Theories Media Discourse Studies in Critical Discourse

Analysis

Dwi L.G Sari

English Education Department
Faculty of Education and Teachers Training
University Lancang Kuning
dwigitasarit@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: The critical period in the analysis discourse emerged between the late
1990s and early 2000 in the linguistic applied field referring to various analytical and
analytical frame works and approaches. The puppose of this review is to find out
how the CDA plays the important role in uncovering hidden ideologies while
examining the presence offorce in media. The study reviewed five article journals to
examine ways and methods in which CDA was used to find phenomena social while
disclosing the original identity of the social actors. It was found that CDA has been
used extensively, to open masks ideologies that discriminate against oppressed
groups while presenting positive images for the group with supreme authority.

1. Introduction
CDA is  a branch analysis a discourse that goes beyond howand why 
discoursecumulatively contributes to reproduction structure macro and highlight
s traces,and  ideologically .The term'critical,alarm discourse  has been discussed 
inmany related ways with the useof  language and reproductionof power in socie
ty . Criticism is specifically directed at to power problems , hegemony and resist
ance in  various fields languages . Mahboob and Paltridge (2013) proclaim that i
t is important  to examine the enforcement of power andunderstand the ways  in
which power is exercised by the group  domination over the oppressed . Implem
entation of CDA in multidisciplinary unrefined field for  text andconversational 
analysis (VanDijk,2009) but consisting of 34different analyzes and method (Wo
dakandMeyer2009.CDA is an approach that is interested in  to analyze the social 
phenomenon is complex and requires a multi-methodicalapproach (WodakandM
eyer2009) .
It refers to the speech patterns and how language, dialects,and
acceptable statements are used in a partivular community. Discourse as a subject
of study looks at discourse among people who share the same specch
conventions. Moreover, discourse refers to the linguistic of language use as a
way of undestandinginteractions in a social context, specifically the analysis of
occurring connected speech or written discourse, Dakowska (2001) in
Hamuddin (2012.)
 VanDijk (2003) asserts that theCDA is a  proposition that focuses on 
how abuse of power,dominance and inequality is practiced  in the discursiveness 
of social and political contexts .  With this approach, Fairclough (1995) argues
that the purpose of CDA is to "systematically exploring the relationship of the
victim who does not clearly and decisively ( between discursive practices,
events, and texts, and broader social, cultural, relationships and relationships,
process ". Another proponent of the CDA, Janks (1997) views CDA as a form
social practice in which theory is applied critically to analyze opaque
relationships. Referring to the ideas above, the CDA trains critical theories that
examine the related language with power and power struggles which at once
reveal the identity of the oppressor. Meanwhile, Van Dijk (2003) stated that the
CDA focuses on how the mental representation of the social group is influenced
by the social structure. In this event, the theme of the conversation can influence
how people highlight information important in text or conversation.
CDA is characterized as a multi-methodological approach interdisciplinary
and rather than a separate discipline. Van Dijk (2009) asserts that CDA is a
combination between theory and application critical and rather than critical
analysis that therefore leads to the term (critical discourse study). Van Dijk
(2009) and Wodak and Meyer (2009) made sketches of goals and CDA
principles used in reviewing recent CDA studies:
- CDA is oriented on a problem rather than focusing on a theory or a
particular discipline because its implications are explicitly presented in
layman's terms to the public.
- CDA is interdisciplinary because it involves a variety of theories,
methods and apps practical in problems and are not binding in society.
- CDA is considered a social study because its critical research is
concerned with the social and understanding issues of human rights abuse of
power in domains such as racism, classism, sexism, etc.
 - CDA are interested in unethical issues that investigate groups
experiencing injustice discursive.
- CDA emphasizes the spontaneous assessment as needs to explain the
phenomenon which is being investigated and justifies why certain
interpretations are more effective than others.
The purpose of this review is to know how the CDA as method analyzes
discourses critically plays an important role in uncovering hidden ideologies and
research presence of strength in studies media discourse. The specific objective
is to investigate the application of the CDA approach in the study .
CDA Theories and Approaches This study presents different theories and
approaches to CDA as revealed by Van Dijk, Fairclough, and Wodak. The
