LAB WORKS 

ALGORITHM &

PROGRAMMING

By :

Wahyu Andy Prastyabudi

D E P A R T M E N T O F I N D U S T R I A L E N G I N E E R I N G

I N S T I T U T T E K N O L O G I T E L K O M S U R A B A Y A
Copyright © 2019 Lab Works: Algorithm & Programming

Publisher:
Institut Teknologi Telkom Surabaya
Gayungan PTT 17-19
Surabaya, 60234
Indonesia

Phone:
E-mail:lppm@ittelkom-sby.ac.id
Website:http://ie.ittelkom-sby.ac.id

By:
Wahyu Andy Prastyabudi

Lab-work Module i
Lab-work Module ii
 Preface

Everybody should learn to program

a computer, because it teaches you
how to think

Steve Jobs

This document is composed as a supplementary material and lab work module

in the Algorithm and Programming course. The workbook comprises several mod-
ules, each of which has a concise theoretical background, exercise, and assignment.
Specifically, Python is the programming language that used throughout this book.

This book instructs you to practice, applying what you have got from the class,
and establish your coding skills. By several trivial exercises into increasingly diffi-
cult problems, bit by bit you will learn how to think, solve the given problems and
implement them into the code.

Do Not Copy-Paste!
Type each of these exercises in this workbook manually. Do not cheat yourself
by copy-paste them. The point of these exercise is to train your hands, your
brain, and your consciousness in reading and writing code. Thus, you will get
used to code.

Read the instructions in every exercise and assignment problem carefully. Try
your best to accomplish each mission. The assignment will be used as if a visa to get
in the lab work meeting. The entry shall not be granted if you can not submit the
given assignment.

By the end of the book, you will have provision to begin learning more complex
problem that you might get in other courses. Should you have any queries or ideas to
improve this document, please let me know.

Wahyu Andy P.
<wahyu.andy@ittelkom-sby.ac.id>
Industrial Engineering
ITTelkom Surabaya

Algorithm and Programming iii

Lab-work Module iv
 Contents

Preface iii

Contents vii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Course description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Learning outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.3 Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.4 Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.5 Pseudocode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.6 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.7 Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2 Python Primer 13

2.1 Python Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.2 Why You Should Learn Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.3 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.3.1 Mac OSX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.3.2 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.3.3 Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.3.4 Code Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.4 Learning Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.5 Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Algorithm and Programming v

3 First Code 19

3.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.1.1 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.2 Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.2.1 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.3 Variables and String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.3.1 Variables, Constant, and Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.3.2 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.3.3 String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.3.4 Print and print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.3.5 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.4 Assignment 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3.5 Numbers and Math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3.5.1 Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.5.2 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.6 Simple Input/Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.6.1 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3.7 Assignment 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4 Sequential and Branching 43

5 Looping 45

6 Function 47

7 Array 49

8 Multidimensional Array 51

Lab-work Module vi
9 Searching 53

10 Sorting 55

11 Recursion 57

References 59

Lab-work Module vii

 Module 1: Introduction

1.1 Course description

This lab works is a companion of the same title course, Algorithm and Program-
ming. This course is composed to introduce the students to computer programming,
herein we used Python. The course’s syllabus comprises programming techniques and
Python basics. Python is chosen as its robustness and simplicity compare to other
programming languages.

The objective of this course is as a practice or application of the theory taught

in the Algorithm and Programming course. Through this course the students will
be trained to comprehend how to construct the flow of problem solving logically in
structured manner. Then, the notable thing is how to implement those logical flows
into a computer program.

On the other hand, this course will be a provision to the student in attending
courses at the following semester, such as Operation Research, Computer Simulation
and Information System Analysis and Design. Moreover, the knowledge about pro-
gramming language especially Python will be useful at work and may give added value
to the student. Whereas the demand of graduate with a reliable programming skill
and data processing is increasing as the growth of digital industry.

1.2 Learning outcome

By the end of this course the you are expected to:

1. Be able to define logical steps in problem solving into algorithm scheme (e.g.
flowchart, pseudo-code)

2. Be able to identify computer program by your own with full of responsibility

3. Be able to implement the algorithm scheme into computer program by their own
with full of responsibility

4. Be able to demonstrate the the assignment result computer program by your own
or in groups with full of responsibility

Algorithm and Programming 1

 Table 1.1: Flowchart symbols

Shape Name Description

Shows the order of operation. A line coming from one
symbol and pointing atanother.Arrowheads are often
Flowline (Arrowhead)
added if the flow is not the standard top-to-bottom, left-to
right.
Often called asterminator as it indicates the beginning and
ending of a program or sub-process. Represented as
Terminal
astadium,oval or rounded (fillet) rectangle. They usually
contain the word "Start" or "End/Stop".

A rectanglerepresents a set of operations that changes

Process
value, form, or location of data.

Adiamond symbols represents a conditional operation that

Decision determines which one of the two options will take.The
operation is commonly a yes/no question or true/false test.

Asymbolcalled parallelogramindicates the process of

Input/Output inputting and outputting data,as in entering data or
displaying results.

Indicating additional information about a step in the

program. Represented as an open rectangle with a dashed
Annotation (Comment)
or solid line connecting it to the corresponding symbol in
the flowchart.

Arectangle with double-struck vertical edgesrepresents a

Predefined Process
previously named process which is defined elsewhere.

Asmall circle with a letter insideoften represents a

On-page Connector
connector to another flowchart on the same page.

Ahome plate-shapedpentagonoften usedto connect

Off-page Connector
flowchart on another page.

Data File or Database Data represented by a cylinder (disk drive).

Lab-work Module 2
 Table 1.2: Flowchart symbols continued

Shape Name Description

Single documents represented arectanglewith a wavy

base.
Document
Multiple documents represented stackedrectanglewith a
wavy base.

Atrapezoidsymbol with the longest parallel side at the top

Manual operation representsan operation or adjustment to process that can
only be made manually.

Represented byquadrilateral, with the top irregularly

Manual input sloping up from left to right, like the side view of a
keyboard.

Preparation or Represented by an elongatedhexagon, originally used for

Initialization steps like setting a switch or initializing a routine.

