Bu Exit PDF
Bu Exit PDF
Bu Exit PDF
7. 45° ELBOW
3. REDUCER
9. UNION
4. REDUCING ELBOW
10. TEE
5. MALE ADAPTOR
- one side is nipple and other is coupling
12. CAP
6. FEMALE ADAPTOR
13. CROSS
- horizontal pipe
HOUSE DRAIN
- Lowest horizontal piping
- Receives discharges and to the house sewer
14. PLUG
HOUSE SEWER
- Extends from the house drain
UNIT OF MEASURE
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. Amount of waste it carries
*GENERAL RULES*
2. 0.47 liters / secs or 28.3 liters / minute
1. All must go and lead to septic tank
2. Must take the shortest route as possible
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
3. Control components should be located strategically
- Minimum slope / pitch of horizontal drainage pipe = 2%
*SUBSYSTEM OF THE SANITARY SYSTEM*
1. Waste collection system
TRAPS
2. Ventilation system
*KINDS OF TRAPS*
*ESSENTIAL PARTS*
1. Waste pipe
1. COMMON TRAP
- conveys only waste water - for lavatories, kitchen, sink, laundry tubs and urinals
- free from fecal 2. DEEP SEAL TRAP
2. Vent pipe - about twice the size of common trap
- for circulation of air 3. STAND TRAP
3. Trap - for slop sinks
- fitting device to prevent backflows of foul air - serves as water seal support
4. Stack 4. RUNNING TRAP
- vertical main of the system - used in house drain
5. Branch 5. DRUM TRAP
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BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (MARCH 2016)
- for fixtures that discharges large amount of water - principal artery of the vent system
6. S TRAP - aka collecting vent line to main and soil vent
- predecessor of P-trap 3. INDIVIDUAL VENT
- connect to vent line - back vent
4. UNIT / COMMON / DUAL VENT
*TYPES OF PROHIBITED TRAPS* - one vent pipe serves 2 pipes
1. Traps with moveable parts 5. RELIEF VENT
2. No fixture shall be double trapped - vertical vent line
3. The s trap - additional circulation of air between the soil and vent
stacks
*REQUIREMENTS* 6. YOKE / BY – PASS VENT
1. Each plumbing fixture, shall be separately trapped with an - pipe connecting upward from a soil / waste stack below
approved type of water seal trap the floor and below h-connection to an adjacent vent
2. One trap = one trap arm stack at a point above the floor
3. One trap = three single compartments 7. CIRCUIT VENT
4. Trap arm = size of trap - starts in front of the highest fixture connection on a
5. Trap seal = not greater the 51mm and not less than 102m horizontal branch and connects to a vent stack
CLEANOUTS 8. LOOPED VENT
*REQUIREMENTS* - vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil waste pipe
- additional cleanout shall be provided on horizontal line with an 9. WET VENT
aggregate offset angle not less than 135° - waste water flows through
- between the building drain and building sewer 10. LOCAL VENT
11. DRY VENT
VENTILATION 12. STACK VENT
- Portion of drainage pipe installation intended to maintain balance 13. VENT STANDS
atmospheric pressure inside - provide circulation of air
*TYPES OF VENTS*
1. MAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENTS SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
- backbone of the entire sanitary system 1. TRAP SEAL LOSS
- portion where waste travels 2. BACK PRESSURE
- continuous to the roofs 3. CAPILLARY ACTION
2. MAIN VENT 4. EVAPORATION
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BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (MARCH 2016)
*SCUM*
- lighter organic matter that rise from water
2. HOUSE TRAP
- in house drain inside foundation wall of the building
*EFFLUENT*
- liquid content of sewage
- minimum of 2 compartments
- maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of digestion chamber to CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS
collect the sludge 1. COMBINATION OF PUBLIC SEWERS
- Manholes: - oldest variety
- at least 2 manholes - caries both storm and sanitary wastes
- 508mm minimum dimension 2. STORM SEWERS
- Size Pipe Inlet and Outlet
3. SANITARY SEWERS
- diameter must not be less than sewer pipe
- sanitary wastes only
- Location of Inlet and Outlet
- terminates in modern sewage disposal plant for
- extend 101.6mm above and at least 304.8mm below water
treatment
surface
- Air Surface
2 TYPES OF SANITARY SEWER
- side walls shall extend 228.6mm above liquid depth
- cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8mm above the back vent
1. TRIBUTARY SEWER
openings - usually round shapes
- Partition between compartments - vitrified clay / cement pipes
- inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet 2. INTERCEPTING SEWER
- Structure - aka collecting sewers
- shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less than 14.4
kPa PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
- Capacity - Area: depends on the req. septic tank
- determined by the number of apartment units in dwelling - Distance from the water table
occupancies - No excavation for the leach bed
- Location - 1.5m of the water table
- not be located underneath the house - With sewage pit: filter material in the tranches
- at least 15m from the water distribution system 1. SEEPAGE PITS
- loosely lined excavation in the ground
3 DEGREES OF WATER - receives discharges of septic tank
1. GREY WATER - capacity: depends on the quantity of liquids
- waste water without human wastes - size: circular in shape with excavated diameter of not