Section in below presents the various theories and the social model used in the
CDA that releases ideological ideas.
2. THE SOCIAL THEORY OF EXCEPTION
The social theory is oriented language because it aims to analyze social and
political events in society. In this theory, discourse is regarded as social practice
which establishes the power of inter various entities. Apparently, this leads to
the emergence of power and an ideological practice in society which gives
power in discourse and signifies.
Various wolves from different perspectives. Fairclough (1992) proclaims
that "the use of language in society is a form of social practice rather than
individual activity" (p. 63). This idea correlates with the occurrence of power
and ideology in the discourse. A social group that practiced it both economic
and political activities may contain an important proposition for their social
practice and this proposition contains power and leads to ideology. In the theory
of social discourse, Fairclough (1992) proposes 3 principles that are considered
social practices. First, discourse is constitutive and fundamental, discourse is
said to contribute to the formation and reflection of social structure. Second,
social practice builds social identities and social relationships between different
entities and classes in society. Third, social practice contributes to the system of
knowledge and trust because it leads to other language functions such as
identity, relational and ideational functions. In addition, the emphasis is on
dialectical relationships consisting of relationships between social structures and
social practices and events and semiotics (Fairclough, 2009)Dialectical.
 Practices that are manifested see social practices and events as
contradictory because of their complex relationships. Overall, the social
discourse theory is concerned with how to bond discourse with society while
focusing on patterns of interaction between participants, social goals and types
of social events. In line with this theory, Fairclough (1992) has formulated a
three-dimensional model in the CDA that contains text, discursive practices and
social practices. These aspects are related to semiotics as the resulting
interpretation to explain the existence of certain phenomena and In general, the
three-dimensional framework aims to introduce challenging principles because
these principles are best understood when the text is interconnected with the
social context. The first dimension in a three-dimensional framework is the
existence of text that enables textual analysis. Textual analysis is an analysis of
linguistic features and discursive practices (Fairclough, 1992). As languages are
equipped with packages of various linguistic features, it becomes complicated
and technical to analyze each one features.
Therefore, Fairclough organizes these linguistic features under four
main categories, namely vocabulary, grammar, cohesion, and text structure
(Fairclough, 1992; Jorgensen and Phillips, 2002) because these features are
recognized linguistically. The relationship between text and social practice is
bridged by discursive practice. Discursive practice is the production,
distribution, and consumption of text in which the text is shaped by social
practice (Jorgensen and Phillips, 2002) The text is usually consumed differently
according to the social context and its interpretation depends on the mode focus.
An example that can be relevant to this particular content is the interpretation of
a recipe. Literally, recipes are known to contain descriptions; However, it is not
uncommon for a recipe to be read in a very rhetorical or aesthetic fashion.
3. Ideological Theory
Ideological theory is considered a multidisciplinary approach which is the
basic framework for organizing some ideological and consumption concepts.
Ideology usually controls the thinking of social groups which then represent the
basic social characteristics of groups based on their identity, purpose, norms,
values, positions and resources (Van Dijk, 1995). With regard to ideological
consumption, cognitive and social factors are involved in this process. Van Dijk
(1995) proclaims that social cognition is a system with shared sociocultural
knowledge by members of a particular group, community or culture. For
example, feminists share ideas or beliefs about principles such as abortion,
positive action and stereotypes by men. Therefore, these principles lead to the
emergence of feminist ideology. It is assumed that ideology is acquired by
members of social groups through long-term processes and through other forms
of social information processing (Van Dijk, 1995).
4. NATURE OF VAN DIJK IDEOLOGY
The ideological theory presented above brings about the existence of an
influential Van Dijk framework known as Van Dijk's ideological plaza or
conceptual square. Van Dijk (2000) formulates four principles that allow fine
ideological analysis to express ideological attitudes. The four principles are as
follows:
• Emphasize the positive things about Us
• Emphasize the negative things about them
• De-emphasize the negative things about Us
• De-emphasize the positive things about them

