkadian Empire, when Lagash
exercised considerable influence in the region. Lagash, in particular, is known directly from archaeological artifacts dating from c. 2500 BC. The list is
important to the chronology of the 3rd millennium BC. However, the fact that many of the dynasties listed reigned simultaneously from varying
localities makes it difficult to reproduce a strict linear chronology.[1]

Sources
The following extant ancient sources contain the Sumerian King List or portions of it:

Apkullu-list (W.20030,7)
Babyloniaca of Berossus
Dynastic Chronicle (ABC 18)[4] including copies, K 11261+ and K 12054
Kish Tablet
 UCBC 9-1819 ("California Tablet")
WB 62
WB 444 (Weld-Blundell Prism)[5][6]
Nippur fragment (Ni. 3195)

The two sources marked WB are a part of the "Weld-Blundell collection", donated by Herbert Weld Blundell to the
Ashmolean Museum. WB 62 is a small clay tablet, inscribed only on one side, unearthed from Larsa. It is the oldest dated
source, at c. 2000 BC, that contains the list.[7] WB 444, in contrast, is a unique inscribed vertical prism,[1][8][9][10] dated c.
1817 BC, although some scholars prefer c. 1827 BC.[11] The Kish Tablet or Scheil dynastic tablet is an early 2nd millennium
BC tablet which came into possession of Jean-Vincent Scheil, but only contains list entries for four Sumerian cities.[12]
UCBC 9-1819 is a clay tablet housed in the collection of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of California.[13] The
tablet was inscribed during the reign of the Babylonian King Samsu-iluna, or slightly earlier, with the earliest date of 1712
BC.[14] The Dynastic Chronicle (ABC 18) is a Babylonian king list written on six columns, beginning with entries for the
antediluvian (prior to the flood) Sumerian rulers. K 11261+[15] is one of the copies of this chronicle, consisting of three
joined Neo-Assyrian fragments discovered at the Library of Ashurbanipal.[16] K 12054 is another of the Neo-Assyrian
fragments from Uruk (c. 640 BC) but contains a variant form of the antediluvians on the list. The later Babylonian king lists
and Assyrian king lists repeated the earliest portions of the list, thus preserving them well into the 3rd century BC. At this The Weld-Blundell Prism,
time, Berossus wrote Babyloniaca, which popularized fragments of the list in the Hellenic world. In 1960, the Apkullu-list inscribed with the
(Tablet No. W.20030, 7) or "Uruk List of Kings and Sages" (ULKS) was discovered by German archaeologists at an ancient Sumerian King List
temple at Uruk. The list, dating to c. 165 BC, contains a series of kings, equivalent to the Sumerian antediluvians, called
"Apkullu".[17]

List
Early dates are approximate, and are based on available archaeological data. For most of the pre-Akkadian rulers listed, the king list is itself the lone
source of information. Beginning with Lugal-zage-si and the Third Dynasty of Uruk (which was defeated by Sargon of Akkad), a better understanding of
how subsequent rulers fit into the chronology of the ancient Near East can be deduced. The short chronology is used here.

Antediluvian rulers
None of the following predynastic antediluvian rulers have been verified as historical by archaeological excavations, epigraphical inscriptions or
otherwise. While there is no evidence they ever reigned as such, the Sumerians purported them to have lived in the mythical era before the great deluge.
Some modern scholars believe the Sumerian deluge story corresponds to localized river flooding at Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq) and various
other cities as far north as Kish, as revealed by a layer of riverine sediments, radiocarbon dated to c. 2900 BC, which interrupt the continuity of
settlement. Polychrome pottery from the Jemdet Nasr period (c. 3000–2900 BC) was discovered immediately below this Shuruppak flood stratum.[18]
Alan Dickin has criticized this theory in favor of a larger riverine flood c. 5700 BC. He believes this time frame to be much more consistent with the
cataclysmic descriptions of the ANE flood myths:

It is concluded that the Flood most likely occurred around 5700 BC, before the settlement of Oueili, corresponding to the radiocarbon age of
the upper part of the sapropel layer dated by Aqwari. This early date makes the extreme effects described in the Flood narratives much more
credible. At this time, lower Mesopotamia had only recently been colonized by people migrating southward from the villages of northern
Mesopotamia where the agricultural revolution began. These people would have been living in small settlements on the immediate banks of
the Euphrates, and their nascent civilization would have been completely overwhelmed by the greatest flooding event that Mesopotamia has
ever seen.[19]

The antediluvian reigns were measured in Sumerian numerical units known as sars (units of 3,600), ners (units of 600), and sosses (units of 60).[20]
Attempts have been made to map these numbers into more reasonable regnal lengths.[21]

Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments

"After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years."

