1. Which of the following initiates the coagulation cascade IN VIVO?

A. Factor XII
B. Thrombin
C. Tissue factor
D. Factor X
E. Prekallikrein

2. What does von Willebrand factor do?

A. Binds platelets to each other

B. Binds platelets to the subendothelium
C. Binds platelets to the phospholipid surface
D. Carries factor VII
E. Cleaves factor V

3. Which of the following is true?

A. The extrinsic system is activated first, and then the intrinsic system is turned on
later
B. The intrinsic system is weak and short-lived
C. The extrinsic system is only important in vitro
D. Factors V and VII are only important in vitro

4. Which of the following anti-clotting substances acts on factors V and VIII?

A. ATIII
B. Protein C
C. TFPI
D. Plasmin
E. t-PA

5. Which of the following is a cofactor?

A. XII
B. X
C. VIII
D. VII
E. II

6. What are the ingredients in a PTT?

A. Plasma + phospholipid + calcium
B. Plasma + thromboplastin + calcium
C. Plasma + phospholipid + thromboplastin
D. Plasma + thrombin + calcium
E. Plasma + plasmin + calcium

7. Which test evaluates the extrinsic pathway?

A. PT (INR)
B. PTT
C. TT
D. Closure time
E. Bleeding time

8. Which of the following is true regarding the bleeding time?

A. It is a highly reliable and reproducible test

B. The sample is evaluated using an optical densitometer
C. It evaluates platelet function in vivo
D. It is a commonly ordered test
E. It evaluates the coagulation system

9. What is the most common inherited bleeding disorder?

A. von Willebrand’s disease

B. Hemophilia A
C. Hemophilia B
D. Factor V Leiden
E. TTP

10. Which disorders may show “factor-type” bleeding?

A. von Willebrand’s disease

B. Hemophilia A
C. Both
D. Neither

11. Patients with which of the following diseases may have a normal PTT?

A. von Willebrand’s disease

B. Hemophilia A
C. Hemophilia B
D. Factor V Leiden
12. TTP:

A. May present with CNS deficits

B. Is caused by a toxin produced by E. coli
C. Is treated supportively
D. Does not show a microangiopathic blood picture

Answers: 1. C, 2. B, 3. A, 4. B, 5. C, 6. A, 7. A, 8. C, 9. A, 10. C, 11. A,D 12. A

13.The majority of patients complaining of ease of bruising are going to

have.

a. von Willebrand disease

b. Factor VIII deficiency
c. Aspirin induced platelet dysfunction
d. Grackelguber’s disease

ANSWER:

The correct answer is: c

14.A twenty-seven year-old woman complains of heavy menstrual periods, ease of

bruising and excessive bleeding following a dental procedure. She has a normal
platelet count, normal PT, but slightly prolonged aPTT. Of the following, the test that
will most likely make the diagnosis is.

a. Ristocetin cofactor
b. Factor VII assay
c. Test for anticardiolipin antibodies
d. all of the above.

The correct answer is: A

15.People with advanced cystic fibrosis are likely to have a clotting disorder marked
by an abnormality of which of the following tests?

a. PT
b. aPTT
c. both
d. neither
The correct answer is: C

16.Referring to the previous question about people with cystic fibrosis, the reason
they have abnormal clotting is:

a. Because of their chronic hypoxia they are unusually clumsy and therefore injure
themselves more frequently.
b. They have trouble absorbing fats, and by extension fat soluble vitamins.
c. Their excessive infections make them excessively prone to DIC.
d. This CF gene is closely linked to the factor VIII gene, and they are more likely to
inherit both.

The correct answer is: B

17.When considering underlying possibilities for a bleeding tendency (such as

platelets or proteins), one must keep in mind categories of abnormality, such as :

a. Quantity
b. Quality
c. Both
d. Neither

The correct answer is: C

18.High blood levels of homcysteine are known to increase severity of

atherosclerosis and frequency of both arterial and venous thrombosis. The reason is:

a. Homocysteine promotes the formation of microaggregates of clotting protiens.

b. Homocysteine is linked to the formation of anticardiolipin antibodies.
c. Homocysteine causes decreased levels of protein C and S.
d. This is in fact completely wrong, homocysteine is protective.

The correct answer is: C

19.Features of the antiphosopholipid syndrome include all of the following except

a. A prolonged PT
b. A prolonged aPTT
c. High incidence of venous thrombosis
d. Placental infarction and fetal loss

The correct answer is: A

20.The following picture is of an uncommon complication of Coumadin use. It is

known as Coumadin skin necrosis, and occurs because

a. When injected subcutaneously for the first time, Coumadin can cause a significant
vasospasm.
b. Sometimes crystalline forms of Coumadin can cause platelet aggregation.
c. This picture is actually an example of post phlebitic syndrome, and is not related
to Coumadin at all.
d. Factor C and S are also vitamin K dependent proteins, and in people heterozygous
for C deficiency, the level of factor C drops faster than the II, VII, IX and X.