These four movements play an important role in the broader contextual

strategy of positive self-presentation and other negative presentations. Self-
presentation discusses individual actions as group members while expressly
expressing ideological ideas. A positive self-representative emphasizes positive
individual behavior such as saying positive things about Us and saying negative
things about them. This positive attitude is an abstract characteristic of group
conflict and because of the pattern of interaction against other groups (Van Dijk,
2000). Another negative presentation illustrates that no negative proverb is
addressed to Us and no positive words should be communicated to them (Van
Dijk, 2000). This implies that the term We always refer to positive words and
beliefs in a temporary social context, Them term refers to negativity,
condemnation and other negative attitudes.
5. APPROACH VAN DIJK CDA
Integrates various linguistic theories and approaches in generating social
and discursive processes to highlight the assumptions made by the stronger of
the less powerful. However, Van Dijk's socio-cognitive approach attempts to
connect cognitive theories and approaches with linguistics. Van Dijk proclaims
that the study of critical discourse is a perspective, position, or critical attitude in
a multidisciplinary approach because it intends to explain the secret ideology in
social practice. Therefore, he proposed triangulation of the linkage between
discourse, cognition and society (Van Dijk, 2009).
This triangulation emphasizes the cognitive phenomena associated with the
structure of discourse and the ways in which social inequality, domination, and
ideology occur. To find social actors' social representations, attitudes and
ideologies, the relationship between the discourse structure and the structure of
society must be seen. Van Dijk (2009) points out that the dominance of whites
causes social inequality, racism and domination in certain countries. In addition,
the top-down model in CDA is focused because discourse reveals a typical form
of injustice in society.

6. WODAK WODS-DISTRIBUTION APPROACH

Wodak-History Discourse Approach (DHA) is strongly influenced by the
critical theory of the Frankfurt School because it highlights the very important
political discourse in society while expressing ideology in language and
discourse. Wodak presented three types of criticism in DHA (Reisigl and
Wodak, 2009) which express the justification of why certain interpretations are
so criticized, seemingly valid and abstract. The three types of criticism are as
follows:
1. Criticism of text or discourse-immanent aims at finding inconsistencies,
self-conflicts, paradoxes, and dilemmas in the internal structure of text or
internal-discourse.
2. Sociodiagnostic criticism aims to demystify persuasive character or
potentially manipulative or discursive practice. Here, analysts utilize
contextual knowledge and social theory as well as other rhetorical
models from various disciplines to interpret discursive events.
3. Future future prospective criticism seeks to contribute to improving
communication (eg, by outlining guidelines for the use of sexist language
by reducing 'language barriers' in hospitals, schools and so on).