1.3 Algorithm

An algorithm is any well-defined computational procedure that takes some value,

or set of values, as input and processes through certain steps to produces some value,
or set of values, as output. We can also view an algorithm as a tool for solving a
well-specified computational problem. In general, algorithm is expressed either in the
form of flowchart or pseudo-code. These forms are then implemented into a computer
program to evaluate if the devised algorithm correctly transform an input into a correct
output.

There are many problems solved by algorithms. A well known search engine,
such as Google, employs sophisticated algorithm to retrieve a precise information or
data as requested by the user. An e-commerce sites are also strongly build with set
of algorithms to run their business. A manufacture often employs a linear program-
ming approach to allocate scarce resources in the most beneficial way. A port that
applies automatic guided vehicle (AGV) must implement a certain algorithm so called
dispatching rules to manage those vehicles.

1.4 Flowchart

A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process. A

flowchart can also be defined as a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, a step-
by-step approach to solving a task. Table 1.1 and Table 1.2 summarize the description
of each shape commonly used in the flowchart.

Several types of software or application to draw a flowchart are Ms. Visio,

Omnigraffle, Lucidchart, Draw.io, etc. Most of them share the common features with
only slightly differences. In this course, it is suggested to use Draw.io merely due to

Lab-work Module 3
Figure 1.1: You can watch a short video explaining about the algorithm at Youtube

its simplicity. To draw a flowchart in Draw.io follow the steps bellow:

1. Once you go to http://draw.io, you will be shown the following figure that ask
you to choose one of three options to save the diagrams: Google Drive, OneDrive,
Device. You may choose “Device” to save the diagram on your own computer.

Lab-work Module 4
 2.

Then choose “Create New Diagram” afterwards. You may choose Open
Existing Diagram if you have one already.
3.

By default a Blank Diagram is the option shown initially. Click “Create”

button to create a new blank diagram. There are various diagram templates
available likewise, from Business diagram till UML diagram.
4. After you click create a blank diagram, a drawing workspace will be shown as
follows. There are five sections: menu options at above, shape options on the left
side, drawing area at the centre, diagram & shape options on the right side, and
paging at the bottom.

Lab-work Module 5
 5. To start drawing, simply drag-drop an available shape into the drawing area or
click it. Click the shape to change its properties shown on the right side. Double
click the shape if you wish to add any text inside.

6. To draw an arrow, aim your pointer to the shape then it will show four arrows
direction. Click one of them clone a shape or draw an arrow headed to another
shape.

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 7. To change arrow properties just simply click it. If you wish to add a label double
click onto it. Drawing flowchart on other applications will be somewhat similar
in someways.

1.5 Pseudocode

Pseudocode is an informal high-level description of a computer program or al-

gorithm. It uses the structural conventions of a normal programming language, but is
intended for human reading rather than machine reading. Pseudocode typically omits
details that are essential for machine understanding of the algorithm, such as variable
declarations, system-specific code and some subroutines. The programming language
is augmented with natural language description details, where convenient, or with com-
pact mathematical notation. Figure 1.2 depicts an example of pseudocode in Fortran
and Pascal style.

By means of the pseudocode people will be easier to understand than conven-

tional programming language code. Moreover, pseudocode is an efficient and environment-
independent description of the key principles of an algorithm. It is commonly used in
textbooks and scientific publications that are documenting various algorithms, and also
in planning of computer program development, for sketching out the structure of the
program before the actual coding takes place. Thus, it is essential for you to be able
to both read and write a pseudocode.

Common pseudocode notation

There is no strict set of standard notations for pseudocode, but some of the most widely
recognised are:

Lab-work Module 7
 Figure 1.2: Sample of pseudocode

INPUT – indicates a user will be inputting something

OUTPUT – indicates that an output will appear on the screen

IF – THEN – ELSE – a decision (selection) in which a choice is made any instruc-

tions that occur inside a selection or iteration are usually indented

WHILE – a loop (iteration that has a condition at the beginning)

FOR – a counting loop (iteration)

REPEAT – UNTIL – a loop (iteration) that has a condition at the end

1.6 Exercise

1. Draw again the flowchart as shown in Figure 1.3a and Figure 1.3b using Ms.
Visio or online tool Draw.io.

2. Convert each of them into pseudo-code.

3. Draw a flowchart from a pseudocode shown in algorithm 1.

Lab-work Module 8
 4. Draw your own simple process dealing with a specific problem.

5. Discuss the result and the features of drawing tools.

1 repeat
2 OUTPUT ’What is the best subject you take?’;
3 INPUT user inputs the best subject they take;
4 STORE the user’s input in the answer variable;
5 if answer = ’Computer Science’ then
6 OUTPUT ’Of course it is!’;
7 else
8 OUTPUT ’Try again!’;
9 end
10 until answer = ’Computer Science’;
Algorithm 1: Pseudocode to find the best subject

1.7 Assignment

Design an algorithm scheme (flowchart & pseudocode) to solve the following

problems:

1. input fifty numbers and calculate their sum.

2. find the smallest of three numbers.

3. find sum of series 1 − X + X 2 − X 3 + · · · X N

4. find sum and average of given series of numbers

5. find the average grade of five subjects then decide if a student could pass whenever
the grade is more than 50 and fail otherwise.

Then make a lab work report with the following format:

1. Write the report in A4 paper size using 12pt Times New Roman font-face, normal
margin, and 1.3 spacing.

2. Write the pseudocode in a box or one cell table with 10pt Sans font-face.

3. The report is structured as follows:

(a) Cover
(b) Contents
(c) Introduction
(d) Theoretical Background

Lab-work Module 9
 (a) Flowchart 1

(b) Flowchart 2

Figure 1.3: Flowchart assignment

Lab-work Module 10
 (e) Assignment & Methods
(f) Results & Discussion
(g) Conclusion
(h) References

Submit the report both in hard and soft copy by the next week prior to lab
work. You may submit the report in online class room.

