Bu Exit PDF

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BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (MARCH 2016)
BUILDING UTILITIES 1 – PLUMBING SYSTEMS OF 1. Water supply and distribution system

2. Sanitary Drainage System
BUILDING
3. Storm Drainage System
PLUMBING 4. Plumbing Fixture
5. Fire Protection System
 Art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus.
6. Fuel and Gas Piping System
PRINCIPLES
 All premises to be provided with clean water WATER CYCLE
 Fixtures be supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure 1. Evaporation
 Plumbing must use minimum amount of water 2. Condensation
 Designed to prevent damage from overheating or explosions 3. Precipitation
 Buildings connected to public sewers must connect its fixtures
 Family unit must at least have one: water closet, sink, lavatory and PLUMBING CYCLE
shower
1. SOURCE – lakes, rivers, reservoirs
 Fixtures must be made of non – absorbent material, free from
2. SUPPLY – main water, storage tanks
concealed fouling surfaces and in ventilated enclosure
3. DISTRIBUTION – pressure, piping networks
 Fixture connected to drainage system equipped with water-sealed
trap
4. USE – plumbing fixtures
 Drainage pipe provide adequate circulation of air free from 5. COLLECTION – gravity, piping networks
siphonage 6. DISPOSAL – sanitary, storm sewers
 Vent terminals shall extend to outer air 7. TREATMENT – sewage plants, natural purification
 Plumbing system must be tested for defects
 Substance which will harm the sewage and disposal system shall
not be allowed
 Proper protection against contamination of food or water through
backflow, etc. SOURCES OF WATER
 No water closet without light and ventilation 1. RAINWATER
 If no sewer line, provide septic tank  From roof of bldg. and water sheds
 Plumbing systems must be maintained by master plumbers  Advantage:
 Sewage must not be discharged into the ground unless treated o Soft and pure
o Suitable for hot water
PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5
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 Disadvantage  Cause: Iron, manganese

o Only in wet season  Effects: Discoloration
o Roofs may not be clean  Correction: Chlorination
2. GROUNDWATER 5. POLLUTION
 Springs and wells  Cause: contamination
 Advantage:
 Effects: Disease
o Abundant supply
 Correction: Chlorination
o Less treatment
 Disadvantage: WATER PURIFICATION
o Have organic matter
3. NATURAL SURFACE WATER 1. AERATION
 Rivers and lakes - Water is sprayed into air to release any trapped gases and
absorb additional oxygen for better taste.
 Advantage:
o Easy to acquire 2. COAGULATION
o Large quantity - Small sediments particles which do not settle well combine
o For irrigation together to form larger particles
3. FILTRATION
WATER TREATMENT - Water is passed through layers
of sand and gravel in concrete
1. ACIDITY
basins in order to remove finer
 Cause: carbon dioxide suspended particles.
 Effects: corrosion, rusting, clogging 4. SEDIMENTATION
 Correction: raising alkaline - Gravity settling and deposition
2. HARDNESS - Passed through basins
 Cause: Magnesium, Calcium 5. CHLORINATION
 Effects: Clogging - Water is injected with hypo chlorine gas
 Correction: boiling, water softener
WELLS
3. TURBIDITY
 Cause: Silt, mud *GENERAL TYPES*
 Effect: Discoloration, bad taste 1. SHALLOW WELL
 Correction: filtration 2. DEEP WELL
4. COLOR
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*TYPES ACCORDING RO CONSTRUCTION* *CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS*

1. RECIPROCATING PUMPS
1. DUG WELL
- Operate with controlled speed
 Most common
- Air chamber is introduced
 15m deep
2. JET PUMPS
 “shallow well”
- Draw water from well
- Type of a Centrifugal Pump
2. BORED WELLS - Types:
 Similar to Dug well 1. Deep: high volume
2. Shallow: for residential
 Construction using auger drive
3. Convertible: deep/shallow
 15m – 40m deep
4. Miniature: small volume
3. ROTARY PUMP
3. JETTED WELL - Piston pump
 Use extreme water pressure - More effective in viscous fluids
 Use of suction pump 4. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
- Excess water must be pump away
5. TURBINE PUMP
- Type of centrifugal pump
- For large app.
4. DRIVEN WELL
WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE

 Dug with sharp pointed hollow iron 1. OVERHEAD TANKS
 10m – 15m deep - doesn’t have pressure concerns
- relies on gravity
- use overhead feed system
5. DRILLED WELL - Components:
 1,000m deep - Supply Pipe
PUMPS - Inlet
*GENERAL TYPES* - Overflow Pipe
1. PISTON PUMP - Drip Pan
2. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP - Gate Valves
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2. CISTERN movable spindle

- usually built of reinforced concrete - can control pressure
3. PNEUMATIC WATER TANK - types:
- uses air pressure 1. Plug
4. HOT WATER 2. Compositional
- Types: 3. Conventional
1. Range Boiler:
- small hot water tank 3. CHECK VALVES
- made of galvanized steel sheet, copper - prevent backflow
2. Storage Boiler - types:
- large hot water tanks 1. Swing Check Valve
- made of heavy duty material sheets applied with 2. Lift Check Valve
rust proof paint 3. Vertical Check Valve
4. Horizontal Check Valve
VALVES
*FUNCTIONS* 4. ANGLE VALVES
1. Start / shutdown water system - use 90 degrees turn in line
2. Regulate pressure
3. Check backflow 5. FOOT VALVES
4. Control direction of water - lower end of pump
*TYPES OF VALVES* - to prevent loss of priming the pump
1. GATE VALVE
- full way valve
- used mainly to completely close / open
water line
- best for main supply
- types:
1. Wedge Shape Valve
2. Double Disc Valve
6. SAFETY VALVES
2. GLOBE VALVES - used in line with excessive
- controls flow of water with pressure

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DEFFECTS IN WATER DISTIBUTION SYSTEM

FAUCETS 1. WATER HAMMER
*TYPES* - knocking in pipes
1. COMPRESSION COCK 2. BACK SIPHONAGE
- compression of a soft packing upon a metal sheet - flowing back of used water
- from a plumbing fixture
3. EXPANSION / CONTRACTION
- pipes expands / contracts due to change in temp.
4. FRICTION HEAD LOSS
- friction occurs when water flows
2. KEY COCK
- round tapering plug ground to fit a metal sheet CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1. DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
- obtained through a large intake installed on the lake
basin and extended to deep water
- components:
1. water basin
3. BALL FAUCET 2. receiving well
- ball connected to handle 3. filtration plant
2. INDIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
- taken from drilled well / underground
- involves individual special mechanical equipment
4. HOSE BIBB PARTS OF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION

- made for threaded attachment of hose 1. SERVICE PIPE
- pipe from the main / other source of water supply to the
water distribution system of the building
2. WATER METER
- device used to measure in liter / gallon the amount of
water
3. HORIZONTAL SUPPLY MAIN
- principal water distribution system
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4. RISER - Disadvantages: subject to contamination, high

- water supply extending vertically to one full story/ more maintenance cost, occupies valuable cost,
to convey water into pipe branches / plumbing fixtures requires stronger foundation
5. FIXTURE BRANCH
- water supply pipe between fixture supply pipe and water TYPES OF HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
distribution pipe 1. UPFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM
6. CONTROLS AND VALVES - with continuing network of pipes to provide constant
- for control, isolation, repair or water distribution system circulation of water
7. STORAGE TANKS -hot water rises on its own
- does not need pump
TYPES PF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM - large pipe is on top of the riser
1. UPFEED SYSTEM 2. DOWNFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM
- hot water rises on the highest point of the plumbing
a. DIRECT UPFEED
system and travel through gravity
- provided by city water companies
- water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot
- using normal pressure from public water main
water and gravity
- Advantage: eliminates extra cost of pumps and tanks
- larger pipe is at the bottom of the riser
- Disadvantage: pressure is inadequate to supply tall
buildings
3. PUMP CIRCUIT SYSTEM
- more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper
b. AIRP RESSURE SYSTEM
floors
- when pressure is not enough compressed air is used to
raise and push water
- Advantage: with compact pumping, sanitary, economical,
TYPES OF WATER HEATING SYSTEM
less construction and maintenance and serves about 10 1. HOT WATER SPACE HEATING
stories interval 2. HOT WATER SUPPLY
- Disadvantage: no electricity = no water
2. DOWNFEED / GRAVITY SYSTEM PROTECTION OF HOT WATER
- water is pumped into a large tank on top and is 1. SYSTEM RELIEF VALVE
distributed by gravity. 2. TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RELIEF
- Advantages: water is not affected by peak load hour and
time needed to repair broken parts does not affect water PLUMBING FIXTURES
supply - receptacle used to provide, receive, discharge water or liquid into waste

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* CLASSIFICATION* SCULLERY FIXTURES

1. SOIL 1. KITCHEN SINK
2. SCULLERY - made of stainless steel
3. BATH - types:
1. single
SOIL FIXTURES 2. double
3. triple
1. WATER CLOSET
4. shallow
- types acc. To flush tank
5. deep
1. closed coupled flush tank
2. low flush tank
2. LAUNDRY SINK
3. high flush tank - made of cement or porcelain
- types acc. To mounted 3. SLOP SINK
1. floor mounted - use for mops
2. wall hung 4. BAR SINK
- types acc. To flush action 5. LAVATORIES
1. washdown: trapway infront of the bowl, coss less, less
efficient, noisy BATHING FIXTURES
2. reverse trap:flushes through siphon action 1. BATHTUBS
3. siphon jet: larger trapway 2. WHIRLPOOL BATH
4. siphon vortex: whirlpool action, large amount of 3. JACUZZIS
standing water
4. BIDETS
5. direct flush
5. FLOOR DRAIN
- other types:
1. squat
6. SHOWER RECEPTOR
2. washout 7. SHOWER BATH COMPARTMEN
2. URINALS PIPES AND FITTINGS
- types: 1. CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
1. wall hung - most popular and generally specified material for
2. pedestal drainage installation
3. through - extensively used in 60s and 70s
4. stall - affected by corrosion
- types:

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1. SV type: for bldg. 8. GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON PIPE