Alulim 8 sars (28,800 years)

Alalngar 10 sars (36,000 years)

"Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira."

En-men-lu-ana 12 sars (43,200 years)

En-men-gal-ana 8 sars (28,800 years)
Dumuzid, the Shepherd "the shepherd" 10 sars (36,000 years)

"Then Bad-tibira fell and the kingship was taken to Larag."

En-sipad-zid-ana 8 sars (28,800 years)

"Then Larag fell and the kingship was taken to Zimbir."

En-men-dur-ana 5 sars and 5 ners (21,000 years)

"Then Zimbir fell and the kingship was taken to Shuruppag."

Ubara-Tutu 5 sars and 1 ner (18,600 years)

"Then the flood swept over."[22]

First dynasty of Kish
Length
Approx.
Ruler Epithet of Comments
dates
reign

"After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from heaven,
the kingship was in Kish."

names before
Etana do not
appear in any
1,200 historicity other known
Jushur
years uncertain source, and their
existence is
archaeologically
unverified
960
Kullassina-bel
years
670
Nangishlishma
years
420
En-tarah-ana
years
300
Babum
years
840
Puannum
years
960
Kalibum
years
840
Kalumum
years
900
Zuqaqip
years
600
Atab (or A-ba)
years
840
Mashda "the son of Atab" years
720
Arwium "the son of Mashda" years
"the shepherd, who
ascended to heaven 1,500
Etana and consolidated all years
the foreign
countries"
400
Balih "the son of Etana" years
660
En-me-nuna
years

Melem-Kish
"the son of En-me- 900
nuna" years
("the son of En-me- 1,200
Barsal-nuna
nuna")* years

Zamug
"the son of Barsal- 140
nuna" years
305
Tizqar "the son of Zamug" years
900
Ilku
years
1,200
Iltasadum
years
the earliest ruler
on the List
En-me-barage-si
"who made the land 900
EDI
confirmed
of Elam submit" years independently
from epigraphical
evidence
contemporary
with Gilgamesh of

Aga of Kish
"the son of En-me- 625
EDI
Uruk, according to
barage-si" years the Sumerian tale
of Gilgamesh and
Aga [23]

"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to E-ana."
First rulers of Uruk
Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
of E-ana
"the son of Utu" 324 years Late Uruk Period

"Mesh-ki-ang-gasher entered the sea and disappeared."

"the son of
Mesh-ki-ang-
Enmerkar
gasher, the king 420 years Late Uruk Period
of Unug, who
built Unug
(Uruk)"
Lugalbanda "the shepherd" 1,200 years Late Uruk Period
"the fisherman A new translation has
whose city was been made, which
Kuara." exchanges
Dumuzid (Dumuzi) ("He was taken 100 years Jemdet Nasr period
Enmebaragesi as the
captive by the one who captured
(single) hand of Dumuzid.[24]
Enmebaragesi.")*
"whose father contemporary with

Gilgamesh
was a phantom 126 years EDI
Aga of Kish, according
(?), the lord of to
Kulaba" Gilgamesh and Aga[23]

Ur-Nungal
"the son of 30 years
Gilgamesh"
Udul-kalama
"the son of Ur- 15 years
Nungal"
La-ba'shum 9 years
En-nun-tarah-ana 8 years
Mesh-he "the smith" 36 years
Melem-ana 6 years
Lugal-kitun 36 years

"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."

First dynasty of Ur
Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
c. 27th century
Mesh-Ane-pada 80 years
BC
"the son of
Mesh-ki-ang-Nuna Mesh-Ane- 36 years
pada"
Elulu 25 years

Balulu 36 years Gold helmet of

Meskalamdug, possible
founder of the First
"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan." Dynasty of Ur.