Further research on this approach by Wodak and his team investigates

discourses, texts, and genres in which these three components are believed to be
interconnected (Reisigl and Wodak, 2009). Text is considered part of the
discourse as it bridges the gap between discourse and ideological structure. It is
known that discourse is not a closed speech unit but an entity open to various
interpretations and continuity. The text in discourse can be called a genre and
identified through discourse manipulation for a particular purpose (Reisigl and
Wodak, 2009) The discourse used in social phenomena is manifested through
various genres, for example, through political debates, news reports, speeches
delivered at a conference and so on . The key strength of Wodak's work is the
relationship between interdiscursivity and intertextual and discourse. Intertextual
focuses on how texts connect to text or other discourses significantly to each
other in the past and present. Jorgensen and Phillip (2002) assert that
intertextuality is linked to interdisccerivity because all the communicative
events that occur are related to previous events. Meanwhile, interdisccerivity
investigates how discourses are interconnected with one another in many ways
and how it relates to other Jorgensen and Phillip (2002) discourses.
In addition, interdiscursivity is a combination of discourse and genre in
communicative functions. Ideally, text analysis in DHA follows a three-step
analytical procedure in which a) specific discourse topics are identified, b)
discursive strategies are investigated, and linguistic tools (Reisigl and Wodak,
2009) and linguistic languages depend on the specific context. realization is
checked. The following heuristic questions are used in DHA analysis:
• How are people, objects, phenomena / events, processes and actions
named and called linguistic languages?
• What characteristics, qualities and features are associated with social
actors, objects, phenomena / events and processes?
• What arguments are used in the intended discourse?
• From what perspective are nominations, these attributions and arguments
are expressed?
• Whether each of their sayings is openly articulated; are they intensified
or reduced?
As a result, Wodak's methodology is in abstract CDA because it
consists of complex analytical procedures. The strength in DHA is that its
analytical concept is easily understood and understood by people who are
experienced in linguistics, but may be difficult for others who have non-
 linguistic knowledge. The lack of this approach lies only in the framework
because it is very well designed and very important for interpreting the
analysis or concept (Reisigl and Wodak, 2009).
7. REVIEW METHODOLOGY
In conducting the review, first, an electronic database search is run in the
ProQuest Scholarly Journal and Google Scholar database. The ProQuest
database was selected to search for related studies for this review as it is a
reputable database and provides a variety of information covering multiple
authoritative sources. Most importantly, ProQuest has subscribed to the
university to provide sufficient resources for students. In addition, Google
Scholar is used because it is freely accessible and indexes the literature in
various disciplines. In choosing related studies for review, the search is limited
to a ten-year period from 2005 to 2015. Keywords such as critical discourse
analysis and media are used to search.
The other criterion in choosing a related study for this review is based on
the authenticity of the data. Initially, 30 related studies have been downloaded
from the ProQuest and Google Scholar databases. Of the 30 studies, 14 studies
were eliminated in the absence of a concrete theoretical framework. Only
studies that apply the CDA approach are included and reviewed. 16 research
studies were read thoroughly and their content was analyzed in accordance
with the main theoretical framework. After analyzing the content of the
selected study, the main framework used in the study was structured on three
main themes.
The first theme relates to the application of the CDA using the Fairclough
analysis framework, and the second and third themes are related to the
application of CDA using the Van Dijk framework. It has been noted that
within a ten-year time frame, Wodak's theoretical framework within CDA is
rarely used in related research because of its complex analytical procedures.
The appendix shows a summary of research studies by author, publication
year, research objectives, methodology, data sources and findings.
8. FINDINGS OF THE REVIEW
The study of ideology, power, and political discourse in discourse has been
investigated because there is an implicit connotation in every word and power
behind every word in unmasking the identity of a noble or horrendous spiritual
leader. It is found that power is often associated with controlling and limiting
the contribution of participants who are not strong in society because this
encounter usually occurs between the power holder and the helpless. Literally,
helpless people are neither commented nor argued about the political issues
and rationality of an event. It is perceived that ideology has the power to
multiply non-critical discourse analysts in various ways in forcing a belief. In
addition, it is felt that positive self-presentation and other negative presentation
strategies are often used. Discriminative groups are described as negative
9. APPLICATION OF FRAMEWORK ANALYTICAL FAIRCLOUGH
In the field of applied linguistics, the CDA has been widely used in
various genres analyzing critical phenomena leading to the emergence of
ideology, relationships and dominance of certain forces within a domain,
inequality between race, sex, and social. class. It is assumed that the most
important aspect in which power and domination is done is in public life
through the media. Media is an explicit and public domain exposed to various
ideologies that influence and blind their minds because certain ideologies are
upheld in them in their daily lives. For example, Zhang (2014) examines
political news reports between the American and Iraqi contexts in the
American Newspaper, especially The New York Times, which utilizes
Fairclough's three-dimensional framework to investigate the discursiveness
of text, interaction and context in unmasking different ideologies.
The results show a positive ideology for the Bush administration because
he is a friendly and emancipator while Sadam Hussein's Iraqi leader is