2. XV type: for underground - better that steel pipe
- varities: - more resistant to acid
1. standard pipe 9. COPPER PIPE
2. single hub pipe - durable and extremely corrosive resistant
3. double hub pipe - classification:
4. hubless pipe 1. K type
2. ACID RESISTANCE CAST IRON PIPE 2. L type
- made of alloy of cast iron and silicon 3. M Type
- installed in bldg. where acid waste discharge 10. BRASS PIPE
- breaks easily and brittle 11. PLATIC / SYNTHETIC PIPE
3. ASBESTOS PIPE - developed in Germany (1935)
- made of asbestos fibers and Portland cement - produced from synthetic resin
- used as soil waste, vent pipe and downspout - superior type of pipe
- suited for concrete embedment - types:
4. BITUMINOUS FIBER SEWER PIPES 1. Rigid Type
- cheapest, lightest, slightly flexible 2. Flexible Type
- can take soil movement
- for sewer and septic tank CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING MATERIALS
- damaged by hot water 1. QUALITY AND DURABILITY
5. VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE 2. RESISTANCE TO EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CONTACT WITH
- oldest materials used for sewer lines FOREIGN MATTERS
- highly resistant to most acid
3. RESISTANCE TO ACID WASTE AND OTHER CHEMICAL
- brittle and cracks easily
ELEMENTS
6. LEAD PIPE
4. COST OF MATERIAL AND LABOR
- oldest pipe used for plumbing system
- highly resistant to acid
- poisonous
7. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE
- made of mild steel TYPES OF FITTINGS
- expected to last 15 – 25 years 1. COUPLING / SOCKET
- deposits of salts and lime - threads are inside

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7. 45° ELBOW
2. EXTENSION PIECE / NIPPLE

- threads are outside 8. 90° ELBOW
3. REDUCER
9. UNION
4. REDUCING ELBOW
10. TEE
11. REDUCING TEE
5. MALE ADAPTOR
- one side is nipple and other is coupling
12. CAP
6. FEMALE ADAPTOR
13. CROSS

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- horizontal pipe
HOUSE DRAIN
- Lowest horizontal piping
- Receives discharges and to the house sewer
14. PLUG
HOUSE SEWER
- Extends from the house drain
CHANGES IN DIRECTIONS OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES

15. DOUBLE HUB
1. Horizontal – Horizontal change in direction
2. Vertical – Horizontal change in direction
3. Horizontal – Vertical change in direction
UNIT OF MEASURE
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. Amount of waste it carries
*GENERAL RULES*
2. 0.47 liters / secs or 28.3 liters / minute
1. All must go and lead to septic tank
2. Must take the shortest route as possible
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
3. Control components should be located strategically
- Minimum slope / pitch of horizontal drainage pipe = 2%
*SUBSYSTEM OF THE SANITARY SYSTEM*
1. Waste collection system
TRAPS
2. Ventilation system
*KINDS OF TRAPS*
*ESSENTIAL PARTS*
1. Waste pipe
1. COMMON TRAP
- conveys only waste water - for lavatories, kitchen, sink, laundry tubs and urinals
- free from fecal 2. DEEP SEAL TRAP
2. Vent pipe - about twice the size of common trap
- for circulation of air 3. STAND TRAP
3. Trap - for slop sinks
- fitting device to prevent backflows of foul air - serves as water seal support
4. Stack 4. RUNNING TRAP
- vertical main of the system - used in house drain
5. Branch 5. DRUM TRAP
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- for fixtures that discharges large amount of water - principal artery of the vent system
6. S TRAP - aka collecting vent line to main and soil vent
- predecessor of P-trap 3. INDIVIDUAL VENT
- connect to vent line - back vent
4. UNIT / COMMON / DUAL VENT
*TYPES OF PROHIBITED TRAPS* - one vent pipe serves 2 pipes
1. Traps with moveable parts 5. RELIEF VENT
2. No fixture shall be double trapped - vertical vent line
3. The s trap - additional circulation of air between the soil and vent
stacks
*REQUIREMENTS* 6. YOKE / BY – PASS VENT
1. Each plumbing fixture, shall be separately trapped with an - pipe connecting upward from a soil / waste stack below
approved type of water seal trap the floor and below h-connection to an adjacent vent
2. One trap = one trap arm stack at a point above the floor
3. One trap = three single compartments 7. CIRCUIT VENT
4. Trap arm = size of trap - starts in front of the highest fixture connection on a
5. Trap seal = not greater the 51mm and not less than 102m horizontal branch and connects to a vent stack
CLEANOUTS 8. LOOPED VENT
*REQUIREMENTS* - vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil waste pipe
- additional cleanout shall be provided on horizontal line with an 9. WET VENT
aggregate offset angle not less than 135° - waste water flows through
- between the building drain and building sewer 10. LOCAL VENT
11. DRY VENT
VENTILATION 12. STACK VENT
- Portion of drainage pipe installation intended to maintain balance 13. VENT STANDS
atmospheric pressure inside - provide circulation of air
*TYPES OF VENTS*
1. MAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENTS SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
- backbone of the entire sanitary system 1. TRAP SEAL LOSS
- portion where waste travels 2. BACK PRESSURE
- continuous to the roofs 3. CAPILLARY ACTION
2. MAIN VENT 4. EVAPORATION
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5. WIND EFFECTS - Watertight covered receptacle

6. RETARDATION OF FLOW - Receive discharge of sewage from building sewer
7. DETERIORATION OF MATERIALS - Separate solids from liquid
- Digest organic matter
- Store digested solids from liquids
HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCE
- Discharge for final disposal
1. GREASE TRAP
- separation of grease from water
*SLUDGE*
- types:
- solid organic matter, denser than water
1. earth cooled
- settle at the bottom of the septic tank
2. mechanical
*SCUM*
- lighter organic matter that rise from water
2. HOUSE TRAP
- in house drain inside foundation wall of the building
*EFFLUENT*
- liquid content of sewage
*BACTERIA IN SEPTIC TANK TO ENCOURAGE DECOMPOSITION*

1. AEROBIC BACTERIA
3. DRAIN TILES
- relies oxygen to survive
- to prevent water from seeping through the basement
walls and foundation 2. ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
- can survive without oxygen
4. GARAGE TRAP
- aka catch basin
- filled with water and located at the lowest point of the *MINIMUM DIMENSION*
garage so it can collect all waste L = 1500 MM
5. BACKFLOW VALVES W = 900 MM
- prevents backflow H = 1200 MM
- similar to check valve
6. SEWAGE EJECTORS
- waste up from the sump pit to the sewers *DESIGN CRITERIA*
- Plans should show all dimensions
SEPTIC TANK - Compartments
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- minimum of 2 compartments
- maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of digestion chamber to CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS
collect the sludge 1. COMBINATION OF PUBLIC SEWERS
- Manholes: - oldest variety
- at least 2 manholes - caries both storm and sanitary wastes
- 508mm minimum dimension 2. STORM SEWERS
- Size Pipe Inlet and Outlet
3. SANITARY SEWERS
- diameter must not be less than sewer pipe
- sanitary wastes only
- Location of Inlet and Outlet
- terminates in modern sewage disposal plant for
- extend 101.6mm above and at least 304.8mm below water
treatment
surface
- Air Surface
2 TYPES OF SANITARY SEWER
- side walls shall extend 228.6mm above liquid depth
- cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8mm above the back vent
1. TRIBUTARY SEWER
openings - usually round shapes
- Partition between compartments - vitrified clay / cement pipes
- inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet 2. INTERCEPTING SEWER
- Structure - aka collecting sewers
- shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not less than 14.4
kPa PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
- Capacity - Area: depends on the req. septic tank
- determined by the number of apartment units in dwelling - Distance from the water table
occupancies - No excavation for the leach bed
- Location - 1.5m of the water table
- not be located underneath the house - With sewage pit: filter material in the tranches
- at least 15m from the water distribution system 1. SEEPAGE PITS
- loosely lined excavation in the ground
3 DEGREES OF WATER - receives discharges of septic tank
1. GREY WATER - capacity: depends on the quantity of liquids
- waste water without human wastes - size: circular in shape with excavated diameter of not
2. BLACK WATER greater than 2.2m and to be lined with clay or concrete
- waste water with human waste brick
3. STORM WATER
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- strength: brick lining shall have compression strength of 2. Clarifies the effluent
17225kPa 3. Hardens the sludge and converts to fertilizers
2. MULTIPLE SEEPAGE PITS 2. THE TRICKLING FILTER PROCESS
- served through a distribution box / shall be connected in - aka Percolating or Sprinkling Filter System
series by means of watertight connection - reqs. Less mechanical elements and less stages
- outlet shall have a vented leg fitting extending 304.8m - 95% pure water
below the inlet fitting - requires large ground area
3. CESSPOOLS
- non watertight lined excavation in the ground which STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
receives the discharge of sanitary drainage - Rainwater piping must not be used as soil, waste and vent pipes
- designed to retain the organic matter but permitting the - Sizes of downspout and gutter sizes are based upon the maximum
liquid to seep through the pit bottom and sides depth of rainfall per hour falling upon a given roof area in m2
4. PRIVIES - Shapes: square, rectangle, round
- oldest form of disposal of organic waste - Downspouts for high rise shall be stronger pipes materials to resist the
- consist of vault constructed of concrete for the collection high hydrostatic pressure
of raw sewage and a wooden shelter - Roof drain: equipped with dome type strainer
- requirement: when liquid wastes containing excessive
amounts of grease, garbage, flammable waste, sand or 3 MAJOR SYSTEMS OF COLLECTING STORM WATERS
other ing. which may affect the operation of a private 1. THE INDEPENDENT SYSTEM
sewage disposal system, inceptor shall be installed. - aka the separate system
- disposal: waste from inceptor may be discharged to a - brings collected water directly to water reservoirs
septic tank or other primary system 2. THE COMBINED SYSTEM
- combines storm water with sanitary wastes
SEWAGE TREATMENT 3. NATURAL SYSTEM
- Aeration system within the tank - without using any roof gutters
- Submersible mixer to mix the waste - when rainwater is collected in cistern
- Sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying
STORM DRAIN LOCATIONS
2 MOST COMMON TYPE MUNICIPAL TREATMENT 1. OUTSIDE
1. ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
- Phase: 2. INSIDE
1. Gets rid of heavy materials with 3 different filter

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3. OVERHEAD
5. CATCH BASIN
- downspout should terminate in catch basin
ROOFING ELEMENTS TO COLLECT RAINWATER - delivers water in street via gravity
1. GUTTER
- usually located along the entire perimeter of the roof
6. STORM LINE
- connects to each catch basin
2. DOWNSPOUT
- located every 8 – 10m STORM SEWERS
- every corner of the roof
- Carries only rainwater
- Collected from the storm drain
- Terminates at natural drainage area
- Requires manhole to serve as cleanouts and to make accessible
3. THE STRAINER / ROOF DRAIN FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM

- designed to receive water and *LPG*
prevent clogging - Liquefied Petroleum Gas
- aka “bottled gas”
4. THE SHOE - for home, commercial and industrial
- at the bottom of the roof - Cylinder: where gas is stored
- to direct rain towards the nearest catch basin - Pigtail: where high pressure vapor flows through when cylinder valve is
opened
- Regulator: reduces the high pressure of gas to the proper operating gas
pressure of the appliance.