2. BLACK WATER greater than 2.2m and to be lined with clay or concrete
- waste water with human waste brick
3. STORM WATER
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BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (MARCH 2016)
- strength: brick lining shall have compression strength of 2. Clarifies the effluent
17225kPa 3. Hardens the sludge and converts to fertilizers
2. MULTIPLE SEEPAGE PITS 2. THE TRICKLING FILTER PROCESS
- served through a distribution box / shall be connected in - aka Percolating or Sprinkling Filter System
series by means of watertight connection - reqs. Less mechanical elements and less stages
- outlet shall have a vented leg fitting extending 304.8m - 95% pure water
below the inlet fitting - requires large ground area
3. CESSPOOLS
- non watertight lined excavation in the ground which STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
receives the discharge of sanitary drainage - Rainwater piping must not be used as soil, waste and vent pipes
- designed to retain the organic matter but permitting the - Sizes of downspout and gutter sizes are based upon the maximum
liquid to seep through the pit bottom and sides depth of rainfall per hour falling upon a given roof area in m2
4. PRIVIES - Shapes: square, rectangle, round
- oldest form of disposal of organic waste - Downspouts for high rise shall be stronger pipes materials to resist the
- consist of vault constructed of concrete for the collection high hydrostatic pressure
of raw sewage and a wooden shelter - Roof drain: equipped with dome type strainer
- requirement: when liquid wastes containing excessive
amounts of grease, garbage, flammable waste, sand or 3 MAJOR SYSTEMS OF COLLECTING STORM WATERS
other ing. which may affect the operation of a private 1. THE INDEPENDENT SYSTEM
sewage disposal system, inceptor shall be installed. - aka the separate system
- disposal: waste from inceptor may be discharged to a - brings collected water directly to water reservoirs
septic tank or other primary system 2. THE COMBINED SYSTEM
- combines storm water with sanitary wastes
SEWAGE TREATMENT 3. NATURAL SYSTEM
- Aeration system within the tank - without using any roof gutters
- Submersible mixer to mix the waste - when rainwater is collected in cistern
- Sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying
STORM DRAIN LOCATIONS
2 MOST COMMON TYPE MUNICIPAL TREATMENT 1. OUTSIDE
1. ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
- Phase: 2. INSIDE
1. Gets rid of heavy materials with 3 different filter
3. OVERHEAD
5. CATCH BASIN
- downspout should terminate in catch basin
ROOFING ELEMENTS TO COLLECT RAINWATER - delivers water in street via gravity
1. GUTTER
- usually located along the entire perimeter of the roof
6. STORM LINE
- connects to each catch basin
2. DOWNSPOUT
- located every 8 – 10m STORM SEWERS
- every corner of the roof
- Carries only rainwater
- Collected from the storm drain
- Terminates at natural drainage area
- Requires manhole to serve as cleanouts and to make accessible
1. Power source AMPERE- standard unit used in measuring the strength of an electrical
2. Control (switch) current
3. Load WATT- the rate of power that is consumed
4. Conductors (wire) RESISTANCE- opposition or friction to flow of current. Also called
What happens to the current in a short circuit? The current increases. impedance for AC current. It is an electrical term for friction.
VOLTAGE- another name for electromotive force (EMF)
“E”- the single-letter abbreviation for electromotive force (voltage) ELECTRICAL CURRENT
VOLTMETER- instrument that measures the EMF of an electrical -the flow electricity in a conductor
circuit.
A voltmeter must always be placed in parallel with the circuit being Required components:
tested. a. Source of voltage
6.24x10^18- electrons in one coulomb b. Closed loop of wiring
One Ampere= one coulomb/sec c. An electrical load
AMMETER- an electrical meter that measures current d. A means of opening and closing the circuit
A clamp-on type ammeter must be clamped around one wire(s) to
obtain a proper reading. CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Types of Ammeter 1. Direct Current- electricity flows in one direction (DC)
1. Clamp-on type 2. Alternating current- electricity constantly reverses its direction of flow.
2. Inline Ammeter It is generated by machines called AC generators. It is universally accepted
POWER- the time rate of doing work because of its unlimited number of applications.
Electrical power is measured in WATTS (W or P)
W= E x I ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATING CURRENT
Three Common conductors used in electrical circuits 1. Easily produced
1. Silver 2. Cheap to maintain
2. Copper 3. Can be transformed to a higher voltage
3. Aluminum 4. Can be distributed to far distances
Electrical resistance is measured in OHMS 5. More efficient
OHMS LAW; E= I x R TYPES OF CIRCUIT
1. Series Circuit- single path of current flow; elements are arranged in a
series of one after the other with no branches. The current is the same
throughout and the voltage differ.
TERMS
2. Parallel Circuit- “multiple connections” where loads are placed across
ION- an atom or molecule that is electrically charged (unbalanced)
the same voltage constituting a separate circuit. The voltage is the same
VOLT/VOLTAGE- the electrical pressure that causes electron to move
and the current differ.