Lab-work Module 11
Lab-work Module 12
 Module 2: Python Primer

Python has been an important part

of Google since the beginning, and
remains so as the system grows and
evolves. Today dozens of Google
engineers use Python, and we’re
looking for more people with skills
in this language

Peter Norvig, director of search

quality at Google, Inc

2.1 Python Overview

Python is a high-level programming language that was originally developed by

Guido van Rossum in early 1990. There are two major version of this language: Python
2 and Python 3. Both have a significant compatibility issue. This workbook is based on
Python 3. You may find out the latest release of Python along with the documentation
and tutorial in www.python.org

Figure 2.1 shows how the Python works which is quite similar to Java. Typically
a program involves a series of commands typed in a plain text file known as source
code or a script. Every programming language has their own convention for naming
the source code as well as in Python in which the file name has suffix .py (e.g. test.py).

Python Interpreter

Byte
code

Editor Compiler Virtual Running

Source
Machine program
files

Library modules

Figure 2.1: How Python works

Algorithm and Programming 13

 Python interpreter consists of compiler and virtual machine (VM). The com-
piler will evaluate the source files’ commands and report the result of the commands.
It yields a byte code so called .pyc file. In the meanwhile, library modules are automat-
ically compiled for further use once they are imported. Finally, the virtual machine
will run the byte code. Running a script will not consider the compilation steps unless
the code is changed.

2.2 Why You Should Learn Python

Python has been widely used in many fields, from computer science to industrial
applications. Python is one of the top 10 popular programming languages. Moreover,
as a general, multipurpose and high level programming languages, Python can be used
to develop desktop applications and web applications. Bellow are number of reason
why you should prefer to use Python than other language.

Simple syntax Python’s syntax is easy to learn, so both non-programmers and pro-
grammers can start programming right away.

Readable and maintainable Indeed, with the easy syntax you can write more read-
able code and at the same time the code quality will enhance the ease of main-
tenance jobs.

Multiple programming paradigms Python supports several programming paradigms:

object oriented, structured programming, and functional programming.

Free and cross platform Python is both free and open-source. You shall easily find
robust open source frameworks or tools to support the development. It also runs
on all major operating systems like Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.

Simplify complex software development By means of robust libraries, you can

take advantage to develop complex scientific and numeric application without
putting extra time and effort, such as creating data visualization, data analysis.

2.3 Setup

Python available either in Mac, Windows, and Linux system. In this section,
yet has no code to deal with. However, you are required to setup your own computer
by installing Python 3 including the code editor. You shall find the latest release
of Python in https://www.python.org/downloads. Choose the version that suit your
machine (OS).

After finishing the setup, you should be able to see the Python version installed.
Open your terminal or command line then type py. Afterwards, the following Figure 2.2
should be appeared on your screen. If you use another OS, then the information will
be slightly different.

Lab-work Module 14
 Figure 2.2: Showing Python version via terminal

2.3.1 Mac OSX

Find the installation guideline on Mac OSX in the following links:

• https://docs.python.org/3/using/mac.html

• https://docs.python-guide.org/starting/install3/osx

2.3.2 Windows

Find the installation guideline on Windows in the following links:

• https://docs.python.org/3/using/windows.html

• https://docs.python-guide.org/starting/install3/win

2.3.3 Linux

Find the installation guideline on Linux in the following links:

• https://docs.python.org/3/using/unix.html

• https://docs.python-guide.org/starting/install3/linux

2.3.4 Code Editor

Basically, you can write Python code using any simple text editor. However, using a
more powerful editor may make your life a bit easier. Pick the right editor that suit you.
In the beginning, you are suggested to use a simple text editor such as Notepad++ or
Visual Code. Since you are required to run the program via a command line. Moreover,
using a simple text editor will train you to remember Python syntax and boost your
programming skills.

Lab-work Module 15
 Figure 2.3: Visual Studio Code

Visual Studio Code

Visual studio code (VSCode) is a source code editor developed by Mi-

crosoft that was first released in 2015. It is available either for Windows,
MacOS, or Linux. Figure 2.3 depicts the looks of Visual Studio Code.
You can freely download at https://code.visualstudio.com. There are
plenty of packages and themes available you may use to customize the
code editor.

Atom

“Atom is a hackable text editor for the 21st century”. Sim-

ilar to the VSCode, it is also built under Electron frame-
work. Atom enables users to install third-party packages
and themes to customize the features and looks of the edi-
tor. Figure 2.4 shows the screen shot of Atom editor. You shall find the documentation
of Atom in the following link https://flight-manual.atom.io.

PyCharm

PyCharm is developed by JetBrains. Different to VSCode and Atom which is more

general code editor, PyCharm is specific integrated development environment (IDE) for
Python only. There are two versions of PyCharm: Professional Edition (Free 30-day
trial) and Community Edition (Apache 2.0 License) with fewer features.

Lab-work Module 16
 Figure 2.4: Atom code editor

Online Editor

Recently, there is an increase in collaboration, specifically in programming jobs. Thus,

online code collaboration tools is emerging as well. Here are some examples of online
code editor:

• https://repl.it

• https://www.codechef.com/ide

2.4 Learning Resources

There tons of resources to guide you in learning Algorithm and Python. In

particular this workbook uses some books as references, such as: Introduction to Al-
gorithms by Thomas Cormen, Data Structures & Algorithms in Python by Michael
T. Goodrich, and Learn Python the Hard Way by Zed Shaw. In addition, you may
learn from online courses: a) www.codecademy.com b) code.org c) www.coursera.org.
Joining communities will allow you to obtain more insights about coding stuff.

Lab-work Module 17
2.5 Assignment

Make a report that explain the installation steps of both Python and the code
editor (pick one except the online editor). Don’t forget to enclosed the screen shots of
each steps and explain them. The lab work report shall adhere the following format:

1. Write the report in A4 paper size using 12pt Times New Roman font-face, normal
margin, and 1.3 spacing.

2. The report is structured as follows:

(a) Cover
(b) Contents
(c) Introduction
(d) Theoretical Background
(e) Assignment & Methods
(f) Results & Discussion
(g) Conclusion
(h) References

Submit the report both in hard and soft copy by the next week prior to lab
work. You may submit the report in online class room.

Lab-work Module 18
 Module 3: First Code

Any fool can write code that a

computer can understand. Good
programmers write code that
humans can understand

Martin Fowler

Open your text editor then type the following code. As you finished save into
file name ex1.py.

ex1.py
1 print("Hello World!")
2 print("Welcome to the Algorithm and Programming Course")
3 print("I like typing this.")
4 print("This is fun.")
5 print('Yay! Printing.')
6 print("I'd much rather you 'not'.")
7 print('I "said" do not touch this.')