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- projects through a finished ceiling when piping is

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM exposed
*SUPPLYING WATER FOR FIRE*
1. Elevated water tank
2. Underground water reservoirs
BUILDING UTILITIES 2 – MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND
*TYPES OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM* ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS OF BUILDING; REVIEWER
1. DRY STANDPIPE SYSTEM ELECTRICITY
- no longer utilize - A form of energy generated by friction, induction or chemical change
- no water stored having magnetic chemical and radiant effect.
- located in stairway landings - a fundamental phenomenon of nature consisting of negative and
2. WET STANDPIPE SYSTEM positive kinds composed respectively of electrons and protons which is
- always have water stored utilized as a source if energy in the form of electric currents
- constructed of wrought iron / galvanized steel
3. WET STANDPIPE WITH SIAMESE CONNECTION BASIC PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICITY
1. Electron- negative charge of electricity
- directly connected to main water line
2. Proton- positive charge of electricity
- Siamese connection is at the outside of the building
3. Neutron- not electrically charged and weighs slightly more than the
4. AUTOMATIC / SPRINKLER SYSTEM proton
- general type:
1. Automatic wet BASIC THEORY OF ELECTRICTY
2. Automatic dry 1. All matters are made up of molecules
- spacing: 2. Molecules are made up of atoms
3. Atoms contains neutrons, electrons, and protons
4. Neutron is neutral, hence neither positive nor negatively charged
5. The electron of an atom of any substance could be transformed to
another atom
 Like charge REPEL and unlike charges ATTRACT

 Two types of electrical currents:
TYPES OF SPRINKLER HEADS 1. Direct (DC)
1. UPRIGHT 2. Alternating (AC)
- used above piping when piping exposed
2. PENDANT  Components of a Simple Circuit
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1. Power source AMPERE- standard unit used in measuring the strength of an electrical
2. Control (switch) current
3. Load WATT- the rate of power that is consumed
4. Conductors (wire) RESISTANCE- opposition or friction to flow of current. Also called
 What happens to the current in a short circuit? The current increases. impedance for AC current. It is an electrical term for friction.
 VOLTAGE- another name for electromotive force (EMF)
 “E”- the single-letter abbreviation for electromotive force (voltage) ELECTRICAL CURRENT
 VOLTMETER- instrument that measures the EMF of an electrical -the flow electricity in a conductor
circuit.
 A voltmeter must always be placed in parallel with the circuit being Required components:
tested. a. Source of voltage
 6.24x10^18- electrons in one coulomb b. Closed loop of wiring
 One Ampere= one coulomb/sec c. An electrical load
 AMMETER- an electrical meter that measures current d. A means of opening and closing the circuit
 A clamp-on type ammeter must be clamped around one wire(s) to
obtain a proper reading. CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
 Types of Ammeter 1. Direct Current- electricity flows in one direction (DC)
1. Clamp-on type 2. Alternating current- electricity constantly reverses its direction of flow.
2. Inline Ammeter It is generated by machines called AC generators. It is universally accepted
 POWER- the time rate of doing work because of its unlimited number of applications.
 Electrical power is measured in WATTS (W or P)
 W= E x I ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATING CURRENT
 Three Common conductors used in electrical circuits 1. Easily produced
1. Silver 2. Cheap to maintain
2. Copper 3. Can be transformed to a higher voltage
3. Aluminum 4. Can be distributed to far distances
 Electrical resistance is measured in OHMS 5. More efficient
 OHMS LAW; E= I x R TYPES OF CIRCUIT
1. Series Circuit- single path of current flow; elements are arranged in a
series of one after the other with no branches. The current is the same
throughout and the voltage differ.
TERMS
2. Parallel Circuit- “multiple connections” where loads are placed across
ION- an atom or molecule that is electrically charged (unbalanced)
the same voltage constituting a separate circuit. The voltage is the same
VOLT/VOLTAGE- the electrical pressure that causes electron to move
and the current differ.
through a conductor. (Electromotive force) or EMF

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEM -Current flow may be defined as the mass movement of valence electrons
1. Higher voltage, larger current from atom to atom through a conductor
2. Higher resistance, lower current CONDUCTORS-An element with 1, 2, or 3 valance electrons
-These electrons can be moved easily from one atom to another
Ohms Law SEMICONDUCTORS-An element with 4 valance electrons
Formula: -Used to manufacture diodes and transistors
FOR DC FOR AC -Silicone is one of the most common semiconductors
I= V / R I= V / Z INSULATORS-Have 5 or more electrons on the valance ring
-Due to the electrical attraction of the electrons and protons it is very
I=current V=voltage difficult to get the electrons to move
R=resistance Z=impedance VOLTS-the pressure used to force the electrons from one atom to another
-A typical battery has 12.6 volts of pressure
BASIC ELECTRICITY -A typical alternator produces 14V
AMPERAGE-The amount of electric current flowing in a circuit
ATOMS-the smallest known particle of an element RESISTANCE-Measured in Ohms
-everything around us is made up of atoms, including ourselves -The resistance or opposition, to current flow in an electrical circuit
ELEMENT-a liquid, solid, or gas that contains only one type of atom. Ex:
Oxygen, Hydrogen, Argon DEFINITION OF TERMS
COMPOUNDS-a liquid, solid, or gas that contains two or more types of ELECTRICAL DEFINITIONS
atoms. Ex: H20, CO2, CO A
MOLECULES-the smallest particle of a compound in which all the chemical ACCESSIBLE – Capable of being removed or exposed without damaging the
characteristics of the compound are present. Ex: 1 molecule of water= 1H building structure or finish, or not permanently closed-in by the structure
and 2O or finish of the building.
PROTON-Positively charged particles located at the center, or nucleus, of AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER – One in which the current interruption occurs in
each atom air.
ELECTRONS-Small very light particles with a negative electrical charge AIR TERMINAL – A combination of elevation rod and brace, or footing
-These electrons move in orbit around the nucleus of an atom placed on upper portions of structures, together with tip or point if used.
NEUTRONS- Do not have an electrical charge AIR SWITCH – One with contacts that separate in air.
-These particles add weight to the atom AMPACITY – The current in Amperes a conductor can carry continuously
- Located at the nucleus of an atom under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
ELECTRON MOVEMENT-The outer ring of an atom is called the valance APPLIANCE – Utilization equipment, generally other than industrial,
ring normally built in standardized sizes or types, which is installed or
-The number of electrons on the valance ring determine the electrical connected as a unit to perform one or more functions such as air
characteristics conditioning.

19
ARMOR – A wrapping galvanized interlocking steel strip forming an CONNECTOR (Splicing Sleeve) - A metal sleeve, usually copper that is
integral party of the assembly of certain insulated cables, wires, or cords, slipped over and secured to the butted ends of the conductors in making
which are capable of withstanding certain mechanical tests. ARMORED up a joint.
CABLE – A fabricated assembly of insulated conductors and a flexible CONTINUOUS LOAD- A load where the maximum current is expected to
metallic covering. continue for three hours or more.
ARRESTER (SURGE)- A protective device for limiting surge voltage on
equipment by discharging or bypassing surge current it prevents CONTROLLER- A device or group of devices that serve to govern, in some
continued flow of follow current to ground and is capable of repeating the predetermined manner, the electric power delivered to the apparatus to
functions as specified. which it is connected.
ASSEMBLY- A combination of all or of a portion of component parts CUTOUT BOX- An enclosure designed for surface mounting and having
included in an electric apparatus, mounted on a supporting frame or swinging doors or covers secured directly to and telescoping with the walls
panel, a properly interwired. of the box proper.
B D
BRANCH CIRCUIT- The circuit conductor between the final over current DEVICE- A unit of an electrical system, which is intended to carry but not
device protecting the circuit and the outlet(s). utilize electric energy.
BUS-A conductor, a group of conductors, in switchgear assemblies, which DISTRIBUTION CENTER- A point at which energy s divided among feeders
serves as common connections for two or more circuits. or branch circuits or combination of both, and where over current devices
C are usually located.
CABLE-Either a stranded conductor with or without insulation and other F
covering (single conductor cable), or a combination of conductors FITTING- An accessory such as a locknut, brushing, or other part of a
insulated from one another (multiple conductor cable). wiring system that is intended primarily to perform a mechanical rather
CIRCUIT BREAKER-A device designed to open and close a circuit by non- than an electrical function.
automatic means and to open the circuit automatically on a FIXTURE- An integral, separate of self-contained unit, which may contain
predetermined over current without damage to itself when properly one or more bulbs or fluorescent tubes.
applied within its rating. FUSE- An over current protective device with a circuit-opening fusible
CONDUCTOR member, which is heated and severed by the passage of over current
BARE- A conductor having no covering or electrical insulation through it.
whatsoever. (See Conductor, covered.”) G
COVERED- A conductor encased within materials of composition GROUNDED- Connected 10 earth or to some conducting body that serves
or thickness that is not recognized by this Code as electrical insulation. in place of the earth.
INSULATED- A conductor encased within material of composition GROUNDING CONDUCTOR- A conductor used to connect equipment or
and thickness that is recognized by this Code as electrical insulation. the grounded circuit of a wiring system to a grounding electrode or
CONDUIT FITTING- An accessory, which serves to complete a conduit electrodes.
system, such as hushing and access fittings. I

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INSULATED- Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric W

permanently offering a high resistance 10 the passage of current and to WIRE- A short piece of wire use to bind an overhead conductor to an
disruptive discharge. insulator or other support.
INSULATING- A term applied to non-conducting substance capable of WIREWAY- Approved steel or metal roughing (usually with removable
bringing about the condition defined in insulated. cover), and fitting therefore, so formed and constructed that insulated
J conductors may he readily drawn in and withdrawn, or laid in and
JUMPER- A short length of conductor used to make a connection between removed, without injury either to conductor or covering.
terminals or around a break in a circuit, or around an instrument. It is V
usually a temporary connection. VOLTAGE (OF A CIRCUIT) - The largest root-mean-square (effective)
L difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit
LINE CONDUCTOR- A wire or cable carrying electric current, supported by concerned.
poles, towers or other structures., hut not including vertical or lateral
connecting wires. LINE TAP: A radial branch connection to a main line.
O VOLT TRANSFORMATION
OUTLET- A point on the wiring system at which current is taken to supply TRANSFORMER- a static device consisting of a magnetic core
utilization equipment. wherein a primary and secondary windings are made. Transformers are
reversible, it may be step-up or step-down.
P POWER AND ENERGY