Dynasty of Awan
This was a dynasty from Elam.

Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments

Three kings of Awan 356 years c. 26th century BC

"Then Awan was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."

Second dynasty of Kish

Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
Susuda "the fuller" 201 years EDII
Dadasig 81 years
Mamagal "the boatman" 360 years
Kalbum "the son of Mamagal" 195 years
Tuge 360 years
Men-nuna "the son of Tuge" 180 years
(Enbi-Ishtar) 290 years
Lugalngu 360 years

"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Hamazi."

The First dynasty of Lagash (c. 2500 – c. 2271 BC) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions

Dynasty of Hamazi
Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
Hadanish 360 years c. 2500 BC

"Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."

Second dynasty of Uruk

Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
said to have
conquered
parts of
Sumer; then
Eannatum of
En-shag-kush-ana 60 years c. 25th century BC
Lagash claims
to have taken
over Sumer,
Kish, and all
Mesopotamia.
contemporary
Lugal-kinishe-dudu with
120 years
or Lugal-ure Entemena of
Lagash
Argandea 7 years

"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."

Second dynasty of Ur
Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
c. 23rd century
Nanni 120 years
BC
Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna "the son of 48 years
II Nanni"
"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Adab."

Dynasty of Adab
Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
said to have
conquered all
Mesopotamia from
Lugal-Ane-mundu 90 years c. 25th century BC the Persian Gulf to
the
Zagros Mountains
and Elam

"Then Adab was defeated and the kingship was taken to Mari."

Dynasty of Mari
Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
Anbu 30 years c. 25th century BC
Anba "the son of Anbu" 17 years
Bazi "the leatherworker" 30 years
Zizi of Mari "the fuller" 20 years
Limer "the 'gudug' priest" 30 years
Sharrum-iter 9 years
 "Then Mari was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."

Third dynasty of Kish

Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
"the
woman
tavern- the only known woman in the King List; said to have gained independence from En-anna-tum I of L
Kug-Bau keeper, 100 years
c. 24th century
Akshak, according to the later
(Kubaba) who made BC
Chronicle of the É-sagila (https://books.google.com/books?id=1i5b6STWnroC&printsec=frontcover
firm the
foundations
of Kish"
"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Akshak."

Dynasty of Akshak
Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
c. 25th – 24th
Unzi 30 years
century BC
Undalulu 6 years
Urur 6 years
Puzur- contemporary with Kug-Bau of Kish, according to the later
20 years
Nirah Chronicle of É-sagila (https://books.google.com/books?id=1i5b6STWnroC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pu
Ishu-Il 24 years
Shu- "the
Suen of son of 7 years
Akshak Ishu-Il"
"Then Akshak was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish."

Fourth dynasty of Kish

Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments

Puzur-Suen
"the son of 25 years c. 2350 BC
Kug-Bau"
according to the king
Ur-Zababa
"the son of 400 (6?) years c. 2350 BC list, Sargon of Akkad
Puzur-Suen" was his cup-bearer
Zimudar 30 years

Usi-watar
"the son of 7 years
Zimudar"
Eshtar-
11 years
muti
Ishme-
11 years
Shamash
(Shu-
(15 years)*
ilishu)*
Nanniya "the jeweller" 7 years

"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."

Third dynasty of Uruk

Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
said to have defeated
Urukagina of Lagash, as well
as Kish and other Sumerian
c. 2296–2271
Lugal-zage-si 25 years cities, creating a unified
BC (short)
kingdom; he in turn was
overthrown by
Sargon of Akkad

"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Agade (Akkad)"

Dynasty of Akkad
 Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
"whose father
was a defeated
gardener, the Lugal-zage-si
cupbearer of c. 2270–2215
of Uruk, took
Sargon of Akkad Ur-Zababa, 40 years
BC (short)
over Sumer,
became king, and began
the king of the Akkadian
Agade, who Empire
built Agade"
Rimush of Akkad
"the son of 9 years
c. 2214–2206
Sargon" BC (short)
"the older Bronze head of an
Manishtushu brother of Akkadian, probably an
c. 2205–2191
(Manishtusu)
Rimush, the 15 years
BC (short)
image of Manishtusu or
son of Naram-Sin; descendants
Sargon" of Sargon of Akkad
(National Museum of
Naram-Sin of Akkad
"the son of 56 years
c. 2190–2154
Iraq).
Man-ishtishu" BC (short)

Shar-kali-sharri
"the son of 25 years
c. 2153–2129
Naram-Sin" BC (short)

"Then who was king? Who was not the king?"