through a conductor. (Electromotive force) or EMF
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM -Current flow may be defined as the mass movement of valence electrons
1. Higher voltage, larger current from atom to atom through a conductor
2. Higher resistance, lower current CONDUCTORS-An element with 1, 2, or 3 valance electrons
-These electrons can be moved easily from one atom to another
Ohms Law SEMICONDUCTORS-An element with 4 valance electrons
Formula: -Used to manufacture diodes and transistors
FOR DC FOR AC -Silicone is one of the most common semiconductors
I= V / R I= V / Z INSULATORS-Have 5 or more electrons on the valance ring
-Due to the electrical attraction of the electrons and protons it is very
I=current V=voltage difficult to get the electrons to move
R=resistance Z=impedance VOLTS-the pressure used to force the electrons from one atom to another
-A typical battery has 12.6 volts of pressure
BASIC ELECTRICITY -A typical alternator produces 14V
AMPERAGE-The amount of electric current flowing in a circuit
ATOMS-the smallest known particle of an element RESISTANCE-Measured in Ohms
-everything around us is made up of atoms, including ourselves -The resistance or opposition, to current flow in an electrical circuit
ELEMENT-a liquid, solid, or gas that contains only one type of atom. Ex:
Oxygen, Hydrogen, Argon DEFINITION OF TERMS
COMPOUNDS-a liquid, solid, or gas that contains two or more types of ELECTRICAL DEFINITIONS
atoms. Ex: H20, CO2, CO A
MOLECULES-the smallest particle of a compound in which all the chemical ACCESSIBLE – Capable of being removed or exposed without damaging the
characteristics of the compound are present. Ex: 1 molecule of water= 1H building structure or finish, or not permanently closed-in by the structure
and 2O or finish of the building.
PROTON-Positively charged particles located at the center, or nucleus, of AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER – One in which the current interruption occurs in
each atom air.
ELECTRONS-Small very light particles with a negative electrical charge AIR TERMINAL – A combination of elevation rod and brace, or footing
-These electrons move in orbit around the nucleus of an atom placed on upper portions of structures, together with tip or point if used.
NEUTRONS- Do not have an electrical charge AIR SWITCH – One with contacts that separate in air.
-These particles add weight to the atom AMPACITY – The current in Amperes a conductor can carry continuously
- Located at the nucleus of an atom under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
ELECTRON MOVEMENT-The outer ring of an atom is called the valance APPLIANCE – Utilization equipment, generally other than industrial,
ring normally built in standardized sizes or types, which is installed or
-The number of electrons on the valance ring determine the electrical connected as a unit to perform one or more functions such as air
characteristics conditioning.
ARMOR – A wrapping galvanized interlocking steel strip forming an CONNECTOR (Splicing Sleeve) - A metal sleeve, usually copper that is
integral party of the assembly of certain insulated cables, wires, or cords, slipped over and secured to the butted ends of the conductors in making
which are capable of withstanding certain mechanical tests. ARMORED up a joint.
CABLE – A fabricated assembly of insulated conductors and a flexible CONTINUOUS LOAD- A load where the maximum current is expected to
metallic covering. continue for three hours or more.
ARRESTER (SURGE)- A protective device for limiting surge voltage on
equipment by discharging or bypassing surge current it prevents CONTROLLER- A device or group of devices that serve to govern, in some
continued flow of follow current to ground and is capable of repeating the predetermined manner, the electric power delivered to the apparatus to
functions as specified. which it is connected.
ASSEMBLY- A combination of all or of a portion of component parts CUTOUT BOX- An enclosure designed for surface mounting and having
included in an electric apparatus, mounted on a supporting frame or swinging doors or covers secured directly to and telescoping with the walls
panel, a properly interwired. of the box proper.
B D
BRANCH CIRCUIT- The circuit conductor between the final over current DEVICE- A unit of an electrical system, which is intended to carry but not
device protecting the circuit and the outlet(s). utilize electric energy.
BUS-A conductor, a group of conductors, in switchgear assemblies, which DISTRIBUTION CENTER- A point at which energy s divided among feeders
serves as common connections for two or more circuits. or branch circuits or combination of both, and where over current devices
C are usually located.
CABLE-Either a stranded conductor with or without insulation and other F
covering (single conductor cable), or a combination of conductors FITTING- An accessory such as a locknut, brushing, or other part of a
insulated from one another (multiple conductor cable). wiring system that is intended primarily to perform a mechanical rather
CIRCUIT BREAKER-A device designed to open and close a circuit by non- than an electrical function.
automatic means and to open the circuit automatically on a FIXTURE- An integral, separate of self-contained unit, which may contain
predetermined over current without damage to itself when properly one or more bulbs or fluorescent tubes.
applied within its rating. FUSE- An over current protective device with a circuit-opening fusible
CONDUCTOR member, which is heated and severed by the passage of over current
BARE- A conductor having no covering or electrical insulation through it.
whatsoever. (See Conductor, covered.”) G
COVERED- A conductor encased within materials of composition GROUNDED- Connected 10 earth or to some conducting body that serves
or thickness that is not recognized by this Code as electrical insulation. in place of the earth.
INSULATED- A conductor encased within material of composition GROUNDING CONDUCTOR- A conductor used to connect equipment or
and thickness that is recognized by this Code as electrical insulation. the grounded circuit of a wiring system to a grounding electrode or
CONDUIT FITTING- An accessory, which serves to complete a conduit electrodes.
system, such as hushing and access fittings. I
- a thousand joules is equal to one BTU - Cross sectional area of the conductor - the bigger the cross sectional area
- The term "joule" is named after an English scientist James of wire, the lower is the resistance.
Prescott Joule who lived from 1818 to 1889. He discovered that heat is a - Temperature - Metal offers high resistance to high temperature.
type of energy.