Then in the Terminal, run the code by typing:

python first_code.py

Figure 3.1: ex1.py output

If you did it right, then you should see the following output as shown in Fig-
ure 3.1. If not, then you have done something wrong. Don’t blame your computer!
If you encounter an error, don’t panic! You will make many mistakes later on. The

Algorithm and Programming 19

important thing is that you must learn from your mistake. You might see the following
error.

$ python ex/ex1.py
File "ex/ex1.py", line 3
print("I like typing this.)
^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal

Let’s look line by line. You have to be able to read these,

so you can fix the code. Error in a computer program often
named as a “bug”. And the process to identify and resolve
the trouble is called as debugging.

1. The command to run the ex1.py script in the Terminal.

2. Python then tells us that the file ex1.py has an error

on line 3.

3. It then prints this line for us.

4. A ̂ (caret) character points at where the problem is.

Do you notice the missing ” (double-quote) character?

5. Finally, it prints out a SyntaxError and tells us some-

thing about what might be the error. If you copy that
text into a search engine, you will find someone else
who had the same experience and you can probably
figure out how to fix it.

Remember!
Spend a good amount of time to explore the feature of text editor. It is worth
to practice and wont with your working environment. Unless you wish to get
hardship on the exercise afterwards.

If you face any issues regarding your code, you may consult to stackoverflow.com.
It provides QnA about coding and allows you to get feedback regarding your problems.
Type another code bellow and see what you get after executing it.

ex2.py
1 print("Are you sure this blue is the same as the \
2 blue over there? This wall’s like the \
3 bottom of a pool, its \
4 color I mean.\n")

Lab-work Module 20
 5 print("\tI need a darker two-piece this summer, \
6 the kind with elastic at the waist so it actually fits. \
7 \nI can’t find her hands. ....")
8 print("\t'BY MARY SZYBIST'")

3.1 Basics

Python is case sensitive programming. Thus, it matters if you use lowercase

or uppercase letters in your code. length differs from Length. There are also re-
served keywords (see Table 3.1) that have certain meaning and corresponds to certain
commands.

Table 3.1: Python Keywords

False class from or

None continue global pass
True def if raise
and del impor return
as elif in try
assert else is while
async except lambda with
await finally nonlocal yield
break for not

3.1.1 Exercise

For exercise, try these things:

1. Open again ex1.py file. Put \t and \n in any place inside the print bracket.
What did it do? Find out what those characters do.

2. Put a #(hash) character at the beginning of the line. What did it do? Find out
what those characters do.

3. Make your script in one line only. What happened when it’s run?

4. Make a script to yield the following output:

Lab-work Module 21
3.2 Comments

Code sometimes can not express in detail what is the purpose of each line or
each block. Thus, programming language offers so called “comments” to tell what
something does in your own language. They also can be used to disable parts of your
program once you don’t need it.

ex3.py
1 # A comment, this is so you can read your program later.
2 # Anything after the # is ignored by python.
3
4 print("I could have code like this.") # and the comment after is ignored
5
6 # You can also use a comment to "disable" or comment out a piece of code:
7 # print "This won't run."
8
9 print("This will run.")
10
11
12 a, b, c, d = 5, 3.2, "Hello", False
13 x = y = z = "same"
14
15 print(a,b,c,d, x, y, z)

The code above (ex2.py) shows how to use comments in Python that is by
putting #(hash) character at the beginning of the line. Anything behind the # char-
acter will be ignored in compilation. Comments will make your code more readable.
Below are various purpose of comments:

1. Planning and reviewing

2. Code description

3. Algorithmic description

4. Resource inclusion: copyright notices

Lab-work Module 22
 5. Metadata: the name of the creator of the original version, current maintainer of
the program, data when the first version was created, etc.
6. Debugging
7. Automatic documentation generation
8. Stress relief

Comment may span multiple lines as well. To do so, you can use # multiple
times. Another means to handle this issue is by using a delimiter (“””). For practice,
type and run the following code.

ex4.py
1 """
2 This would be a multiline comment
3 So you can easily read your program later.
4 Anything after the # is ignored by python.
5 """
6
7 print("I could have code like this.") # and the comment after is ignored
8
9 """
10 You can also use a comment to "disable" or comment out a piece of code:
11 print("This won't run.")
12 """
13
14 print("This will run.")

3.2.1 Exercise

For exercise try these things:

1. Rewrite the ex3.py and ex4.py code and run it. What do you see?
2. Put # inside print command. Why does it not get ignored?
3. Add more space in front of the code at line number 4! What do you see when
you running the code?

3.3 Variables and String

3.3.1 Variables, Constant, and Literals

Variable is nothing more than a name to store data or value by reserving a memory
location. In other words, it’s like a box where you can store any object and you can

Lab-work Module 23
open or even change its content whenever you need it. Python is an object oriented
language but not statically typed. Compared to strongly-typed language like C, C++,
or Java where every variable has to be declared and bind to a particular data type,
Python is more flexible. The variable declaration, in Python, occurs once you assigning
a value to a variable by using the equal sign (=).

For instance:

name = "John" # A string

age = 27 # An integer
weight = 60.8 # A floating point

Herein, we have created three variables each of which store different value. You
may replace the value any time you want.

name = "Julie" # A string

age = 25 # An integer
weight = 58 # A floating point

Initially, the value of variable name was “John”, later it changed to “Julie”. In
the same way for the rest variables age and weight.

Constant and literal

Another type of variable is constant in which its value is unchangeable. Declar-

ing and assigning value to a constant similar to the variable. Here is the example of
constant.

PI = 3.14
GRAVITY = 9.8

As you can see above, each variable and constant may have various type of value.
This raw data given to the variable or constant is often called as literal. Figure 3.2
depicts the different of variable and literal. In general there five types of literal in
Python i.e. Numeric, String, Boolean, Collection, and Special. Numeric literals consist
of 3 different types i.e. Integer, Float, and Complex. A string literal is a sequence of
characters surrounded by quotes (single, double, or triple quotes). Boolean literals
can have these two values: True or False. While Collection literals may consists of
List, Tuple, and Dictionary. The Special literal i.e. None is similar to Null in other
language, such as Java.