PEAK LOAD- The maximum load consumed or produced by a unit or group Power- the rate at which the energy is used; the technical term for work.
of units in a stated period of time. It may be the maximum instantaneous Energy - Synonymous to fuel and can be expressed in gallons, liters,
load or the maximum average load over a designated interval of time. kilowatt hours or consumed electricity and cost of operation.
R Watt - measuring unit of electric power.
RACEWAY- An enclosed channel designed expressly for holding wires,
cables, or bus bars, with additional function as permitted in this Code. STORED AND MOVING ENERGY
REACTOR- A device used for the purpose of minimizing irregularities in the Two types:
flow of welding currents 1. Stored Energy- potential energy
RECEPTACLE OULET- An outlet where one or more receptacles are 2. Moving Energy- kinetic energy
installed.
S MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY
SERVICE RACEWAY- The raceway that encloses the service entrance BTU (British Thermal Unit)- is the amount of heat energy it takes to raise
conductors. the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit, at sea
T level.
TRANSFORMER VAULT- An enclosure either above or below ground, with
fire resistant walls, ceiling and floor, exclusively built for unattended -Energy can also be measured in joules
transformers and their auxiliaries.
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- a thousand joules is equal to one BTU - Cross sectional area of the conductor - the bigger the cross sectional area
- The term "joule" is named after an English scientist James of wire, the lower is the resistance.
Prescott Joule who lived from 1818 to 1889. He discovered that heat is a - Temperature - Metal offers high resistance to high temperature.
type of energy.
Insulators- materials that resist the flow of current
FORMS OF ENERGY - A good insulator must have extremely high resistance and a moderate
1. Mechanical energy, which includes: resistance for a load resistor.
 Potential Energy- stored energy
 Kinetic Energy- from the movement of matter. Materials that are good insulators:
2. Radiant or Solar Energy- which comes from the light and warmth of the 1. Rubber 5. Class 9.Thermoplastic
sun. 2. Porcelain 6. Mica 10. Paper
3. Thermal Energy- associated with the heat of an object. 3. Varnish 7. Latex 11. Oil
4. Chemical Energy- stored in the chemical bonds of molecules. 4. Slate 8. Asbestos 12. Wax
5. Electrical Energy- associated with the movement of electrons 13. Dry air
6. Electromagnetic Energy- associated with light waves (including radio
waves, microwaves, x-rays, infrared waves). ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)
7. Mass (or nuclear) Energy- found in the nuclear structure of atoms. - or EMF, is used to indicate electrical pressure or voltage that causes
current to flow.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS - The volt is unit of electrical pressure, similar to pressure used to make
Electrical Conductors- materials used to carry or allow the flow of electric gases and liquids flow through pipes.
current - One volt is the force required to push one amp through one ohm of
resistance.
Materials that are good conductors: - Abbreviation for volt (EMF) is E.
1. Silver 6. Zinc
2. Copper 7. Platinum VOLTMETER
3. Aluminum 8. Iron - measure the electromotive force of a power source
4. Nickel 9. Lead - there are DC voltmeters that measure DC voltage and AC voltmeters that
5. Brass 10. Tin measure AC voltage
-Conductors are resistive substances. There are no such things as perfect - One kilovolt (kV) is 1,000 volts
conductors. - One millivolt (mv) is 1/1000 (.001) of a volt
- A good conductor must have extremely low resistance. - One microvolt (mV is 1/1,000,000 (.000001) of a volt
- Digital type (uses electronic circuitry instead of electromagnetic effects).
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONDUCTOR RESISTANCE:
- Composition of a conductor the mineral composition ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
- Length of the conductor the longer the wire, the bigger is the resistance -the route along the electricity flows

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3. Series- Parallel Circuit- The power source and control or protection

Electricity Circuit Requirements/ Construction devices are usually in series; the loads are usually in parallel
- The same current flows in the series portion, different currents in the
 Power Source (Battery Alternator, Generator, etc.)- supply the flow parallel portion
of electrons - The same voltage is applied to parallel devices, different voltages to
 Protection Device ( Fuse, Fusible Link, or Circuit Breaker)- prevents series devices
damage to the circuit
 Load Device (Lamp, Motor, Winding, Resistor, etc.)- converts the
electricity into work FUSES- The metal filament in the fuse melts and breaks the connection
 Control (Switch, Relay or Transistor)- turn the circuit on or off BREAKERS- It act to limit the current in a single circuit in most household
 Conductors (A Return Path, Wiring to Ground)- provide an electrical applications
path - The heating effect on a bimetallic strip causes it to bend and trip a spring-
loaded switch
LOADS- Any devise that consumes electricity - A small electromagnet consisting of wire loops around a piece of iron will
- Regarded as resistance pull the bimetallic strip down instantly in case of a large current surge
- Use up voltage and control the amount of current flowing in a circuit VOLTAGE DROP (IR) - The sum of the voltage drop in an electrical circuit
AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT- One end of the wire from each load always equals the applied voltage
returning to the battery is connected to the vehicle body or frame - The voltage drop across any part of a circuit is equal to I x R.
- The body or frame is then referred to as the body ground of the circuit
OHM’S LAW- The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied Series Circuit Rules
voltage and inversely proportional to the amount of resistance • The total current in a series circuit is equal to the current in any other
part of the circuit
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT • The total voltage in a series circuit is equal to the sum of the voltages
1. Series Circuit- The conductors, control and protection devices, loads, across all parts of the circuit
and power source are connected with only one path to ground for current • The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to the sum of the
flow resistances of all the parts of the circuit
- An open in the circuit will disable the entire circuit
- The voltage divides (shared) between the loads Parallel Circuit Rules
- The current flow is the same throughout the circuit • The total current in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the currents
- The resistance of each load can be different in all the branches of the circuit
2. Parallel Circuit- It has more than one path for current flow • The total voltage across any branch in parallel is equal to the voltage
- The same voltage is applied across each branch across any other branch and is also equal to the total voltage
- Current flow through each branch can be different • The total resistance in a parallel circuit is found by applying Ohm’s law to
- The resistance of each branch can be different the total values of the circuit

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ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT DEFECTS Volts- a measure of electric pressure

1. Open Circuit- An unwanted break in an electric circuit Watts- measure of the amount of energy or work that can be done
2. Grounded Circuit- An unwanted copper-to-metal connection
3. Shorted Circuit- An unwanted copper-to-copper connection ELECTRIC MOTORS
Magnetism- is the basis upon which electric motors operate
MAGNETISM Commutator- reverses the current in the motor
Electromagnetism– When current flows through a conductor an invisible Armature- rotating magnet
field of force surrounds the wire Generator- produces a direct current
–This magnetic field is concentric to the conductor, and an increase in Alternator- alternates the electric current
current flow results in a stronger magnetic field
–The magnetic strength of an electromagnet is determined mainly by the CIRCUITS
number of turns and current flow through the windings Circuit- a source of electricity plus two or more wires connected to a load
Open circuit- circle is broken so that current cannot flow through it
Multi- Meter Operation Short circuit- electricity flow through the circuit and back to its source
Types: rapidly
1. Analog Grounding- connection between a piece of equipment and the ground
2. Digital
SERVICE ENTRANCE
-Review settings on Multi-Meters Entrance head- used to attach exterior wires to interior wires of a building
-Determine what each setting is used for Transformer- converts high voltage from the power lines to 240 volts
- Break into groups and complete multi-meter work sheet
Service drop- an assembly of electrical wires, connector, and fastener
ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES AND WIRING MATERIALS used to transmit electricity from the transformer to the entrance head
Heat and Light Service entrance panel- box with fuses or circuit breakers where
electricity enter the building
Electricity- form of energy that can produce light, heat, magnetism, and
chemical changes BRANCH CIRCUITS
Branch circuits- branch out from the entrance panel to a variety of places
Resistance- tendency of material to resist electrical flow and for a variety of different purposes
Conductor- allow electricity flow easily - is defined by the National Electric Code (NEC) as “the circuit conductors
Insulator- great resistance to the flow of electricity between the final over current protective device and the outlets.”
Comprises of the ff:
AMPERES, VOLTS, & WATTS -The source of voltage
- The wiring
Amperes- a measure of the rate of flow of electricity - The load
Types of Branch Circuits:
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1. General purpose branch circuit – Supplies outlets for

appliances, including convenience receptacles. WIRE SIZES
2. Appliance branch circuit – Supplies outlets for feeding -The American Wire Gauge (AWG) also known as the Brown & Sharpe wire
appliances. gauge, is a standardized wire gauge system used since 1857
3. Individual branch circuit – Supplies outlets for a single specific predominantly in the United States for the diameters of round, solid,
item. nonferrous, electrically conducting wire. The cross sectional area of each
gauge is an important factor for determining its current carrying capacity.
Fuse- a plug or cartridge containing a strip of metal Circuit breaker- a
switch that trips and breaks the circuit WIRE
- Different than cable. Cable refers to two or more wires or conductors
TYPES OF CABLES grouped together in a jacket.
1. Nonmetallic sheathed cable- consists of copper or aluminum wires - Copper or tinned copper is the most common conductor in home wiring
covered with paper and vinyl because it has minimum resistance at reasonable cost.
2. Armored cable- a flexible metal sheath with individual wires inside - Wire is grouped by gauge number, running from 0000 to No. 40. The
smaller the number, the thicker the wire. For home use, the most
common gauges are between 10 and 20.
3. Conduit- tubing that contains individual insulated wires - Larger wire carries more current. Forcing too much current through a
4. Electrical metallic tube- bendable type of metal wire will cause it to overheat and trip a breaker.
5. Solid Copper Wires - Wire is also characterized by letters that correspond to the insulation
6. Rubber Insulated Cables type and electrical capacity.
7. Polymer Insulation - Grounding wire provides a path of least resistance from the frame or
case of an appliance to the ground to guard against electric shocks. Both
WIRE IDETIFICATION two- and three conductor cables can carry grounding wires.
• Type T- used for dry locations
• Type TW- use in dry or wet locations Materials for wiring interior electrical systems in buildings vary
• Type THHN- dry locations, high temperature depending on:
• Type THW and THWN- wet locations, high temperature - Intended use and amount of power demand on the circuit
• Type XHHW- high moisture and heat resistance -Type of occupancy and size of the building
• Type UF- direct burial in soil but not concrete -National and local regulations
• Positive (hot) wires- black, red, blue wires that carry current to -Environment in which the wiring must operate.
appliances
• Neutral wires- white wires that carry current from the appliance back to Modern Wiring Materials
the source -an electrical power cable found commonly in houses. The cable consists
• Green wires and bare wires- are used to ground all metal boxes and of 3 wires (2 wires + 1 grounding) and is double insulated
appliances - Mineral insulated cables at a panel board