Insulators- materials that resist the flow of current
FORMS OF ENERGY - A good insulator must have extremely high resistance and a moderate
1. Mechanical energy, which includes: resistance for a load resistor.
Potential Energy- stored energy
Kinetic Energy- from the movement of matter. Materials that are good insulators:
2. Radiant or Solar Energy- which comes from the light and warmth of the 1. Rubber 5. Class 9.Thermoplastic
sun. 2. Porcelain 6. Mica 10. Paper
3. Thermal Energy- associated with the heat of an object. 3. Varnish 7. Latex 11. Oil
4. Chemical Energy- stored in the chemical bonds of molecules. 4. Slate 8. Asbestos 12. Wax
5. Electrical Energy- associated with the movement of electrons 13. Dry air
6. Electromagnetic Energy- associated with light waves (including radio
waves, microwaves, x-rays, infrared waves). ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)
7. Mass (or nuclear) Energy- found in the nuclear structure of atoms. - or EMF, is used to indicate electrical pressure or voltage that causes
current to flow.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS - The volt is unit of electrical pressure, similar to pressure used to make
Electrical Conductors- materials used to carry or allow the flow of electric gases and liquids flow through pipes.
current - One volt is the force required to push one amp through one ohm of
resistance.
Materials that are good conductors: - Abbreviation for volt (EMF) is E.
1. Silver 6. Zinc
2. Copper 7. Platinum VOLTMETER
3. Aluminum 8. Iron - measure the electromotive force of a power source
4. Nickel 9. Lead - there are DC voltmeters that measure DC voltage and AC voltmeters that
5. Brass 10. Tin measure AC voltage
-Conductors are resistive substances. There are no such things as perfect - One kilovolt (kV) is 1,000 volts
conductors. - One millivolt (mv) is 1/1000 (.001) of a volt
- A good conductor must have extremely low resistance. - One microvolt (mV is 1/1,000,000 (.000001) of a volt
- Digital type (uses electronic circuitry instead of electromagnetic effects).
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE:
- Composition of a conductor the mineral composition ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
- Length of the conductor the longer the wire, the bigger is the resistance -the route along the electricity flows
CONDUITS AND RACEWAYS Connectors- are metal sleeves usually made of cooper that is slipped over
Raceways- channels or pipes used to hold wires, cables or busbars and secure to the butted ends of conductors in making a joint. Also known
as SPLICING SLEEVE.
Materials used in raceways:
1. Metals OUTLET
2. Plastics - A point in the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization
equipment; any point that supplies an electric load
Types of Raceways:
1. Conduits- most common type; usually in the form of a pipe or tube • Kinds of Outlet:
Connectors and other accessories 1. Convenience outlet or attachment cap
2. Lighting outlet- intended for a direct connection to a lamp holder,
Types of conduits according to material used: lighting fixture or a pendant cord terminating in a lamp holder.
1. Metallic (steel pipes, aluminum, etc.) 3. Receptacle outlet- an outlet where one or more receptacles are
2. Non-metallic (plastics, pvc) installed
4. Special outlet
Types of conduits according to its making: 5. Convenience outlet (co) or attachment cap – a device which by
1. Rigid metal 3.Rigid non-metal insertion in a receptacle establishes connection between the conductor of
2. Flexible 4. Flexible non-metal (corrugated type) the flexible cord and the conductors connected permanently to the
receptacle.
CONNECTORS TROUBLESHOOTING
-Crimp
-Solder (tin lead, 63/37) • Series Circuit
- Screw terminal Type -Open:
- Heat Shrink • No current
• Source at the open
CONDUCTOR FORMS • Rest are zeros
- Solid Wire -Short
- Stranded Wire • Current Increase
- Multiconductor Cable • V is zero at the short
- Lamp cord • Parallel
– Short: Fuse blows
RESISTORS – Open: Less current
- Series - Units
- Parallel - Symbol Ground Fault Interrupter
- Ground fault interrupters are designed to protect from electrical shock
SERIES CIRCUIT by interrupting a household circuit when there is a difference in the
- Same current currents in the "hot" and neutral wires
- Largest resistance has the largest voltage drop.
- Add resistance Static Electricity
– Lower current - Electrical charge at rest.
- One open the circuit fails. - Static: having no motion; at rest
PARALLEL CIRCUIT > Electrical charges are caused by an imbalance of electrons on the surface
- Same Voltage atoms of materials.
-Smallest resistance, most current. > Primarily due to triboelectric charging between materials where
- Add a branch: electrons from surface atoms are transferred between materials creating
– Increase Current an electrostatic potential.
– Decrease Resistance > Electrostatic field surrounds electrostatically charged objects.
– RT smallest than the smallest. ESD : A hare raising experience
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SPEAKER CONNECTION -The CORE is a cylindrical rod of dielectric material. Dielectric material
-Speaker installation is an important element whenever you install a conducts no electricity. Light propagates mainly along the core of the
Communication system. No matter how good the amplifier is, if the fiber. The core is generally made of glass
speaker installation is not done properly, the sound produced will be -The core is surrounded by a layer of material called the cladding. Even
inadequate. though light will propagate along the fiber core without the layer of
FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS cladding material, the cladding does perform some necessary functions.
-Design has centered on long-haul communications and the The CLADDING layer is made of a dielectric material. Cladding is generally
subscriber-loop plants. made of glass or plastic and performs the following functions: Reduces
-The subscriber loop plant is the part of a system that connects a loss of light from the core into the surrounding air Reduces scattering loss
subscriber to the nearest switching center. Cable television is an example at the surface of the core Protects the fiber from absorbing surface
contaminants Adds mechanical strength For extra protection.