Irgigi
Imi c. 2128–2125
4 years
Nanum BC (short)

Ilulu
c. 2125–2104
Dudu of Akkad 21 years
BC (short)
Akkad falls
Shu-Durul
"the son of 15 years
c. 2104–2083
to the
Dudu" BC (short)
Gutians

"Then Agade was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug (Uruk)."

Fourth dynasty of Uruk

(Possibly rulers of lower Mesopotamia contemporary with the Dynasty of Akkad)

Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments

c. 2091? – 2061?
Ur-ningin 7 years
BC (short)

Ur-gigir
"the son of Ur- 6 years
ningin"
Kuda 6 years
Puzur-ili 5 years
Ur-Utu (or Lugal- ("the son of Ur-
25 years
melem) gigir")*
"Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to the army of Gutium."

The Second dynasty of Lagash (before c. 2093–2046 BC (short)) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions.

Gutian rule
Ruler Length of reign Approx. dates Comments

"In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings
and ruled thus for 3 years."

c. 2147–2050
Inkišuš 6 years
BC (short)
Sarlagab (or
6 years
Zarlagab)
Shulme (or
6 years
Yarlagash)
Elulmeš (or
6 years
Silulumeš or Silulu)
Inimabakeš (or
5 years
Duga)
Igešauš (or Ilu-An) 6 years
Yarlagab 3 years
Ibate of Gutium 3 years
Yarla (or Yarlangab) 3 years
Kurum 1 year
Apilkin 3 years

La-erabum 2 years mace head inscription

Irarum 2 years
Ibranum 1 year
Hablum 2 years
Puzur-Suen 7 years "the son of Hablum"
Mention of the Gutian
foundation inscription dynasty of Sumer in the
Yarlaganda 7 years
at Umma tablet of Lugalanatum
Si'um or Si-u? — (𒄖𒋾𒌝𒆠, gu-ti-
Unknown 7 years foundation inscription umKI)
at Umma
defeated by
Tirigan 40 days
Utu-hengal of Uruk

"Then the army of Gutium was defeated and the kingship taken to Unug
(Uruk)."

Fifth dynasty of Uruk

Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
conflicting dates defeats Tirigan and the
c. 2055–2048
Utu-hengal (427 years / 26 years Gutians, appoints
BC (short)
/ 7 years) Ur-Namma governor of Ur

Third dynasty of Ur
Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
Ur-Namma defeats Nammahani of
(Ur-
"the son of 18 years
c. 2047–2030
Lagash; contemporary of
Nammu)
Utu-Hengal" BC (short)
Utu-hengal of Uruk

Shulgi
"the son of 46 years
c. 2029–1982 possible lunar/solar
Ur-Namma" BC (short) eclipse 2005 BC

Amar-Suena
"the son of 9 years
c. 1981–1973
Shulgi" BC (short)
"the son of c. 1972–1964
Shu-Suen Amar- 9 years
BC (short)
Suena"
Ibbi-Suen
"the son of 24 years
c. 1963–1940
Shu-Suen" BC (short)

"Then Urim was defeated. The very foundation of Sumer was torn out. The
kingship was taken to Isin."

Independent Amorite states in lower Mesopotamia. The Dynasty of Larsa (c. 1961–1674 BC (short)) from this period is not mentioned in the King
List.