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PURPOSE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUITS

TYPES OF WIRES AND CABLES - To provide means of running wires from one point to another
1. Standard wire and cable-consist of group of wires twisted to for a - To physically protect the wires
metallic string. CORD is the term given to instead stranded wire. - To provide grounded enclosures
2. Solid wire and cable - To protect the surroundings against the effect of fault in the wiring
- To protect the wiring system from damage by the building and its
American Wire Gauge (AWG) - the old system of measuring the sizes of occupants
wires and cables - To protect the building and the occupants from damage by the electric
systems
System International/ Metric system (SI system) – wires and cables are OTHER TYPERS OF RACEWAYS
expressed in square millimeters. - Conduit coupling, elbows, condulets and other fittings
- Conduit supports such as clamps, hangers, etc.
-In AWG, the smaller the number, the larger the size of the wire - Cable trays, cable bus, etc.
-In SI, the cross sectional area of the wire expressed in sq. mm. is the - Non-metal raceways
actual size of the wire or cable - Metal raceways
CONDUITS AND RACEWAYS Connectors- are metal sleeves usually made of cooper that is slipped over
Raceways- channels or pipes used to hold wires, cables or busbars and secure to the butted ends of conductors in making a joint. Also known
as SPLICING SLEEVE.
Materials used in raceways:
1. Metals OUTLET
2. Plastics - A point in the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization
equipment; any point that supplies an electric load
Types of Raceways:
1. Conduits- most common type; usually in the form of a pipe or tube • Kinds of Outlet:
Connectors and other accessories 1. Convenience outlet or attachment cap
2. Lighting outlet- intended for a direct connection to a lamp holder,
Types of conduits according to material used: lighting fixture or a pendant cord terminating in a lamp holder.
1. Metallic (steel pipes, aluminum, etc.) 3. Receptacle outlet- an outlet where one or more receptacles are
2. Non-metallic (plastics, pvc) installed
4. Special outlet
Types of conduits according to its making: 5. Convenience outlet (co) or attachment cap – a device which by
1. Rigid metal 3.Rigid non-metal insertion in a receptacle establishes connection between the conductor of
2. Flexible 4. Flexible non-metal (corrugated type) the flexible cord and the conductors connected permanently to the
receptacle.

26
9. Flat Cable Assemblies (FC)- an assembly of parallel conductors formed

Other Wiring Accessories: integrally with an insulating material web designed specifically for field
Junction box- box with a blank cover where conductors meet join installation in metal surface or raceways.
Pull box- box with a blank cover inserted to one or more raceways to 10. Flat Conductor Cables (FCC)- consist of three or more flat copper
facilitate pulling of the conductors Receptacle- contact device installed at conductor placed edge to edge separated and enclosed within an
the outlet for the connection of a single attachment plug. insulating assembly. This is used for general purpose as appliance, branch
circuits, individual branch circuits specially in hard smooth continuous
TYPES OF CABLES: floor surfaces.
1. Armored Cable (AC) or BX- fabricated assembly of insulated conductors 11. Medium Voltage Cable (MV)- a single or multi-conductor solid
enclosed in flexible metal sheet. These are used for exposed and dielectric insulated cable rated at 2,000 or higher. This is used fro power
concealed work system up to 35,000V
2. Metal Clad Cable (MC)- factory assembled cable of one or more 12. Busway or Busbars- an assembly of module conductors used to carry
conductors each individually insulated and enclosed in a metallic sheath of large amount of current (power). Instead of using several parallel or single
interlocking tape of a smooth or corrugate tube. This is used for service large conductor, a bar assembly is adapted
feeders, branch circuits and for indoor and outdoor works.
3. Mineral Insulated Cable (MI)- factory assembled cable one or more POWER SUPPLY
conductor insulated with a highly compressed refractory mineral - Refers to a source of electrical power.
insulation enclosed in a liquid and gas tight continuous copper sheath. -A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an
4. Non-Metallic Sheath Cable (NM)- factory assembled of one or more output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU.
conductors having a moisture resistant, flame retardant, and non-metallic
material outer sheath. This is used specifically on one and two family TYPES OF POWER SUPPLY
dwelling units not exceeding three (3) storeys 1. Linear Power Supply
5. Shielded Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable (SNM)-factory assembled cable 2. Switched-Mode Power Supply
of one or more conductors in an extruded core of moisture resistant and 3. Uninterruptible Power Supply
flame retardant material covered within an overlapping spiral metal tape.
Thus is used in hazardous locations and in cable trays or in raceways. PANEL BOARD
6. Underground Feeder and Branch Circuit Cable (UF)- a moisture - The National Electrical Code® (NEC®) defines a panel board as a single
resistant type of cable used for underground connections including direct panel or group of panel units designed for assembly in the form of a single
burial in the ground as feeder or ground circuit. panel; including buses, automatic over current devices, and equipped with
7. Service Entrance Cable (SE or USE)- an single or multi conductor or without switches for the control of light, heat, or power circuits;
assembly provided with an overall covering primarily used fro service wire. designed to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box placed in or against a wall
8. Power and Control Tray Cable (TC)- factory assembles cable of one or or partition and accessible only from the front
more conductors in with or without associated bare or covered grounding Types of Panel Board:
under a metallic sheath. This is used for installation in cable trays, 1. Main Breaker Type
raceways or where it is supported by a messenger wire 2. Main Lug Only Type

27
Parts of a Receptacle Outlet:

OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES -Break-Out Fins
- are used to protect conductors from excessive current flow. These - Silver Terminal Screws
protective devices are designed to keep the flow of current in a circuit at a -Grounding Terminal Screws
safe level to prevent the circuit conductors from overheating. - Brass Terminal Screws
- Test and Reset Buttons
1. FUSE
- is an overall current protective device with a circuit opening fusible SWITCH
element which open (break) when there is an over current in the circuit. - An electrical switch is any device used to interrupt the flow of electrons
in a circuit. Switches are essentially binary devices: they are either
Types of Fuse: completely on ("closed") or completely off ("open").
1. Cartridge Type A simple electrical switch- A simple semiconductor switch is a transistor.
2. Plug Fuse Type - A few of the most common wiring device switches, generally installed in
3. Knife Blade Type a small wall box and used for control of lighting circuits.
2. CIRCUIT BREAKER Parts of a switch:

- The National Electrical Code® defines a circuit breaker as a device -Single-pole switch
designed to open and close a circuit by non-automatic means, and to open - Holes for cover plate
the circuit automatically on a predetermined over current without damage - Plaster Ears
to itself when properly applied within its rating. -Three-way switch
- Common Terminal Screw
WIRING DEVICES
- The general term wiring devices includes all devices that are normally Multimeter Voltage tester
installed in wall outlet boxes, including receptacles, switches, dimmers, •voltage •voltage level
fan controls, and so on. •current •rugged construction
 Receptacles •resistance
 Switches
 Specialties Clip-on ammeter- measures current without direct connection
Digital circuit probe- measures digital logic levels
RECEPTACLE OUTLET Oscilloscope- used to measure and examine voltage waveforms
- A receptacle outlet which is mounted on the wall of a room to supply
electricity for lamps, appliances, etc. SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
- A common wall outlet properly called a convenience receptacle outlet, a -Heat
receptacle outlet, or a convenience outlet. - Light
- Pressure

28
- Mechanical Magnetic action - One opens, current is smaller than normal
CURRENT- the rate flow of electrons CIRCUIT PROTECTION

- one Coulomb/ sec -Fuses -Circuit breakers
- =one ampere (A) -Overload -Thermal shunt
CONNECTORS TROUBLESHOOTING
-Crimp
-Solder (tin lead, 63/37) • Series Circuit
- Screw terminal Type -Open:
- Heat Shrink • No current
• Source at the open
CONDUCTOR FORMS • Rest are zeros
- Solid Wire -Short
- Stranded Wire • Current Increase
- Multiconductor Cable • V is zero at the short
- Lamp cord • Parallel
– Short: Fuse blows
RESISTORS – Open: Less current
- Series - Units
- Parallel - Symbol Ground Fault Interrupter
- Ground fault interrupters are designed to protect from electrical shock
SERIES CIRCUIT by interrupting a household circuit when there is a difference in the
- Same current currents in the "hot" and neutral wires
- Largest resistance has the largest voltage drop.
- Add resistance Static Electricity
– Lower current - Electrical charge at rest.
- One open the circuit fails. - Static: having no motion; at rest
PARALLEL CIRCUIT > Electrical charges are caused by an imbalance of electrons on the surface
- Same Voltage atoms of materials.
-Smallest resistance, most current. > Primarily due to triboelectric charging between materials where
- Add a branch: electrons from surface atoms are transferred between materials creating
– Increase Current an electrostatic potential.
– Decrease Resistance > Electrostatic field surrounds electrostatically charged objects.
– RT smallest than the smallest. ESD : A hare raising experience
29
3. The lack of standardization in the industry has also limited the

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) acceptance of fiber optics.
- A transfer of electrostatic charge between bodies at different 4. Many industries are more comfortable with the use of electrical systems
electrostatic potentials caused by direct contact or induced by an and are reluctant to switch to fiber optics.
electrostatic field.
BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN OPTICALFIBER The basic structure of an
Lightning: a mega ESD event optical fiber consists of three parts: the core, the cladding, and
Lightning strikes somewhere on Earth about 100 times each second! the coating or buffer
COMMUNICATION AND LIGHTING
SPEAKER CONNECTION -The CORE is a cylindrical rod of dielectric material. Dielectric material
-Speaker installation is an important element whenever you install a conducts no electricity. Light propagates mainly along the core of the
Communication system. No matter how good the amplifier is, if the fiber. The core is generally made of glass
speaker installation is not done properly, the sound produced will be -The core is surrounded by a layer of material called the cladding. Even
inadequate. though light will propagate along the fiber core without the layer of
FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS cladding material, the cladding does perform some necessary functions.
-Design has centered on long-haul communications and the The CLADDING layer is made of a dielectric material. Cladding is generally
subscriber-loop plants. made of glass or plastic and performs the following functions: Reduces
-The subscriber loop plant is the part of a system that connects a loss of light from the core into the surrounding air Reduces scattering loss
subscriber to the nearest switching center. Cable television is an example at the surface of the core Protects the fiber from absorbing surface
contaminants Adds mechanical strength For extra protection.
Advantages of Fiber Optics: -The COATING or BUFFER is a layer of material used to protect an optical
1. Fiber-optic systems have many attractive features that are superior to fiber from physical damage. The material used for a buffer is a type of
electrical systems. These include improved system performance, immunity plastic. The buffer is elastic in nature and prevents abrasions. Also, the
to electrical noise, signal security, and improved safety and electrical buffer prevents the optical fiber from scattering losses caused by micro
isolation. bends. Micro bends occur when an optical fiber is placed on a rough and
2. Other advantages include reduced size and weight, environmental distorted surface.
protection, and overall system economy.
AIRCONDITIONING
Disadvantages: -is the cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for thermal comfort.
1. Because of the relative newness of the technology, - The term can refer to any form of cooling, heating, ventilation, or
Fiber-optic components are expensive. disinfection that modifies the condition of air.
2. Fiber-optic transmitters and receivers are still relatively - An air conditioner designed to stabilize the air temperature and humidity
expensive compared to electrical interfaces. within an area.