Advantages of Fiber Optics: -The COATING or BUFFER is a layer of material used to protect an optical
1. Fiber-optic systems have many attractive features that are superior to fiber from physical damage. The material used for a buffer is a type of
electrical systems. These include improved system performance, immunity plastic. The buffer is elastic in nature and prevents abrasions. Also, the
to electrical noise, signal security, and improved safety and electrical buffer prevents the optical fiber from scattering losses caused by micro
isolation. bends. Micro bends occur when an optical fiber is placed on a rough and
2. Other advantages include reduced size and weight, environmental distorted surface.
protection, and overall system economy.
AIRCONDITIONING
Disadvantages: -is the cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for thermal comfort.
1. Because of the relative newness of the technology, - The term can refer to any form of cooling, heating, ventilation, or
Fiber-optic components are expensive. disinfection that modifies the condition of air.
2. Fiber-optic transmitters and receivers are still relatively - An air conditioner designed to stabilize the air temperature and humidity
expensive compared to electrical interfaces. within an area.
- is an appliance, system, or mechanism designed to extract heat from an Commercial buildings, which are built for commerce, including offices,
area via a refrigeration cycle. In construction, a complete system of malls, shopping centers, restaurants, etc.
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as "HVAC." Its Institutional buildings, which includes hospitals, governmental, academic,
purpose, in a building or an automobile, is to provide comfort during and so on.
either hot or cold weather. Industrial spaces where thermal comfort of workers is desired.
- The process of treating air to control simultaneously its temperature,
humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the comfort requirements TERMS
of the occupants of the conditioned space. A
Absolute humidity- amount of moisture in the air.
CONCEPT OF AIRCONDITIONING AIR CHANGES (IN VENTILATION) – the number of times the air is changed
- The concept of air conditioning is known to have been applied in Ancient per hour in a room
Rome, where aqueduct water was circulated through the walls of certain AIR FOIL VANES – flat blades in a register that can be turned to position
houses to cool them that direct the airstreams.
-Similar techniques in Persia involved the use of cisterns and wind towers AFUE- Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency, a rating that reflects the
to cool buildings during the hot season efficiency of gas furnace in covering fuel to energy.
-The first large-scale electrical air conditioning was invented and used in Air Change- the amount of air required to completely replace the air in a
1902 by Willis Haviland Carrier. room or a building.
Air Conditioner- Assembly of equipment for the simultaneous control of
APPLICATIONS air temperature, relative humidity, purity and motion.
Comfort Applications Air Cooled- uses a fan to discharge heat from a condenser coil to the
-Aim to provide a building indoor environment that remains relatively outdoor.
constant in a range preferred by humans despite changes in external Adiabatic Saturation– the introduction of water into saturated air to
weather conditions or in internal heat loads. increase its humidity ratio, but without transfer of heat to or from an
-Air conditioning makes deep plan buildings feasible. outside source and without gain or loss of the heat content (Enthalpy) of
Process Applications the mixture.
- Aims to provide a suitable environment for a process being carried out, Air Diffuser- Air distribution outlet or grille designed to direct airflow into
regardless of internal heat and humidity loads and external weather desired patterns.
conditions. Airflow- The distribution or movement of air.
-Although often in the comfort range, it is the needs of the process that Air Handler- Fan-blower, filter and housing parts of a system.
determine conditions, not human preference Air Source- air is being used as the heat source or heat sink for a heat
pump.
Comfort Applications for various building types: Arc- Luminous Bridge formed by in a gap between two conductors or
Low-Rise Residential buildings, including single family houses, duplexes, terminals when they are separated. A spark.
and small apartment buildings. Automatic expansion valve (AXV)- Refrigerant metering device operated
High-Rise Residential buildings, such as tall dormitories and apartment by a low-side pressure of the system.
blocks.
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-Heat content or total heat, including both sensible and latent heat. The Humidity Ratio – the weight of the actual water vapor in a mixture per
amount of heat contained in a refrigerant at any given temperature with pound or dry air
reference to 40-F. Humidifier- a device that adds moisture to warm air being circulated or
Evaporator- Absorbs heat from the surroundings air or liquid and move it directed into a space. • Humidistat- a device designed to regulate
outside the refrigerate area by means of a refrigerant. humidity input by reacting to changes into the moisture content of the air.
Evaporator Coil- a series or network of tubes filled with refrigerant located Humidity- the amount of moisture in the air. Air conditioners remove
inside the home that takes heat and moisture out of indoor air as liquid moisture for added comfort. HSPF- Heating Seasonal Performance Factor.
refrigerant evaporate. Refers to the efficiency of the heating mode of heat pumps over an entire
F heating season. The higher the number, the more efficient the unit.
FINNED TUBE – used for heat transfer between water and air HVAC-Heating, ventilation, air conditioning.
FLOW RATE – cubic feet per minute (CFM)of air-circulated in an air system I
of the number of pounds of water per hour circulated through a hot water IBR - INSTITUTE OF BOILER AND RADIATOR MANUFACTURER
system INFILTRATION – cold air that leaks in
FIDE GAS - Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide and the like -airflow inward into a space through walls, leaks around doors and
Filter- a device for removing dust particles from air or unwanted elements windows or through the building materials used in the structures.
from liquid. ICM – Integrally Controlled Motor.
FREON – refrigerant gas Indoor Unit- this is actually located inside the house and contains the
Furnace- the part of an environment system which converts gas, oil, indoor coil, fan, motor, and filtering device, sometimes called the air
electricity or other fuel into heat for distribution within the structure. handler.
