Samatha: Buddhism
Samatha: Buddhism
Samatha: Buddhism
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Contents
1Etymology
2Samatha and vipassana
3Theravāda and the Vipassana movement
o 3.1Function
o 3.2Objects of meditation
o 3.3Signs and stages of joy
o 3.4Variations
4Indo-Tibetan tradition
o 4.1Mahayana sūtras
4.1.1Dhyana
o 4.2Factors in śamatha
4.2.1Nine mental abidings
4.2.2Five faults and eight antidotes
4.2.2.1Five faults
4.2.2.2Eight antidotes
4.2.3Six Powers
4.2.4Four modes of mental engagement
o 4.3Mahāmudrā and dzogchen
o 4.4Relationship with vipaśyanā
5Similar practices in other religions
6See also
7Notes
8References
9Sources
10External links
Etymology[edit]
The semantic field of Tibetan shi and Sanskrit shama is "pacification", "the slowing or
cooling down", "rest".[2] The semantic field of Tibetan né is "to abide or remain" and this
is cognate or equivalent with the final syllable of the Sanskrit, thā.[3]
The Tibetan term for samatha is shyiné (Wylie: zhi-gnas). According to Jamgon
Kongtrul, the terms refer to "peace" and "pacification" of the mind and the thoughts. [4]
Samatha, calm abiding, which steadies, composes, unifies and concentrates the
mind;
Vipassanā, insight, which enables one to see, explore and discern "formations"
(conditioned phenomena based on the five aggregates).[5]
The Buddha is said to have extolled serenity and insight as conduits for attaining the
unconditioned state of nibbana (Pāli; Skt.: Nirvana). For example, in the Kimsuka Tree
Sutta (SN 35.245), the Buddha provides an elaborate metaphor in which serenity and
insight are "the swift pair of messengers" who deliver the message of nibbana via
the noble eightfold path.[6]
In the Four Ways to Arahantship Sutta (AN 4.170), Ven. Ānanda reports that people
attain arahantship using calm abiding and insight in one of three ways:
Mahayana sūtras[edit]
A number of Mahāyāna sūtras address śamatha, usually in conjunction with vipaśyanā.
One of the most prominent, the Cloud of Jewels Sutra (Ārya Ratnamegha Sutra, Tib.
'phags-pa dkon-mchog sprin-gyi mdo, Chinese 寶雲經 T658, 大乘寶雲經 T659) divides
all forms of meditation into either śamatha or vipaśyanā, defining śamatha as "single-
pointed consciousness" and vipaśyanā as "seeing into the nature of things."[27]
The Sūtra Unlocking the Mysteries (Samdhinirmocana Sūtra), a yogācāra sūtra, is also
often used as a source for teachings on śamatha. The Samādhirāja Sūtra is often cited
as an important source for śamatha instructions by the Kagyu tradition, particularly via
commentary by Gampopa,[28] although scholar Andrew Skilton, who has studied
the Samādhirāja Sūtra extensively, reports that the sūtra itself "contains no significant
exposition of either meditational practices or states of mind." [29]
Dhyana[edit]
Śamatha furthers the right concentration aspect of the noble eightfold path. The
successful result of śamatha is also sometimes characterized as meditative absorption
(samādhi, ting nge ’dzin) and meditative equipoise (samāhita, mnyam-bzhag), and
freedom from the five obstructions (āvaraṇa, sgrib-pa). It may also result in
the siddhis of clairvoyance (abhijñā, mgon shes) and magical emanation (nirmāna,
sprul pa).[30]
Factors in śamatha[edit]
According to Culadasa (2015), "Samatha has five characteristics: effortlessly stable
attention (samādhi), powerful mindfulness (sati), joy (pīti), tranquility (passaddhi), and
equanimity (upekkhā). The complete state of samatha results from working with stable
attention (samādhi) and mindfulness (sati) until joy emerges. Joy then gradually
matures into tranquility, and equanimity arises out of that tranquility. A mind
in samatha is the ideal instrument for achieving Insight and Awakening" [31]
Nine mental abidings[edit]
See also: Ten Bulls
In a formulation originating in the Śrāvakabhūmi section of the Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra[note
8]
śamatha practice is said to progress through nine "mental abidings" or Nine stages of
training the mind (S. navākārā cittasthiti, Tib. sems gnas dgu), leading to śamatha
proper (the equivalent of "access concentration" in the Theravāda system), and from
there to a state of meditative concentration called the first dhyāna (Pāli: jhāna;
Tib. bsam gtan) which is often said to be a state of tranquillity or bliss. [33][34] An equivalent
succession of stages is described in the Ten oxherding pictures of Zen.[35] The Nine
Mental Abidings as described by Kamalaśīla are:[30][33]
See also[edit]
Kammaṭṭhāna
Samadhi
Vipassanā
Dhyāna in Buddhism (Jhāna)
Christianity
Christian contemplation
Hesychasm
Islam
Muraqaba
Notes[edit]
1. ^ Also romanized to shamatha, Tib. ཞི་གནས་,
shyiné; Wylie: zhi gnas; English: "calm" or "tranquility"
2. ^ While the Nikayas identify that the pursuit of
vipassana can precede the pursuit of samatha, a fruitful
vipassana-oriented practice must still be based upon the
achievement of stabilizing "access concentration" (Pāli:
upacara samādhi).