As an identifier, naming variable or constant shall adhere to the following con-

ventions or rules:

1. Python keywords (see Table 3.1) are not allowed as identifier names!

Lab-work Module 24
 Figure 3.2: Variable vs Literal

2. Create a name that has a meaning and makes sense e.g. age makes more sense
than a.

3. Never use special symbols like !, , #, $, %, etc.

4. Don’t start name with a digit.

5. Use capital letters where possible to declare a constant. For example: PI, SCALE.

6. Use camelCase notation to declare a variable or underscore "_" i.e. bookNumber,

book_number.

ex5.py
1 purpose = None
2 cars = 100
3 space_in_a_car = 4.0
4 drivers = 30
5 passengers = 90
6 destination = "Yogyakarta"
7 time = "06:00 PM"
8 purpose = "travelling"
9 empty = None
10
11 print("There are", cars, "cars available for", purpose)
12 print("There are only", drivers, "drivers available.")
13 print("The available space is ", space_in_a_car, "in each car.")
14 print("We have", passengers, "to carpool today.")
15 print("We need to transport them to", destination, "by", time)

Try to rewrite the code ex5.py and do not copy paste them. In line 1-9, we
declared variables with a variety of data types. Then, at line 12-16 showing how to
combine variables in the print function. You should see the following output (see
Figure 3.3) when running the code.

You may also assign multiple values to multiple variables. Or even assign the
same value to multiple variables at once.

a, b, c, d = 5, 3.2, "Hello", False

x = y = z = "same"

Lab-work Module 25
 Figure 3.3: ex3.py output

Figure 3.4: String indices

When you print out those variables print(a,b,c,d,x,y,z), the results will be
as follows:

5 3.2 Hello False same same same

3.3.2 Exercise

For exercise, try to do these things:

1. In ex5.py, add a new variable to obtain the total space in car, then print out
the result. Hints: use algebraic operator!

2. For variable space_in_a_car, try to put 4 instead of 4.0. What happens?

3. Rewrite the code sample of assigning multiple values to multiple variables and
assigning the same value to multiple variables. Print out each of them!

3.3.3 String

So far we have been using String, but yet do not know what they do. As a sequence
of characters, each character has an index corresponds to its position (see Figure 3.4).
This allows you to access each character by its index.

String Operation

You may concatenate two or more strings by means of + operator. The string
can also be repeated for given number of times with * operator. To check whether a

Lab-work Module 26
character belongs to a string, you can use in or not in operator. Type and execute
the following code.

ex6.py
1 first_name = "Rose"
2 last_name = "Berry "
3
4 # operation in string
5 print(first_name+" "+last_name)
6 print(last_name * 2)
7

8 # access character in string

9 print("the second character is "+first_name[2])
10 print(""+ last_name[-5])
11
12 # test sub string membership
13 print('on' in first_name)
14 print('rr' not in last_name)

3.3.4 Print and print

In the previous section, you have been learning how to define variable and how to
combine it with string in print function (see ex5.py). From now on, we will learn
another way to format string. Supposed you have two variables one to store a string
and other to hold a number. You can’t simply concatenate those two with + operator.
Try to execute the following code.

info = "The number of students are "

students = 16
concat = info + students

You will get a type-error as both variables are different in data types. In Python,
we use a % character to format variable in the string. Moreover, we can also utilize
format() function to deal with string formatting. During the formatting, the % char-
acter often tailed with particular type of format e.g. %s, %r, %d for string, raw, and
decimal format respectively. If you want to format multiple variable, just simply put
them inside () separated by comma. Table 3.2 shows types of number formatting.
Write down the following code (ex7.py) and comprehend how each line works.

Lab-work Module 27
 Table 3.2: Number formatting types

Type Meaning
d Decimal integer
c Corresponding Unicode character
b Binary format
o Octal format
x Hexadecimal format (lower case)
X Hexadecimal format (upper case)
n Same as ’d’. Except it uses current locale setting for number separator
e Exponential notation. (lowercase e)
E Exponential notation (uppercase E)
f Displays fixed point number (Default: 6)
F Same as ’f’. Except displays ’inf’ as ’INF’ and ’nan’ as ’NAN’
g General format. Rounds number to p significant digits. (Default precision: 6)
G Same as ’g’. Except switches to ’E’ if the number is large.
% Percentage. Multiples by 100 and puts % at the end.

ex7.py
1 state_1 = "There are %d types of people." % 10
2 binary = "binary"
3 do_not = "don't"
4 state_2 = "Those who know %s and those who %s." % (binary, do_not)
5
6 print(state_1)
7 print(state_2)
8

9 print("I said: %r." % state_1)

10 print("I also said: '%s'." % state_2)
11
12 hilarious = False
13 joke_evaluation = "Isn't that joke so funny?! %r \n"
14

15 print(joke_evaluation % hilarious)
16
17 temp = 10.23578
18 print("Today is freezing. The temperature is %2.3f"% temp,
19 chr(176), "C and so windy.")

Figure 3.5: Formatting by positional arguments

Lab-work Module 28
 Figure 3.6: Formatting by keyword arguments

Another approach to format string is by means of format() function. By which

it could take two different placeholder for arguments that are by its position and by
its keyword. Figure 3.5 and Figure 3.6 depict the format() function works either with
position or keyword placeholders. The following code shows an example the use of
format() function.

ex8.py
1 info = "The number of students are {0}"
2 students = 16
3 concat = info.format(students)
4
5 print(concat)
6

7 # default arguments
8 print("Hello {}, your balance is {}.".format("Adam", 230.2346))
9
10 # positional arguments
11 print("Hello {0}, your balance is {1:3.2f}.".format("Adam", 230.2346))
12

13 # keyword arguments
14 print("Hello {name}, your balance is {blc}.".format(name="Adam", blc=230.2346))
15
16 # mixed arguments
17 print("Hello {0}, your balance is {blc}.".format("Adam", blc=230.2346))