30
- is an appliance, system, or mechanism designed to extract heat from an Commercial buildings, which are built for commerce, including offices,
area via a refrigeration cycle. In construction, a complete system of malls, shopping centers, restaurants, etc.
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as "HVAC." Its Institutional buildings, which includes hospitals, governmental, academic,
purpose, in a building or an automobile, is to provide comfort during and so on.
either hot or cold weather. Industrial spaces where thermal comfort of workers is desired.
- The process of treating air to control simultaneously its temperature,
humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the comfort requirements TERMS
of the occupants of the conditioned space. A
Absolute humidity- amount of moisture in the air.
CONCEPT OF AIRCONDITIONING AIR CHANGES (IN VENTILATION) – the number of times the air is changed
- The concept of air conditioning is known to have been applied in Ancient per hour in a room
Rome, where aqueduct water was circulated through the walls of certain AIR FOIL VANES – flat blades in a register that can be turned to position
houses to cool them that direct the airstreams.
-Similar techniques in Persia involved the use of cisterns and wind towers AFUE- Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency, a rating that reflects the
to cool buildings during the hot season efficiency of gas furnace in covering fuel to energy.
-The first large-scale electrical air conditioning was invented and used in Air Change- the amount of air required to completely replace the air in a
1902 by Willis Haviland Carrier. room or a building.
Air Conditioner- Assembly of equipment for the simultaneous control of
APPLICATIONS air temperature, relative humidity, purity and motion.
Comfort Applications Air Cooled- uses a fan to discharge heat from a condenser coil to the
-Aim to provide a building indoor environment that remains relatively outdoor.
constant in a range preferred by humans despite changes in external Adiabatic Saturation– the introduction of water into saturated air to
weather conditions or in internal heat loads. increase its humidity ratio, but without transfer of heat to or from an
-Air conditioning makes deep plan buildings feasible. outside source and without gain or loss of the heat content (Enthalpy) of
Process Applications the mixture.
- Aims to provide a suitable environment for a process being carried out, Air Diffuser- Air distribution outlet or grille designed to direct airflow into
regardless of internal heat and humidity loads and external weather desired patterns.
conditions. Airflow- The distribution or movement of air.
-Although often in the comfort range, it is the needs of the process that Air Handler- Fan-blower, filter and housing parts of a system.
determine conditions, not human preference Air Source- air is being used as the heat source or heat sink for a heat
pump.
Comfort Applications for various building types: Arc- Luminous Bridge formed by in a gap between two conductors or
Low-Rise Residential buildings, including single family houses, duplexes, terminals when they are separated. A spark.
and small apartment buildings. Automatic expansion valve (AXV)- Refrigerant metering device operated
High-Rise Residential buildings, such as tall dormitories and apartment by a low-side pressure of the system.
blocks.
31
B Condenser- A device that transfers unwanted heat out of the refrigeration

Balance Point- The lowest outdoor temperature at which the refrigeration system to a medium to absorb the heat and transfer it to a disposal unit.
cycle of a heat pump will supply the heating requirements with the aid of a Condenser Coil- a series or network of tubes filled with refrigerant,
supplementary heat source. normally located outside the home, that removes heat from hot, gaseous
Bias- steady voltage inserted in a series with an element of an electronic refrigerant so that the refrigerant becomes liquid again.
device. Condensing Unit- Part of a refrigerating mechanism which pumps
Blow-through unit- a unit in which direct expansion, or hydraulic coils, is vaporized refrigerant from the evaporator, compresses it, liquefies in the
located downstream of supply fan. Compare with pullthrough unit. condenser and returns it to a refrigerant control.
Blower (fan) - an air handling device for moving air in a distribution COP- Coefficient of Performance of a heat pump means the ratio of the
system.. rate of useful heat output delivered by the complete heat pump unit to
BTUH- The number of BTU in an hour. the corresponding rate of energy input, in consistent units and under
Boiler– a unit that produces hot water or steam for heating operating conditions.
Breathing wall – a method such as the incremental system that has Cooling Capacity- A measure of the ability of a unit to remove the heat
exterior wall opening for heat and moisture rejection and fresh air supply. from an enclosed space. COMPRESSION – produces high pressure Freon •
BTU (British Thermal Unit)- the standard of measurement used for CONDENSING - liquefies high pressure Freon
measuring the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one D
pound of water by one degree (Fahrenheit) Damper- Found in ductwork, this movable plate opens and closes to
BURN PLENUM – the duct designed to bring “return air” to the blowers of control airflow. Dampers are used effectively in zoning to regulate airflow
the air handling unit. to certain rooms.
C Defrost Cycle- The process of removing ice or frost buildup from the
Centralized– a system with one heating or cooling source and a ducted outdoor coil during the heating season.
network Dehumidification- The reduction of water vapor in air by cooling the air
Capacity- the output or producing capability of a piece of cooling or blow the dew point.
heating equipment. DP – DEW POINT (the temperature at which dew becomes water)
Central Air conditioner System- system in which air is treated at central Down flow furnace- A furnace that pulls in return air from the top and
location and carried to and from the rooms by one or more fans and a expels warm air at the bottom.
system of duct. Charge- amount of refrigerant placed in the refrigerating DB – DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (the temperature of the air water vapor
unit. mixture as in the normal way with a Fahrenheit thermom
Chilled water – the refrigerated water used to call with air in air DEGREE DAY – the number of Fahrenheit degrees that the average
conditioning system outdoor temperature over a 24-hour period is less than 65 F.
Comfort Zone- the range of temperature, humid and air velocities at Duct- A pipe or closed conduit made of sheet of metal, fiberglass board, or
which the greatest percentage of people feel comfortable. other suitable material used or conducting air to form an air handling unit.
Compressor-the heart of an air conditioning or heat pump system. It is a Ductwork- Pipes or channels that carry air throughout your home.
part of the outdoor until that pumps refrigerant. It maintains adequate E
pressure to cause refrigerant to flow in sufficient quantities in order to EVAPORATION – absorbs heat as Freon becomes a gas
meet the cooling requirements. Enthalpy – the quantity of heat in BTU per minute in a fluid or gas
32
-Heat content or total heat, including both sensible and latent heat. The Humidity Ratio – the weight of the actual water vapor in a mixture per
amount of heat contained in a refrigerant at any given temperature with pound or dry air
reference to 40-F. Humidifier- a device that adds moisture to warm air being circulated or
Evaporator- Absorbs heat from the surroundings air or liquid and move it directed into a space. • Humidistat- a device designed to regulate
outside the refrigerate area by means of a refrigerant. humidity input by reacting to changes into the moisture content of the air.
Evaporator Coil- a series or network of tubes filled with refrigerant located Humidity- the amount of moisture in the air. Air conditioners remove
inside the home that takes heat and moisture out of indoor air as liquid moisture for added comfort. HSPF- Heating Seasonal Performance Factor.
refrigerant evaporate. Refers to the efficiency of the heating mode of heat pumps over an entire
F heating season. The higher the number, the more efficient the unit.
FINNED TUBE – used for heat transfer between water and air HVAC-Heating, ventilation, air conditioning.
FLOW RATE – cubic feet per minute (CFM)of air-circulated in an air system I
of the number of pounds of water per hour circulated through a hot water IBR - INSTITUTE OF BOILER AND RADIATOR MANUFACTURER
system INFILTRATION – cold air that leaks in
FIDE GAS - Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide and the like -airflow inward into a space through walls, leaks around doors and
Filter- a device for removing dust particles from air or unwanted elements windows or through the building materials used in the structures.
from liquid. ICM – Integrally Controlled Motor.
FREON – refrigerant gas Indoor Unit- this is actually located inside the house and contains the
Furnace- the part of an environment system which converts gas, oil, indoor coil, fan, motor, and filtering device, sometimes called the air
electricity or other fuel into heat for distribution within the structure. handler.
G Indoor Coil- refrigerant containing portion of a fan coil unit similar to a car
Ground source- the ground or soil below the frost line is being used as the radiator, typically made of several rows of copper tubing with aluminum
heat source or heat sink for a heat pump. fins.
Ground water source- water from underground well is being used as the K
heat source or heat sink for a heat pump K factor- fee of a grille
H King valve- valve located at the outlet of the receiver tank. The liquid
HUMIDIFIER - a device to vaporize water, and to use it to increase the receiver valve.
relative humidity of air L
Heat Pump- compression cycle system used to supply heat to a controlled Latent Heat (hidden heat)- change of state from a liquid to a solid or liquid
temperature space. to a vapor involves latent that cannot be measured with a thermometer.
Heat exchanger- a device for the transfer of heat energy from the source Lithium Bromide System- uses water for the refrigerant and lithium
to the conveying medium. bromide for the absorber; strong solution.
Horizontal Furnace- a furnace that lies on its sides, pulling in return air Locked rotor amps (LRA)- current a compressor motor will draw if the
from one side and expelling warm air from the other. compressor is stuck and cannot be turned over.
Heat gain- the amount of heat gained, measured in BTU’s, from a space to M
be conditioned, and the local summer outdoor design temperature and a MEAN RADIAN TEMPERATURE – average temperature, interior surfaces
specified indoor design condition. P
33
PRIMARY AIR – heated or cooled air directly from the conditioner. - The operating principle of an air conditioner is similar to that of the
Psychrometer– an instrument used to determine the moisture content of refrigerant which cools food. A gas or vapor absorbs heat under low
the air. It consists of two thermometers, one of a standard type with a dry pressure; then it I condensed and pressurized to release the stored heat.
bulb and the other furnished with a moistened bag or wick to keep its bulb In the cooling cycle of an air conditioner, a refrigerant vapor reduces the
continuously wet, because the evaporation of moisture from the wick temperature of the cooling coil. The heat from surrounding air is absorbed
extracts a corresponding amount of heat. The bulb is cooled and the wet into the refrigerant, thus cooling the air. The refrigerant is then
bulb thermometer will indicate a lower temperature than the dry-bulb compressed and then sent to a condenser coil to a high pressure. The
thermometer. pressure at which the refrigerant is maintained. It controls the
R temperature at which it will evaporate or condense when heat is added or
RH – Relative Humidity (a ratio which indicates the degree of saturation of taken away.
air with water vapor, expressed as the ratio of the partial pressure of the
actual water vapor in a mixture of, to the pressure of a saturated mixture - Comfort air conditioning or climate control means the maintenance of
at the same temperature. the atmospheric factors affecting comfort especially it is the maintenance
T of the following variables all within well objectionable noise.
Temperature Drop- as applied to air systems, the difference in •The desired temperature
temperature of the return air and the heated air delivered. •An acceptable community
Temperature Rise- the difference in temperature of the return air and •Minimal atmospheric particulate including pollens and
cooled air delivered. bacteria
•An acceptable odor level
ACRONYMS • A uniform air pattern and air motion
ACCU- Air Cooled Condensing Unit The complete functions of an air conditioning system are:
AHU- Air Handling Unit 1. Cooling and dehumidifying of air
ATC- Automatic Temperature Control 2. Heating and humidifying of air
CAC- Central Air Conditioner 3. Cleaning of air (Filtration)
FCU- Fan Coil Unit 4. Circulation of Air
HVAC- Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning
PAC- Packaged Air Conditioner
RAC- Room Air Conditioner
TR- Tons of Refrigeration AIR CONDITIONING STANDARDS
• Heating and humidifying of air – A relative humidity of 30 to 35 percent
- A complete air conditioning system consists of a refrigeration unit; ducts, is found most satisfying in winter. With this proportion a temperature of
fans, and vents to distribute the air; a filter air washing system; a heating from 70 to 75 F (21.1-23.9 C) is comfortable.
unit for winter; and a thermostat to regulate temperature. • Cooling and dehumidifying – For summer cooling, temperature of 76-80
F (24.4-26.6 C) and 50 percent relative humidity are a frequent design
average.