Dynasty of Isin
Ruler Epithet Length of reign Approx. dates Comments
c. 1953–1920 contemporary of
Ishbi-Erra 33 years
BC (short) Ibbi-Suen of Ur

Shu-Ilishu
"the son of 20 years
Ishbi-Erra"
Iddin-Dagan
"the son of Shu- 20 years
ilishu"
Ishme-Dagan
"the son of 20 years
Iddin-Dagan"
"the son of contemporary of
Lipit-Eshtar Ishme-Dagan (or 11 years Gungunum of
Iddin-Dagan)" Larsa
Ur-Ninurta ("the son of 28 years Contemporary of
Ishkur, may he Abisare of Larsa
have years of
 abundance, a
good reign, and
a sweet life")*
Bur-Suen
"the son of Ur- 21 years
Ninurta"
Lipit-Enlil
"the son of Bur- 5 years
Suen"
He appointed his
gardener, Enlil-
Erra-imitti 8 years Bani, substitute
king and then
suddenly died.
contemporary of
Sumu-la-El of
Babylon. He was
Erra-imitti's
gardener and was
appointed
substitute king, to
Enlil-bani 24 years
serve as a
scapegoat and
then sacrificed,
but remained on
the throne when
Erra－imitti
suddenly died.
contemporary of
Zambiya 3 years Sin-Iqisham of
Larsa
Iter-pisha 4 years
Ur-du-kuga 4 years
Suen-magir 11 years
("the son of
(Damiq-ilishu)* (23 years)*
Suen-magir")*
* These epithets or names are not included in all versions of the king list.

See also
Chronology of the ancient Near East
History of Sumer
Kings of Assyria
List of cities of the ancient Near East
List of kings of Iraq
List of lists of ancient kings
List of Mesopotamian dynasties
Short chronology timeline

References
1. Van De Mieroop, Marc (2004). A History of the Ancient Near East 7. Langdon, OECT2 (1923), pl. 6.
(https://books.google.com/books?id=oknsEhcALLEC). Blackwell. 8. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101107074610/
p. 41. ISBN 0-631-22552-8. http://www.etana.org/coretexts/20340.pdf) (PDF). Archived from
2. The spelling of royal names follows the Electronic Text Corpus of the original (http://www.etana.org/coretexts/20340.pdf) (PDF) on
Sumerian Literature (http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?t 2010-11-07. Retrieved 2011-02-23. Stephen Langdon, Historical
ext=t.2.1.1#) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2013102209 inscriptions, containing principally the chronological prism, W-B
3440/http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.2.1.1) 444, Oxford University Press, 1923
2013-10-22 at the Wayback Machine 9. "WB-444 High Resolution Image from CDLI" (http://www.cdli.ucl
3. von Soden, Wolfram (1994). The Ancient Orient (https://archive.o a.edu/dl/photo/P384786.jpg). Archived (https://web.archive.org/
rg/details/ancientorientint0000sode). Donald G. Schley (trans.). web/20150513093235/http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/dl/photo/P38478
Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 47 (https://archive.org/details/ancientorien 6.jpg) from the original on 2015-05-13.
tint0000sode/page/47). ISBN 0-8028-0142-0. 10. "WB-444 Line Art from CDLI" (http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/dl/lineart/
4. "ABC 18 (Dynastic Chronicle) - Livius" (https://www.livius.org/cg-c P384786_l.jpg). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150915
m/chronicles/abc18/dynastic1.html). www.livius.org. Archived (htt 085304/http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/dl/lineart/P384786_l.jpg) from
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g/cg-cm/chronicles/abc18/dynastic1.html) from the original on 11. Ancient Iraq: (Assyria and Babylonia), Peter Roger Stuart Moorey,
2006-02-28. Ashmolean Museum, 1976; The Sumerian King List, T. Jacobsen,
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g/web/20160730063802/https://www.livius.org/k/kinglist/sumeri Their Culture", S. Langdon, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology,
an.html) from the original on 2016-07-30. Vol. 7, No. 3/4, Oct., 1921, p. 133. [1] (https://www.jstor.org/pss/3
6. Langdon, S. (1923). The Weld-Blundell Collection, vol. II. Historical 853561)
Inscriptions, Containing Principally the Chronological Prism, W-B. 13. "The Antediluvian Kings: A University of California Tablet", J. J.
444. [PDF] Oxford University Press. Available at: Finkelstein, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1963, p.
http://etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/20340.pdf [Accessed 39.
22 Sep. 2018].
14. Finkelstein, 1963, pp.39-40. 20. "Archived copy" (http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2009/cdlj2009_00
15. Lambert and Millard, Cuneiform Texts 46 Nr. 5 1.html). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120130013201/
http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2009/cdlj2009_001.html) from the
16. Bilingual Chronicle Fragments, Irving L. Finkel, Journal of
original on 2012-01-30. Retrieved 2011-03-10. Christine Proust,
Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2, Apr., 1980, pp. 65–80. "Numerical and Metrological Graphemes: From Cuneiform to
17. A copy of the tablet appears in Jan van Dijk and Werner R. Mayer, Transliteration," Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, 2009, ISSN
Texte aus dem Rès-Heiligtum in Uruk-Warka, Bagdader 1540-8779
Mitteilungen Beiheft 2 (Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1980), text no. 21. R.K. Harrison, “Reinvestigating the Antediluvian Sumerian King
89 (= BaMB 2 89). For an edition of the text, see J. van Dijk, Die
List,” JETS, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 3-8, (Mar 1993)
Inschriftenfunde, Vorläufiger Bericht über die... Ausgrabungen in
Uruk-Warka 18 (1962), 44-52 and plate 27. "Archived copy" (http 22. "The Sumerian king list: translation" (http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/s
s://web.archive.org/web/20100709020307/http://www1.pacific.ed ection2/tr211.htm). etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. Archived (https://web.arc
u/~alenzi/Lenzi_Uruk%20List%20of%20Kings%20and%20Sages% hive.org/web/20080508061030/http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/sectio
20JANER.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://www1.paci n2/tr211.htm) from the original on 2008-05-08.
fic.edu/~alenzi/Lenzi_Uruk%20List%20of%20Kings%20and%20Sa 23. [2] (http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.1#)
ges%20JANER.pdf) (PDF) on 2010-07-09. Retrieved 2011-09-15. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161009114709/http://et
18. Harriet Crawford (2004), Sumer and the Sumerians (https://books. csl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.1) 2016-10-09 at
google.com/books?id=eX8y3yW04n4C&q=Sumerian+King+List the Wayback Machine Gilgameš and Aga Translation at ETCSL
&pg=PA8), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-53338-6 24. THE BROCKMON COLLECTION DUPLICATE OF THE SUMERIAN
19. Dickin, Alan (September 2018). New Historical and Geological KINGLIST (BT 14) by Jacob Klein (Bar-Ilan University)
Constraints on the Date of Noah’s Flood (https://www.asa3.org/
ASA/PSCF/2018/PSCF9-18Dickin.pdf) (PDF). ASA. pp. 187–188.