3. ^ Vetter: "...to put it more accurately, the first dhyana
seems to provide, after some time, a state of strong
concentration, from which the other stages come forth;
the second stage is called samadhija"[13] [...] "born from
samadhi."[12]
4. ^ Original publication: Gombrich, Richard
(2007), Religious Experience in Early Buddhism, OCHS
Library
5. ^ Gombrich: "I know this is controversial, but it seems to
me that the third and fourth jhanas are thus quite unlike
the second."
6. ^ Wynne: "Thus the expression sato sampajāno in the
third jhāna must denote a state of awareness different
from the meditative absorption of the
second jhāna (cetaso ekodibhāva). It suggests that the
subject is doing something different from remaining in a
meditative state, i.e. that he has come out of his
absorption and is now once again aware of objects. The
same is true of the word upek(k)hā: it does not denote
an abstract 'equanimity', [but] it means to be aware of
something and indifferent to it [...] The third and
fourth jhāna-s, as it seems to me, describe the process
of directing states of meditative absorption towards the
mindful awareness of objects."[17]
7. ^ A 2008 book by Richard Shankman entitled The
Experience of Samadhi: An In-depth Exploration of
Buddhist Meditation comparatively surveys the
treatment of samatha in the suttas, in the commentarial
tradition of the Visuddhimagga, and among a number of
prominent contemporary Theravāda teachers of various
orientations.[23]
8. ^ This is also found in Asaṅga's Abhidharmasamuccaya.
[32]
It is also found in
the Mahāyānasūtrālaṅkāra of Maitreyanātha.
References[edit]
1. ^ Thanissaro Bhikkhu 1997.
2. ^ Ray, Reginald A. (Ed.)(2004). In the Presence of
Masters: Wisdom from 30 Contemporary Tibetan
Buddhist Teachers. Boston, Massachusetts, USA:
Shambhala. ISBN 1-57062-849-1(pbk.: alk. paper) p.69.
3. ^ Ray, Reginald A. (Ed.)(2004). In the Presence of
Masters: Wisdom from 30 Contemporary Tibetan
Buddhist Teachers. Boston, Massachusetts, USA:
Shambhala. ISBN 1-57062-849-1(pbk.: alk. paper) p.70.
4. ^ Ray, Reginald A. (Ed.)(2004). In the Presence of
Masters: Wisdom from 30 Contemporary Tibetan
Buddhist Teachers. Boston, Massachusetts,
USA: Shambhala Publications. ISBN 1-57062-849-
1 (pbk.: alk. paper) p.69.
5. ^ These definitions of samatha and vipassana are
based on the Four Kinds of Persons Sutta (AN 4.94).
This article's text is primarily based on Bodhi, Bhikkhu
(2005). "In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of
Discourses from the Pali Canon," pp. 269-70, 440 n. 13.
Wisdom Publications. ISBN 9780861714919. See
also Thanissaro (1998d) Archived2018-10-13 at
the Wayback Machine.
6. ^ Bodhi (2000), pp. 1251-53. See also Thanissaro
(1998c) Archived 2019-09-01 at the Wayback
Machine (where this sutta is identified as SN 35.204).
See also, for instance, a discourse (Pāli: sutta) entitled
"Serenity and Insight" (SN 43.2), where the Buddha
states: "And what, bhikkhus, is the path leading to
the unconditioned? Serenity and insight...." (Bodhi,
2000, pp. 1372-73).
7. ^ Bodhi (2005), pp. 268, 439 nn. 7, 9, 10. See
also Thanissaro (1998f) Archived 2013-06-19 at
the Wayback Machine.
8. ^ "Thanissaro 1997". Archived from the original on
2010-04-12. Retrieved 2010-01-24.
9. ^ Brahm (2006). Mindfulness, Bliss, and Beyond.
Wisdom Publications, Inc. p. 25. ISBN 0-86171-275-7.
10. ^ Buswell, Robert E. (2004). Encyclopedia of
Buddhism (PDF). Macmillan Reference, USA. pp. 889–
890. ISBN 978-0-02-865718-9.
11. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Wallace, A: 'The Attention Revolution',
Wisdom Publications, 1st ed., 2006, p.164". Archived
from the original on 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b Vetter 1988, p. XXVI, note 9.
13. ^ Vetter 1988, p. 13.
14. ^ Jump up to:a b Wynne 2007, p. 140, note 58.
15. ^ Wynne 2007, p. 106-107; 140, note 58.
16. ^ Jump up to:a b c Wynne 2007, p. 106.
17. ^ Wynne 2007, p. 106-107.
18. ^ See, for instance, AN 2.30 in Bodhi (2005), pp. 267-
68, and Thanissaro (1998e)Archived 2013-06-19 at
the Wayback Machine.
19. ^ See, for instance, Bodhi (1999) Archived 2010-02-14
at the Wayback Machine and Nyanaponika (1996), p.
108.