G Indoor Coil- refrigerant containing portion of a fan coil unit similar to a car
Ground source- the ground or soil below the frost line is being used as the radiator, typically made of several rows of copper tubing with aluminum
heat source or heat sink for a heat pump. fins.
Ground water source- water from underground well is being used as the K
heat source or heat sink for a heat pump K factor- fee of a grille
H King valve- valve located at the outlet of the receiver tank. The liquid
HUMIDIFIER - a device to vaporize water, and to use it to increase the receiver valve.
relative humidity of air L
Heat Pump- compression cycle system used to supply heat to a controlled Latent Heat (hidden heat)- change of state from a liquid to a solid or liquid
temperature space. to a vapor involves latent that cannot be measured with a thermometer.
Heat exchanger- a device for the transfer of heat energy from the source Lithium Bromide System- uses water for the refrigerant and lithium
to the conveying medium. bromide for the absorber; strong solution.
Horizontal Furnace- a furnace that lies on its sides, pulling in return air Locked rotor amps (LRA)- current a compressor motor will draw if the
from one side and expelling warm air from the other. compressor is stuck and cannot be turned over.
Heat gain- the amount of heat gained, measured in BTU’s, from a space to M
be conditioned, and the local summer outdoor design temperature and a MEAN RADIAN TEMPERATURE – average temperature, interior surfaces
specified indoor design condition. P
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PRIMARY AIR – heated or cooled air directly from the conditioner. - The operating principle of an air conditioner is similar to that of the
Psychrometer– an instrument used to determine the moisture content of refrigerant which cools food. A gas or vapor absorbs heat under low
the air. It consists of two thermometers, one of a standard type with a dry pressure; then it I condensed and pressurized to release the stored heat.
bulb and the other furnished with a moistened bag or wick to keep its bulb In the cooling cycle of an air conditioner, a refrigerant vapor reduces the
continuously wet, because the evaporation of moisture from the wick temperature of the cooling coil. The heat from surrounding air is absorbed
extracts a corresponding amount of heat. The bulb is cooled and the wet into the refrigerant, thus cooling the air. The refrigerant is then
bulb thermometer will indicate a lower temperature than the dry-bulb compressed and then sent to a condenser coil to a high pressure. The
thermometer. pressure at which the refrigerant is maintained. It controls the
R temperature at which it will evaporate or condense when heat is added or
RH – Relative Humidity (a ratio which indicates the degree of saturation of taken away.
air with water vapor, expressed as the ratio of the partial pressure of the
actual water vapor in a mixture of, to the pressure of a saturated mixture - Comfort air conditioning or climate control means the maintenance of
at the same temperature. the atmospheric factors affecting comfort especially it is the maintenance
T of the following variables all within well objectionable noise.
Temperature Drop- as applied to air systems, the difference in •The desired temperature
temperature of the return air and the heated air delivered. •An acceptable community
Temperature Rise- the difference in temperature of the return air and •Minimal atmospheric particulate including pollens and
cooled air delivered. bacteria
•An acceptable odor level
ACRONYMS • A uniform air pattern and air motion
ACCU- Air Cooled Condensing Unit The complete functions of an air conditioning system are:
AHU- Air Handling Unit 1. Cooling and dehumidifying of air
ATC- Automatic Temperature Control 2. Heating and humidifying of air
CAC- Central Air Conditioner 3. Cleaning of air (Filtration)
FCU- Fan Coil Unit 4. Circulation of Air
HVAC- Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning
PAC- Packaged Air Conditioner
RAC- Room Air Conditioner
TR- Tons of Refrigeration AIR CONDITIONING STANDARDS
• Heating and humidifying of air – A relative humidity of 30 to 35 percent
- A complete air conditioning system consists of a refrigeration unit; ducts, is found most satisfying in winter. With this proportion a temperature of
fans, and vents to distribute the air; a filter air washing system; a heating from 70 to 75 F (21.1-23.9 C) is comfortable.
unit for winter; and a thermostat to regulate temperature. • Cooling and dehumidifying – For summer cooling, temperature of 76-80
F (24.4-26.6 C) and 50 percent relative humidity are a frequent design
average.
• Air Motion – A gentle motion of air produces a refreshing and 4. Proportion of Outside Wall
stimulating effect. The velocity should average 15 to 25 ft. per minute 5. Occupancy
measured 36 inches above floor. 6. Exposure of Walls to the Soon to be Aircon
• Air Supply – Many codes require about 30 cu. Ft. per person. Since the
indoor air is re-circulated and reused in air conditioning, a smaller amount
of outdoor air is required, 5 to 10 cu. Ft. per person is sufficient. AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEMS
Unit Air Conditioners
CLASSES OF AIRCONDITIONING a. Self-Contained Units- units w/c house the compressor, condenser, and
1. Tempering coils evaporator in the same cabinet. The most common is the “through the
2. Water heaters wall” type
3. Pre-heaters b. PACKAGED UNITS- units for cooling-heating, have the compressor and
4. Re-heaters the evaporator included in the “indoor” package, while the air cooled
condenser is provided and located out of doors
CLASSIFICATION ( 4 Major Categories)
1. Air Water Central Systems
2. Cool Air a. The Air Handling Unit- equipped with pre-heater, filters, spray
3. Refrigerant humidifiers, cooling coils and re-heaters
4. Water
Method of Cooling
TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 1. Mechanical refrigeration plant
1. Unit type 2. Absorption Machine
2. Central Type
3. Chilled Water Type
4. Air Handling Type
Source of Heating
1. Boiler/ Furnace
PROPERTIES OF DRY AIR
Air Distribution System
Dry Atmospheric Air is a mixture of several gases with the following - -consisting of fans and ducts to bring the conditioned air to the rooms
practical constant and back to the conditioner for re-cooling or re-heating
Important Variables to Keep in Mind When Estimating Load (BTU) Air Conditioning Equipment
Requirements for a Room Cooling Installation are: Indoor: (Parts)
1. Heat Gain thru Ceiling -Blower -Indoor Air
2. Room size/ Floor Area (Sq. ft.) -Cooled Air -Cooling coils
3. Wall Construction
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-Temperature sensing bulb - A portable air conditioner is one on wheels that can be easily transported
-Expansion Valve inside a home or office.