However, both formatting ways aforementioned are not great enough. Why is
that so? As if you start using multiple parameters and longer strings, your code will
quickly become much less easily readable. Consequently, this kind of formatting isn’t
great because it is verbose and leads to errors. See the following example:

ex8-1.py
1 first_name = "Eric"
2 last_name = "Idle"
3 age = 74
4 profession = "comedian"
5 affiliation = "Monty Python"
6 print("Hello, %s %s. You are %s. You are a %s. You were a member of %s."
7 % (first_name, last_name, age, profession, affiliation))
8

Lab-work Module 29
 9 print(("Hello, {first_name} {last_name}. You are {age}. " +
10 "You are a {profession}. You were a member of {affiliation}.") \
11 .format(first_name=first_name, last_name=last_name, age=age, \
12 profession=profession, affiliation=affiliation))

f-Strings

Also called ”formatted string literals”, is the string formatting feature intro-
duced since Python 3.6 which offers better way to interpolating variables into a string.
Moreover, this approach stands out for the speed as well compared to the prior ways.
f-strings are string literals that have an f at the beginning and curly braces containing
expressions that will be replaced with their values. The expressions are evaluated at
runtime and then formatted using the __format__ protocol. As always, the Python
docs are your friend when you want to learn more. See the example use of f-String at
code ex8-2.py.

ex8-2.py
1 name = "Eric"
2 age = 19
3 print(f"Hello, {name}. You are {age}.")
4
5 # another example
6 n = 20
7 m = 25
8 prod = n * m
9 print(f'The product of {n} and {m} is {prod}')
10
11 # using capital letter F is also permitted
12 print(F"Hello, {name}. You are {age}.")
13
14 # Arbitrary Expressions
15 print(f"{2 * 37}")
16
17 # Using a function inside
18 print(f"{name.lower()} is funny.")
19
20 # multi line expression of f-string
21 affiliation = "ITTelkom Surabaya"
22 message = (
23 f"Hi {name}. "
24 f"You are a {age}. "
25 f"You were in {affiliation}."
26 )
27
28 print(message)

Sometimes we need to ignore some characters while printing a string. For ex-
ample, we want to print out \ backslash or quote inside a string. If you simply put
those characters, you might get an error. Try to execute the following code and see
what you get!

Lab-work Module 30
 Table 3.3: Escape Sequence in Python

Escape What it does

\\ Backslash (\)
\' Single- quote (’)
\" Double- quote (”)
\a ASCII bell (BEL)
\b ASCII backspace (BS)
\f ASCII formfeed (FF)
\n ASCII linefeed (LF)
\N{name} Character named name in the Unicode database (Unicode only)
\r ASCII carriage return (CR)
\t ASCII horizontal tab (TAB)
\uxxxx Character with 16- bit hex value xxxx (Unicode only)
\Uxxxxxxxx Character with 32- bit hex value xxxxxxxx (Unicode only)
\v ASCII vertical tab (VT)
\ooo Character with octal value oo
\xhh Character with hex value hh

print('Try to put a 'single-quote' character here.')

You might get this error message SyntaxError: invalid syntax which means
that your code contains an invalid symbols or syntax. To print a quote inside a string,
there are two ways: 1) Surround the most outside string with " double-quote, 2) Use
an escape character \' as shown in Table 3.3 to flank the quoted character.

3.3.5 Exercise

For exercise, try to do these things:

1. Write a comment to explain each line of the code ex7.py and ex8.py

2. Write a simple print() function to make use of every type of number formatting
(Table 3.2) with old style formatting (%)

3. Do the same thing as number 2, however with format() function

4. Write a code to print out Escape from \a \r \ooo and 20€

5. Make a code to slice variable info in ex8.py to obtain a string student

———– Take a break! ———–

Lab-work Module 31
3.4 Assignment 1

1. Make a report summary of exercise 3.2.1, 3.3.2, and 3.3.5!

2. Make four variables to store String, integer, floating, and boolean respectively
each of which are assigned with any corresponding value. Then print them with
old style formatting (%), format() function, and f-string.

3. Take a look the following code thoroughly!

task1.py
1 container_1 = "apples"
2 container_2, container_3 = container_1, None
3 container_1 = "banana"
4 container_2 = 0,34
5

6 operation_r~ate = 78%
7 operator: = "Steve"
8
9 print(container_1[6] + " container operated by " + operator +
10 " contains {0}".format(container_1))
11
12 print("The operation rate of {name} = {rate}".format(
13 name=operator rate = operation_rate)
14
15 print("Two stack of containers have ", container_2+"oranges")
16

17 print(container_3 * 3)

(a) What does the line 1 and line 3 mean?

(b) Find out what the line 4 actually does!
(c) Figure out the mistakes in the above code and explain why does it happen!
(d) Don’t forget to fix the code as it yields the following output!

The lab work report shall adhere the following format:

1. Write the report in A4 paper size using 12pt Times New Roman font-face, normal
margin, and 1.3 spacing.

2. The report is structured as follows:

(a) Cover

Lab-work Module 32
 (b) Contents
(c) Introduction
(d) Theoretical Background
(e) Assignment & Methods
(f) Results & Discussion
(g) Conclusion
(h) References

Submit the report both in hard and soft copy by the next week prior to lab
work. You may submit the report in online class room.

3.5 Numbers and Math

In this section, we will elucidate how Python deals with numbers, math, and
logical operators. As mentioned in section 3.3, basically there are two literal types for
numbers i.e. integer and floating. When dealing with numerical stuff, it is common to
use set of operators for calculation. Notice the following code (ex9.py) and figure out
how does the operator work.

ex9.py
1 print("I will now count my chickens:")
2

3 hens = 25 + 30 / 6
4 print("Hens", hens)
5 print("Roosters", 100 - 25 * 3 % 4)
6
7 print("Now I will count the eggs:")
8

9 print( 3 + 2 + 1 - 5 + 4 % 2 - 1 / 4 + 6)
10
11 print("Is it true that 3 + 2 < 5 - 7?")
12
13 print(3 + 2 < 5 - 7)
14

15 sum = 3 + 2
16 print("What is 3 + 2? %d" %sum)
17
18 print("How about some more.")
19
20 print("Is it greater?", 5 > -2)
21 print("Is it greater or equal?", 5 >= -2)
22 print("Is it less or equal?", 5 <= -2)