Further reading
W. F. Albright, "The Babylonian Antediluvian Kings", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 43 (1923), pp. 323–329
J. J. Finkelstein, "The Antediluvian Kings: A University of California Tablet", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 17 (1963), no. 2, pp. 39–51
Friberg, Jöran. "The Beginning and the End of the Sumerian King List" (https://books.google.com/books?id=x8ZY3RUQhMQC&pg=PA23
1), in A remarkable collection of Babylonian mathematical texts: Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection Cuneiform Texts I, Springer, 2007,
ISBN 0-387-34543-4
Jean-Jacques Glassner, Mesopotamian Chronicles, Brill, 2005, ISBN 90-04-13084-5
Albrecht Goetze, "Early Kings of Kish", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 15 (1961), no. 3, pp. 105–111
Hallo, William W. "Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 17 (1963), no. 2,
pp. 52–57
Thomas Jacobs, The Sumerian King List, UGent paper, GONO department
Jacobsen, Thorkild, The Sumerian King List (http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/as11.pdf). Oriental Institute, Assyriological Studies 11, University
of Chicago Press, 1939
Michalowski, Piotr. "History as Charter Some Observations on the Sumerian King List", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 103
(1983), no. 1, pp. 237–248
Rowton, M. B. "The Date of the Sumerian King List", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 19 (1960), no. 2, pp. 156–162
P. Steinkeller, "An Ur III Manuscript of the Sumerian King List", in Literatur, Politik und Recht in Mesopotamien: Festschrift fur Claus
Wilcke, ed. W. Sallaberger et al., Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 267–92, 2003
Vincente, Claudine-Adrienne, "The Tall Leilan Recension of the Sumerian King List", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 50 (1995), 234–270
Young, Dwight W. "The Incredible Regnal Spans of Kish I in the Sumerian King List", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 50 (1991), no. 1,
pp. 23–35

External links
Full text of the Sumerian King List, with variations (http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr211.htm)

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