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    Subsurface Geology: Aims and Scope

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    Norasyikin Ismail
    This document outlines a module on subsurface geology that aims to provide students with fundamental principles of subsurface exploration methods, with an emphasis on applying geophysical prospecting techniques to interpret subsurface structures. The module is designed for geology and other science majors. Students will learn to plan surveys, operate equipment, interpret geophysical data like gravity, magnetics, and seismic profiles, interpret well logs, and construct 3D subsurface models. Assessment includes questionnaires, practical exercises, a field survey report, and a written exam.

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    Subsurface Geology: Aims and Scope

    Uploaded by

    Norasyikin Ismail
    114 views3 pages
    This document outlines a module on subsurface geology that aims to provide students with fundamental principles of subsurface exploration methods, with an emphasis on applying geophysical prospecting techniques to interpret subsurface structures. The module is designed for geology and other science majors. Students will learn to plan surveys, operate equipment, interpret geophysical data like gravity, magnetics, and seismic profiles, interpret well logs, and construct 3D subsurface models. Assessment includes questionnaires, practical exercises, a field survey report, and a written exam.

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    60438_subsurface_geology

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    This document outlines a module on subsurface geology that aims to provide students with fundamental principles of subsurface exploration methods, with an emphasis on applying geophysical prospecting techniques to interpret subsurface structures. The module is designed for geology and other science majors. Students will learn to plan surveys, operate equipment, interpret geophysical data like gravity, magnetics, and seismic profiles, interpret well logs, and construct 3D subsurface models. Assessment includes questionnaires, practical exercises, a field survey report, and a written exam.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    114 views3 pages

    Subsurface Geology: Aims and Scope

    Uploaded by

    Norasyikin Ismail
    This document outlines a module on subsurface geology that aims to provide students with fundamental principles of subsurface exploration methods, with an emphasis on applying geophysical prospecting techniques to interpret subsurface structures. The module is designed for geology and other science majors. Students will learn to plan surveys, operate equipment, interpret geophysical data like gravity, magnetics, and seismic profiles, interpret well logs, and construct 3D subsurface models. Assessment includes questionnaires, practical exercises, a field survey report, and a written exam.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    60438 - SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY

    Aims and scope


    The aim of this module is to provide the fundamental principles of common methods
    of subsurface exploration, with special emphasis on the application of geophysical
    prospecting methods to interpretation of subsurface structure in depth.
    Requirements:
    The level is directed at graduates who typically are majoring in geology. However, this
    module also is appropriate for students majoring in other disciplines (hydrology,
    engineering, archaeology) who require some knowledge of geophysical methods.
    Outcomes: During this module the student will develop:
    1. Ability to plan a survey by selecting subsurface exploration prospecting techniques
    best suited for each case.
    2. Operates equipment normally used in geophysical survey (gravimeter,
    magnetometer, seismic mace, electrical, electromagnetic, GPR).
    3. Work autonomously with maps of gravimetric and magnetic anomalies of specific
    areas and interpreted it in geological terms.
    4. Applies inverse modeling algorithms and is able to interpret gravimetric and
    magnetic anomalies of small and large scale.
    5. Interpretation of seismic reflection profiles in geological terms and ability to apply to
    the knowledge of the geology of a region, in combination with magnetometry and
    gravimetry.
    6. Ability to interpret well logs and apply to seismic prospecting.
    7. Ability to interpret seismic refraction profiles and apply to the interpretation of the
    subsurface structure.
    8. Ability to interpret electrical and electromagnetic profiles and apply to the
    interpretation of the subsoil structure.
    9. It has basic notions for making structural maps and 3D models of the subsoil.

    Program
    1. Methods of subsurface exploration: Cross-sections and structure contour maps,
    mechanical methods, geophysical methods. Physical properties of sediments and
    rocks. Limitations of geophysical methods. The advantage of multiple methods.
    Structure contour maps: Rules of contouring. Contouring styles. TIN and Gridding.
    2. Gravity survey: Fundamental relationships. Measuring gravity. Correcting observed
    gravity. Basic field procedures. Analyzing anomalies (regionals and residuals). Gravity
    interpretation. Applications of the gravity method.
    3. Magnetic survey: Fundamental relationships. The Earth's magnetic field. Measuring
    the magnetic field. Basic field procedures. Interpretation of magnetic data.
    Applications of the magnetic method.
    4. Seismic exploration: Seismic waves and wave propagation. Ray paths in layered
    materials. Wave attenuation and amplitude. Energy sources. Seismic equipment.
    Seismic refraction surveying: A homogeneous subsurface. A single subsurface
    interface. Two horizontal interfaces. Multiple interfaces. Dipping interfaces. Multiple
    dipping interfaces. The non-ideal subsurface. The delay-time method. Other methods.
    Field procedures.
    5. Seismic reflection surveying: A single subsurface interface. Multiple horizontal
    interfaces. Dipping interface. Acquiring and recognizing reflections from shallow
    interfaces. Common field procedures. Computer processing of reflection data (static
    correction, normal move-out, stacking CDP gathers, migration).
    6. Borehole logging: Drilling and its effects on the formations. The measurement of
    strata dip, borehole inclination and diameter. The self-potential log. Resistivity logs.
    Radioactivity logs. The sonic log. The temperature log. Logging outside the oil industry.
    7. Electrical surveys: Resistivity methods: Vertical electric sounding (VES). Resistivity
    profiling. Electrical imaging. Induced polarisation (IP) and self-potential (SP).
    8. Electromagnetic methods: Electromagnetic systems: Slingram, Turam. Transient
    electromagnetic (TEM) systems. Magnetoteluric (MT) surveying. Ground Penetrating
    Radar (GPR).
    9. Methodology and software of 3D reconstruction and restitution.

    Practical sessions
    Practical/Problems (28 hours):
    1. Construction of cross-sections and subsurface structure contour maps from
    borehole.
    2. Correcting observed gravity and analyzing regionals and residuals anomalies.
    3. 2.5D gravity and magnetic inverse modeling using GravMag 32.
    4. Seismic refraction interpretation and modeling using REFRACT.
    5. Interpretation of seismic reflection profiles.
    6. Interpretation of well logs and its application in seismic reflection profiles.
    7. Integrated example: interpretation of the subsurface geology of an area from
    gravity, magnetic, refraction, reflection and log data.
    8. Field survey using gravity, magnetic and electromagnetic (Slingram and GPR)
    methods.
    9. Transfer and processing of data from field survey.
    10. 3D modeling with real data using Move.

    Assessment details
    Continuous assessment:
    1. Resolution of up to 4 questionnaires (40%)
    2. Practices carried out in the classroom (40%)
    3. Report of the results of the survey (20%)
    Overall assessment:
    Written theoretical-practical exam (100%)

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