Lab-work Module 33
What you should see

Figure 3.7: ex9.py output

3.5.1 Operator

Operators are special symbols that often used in a logical or arithmetic computation.
Table 3.4 shows a list of arithmetic operators. Rewrite the ex10.py code and execute
it to see what’s the output and how those operators work.

ex10.py
1 # integer variables
2 x = 8
3 y = 5
4
5 # float variables
6 z = 11.21932
7
8 # float constant
9 PI = 3.14
10
11 print('x + y = {0} + {1} = {2}'.format(x, y, x+y))
12 print('x - y = {0} - {1} = {2} \n'.format(x, y, x-y))
13
14 print('x * y = {0} * {1} = {2}'.format(x, y, x*y))
15 print('x / y = {0} / {1} = {2} \n'.format(x, y, x/y))
16
17 print('x // y = {0} // {1} = {2}'.format(x, y, x//y))
18 print('z // x = {0} // {1} = {2} \n'.format(z, x, z//x))
19

20 print('x ** y = {0} ** {1} = {2}'.format(x, y, x**y))

21 print('x ** PI = {0} ** {1} = {2}'.format(x, PI, x**PI))

Table 3.5 defines the logical operators used in Python. These operators are
mostly employed to evaluate boolean values. This feature will be much useful when
constructing boolean expression in particular to test a certain condition. Table 3.6 and

Lab-work Module 34
 Table 3.4: Arithmetic Operators

Operator Description Example

+ addition 4+2=6
- subtraction 4-2=2
* multiply 4*2=8
/ true division 4 / 3 = 1.33
// integer division 4 // 3 = 1
** power 4**2 = 16
% modulo 3%2=1

Table 3.5: Logical Operators

Operator Description
not unary negation
and conditional and
or conditional or

Table 3.7 are the truth tables that can aid you to comprehend how logical operator
works. Rewrite and run the ex11.py code!

ex11.py
1 A = True
2 B = False
3
4 print("A and B = {0} and {1} = {2}".format(A, B, A and B))
5 print("A or B = {0} or {1} = {2} \n".format(A, B, A or B))
6

7 print("not A = not {0} = {1}".format(A, not A))

8 print("not A and B = not {0} and {1} = {2}".format(A, B, not A and B))

Other types of operator that are employed in testing a particular condition

are equality and comparison. Table 3.8 and Table 3.9 display these two operators,
respectively. The following expression a is b is evaluated to True, precisely when
identifiers a and b are aliases for the same object. Meanwhile, the expression a == b
tests a more general notion of equivalence. If identifiers a and b refer to the same object,
then a == b should also evaluate to True. Yet a == b also evaluates to True when
the identifiers refer to different objects that happen to have values that are assumed
equivalent. The precise notion of equivalence depends on the data type. In most

Table 3.6: Truth Table for and, or Logical Operators

A B A and B A or B
True True True True
True False False True
False True False True
False False False False

Lab-work Module 35
 Table 3.7: Truth Table for not Logical Operators

A not A
True False
False True

Table 3.8: Equality Operators

Operator Description
is same identity
is not different identity
== equivalent
!= not equivalent

programming situations, the equivalence tests == and != are the appropriate operators
whereas using is and is not should be reserved for situations in which it is necessary
to detect true aliasing.

To obtain precise understanding on how equality and comparison operators, try

to rewrite the code of ex12.py. At line 8-12, we compare the value of variable x, y, z.
Then, at line 15-22, we compare two string values a_string and b_string. See the
result of each line at Figure 3.8.

ex12.py
1 #equality and comparison operators
2 x = 5
3 y = 5.0
4 z = "5"
5 a_string = "Python"
6 b_string = "python"
7
8 print("x is y --> {0} is {1} = {2}".format(x, y, x is y))
9 print("x == y --> {0} == {1} = {2}".format(x, y, x == y))
10 print("x == z --> {0} == {1} = {2}".format(x, z, x == z))
11 print("y == z --> {0} == {1} = {2}".format(y, z, y == z))
12 print("y is z --> {0} is {1} = {2}\n".format(y, z, y is z))
13
14 #string comparison
15 print("a_string == b_string --> {0} == {1} = {2}".format(a_string, b_string,
16 a_string == b_string))
17 print("a_string is b_string --> {0} is {1} = {2}".format(a_string, b_string,
18 a_string is b_string))

Table 3.9: Comparison Operators

Operator Description
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to

Lab-work Module 36
 Figure 3.8: ex10.py output

Table 3.10: Bitwise Operators

Operator Description
~ bitwise complement (prefix unary operator)
& bitwise and
| bitwise or
^ bitwise exclusive or (XOR)
<< shift bits left, filling in with zeros
>> shift bits right, filling in with sign bit

19 print("a_string > b_string --> {0} > {1} = {2}".format(a_string, b_string,

20 a_string > b_string))
21 print("a_string < b_string --> {0} < {1} = {2}".format(a_string, b_string,
22 a_string < b_string))

Bitwise operators might be difficult to understand as they operate at binary

level. This operator works only for integer data type. Bitwise operator will precisely
look at the binary digit of an integer. Table 3.10 shows a list of bitwise operators com-
monly used in Python. To give you a better understanding, have a look the examples
at Figure 3.9.

Beforehand, binary operator mostly used for comparison purpose. On the other
hand, there are also bit-shift operators i.e. << and >>. These operators work by shifting
a number of digit to the left (<<) or right (>>) then fill the remaining bit with zeros. As
an example, 37 << 3 means a shifting 37, in binary representation, to the left 3 digits.
Assumed that an integer has 8 bits instead of 32. So the binary representation of 37
is 00100101. First, remove the 3 digits from the left most bit that is 001. Then shift
the remaining digits to the left. Finally, fill the remaining 3 digit at the right most
with the zeros. Figure 3.10 depicts these operations. So, the output of this operation,
37 << 3, is 100101000 or 296 in decimal. We need to add an extra digit 1 at the
left most bit whenever the left most bit is 0. This operation is somewhat similar to
37 × (23 ) = 37 × 8 = 296.