Outdoor: - Portable true air conditioners come in two forms, split and hose.
- Compressor - Fan Axle Evaporative coolers, sometimes called conditioners, are also portable.
- Fan - Condenser coils
-Hot air - Out door air Split System
- A split system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit
EVAPORATORS AND COOLERS via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit.
- Several methods are: Hose Systems
1. Direct cooling of water - Which can be Air-to-Air and Monoblock, are vented to the outside via air
2. Direct cooling of air ducts.
3. Indirect cooling -The "monoblock" version collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops
when full.
HUMIDITY CONTROL -The Air-to-Air version re-evaporates the water and discharges it through
- A specific type of air conditioner that is used only for dehumidifying is the ducted hose, and can run continuously.
called a dehumidifier Single- Duct Unit
- A dehumidifier is different from a regular air conditioner in that both the - Draws air out of the room to cool its condenser, and then vents it
evaporator and condenser coils are placed in the same air path. outside.
- A regular air conditioner transfers energy out of the room by means of - This air is replaced by hot air from outside or other rooms, thus reducing
the condenser coil, which is outside the room (outdoors). efficiency.
- Dehumidifiers are commonly used in cold, damp climates to prevent - Disadvantages are that unless ambient humidity is low (dry climate)
mold growth indoors, especially in basements. cooling is limited and the cooled air is very humid and can feel clammy.
- They are also sometimes used in hot, humid climates for comfort - They have the advantage of needing no hoses to vent heat outside the
because they reduce the humidity which causes discomfort (just as a cooled area, making them truly portable; and they are very cheap to install
regular air conditioner, but without cooling the room). and use less energy than refrigerative air conditioners.
Evaporative Air Coolers
HEALTH IMPLICATIONS - Sometimes called swamp air conditioners, do not have a compressor or
- A poorly maintained air-conditioning system can occasionally promote condenser.
the growth and spread of microorganisms, such as Legionella - Liquid water is evaporated on the cooling fins, releasing the vapor into
pneumophila. the cooled area.
- Air conditioning can have a positive effect on sufferers of allergies and REFRIGERANTS
asthma. Freon is a trade name for a family of haloalkane refrigerants manufactured
- In serious heat waves, air conditioning can save the lives of the elderly. by DuPont and other companies. These refrigerants were commonly used
due to their superior stability and safety properties. Unfortunately,
PORTABLE AIR CONDITIONERS evidence has accumulated that these chlorine-bearing refrigerants reach
the upper atmosphere when they escape
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to ductwork that distributes the conditioned air through the building, and
Types of Air Conditioner Equipment returns it to the AHU. Sometimes AHUs discharge (supply) and admit
1. Window and through-wall units- Many traditional air conditioners in (return) air directly to and from the space served, without ductwork.
homes or other buildings are single rectangular units used to cool all or a
portion of an apartment, house, or other building. Hotels frequently use
PTAC systems, which combine heating and air conditioning into the same An air handling unit air flow is from the right to left in this case. Some AHU
unit. components shown are:
2. Evaporative Coolers- In very dry climates, evaporative coolers (or 1. Supply Duct
"swamp coolers") are popular for improving comfort during hot weather. 2. Fan compartment
This type of cooler is the dominant cooler used in Iran, which has the 3. Vibration isolator (‘flex joint’)
largest number of these units of any country in the world, causing some to 4. Heating and/or cooling coil
referring to these units as "Persian coolers." 5. Filter compartment
3. Ductless Split System- The components of this system are separated. 6. Mixed (recirculated outside) air duct
The condenser is located outside and is connected to single or multiple
evaporator units inside. These evaporator units are connected to the Air Handler Components:
condenser unit by small flexible hoses and do not use a central air duct 1. Blower/ Fan- air handlers typically employ a large squirrel cage blower
driven by an AC induction electric motor to move the air. The blower may
CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING operate at a single speed, offer a variety of pre-set speeds, or be driven by
- commonly referred to as central air (U.S.) or air-con (UK), is an air a variable frequently drive so as to allow a wide range of air flow rates
conditioning system which uses ducts to distribute cooled and/or 2. Heating and/or cooling elements- Depending on the location and the
dehumidified air to more than one room, or uses pipes to distribute chilled application, air handlers may need to provide heating, or cooling, or both
water to heat exchangers in more than one room, and which is not to change the supply air temperature. Smaller air handlers may contain a
plugged into a standard electrical outlet. fuel burning heater or a refrigeration evaporator, placed directly in the air
- With a typical split system, the condenser and compressor are located in stream
an outdoor unit; the evaporator is mounted in the air handler unit. With a 3. Filters- Air filtration is almost always present in order to provide clean
package system, all components are located in a single outdoor unit that dust-free air to the building occupants.