34
• Air Motion – A gentle motion of air produces a refreshing and 4. Proportion of Outside Wall
stimulating effect. The velocity should average 15 to 25 ft. per minute 5. Occupancy
measured 36 inches above floor. 6. Exposure of Walls to the Soon to be Aircon
• Air Supply – Many codes require about 30 cu. Ft. per person. Since the
indoor air is re-circulated and reused in air conditioning, a smaller amount
of outdoor air is required, 5 to 10 cu. Ft. per person is sufficient. AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEMS
Unit Air Conditioners
CLASSES OF AIRCONDITIONING a. Self-Contained Units- units w/c house the compressor, condenser, and
1. Tempering coils evaporator in the same cabinet. The most common is the “through the
2. Water heaters wall” type
3. Pre-heaters b. PACKAGED UNITS- units for cooling-heating, have the compressor and
4. Re-heaters the evaporator included in the “indoor” package, while the air cooled
condenser is provided and located out of doors
CLASSIFICATION ( 4 Major Categories)
1. Air Water Central Systems
2. Cool Air a. The Air Handling Unit- equipped with pre-heater, filters, spray
3. Refrigerant humidifiers, cooling coils and re-heaters
4. Water
Method of Cooling
TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 1. Mechanical refrigeration plant
1. Unit type 2. Absorption Machine
2. Central Type
3. Chilled Water Type
4. Air Handling Type
Source of Heating
1. Boiler/ Furnace
PROPERTIES OF DRY AIR
Air Distribution System
Dry Atmospheric Air is a mixture of several gases with the following - -consisting of fans and ducts to bring the conditioned air to the rooms
practical constant and back to the conditioner for re-cooling or re-heating
Important Variables to Keep in Mind When Estimating Load (BTU) Air Conditioning Equipment
Requirements for a Room Cooling Installation are: Indoor: (Parts)
1. Heat Gain thru Ceiling -Blower -Indoor Air
2. Room size/ Floor Area (Sq. ft.) -Cooled Air -Cooling coils
3. Wall Construction
35
-Temperature sensing bulb - A portable air conditioner is one on wheels that can be easily transported
-Expansion Valve inside a home or office.
Outdoor: - Portable true air conditioners come in two forms, split and hose.
- Compressor - Fan Axle Evaporative coolers, sometimes called conditioners, are also portable.
- Fan - Condenser coils
-Hot air - Out door air Split System
- A split system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit
EVAPORATORS AND COOLERS via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit.
- Several methods are: Hose Systems
1. Direct cooling of water - Which can be Air-to-Air and Monoblock, are vented to the outside via air
2. Direct cooling of air ducts.
3. Indirect cooling -The "monoblock" version collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops
when full.
HUMIDITY CONTROL -The Air-to-Air version re-evaporates the water and discharges it through
- A specific type of air conditioner that is used only for dehumidifying is the ducted hose, and can run continuously.
called a dehumidifier Single- Duct Unit
- A dehumidifier is different from a regular air conditioner in that both the - Draws air out of the room to cool its condenser, and then vents it
evaporator and condenser coils are placed in the same air path. outside.
- A regular air conditioner transfers energy out of the room by means of - This air is replaced by hot air from outside or other rooms, thus reducing
the condenser coil, which is outside the room (outdoors). efficiency.
- Dehumidifiers are commonly used in cold, damp climates to prevent - Disadvantages are that unless ambient humidity is low (dry climate)
mold growth indoors, especially in basements. cooling is limited and the cooled air is very humid and can feel clammy.
- They are also sometimes used in hot, humid climates for comfort - They have the advantage of needing no hoses to vent heat outside the
because they reduce the humidity which causes discomfort (just as a cooled area, making them truly portable; and they are very cheap to install
regular air conditioner, but without cooling the room). and use less energy than refrigerative air conditioners.
Evaporative Air Coolers
HEALTH IMPLICATIONS - Sometimes called swamp air conditioners, do not have a compressor or
- A poorly maintained air-conditioning system can occasionally promote condenser.
the growth and spread of microorganisms, such as Legionella - Liquid water is evaporated on the cooling fins, releasing the vapor into
pneumophila. the cooled area.
- Air conditioning can have a positive effect on sufferers of allergies and REFRIGERANTS
asthma. Freon is a trade name for a family of haloalkane refrigerants manufactured
- In serious heat waves, air conditioning can save the lives of the elderly. by DuPont and other companies. These refrigerants were commonly used
due to their superior stability and safety properties. Unfortunately,
PORTABLE AIR CONDITIONERS evidence has accumulated that these chlorine-bearing refrigerants reach
the upper atmosphere when they escape
36
to ductwork that distributes the conditioned air through the building, and
Types of Air Conditioner Equipment returns it to the AHU. Sometimes AHUs discharge (supply) and admit
1. Window and through-wall units- Many traditional air conditioners in (return) air directly to and from the space served, without ductwork.
homes or other buildings are single rectangular units used to cool all or a
portion of an apartment, house, or other building. Hotels frequently use
PTAC systems, which combine heating and air conditioning into the same An air handling unit air flow is from the right to left in this case. Some AHU
unit. components shown are:
2. Evaporative Coolers- In very dry climates, evaporative coolers (or 1. Supply Duct
"swamp coolers") are popular for improving comfort during hot weather. 2. Fan compartment
This type of cooler is the dominant cooler used in Iran, which has the 3. Vibration isolator (‘flex joint’)
largest number of these units of any country in the world, causing some to 4. Heating and/or cooling coil
referring to these units as "Persian coolers." 5. Filter compartment
3. Ductless Split System- The components of this system are separated. 6. Mixed (recirculated outside) air duct
The condenser is located outside and is connected to single or multiple
evaporator units inside. These evaporator units are connected to the Air Handler Components:
condenser unit by small flexible hoses and do not use a central air duct 1. Blower/ Fan- air handlers typically employ a large squirrel cage blower
driven by an AC induction electric motor to move the air. The blower may
CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING operate at a single speed, offer a variety of pre-set speeds, or be driven by
- commonly referred to as central air (U.S.) or air-con (UK), is an air a variable frequently drive so as to allow a wide range of air flow rates
conditioning system which uses ducts to distribute cooled and/or 2. Heating and/or cooling elements- Depending on the location and the
dehumidified air to more than one room, or uses pipes to distribute chilled application, air handlers may need to provide heating, or cooling, or both
water to heat exchangers in more than one room, and which is not to change the supply air temperature. Smaller air handlers may contain a
plugged into a standard electrical outlet. fuel burning heater or a refrigeration evaporator, placed directly in the air
- With a typical split system, the condenser and compressor are located in stream
an outdoor unit; the evaporator is mounted in the air handler unit. With a 3. Filters- Air filtration is almost always present in order to provide clean
package system, all components are located in a single outdoor unit that dust-free air to the building occupants.
may be located on the ground or roof. 4. Humidifier- Humidification is often necessary in colder climates where
COOLING TOWERS continuous heating will make the air drier, resulting in uncomfortable air
AIR HANDLER quality and increased static electricity. Various types of humidification may
- or air handling unit (often abbreviated to AHU), be used
is a device used to condition and circulate 5. Mixing Chamber- In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers
air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air- commonly have provisions to allow the introduction of outside air into,
conditioning (HVAC) system. Usually, an air and the exhausting of air from the building.
handler is a large metal box containing a blower, - In temperate climates, mixing the right amount of cooler outside air with
heating and/or cooling elements, filter racks or warmer return air can be used to approach the desired supply air
chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect
37
temperature. A mixing chamber is therefore used which has dampers DIRECT DIFFUSED LIGHTING
controlling the ratio between the return, outside, and exhaust air.
BUILDING UTILITIES 3- LIGHTING AND ACOUSTICS

LIGHT VS LIGHTING
Light – An artificial source of illumination
Lighting - The various processes, systems, forms, and or equipment used
to provide light and illumination
TYPES OF LIGHTING
Accent lighting - any directional, which emphasizes a particular object or
draws attention to a particular area.
Cove lighting - lighting from sources which are out of sight, which
distributed light over the ceiling and upper walls.
Direct-indirect lighting – lighting in which the luminaries are in general
diffuse category but emit little or no light at angles near a horizontal plane ACCENT LIGHTING
drawn through them.
Directional lighting - lighting, predominantly from a preferred direction,
which provides illumination on the work plane or an object.
Direct lighting – lighting in which luminaries distribute 90% to 100% of the
emitted light in the direction of the surface to be illuminated, usually a
downward direction.
GENERAL LIGHTING
Lamp – a man light source which produces radiation in or near the

visible region of the spectrum; often called a bulb or tube to
distinguish it from the complete lighting unit consisting of thru
source and associated parts such as reflectors.