Lab-work Module 37
 (a) and operator

(b) or operator

(c) xor operator

(d) complement operator

Figure 3.9: Examples of bitwise operators

(a) Remove 3 digits from the left (b) Fill 3 empty digits

Figure 3.10: Left shift bitwise operation

Figure 3.11: Right shift bitwise operation

Lab-work Module 38
 Table 3.11: Assignment Operators

Operator Example Equivalent to

= x=5 x=5
+= x+ = 5 x=x+5
−= x− = 5 x=x−5
∗= x∗ = 5 x=x∗5
/= x/ = 5 x = x/5
%= x %= 5 x = x % 5
//= x //= 5 x = x // 5
**= x **= 5 x = x ** 5
&= x &= 5 x = x & 5
|= x |= 5 x=x|5
^= x ^= 5 x = x ^ 5
>>= x >>= 5 x = x >> 5
<<= x <<= 5 x = x << 5

The right-shift operator generally works in the same manner in the opposite
direction. By shifting the digits to the right and filling the remaining digits with zeros.
As an instance, 60 >> 2 is similar to 60/(22 ) = 60/4 = 15. Figure 3.11 shows the
operations of right-shift.

Assignment operators as shown in Table 3.11 are used to assign values to vari-
ables. Python supports an extended assignment to simplify the expression. For exam-
ple, a syntax x += 5 is a shorthand of the more verbose expression x = x + 5.

3.5.2 Exercise

For exercise, rewrite the code ex13.py and add a comment to each line explaining what
it does.

ex13.py
1 number_1 = 37
2 number_2 = 23
3
4 # and or bitwise
5 and_number = number_1 & number_2
6 print("{} & {} = {:b} & {:b}".format(number_1, number_2, number_1, number_2))
7 print("{:b} = {}\n".format(and_number, and_number))
8

9 or_number = number_1 | number_2

10 print("{} | {} = {:b} | {:b}".format(number_1, number_2, number_1, number_2))
11 print("{:b} = {} \n".format(or_number, or_number))
12
13 # shift bitwise
14 left_shift = 37 << 3
15 right_shift = 60 >> 2
16

Lab-work Module 39
 17 print("37 << 3")
18 print("{:b} << {:b} = {:b}".format(37, 4, left_shift))
19 print(left_shift)
20
21 print("\n60 >> 2")
22 print("{:b} >> {:b} = {:b}".format(60, 2, right_shift))
23 print(right_shift)
24
25 # extended assignment
26 print("\nextended assignment")
27 grade = 85
28 grade += 5
29
30 print(grade)
31
32 grade //= 5
33 print(grade)
34

35 grade /= 2 + 3 * 4 - 5
36 print(grade)
37
38 grade *= (1 + 4.78) % 9.75
39 print(grade)

3.6 Simple Input/Output

In the previous sections we have learned how to set an output using print()
function. Herein, we will study on taking a simple input from the user. Python 3 offers
a convenient way to get a user’s input by means of input() function. Execute the
code ex14.py below.

ex14.py
1 name = input("Enter your name! ")
2 age = input("Enter your age! ")
3
4 print("Hi %s! You are %s years old" %(name, age))
5
6 books = int(input("How many books do you want to buy? "))
7 prince = 27500
8 total_price = books * prince
9
10 print("Total price = Rp {}".format(total_price))
11 print(list(range(10, 0, -1)))

At line 1-2 and line 6 shows how to use input() function. These will prompt
you an input. See line 8, what output do you expect from this expression? And what
finally do you get when running the code? As you can see that every input has a
string data type. Thus, it needs to be converted to a particular type e.g. number.

Lab-work Module 40
We use the predefined functions like int(), float(), str(), etc to perform explicit
type conversion. Afterwards, we will learn how to handle input and output from file
on another module.

3.6.1 Exercise

For exercise, fix the code ex14.py above so that you can get the valid total price that
is Rp82,500.

3.7 Assignment 2

1. Check out the naming of the following variables. Determine whether those ex-
pressions are correct or wrong and give reasonable arguments!

(a) price_2
(b) 10stock
(c) pet%name
(d) _colour
(e) place,birthdate

2. Run the following mathematical expression in Python, then put the output screen
shot!

(a) 7 × 5
(b) 7 × 5 − 3
(c) 25 + 3
(d) 19%3//2.4
(e) 19%(3//2.4)

3. Explain about operator precedence in Python and give some code example!

4. Make a code to reverse an input string. The length of the input string is fixed to
10. The program output supposed to be like this:

Enter the string = Watermelon

Reversed string = nolemretaW

5. BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) is used to estimate daily calories consumption

which often has calories/day in unit. Make a program to calculate BMR based
on Katch-McArdle Formula that is BM R = 370 + 21.6(1 − F )W , where F is
body fat in percentage and W is body weight in kg. The program takes two
input from user i.e. F (in range 0-1) and W . Then print out the BMR value in
the end. The program should perform like this:

Lab-work Module 41
 Enter your body fat = 0.45
Enter your body weight = 62
Your BMR is 1106.56 cal/day

6. Make a code to calculate the discounted price of a product. It is assumed that

the discount is set to 15%. The program will take an input price from the user.
The final output are discount price and total price after discount. Put a comment
to explain each line of your code. An example output of the program supposed
to be like this:

Enter the product price = 20000

Discount price = 3000
Total price after discount = 17000

The lab work report shall adhere the following format:

1. Write the report in A4 paper size using 12pt Times New Roman font-face, normal
margin, and 1.3 spacing.

2. The report is structured as follows:

(a) Cover
(b) Contents
(c) Introduction
(d) Theoretical Background
(e) Assignment & Methods
(f) Results & Discussion
(g) Conclusion
(h) References

Submit the report both in hard and soft copy by the next week prior to lab
work. You may submit the report in online class room.

Lab-work Module 42
 Module 4: Sequential and Branching

Algorithm and Programming 43

Lab-work Module 44
 Module 5: Looping

Algorithm and Programming 45

Lab-work Module 46
 Module 6: Function

Algorithm and Programming 47

Lab-work Module 48
 Module 7: Array

Algorithm and Programming 49

Lab-work Module 50
 Module 8: Multidimensional Array

Algorithm and Programming 51

Lab-work Module 52
 Module 9: Searching

Algorithm and Programming 53

Lab-work Module 54
 Module 10: Sorting

Algorithm and Programming 55

Lab-work Module 56
 Module 11: Recursion

Algorithm and Programming 57

Lab-work Module 58
 References

Algorithm and Programming 59