branded an enemy depicting a negative ideology. Further analysis shows a
biased image in both countries that illustrates various ideological ideas.
Another study by Mayasari, Darmayanti, and Riyanto (2013) in the context
of the new report aims to unravel the relationship between language and
ideology aspects in Indonesian Daily Newspapers based on the construction
of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) building. The cliches
between the two sides, the CEC and the Parliament, have resulted in a
positive ideological formation for CEC as the public supports the anti-
corruption body that encourages donations to build the building. However,
the House strongly opposes the construction of new buildings that generate
negative ideological image.
Thus, negative ideological constructions of Parliament have been made
because DPR members are considered corrupt and involved in corruption.
Vahid and Esmae'li (2012) examine the ideas and strengths of product firms
through advertisements that affect consumers indirectly. It is assumed that
certain ideological forms are enforced to enable consumers to trust and trust
the product completely. The example illustrated through this study is a beauty
product by Nivea that describes the word 'Goodbye Cellulite'. The ideology
here is the product has the power to eliminate any form of cellulite, and it can
be trusted.
This ideology holds the power to attract women with cellulite problems
because these words are able to change one's mind. Thus, it is revealed that
the word printed on beauty products manipulates the consumer vigorously. In
another study, Kaur, Arumugam, and Yunus (2013) also explored the
ideology of beauty product advertising. The discourse of beauty products is
social practice because language is part of the social process. The language
used in the ad reflects the ideology and social status of women; Thus, women
with beautiful skin, slim and attractive appearance has more power than
ordinary women in society. Through this extraordinary quality of women, an
ideology is created by portraying the image to be 'in a group' rather than
growing old. The phrases used to describe the sense of fashion are 'Big is
Beautiful', 'Plump Your Lips', and 'Shimmering Rouge' which is associated
with a woman with a higher status.
10. VAN DIE CODE IDEOLOGY APPLICATIONS
Pasha (2011) examines Islamic ideology in Egyptian newspapers utilizing
Van Dijk's ideological plaza. It is assumed that ideology does emphasize the
good and bad to describe positive beliefs and does not emphasize the good
and bad to describe negativity. An example that can be described as negative
is the presentation of an unofficial fraternal relationship. The statement de-
emphasizes their kindness by simply declaring it unofficial because it leads to
the understanding that Muslim brotherhood is not recognized as a group.
Thus, the activities carried out are said to be illegal and haram. Therefore,
negative beliefs are directed at the Muslim Brotherhood not to emphasize
their good deeds. Poorembrahim and Zarei (2013) investigate the relationship
between language and ideology in the headlines of four major newspapers in
America and Britain to examine the image of Islam.
The newspaper's headlines analysis reveals a misinterpretation of how an
issue is perceived by the social world. An example which can be illustrated
through this phenomenon is through the headline '"How Islam has been
corrupted." This title requires that Islam be corrupted and to see corruption in
Islam one must accept the belief that corruption exists in Islam, therefore
ideological representation negatives form stereotypes that give the impression
of unfavorable to the Muslim community.Another study conducted by
Ahmadiyya and Farahani (2014) was conducted to investigate ideological
differences in the discourse between The Los Angeles Times and Tehran
Times utilizing the ideological framework of Van Dijk: macro strategy which
is a presentation positive and negative self.
11. APPLICATION OF VAN DIJK SOCIOCOGNITATION APPROACH
Bilal et al. (2012) studied the relationship between discourse and ideology
in political TV talk shows. It is considered that the application of CDA helps
in finding the hidden goals of social actors in the eyes of the community. In
this context, some hidden ideological angles can be summed up and one
example can be found during a question and answer session when the
politician skips and decides which sentence does not want to be asked for a
particular question raised by the anchor. This form of switching is very
important because it can endanger itself, a secret that it does not want to
disclose, or deliberately skipped over to other topics to distract the audience.
Therefore, it can be illustrated that regardless of the ideology that arises, the
conversation is manipulated by the dominant person (politician) who closes
the eyes of the audience from further questions. Likewise, Azad (2013)
examines the ideological structure at 20:30 broadcasting news discussing
George Bush's remarks. Discourse is considered dishonest to the innocent by
burying ideological implications that tend to be a shadow in the political
arena. In this phenomenon, a negative ideological feature is considered
former president of the United States, George Bush as his own '8 years of
presidency' is labeled as '8 years of crime'.
CONCLUSIONS
This literature has shown that the mass mediaplays theimportant role in
the production of belief ,prejudice and the dominance of the social context tend toma
rginalize others and misinterpret an event . It was found that since CDA has gained p
opularity in field study discourse , increasingly many studies have implemented CD
A to investigate to explore the relationships between languages ''and ideologies , and 
to examine how to dominate the oppressive ideology that lacks power . 
With this inmind ,it isclear that the CDA is a powerful tool for deconstructi
ng text because it examines the ideologically oriented representations .Tosummarize 
, this review has examined the various CDAbehaviors aimed at to revealstereotypes , 
prejudices ,hegemony , power and attitudes ideologically . Inconclusion ,social conte
xt representation determines production temporary discourse discourse contributes to 
development of socialpower This study hopes that can contribute to existing CDAres
earch knowledge to raise awareness among aspiring newresearchers
to undertake CDA studies .
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