38
INCANDESCENT DAYLIGHT LAMP – an incandescent lamp having a blue Metal halide lamp – an electric lamp in which the light is produced by the
green glass bulb which makes the emitted light whiter by absorbing part of radiation from a mixture of a metallic vapor (e.g.mercury) and the
the yellow and the red light, approximately 35% less efficient than the products of the dissociation of halides (e.g.halides of thallium, indium,
standard indecent lamp. sodium, etc.)
 Filament- material usually used is tungsten, it may be straight Rapid-start lamps – this are similar in construction to the preheat lamps;
wire, a coil or a coiled coil the basic difference is in the circuitry.
 Gas- Usually a mixture of nitrogen and argon is used in most lamps Reflector lamp-an incident lamp in which part of the bulb serves as a
of 40 watts or larger to retard evaporation reflector.
 Stem Press- The lead in wires in the glass have an air tight seal and
are made of a combination of a nickel iron alloy core and a copper LIGHT MEASURE
 Exhaust tube- air is exhausted through this tube during LUMEN
manufacture and inert gases into the bulb. It can be defined as the rate at which light falls on one square foot of a
 Bulb- soft glass is generally used, hard glass is used for some surface area one foot from a source of one candlepower, or one candela.
lamps to withstand higher temperature
 Support wires- supports the filament CANDELA
 Mica disc- used in higher wattage general service lamps and other 1/60 the intensity of a square centimeter of a blackbody radiator operated
types at 2047 K, which is the freezing point of platinum.
FLUORESCENT LAMP – a low-pressure electric discharge lamp. FOOT CANDLE

Diachronic reflector lamps - these lamps transmit color selectively Is the quantity of light (or illumination level) on one square foot of surface
through a molecular layer of chemical coating, allowing only the desired area one foot away from the light source.
wavelength of color to pass through. LUX
Equal-energy white - when all colors fade into white at the center of the the quantity of light on one square meter of surface area one meter away
diagram. from the light source (1 lux equals 0.09 fc)
High intensity discharge lamps – these lamps have inherently high efficacy
and, with appropriate color correction, can be utilized in any application, COLOR TEMPERATURE AND ILLUMINATION
indoor or outdoor, that does not have critical color criteria.
High-pressure mercury lamp – a mercury vapor lamp that operates at a •Is the temperature of an ideal black-body radiator that radiates light of
partial pressure of mercury about 1 atmosphere or more. comparable hue to that of a light source
Low voltage lamps – these lamps, in PAR shape and for 6V operation, are •Unit of absolute temperature is K “kelvin”
available in extremely narrow beam spread (5-10degree) for special
•There are over 5,000 k cool colors (blueish white) and (2,700-3,000 K) are
precision control flood lighting.
warm colors (yellowish white through red)
Mercury vapor lamp - an electric discharge lamp consisting of an electric
arc in mercury vapor in a sealed tube, which in turn maybe enclosed in an •Illuminance is often called the “brightness”
outer glass envelope; the light appears to be blue-white in color.
•It is the light intensity that differs the color from tint to shade
39
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLOR
HAWTHORNE EFFECT  Hue- the color itself
•This as from an experiment to improve factory lighting which increased  Saturation/Tone- amount of color that distances it from the gray
the productivity of the workers  Brightness- amount of BW in the color
o Shade- mixed with black
•the first experiment involved changing the light bulbs into producing o Tint- mixed with white
lower light (they deducted 1.4 foot candles) COLOR WHEEL- circular organization of colors according to hue
Neutrals
•Then they increased the light intensity of the bulbs and proved to be  White- pure, clean, airy, pristine
more effective  Darks- rich, polished, moody, elegant
 Mid-neutrals- restrained, subtle, well-rounded, dependable
ILLUMINATION LEVELS
•To measure illumination levels, take readings (in lm/ft^2 or fc) with the White
light cell parallel to and on the plane of interest.  Aids mental clarity
 Encourages us to clear clutter
•Gradients provide a method of analyzing the relationship between light  Evokes purification of thoughts or actions
sources and room shapes and reflectance  Enables fresh beginnings
Mid-neutrals
BRIGHTNESS  Feeling of wholesomeness
To measure brightness of a diffuse reflecting surface, hold the meter’s  Stability
light cell close to the surface of interest and then draw it back 2 o 4 in until  Connection with earth
the reading remains constant.  Offers a sense of orderliness
Darks
REFLECTANCE  Feeling of inconspicuous
Generally refer to the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is  Resftful emptiness
reflected at an interface  Mysterious evoking a sense of potential and possibility
Red
TRANSMITTANCE  Increases enthusiasm
To measure transmittance (in %) of a transparent or translucent material,  Stimulates energy
hold the meter’s light cell flush on the sample. Using a constant light  Encourages energy
source on the opposite side, measure the foot candles from the source  Encourages action and confidence
with and without the sample in place.  A sense of protection from fear and anxiety
Blue
COLOR THEORY  Calming and sedate

40
 Cooling  Relative pitch discrimination can be measured by asking subjects

 Aids intuition to respond when one tone sounds twice as high as another.
Yellow
 Mentally stimulating CONSONANCE AND DISSONANCE
 Stimulates the nervous system •When two tones are played together, there is a frequency range over
 Activates memory which they sound rough or dissonant
 Encourages communication
Green LOUDNESS
 Soothing COMPARATIVE LOUDNESS
 Relaxing mentally as well as physically Loudness is the human perception of the magnitude of a sound. Early
 Helps alleviate depression efforts to quantify loudness were undertaken in the field of music.
 Offers a sense of renewal, self-control and harmony
Orange Noisiness is affected by a number of factors that do not influence loudness
 Stimulates activity (Kryter,1970). Two that do affect loudness are the spectrum and the level.
 Stimulates appetite
The loudness of direct sound waves to a listener is determined by:
 Encourages socialization
(1) the loudness of the original source, and
Purple
(2) the listener distance from the source. The loudness of the direct
 Uplifting
Sound decreases with the square of the distance from the sources o
 Calming to mind
That the loudness decreases very rapidly close to the source, but as
 Offers sense of spirituality
The distance from the source increases, a change in distance has little
 Encourages creativity effect.
ACOUSTICS When a soundwave strikes a surface such as a floor, wall, or

ceiling, the direction of travel is changed by reflection. Reflection of
PITCH- The perceived uditory sensation of sounds expressed interms of sound waves follow the same physical law as light reflection. The
high or low frequency stimulus of the sound angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
 The phenomenon of critical bands is of great significance for many
aspects of human hearing. REVERBERATION
 Musical pitch is defined in terms of notes however, there are Reflected waves will continue ricocheting between room
psycho acoustical experiments to measure human perception of Surfaces losing only a fraction of power by absorption at each reflection.
relative pitch as well. The prolongation of sound is called reverberation. The sound will
Gradually diminish.
 Absolute pitch discrimination is rather rare occurring in only 0.01
percent of the population

41
Reverberation time is the time measured in seconds that a

Sound average loudness can be heard before it becomes completely
In audible under quiet conditions.
ECHO
A distinct repetition of a direct sound is an echo. In a highly
Reverberant room, an echo gets lost in the general reverberation. An
Echo is easily distinguished if the interval is greater than ½ second
In a room with low reverberation time.
Sounds reflected from flat surfaces will be less intense than the
Original direct sound. Sound reflected from concave surfaces has a
Focusing action that produces very annoying echoes.
COEFFICIENTS OF GENERALBUILDING MATERIALS AND

FURNISHINGS
RAY DIAGRAM ANALYSIS

This is used to:
1.Study the effect of room shaping on sound distribution and;
2.Identify possible echo-producing surfaces

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1

BUILDING UTILITIES EXIT EXAM REVIEWER (MARCH 2016)

BUILDING UTILITIES 1 – PLUMBING SYSTEMS OF 1. Water supply and distribution system

 Disadvantage  Cause: Iron, manganese

*TYPES ACCORDING RO CONSTRUCTION* *CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS*

WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE

2. CISTERN movable spindle

REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5

DEFFECTS IN WATER DISTIBUTION SYSTEM

4. HOSE BIBB PARTS OF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION

4. RISER - Disadvantages: subject to contamination, high

REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5

* CLASSIFICATION* SCULLERY FIXTURES

REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5

1. SV type: for bldg. 8. GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON PIPE

REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5

2. EXTENSION PIECE / NIPPLE

11. REDUCING TEE

REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5

CHANGES IN DIRECTIONS OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES

5. WIND EFFECTS - Watertight covered receptacle

*BACTERIA IN SEPTIC TANK TO ENCOURAGE DECOMPOSITION*

REVIEWER COMPILED BY THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT BATCH 5

3. THE STRAINER / ROOF DRAIN FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM

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- projects through a finished ceiling when piping is

 Like charge REPEL and unlike charges ATTRACT

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INSULATED- Separated from other conducting surfaces by a dielectric W

P POWER AND ENERGY

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3. Series- Parallel Circuit- The power source and control or protection

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ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT DEFECTS Volts- a measure of electric pressure

1. General purpose branch circuit – Supplies outlets for

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PURPOSE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUITS

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9. Flat Cable Assemblies (FC)- an assembly of parallel conductors formed

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Parts of a Receptacle Outlet:

2. CIRCUIT BREAKER Parts of a switch:

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- Mechanical Magnetic action - One opens, current is smaller than normal

CURRENT- the rate flow of electrons CIRCUIT PROTECTION

3. The lack of standardization in the industry has also limited the

COMMUNICATION AND LIGHTING

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B Condenser- A device that transfers unwanted heat out of the refrigeration

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BUILDING UTILITIES 3- LIGHTING AND ACOUSTICS

Lamp – a man light source which produces radiation in or near the

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FLUORESCENT LAMP – a low-pressure electric discharge lamp. FOOT CANDLE

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 Cooling  Relative pitch discrimination can be measured by asking subjects

ACOUSTICS When a soundwave strikes a surface such as a floor, wall, or

TYPES ACCORDING RO CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

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