may be located on the ground or roof. 4. Humidifier- Humidification is often necessary in colder climates where
COOLING TOWERS continuous heating will make the air drier, resulting in uncomfortable air
AIR HANDLER quality and increased static electricity. Various types of humidification may
- or air handling unit (often abbreviated to AHU), be used
is a device used to condition and circulate 5. Mixing Chamber- In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers
air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air- commonly have provisions to allow the introduction of outside air into,
conditioning (HVAC) system. Usually, an air and the exhausting of air from the building.
handler is a large metal box containing a blower, - In temperate climates, mixing the right amount of cooler outside air with
heating and/or cooling elements, filter racks or warmer return air can be used to approach the desired supply air
chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect
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temperature. A mixing chamber is therefore used which has dampers DIRECT DIFFUSED LIGHTING
controlling the ratio between the return, outside, and exhaust air.
TYPES OF LIGHTING
Accent lighting - any directional, which emphasizes a particular object or
draws attention to a particular area.
Cove lighting - lighting from sources which are out of sight, which
distributed light over the ceiling and upper walls.
Direct-indirect lighting – lighting in which the luminaries are in general
diffuse category but emit little or no light at angles near a horizontal plane ACCENT LIGHTING
drawn through them.
Directional lighting - lighting, predominantly from a preferred direction,
which provides illumination on the work plane or an object.
Direct lighting – lighting in which luminaries distribute 90% to 100% of the
emitted light in the direction of the surface to be illuminated, usually a
downward direction.
GENERAL LIGHTING
INCANDESCENT DAYLIGHT LAMP – an incandescent lamp having a blue Metal halide lamp – an electric lamp in which the light is produced by the
green glass bulb which makes the emitted light whiter by absorbing part of radiation from a mixture of a metallic vapor (e.g.mercury) and the
the yellow and the red light, approximately 35% less efficient than the products of the dissociation of halides (e.g.halides of thallium, indium,
standard indecent lamp. sodium, etc.)
Filament- material usually used is tungsten, it may be straight Rapid-start lamps – this are similar in construction to the preheat lamps;
wire, a coil or a coiled coil the basic difference is in the circuitry.
Gas- Usually a mixture of nitrogen and argon is used in most lamps Reflector lamp-an incident lamp in which part of the bulb serves as a
of 40 watts or larger to retard evaporation reflector.
Stem Press- The lead in wires in the glass have an air tight seal and
are made of a combination of a nickel iron alloy core and a copper LIGHT MEASURE
Exhaust tube- air is exhausted through this tube during LUMEN
manufacture and inert gases into the bulb. It can be defined as the rate at which light falls on one square foot of a
Bulb- soft glass is generally used, hard glass is used for some surface area one foot from a source of one candlepower, or one candela.
lamps to withstand higher temperature
Support wires- supports the filament CANDELA
Mica disc- used in higher wattage general service lamps and other 1/60 the intensity of a square centimeter of a blackbody radiator operated
types at 2047 K, which is the freezing point of platinum.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLOR
HAWTHORNE EFFECT Hue- the color itself
•This as from an experiment to improve factory lighting which increased Saturation/Tone- amount of color that distances it from the gray
the productivity of the workers Brightness- amount of BW in the color
o Shade- mixed with black
•the first experiment involved changing the light bulbs into producing o Tint- mixed with white
lower light (they deducted 1.4 foot candles) COLOR WHEEL- circular organization of colors according to hue
Neutrals
•Then they increased the light intensity of the bulbs and proved to be White- pure, clean, airy, pristine
more effective Darks- rich, polished, moody, elegant
Mid-neutrals- restrained, subtle, well-rounded, dependable
ILLUMINATION LEVELS
•To measure illumination levels, take readings (in lm/ft^2 or fc) with the White
light cell parallel to and on the plane of interest. Aids mental clarity
Encourages us to clear clutter
•Gradients provide a method of analyzing the relationship between light Evokes purification of thoughts or actions
sources and room shapes and reflectance Enables fresh beginnings
Mid-neutrals
BRIGHTNESS Feeling of wholesomeness
To measure brightness of a diffuse reflecting surface, hold the meter’s Stability
light cell close to the surface of interest and then draw it back 2 o 4 in until Connection with earth
the reading remains constant. Offers a sense of orderliness
Darks
REFLECTANCE Feeling of inconspicuous
Generally refer to the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is Resftful emptiness
reflected at an interface Mysterious evoking a sense of potential and possibility
Red
TRANSMITTANCE Increases enthusiasm
To measure transmittance (in %) of a transparent or translucent material, Stimulates energy
hold the meter’s light cell flush on the sample. Using a constant light Encourages energy
source on the opposite side, measure the foot candles from the source Encourages action and confidence
with and without the sample in place. A sense of protection from fear and anxiety
Blue
COLOR THEORY Calming and sedate
ECHO
A distinct repetition of a direct sound is an echo. In a highly
Reverberant room, an echo gets lost in the general reverberation. An
Echo is easily distinguished if the interval is greater than ½ second
In a room with low reverberation time.
Sounds reflected from flat surfaces will be less intense than the
Original direct sound. Sound reflected from concave surfaces has a
Focusing action that produces very annoying echoes.