The correct answer is: D

21.The following picture is of a potential problem seen in people after having had a
deep vein thrombosis. It occurs because

a. The vein in which the thrombus formed will never work the same again.
b. The doctor probably forgot about the importance of compression stockings.
c. The patient may have experienced another thrombotic event.
d. All of the above.

The correct answer is: D

22.Remembering the business about Leiden factor V is important for all the
following reasons except

a. It’s an interesting example of a protein once turned on, cannot be turned off.
b. The mutation occurs only in men.
c. It’s present in 5% of the Caucasian population.
d. If I don’t think about it, I’ll never diagnose when it actually comes along.

The correct answer is: b

23.Which of the following is/are true statements?

a. Arterial thrombi tend to form because of platelet activation or endothelial injury.

b. Venous thrombi tend to form because of blood stasis and factor activation.
c. Both
d. Neither

The correct answer is: c

 24.A 24 year-old woman presents with a bleeding history, a normal aPTT and a
prolonged PT. The element of interest here is

a. Her von Willebrand portion of VIII

b. Her platelet count
c. This is statistically impossible as she has two X chromosomes.
d. Her factor VII level

The correct answer is: d

25.Which of the following is/are true statements?

a. Bruises and petechiae tend to imply platelet problems.

b. Deep muscle and joint hemorrhages tend to imply clotting factor problems.
c. Both
d. Neither.

The correct answer is: c

Blood bank MCQ,

Question

The reactivity of blood group A is confirmed by detecting the presence of which

immunodominant sugar molecule?

A. N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid

B. L-fucose

C. N-acetyl-D-galactosamine

D. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

E. None of the above

Blood Groups 1: ABO Quiz

1-The mating of parents of which two ABO phenotypes can potentially produce
offspring with ALL of the common four blood types?

A. AB and O

B. AB and A

C. AB and AB

D. A and B

E. AB and B

F. None of the above

2-The mating of parents of which two ABO phenotypes can potentially produce
offspring with ALL of the common four blood types?

A. AB and O
B. AB and A
C. AB and AB
D. A and B
E. AB and B
F. None of the above

3-Bombay phenotype (Oh) individuals may have antibodies with all the following
specificities EXCEPT:

A. Anti-A
B. Anti-B
 C. Anti-H
D. Anti-O
E. Anti-A,B

4-Which cells agglutinate most strongly with Ulex europaeus lectin?

A. A2 and O
B. A1 and A2
C. O and AB
D. B and AB
E. A1 and B

5-Immune A and B alloantibodies differ from non-red cell stimulated (naturally

occurring) A and B alloantibodies in that the immune antibodies:

A. Are generally IgG

B. Are unable to cross the placenta
C. Can be enhanced in reactivity by incubation at 4C
D. Cause direct agglutination at room temperature

6-What ABH substances would be found in the saliva of a group B secretor?

A. H
B. H and A
C. H and B
D. H and O
E. None

7-The ABO system is the most important blood group system in transfusion
safety. Why?

A. ABO is the only blood group system in which reciprocal antibodies are
normally produced for the antigens an individual lacks AND the ABO antibodies
are capable of causing rapid, intravascular hemolysis
B. Reactions with ABO antibodies are the most common cause of transfusion-
related death
 C. Regardless of maternal and fetal ABO type, ABO antibodies are implicated
in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)
D. Routine ABO forward and reverse grouping is difficult to interpret and
fraught with error
E. All of the above

8- Of the following choices, the most common source of ABO discrepancies is:

A. Bombay phenotype
B. An individual who is not a secretor
C. Clerical errors or a sample mix-up
D. Use of an uncalibrated centrifuge
E. Patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

9-An ABO discrepancy between forward and reverse grouping owing to weak-
reacting or missing antibodies could be BEST explained by which of the
following:

A. Subgroups of blood group A

B. Patients with extreme ages (the very old or the very young)
C. Acquired B phenomenon
D. Antibodies to low incidence antigens or diluents present in reagent A or B
cells
E. All of the above

10-A blood donor has the genotype hh, AB. What is his apparent red cell
phenotype during routine forward and reverse group typing?

A. A
B. B
C. O
D. AB
E. Cannot be determined

11-Approximately what percentage of group A individuals could be further

classified as subgroup A1?
 A. 20%
B. 40%
C. 60%
D. 80%
E. >95%

12-All of the following statements are TRUE regarding the A2 blood group
EXCEPT:

A. Dolichos biflorus lectin generally does not agglutinate A2 RBCs

B. Ulex europaeus lectin may agglutinate some A2 RBCs
C. A2 RBCs have more A antigen than A1 RBCs
D. If anti-A1 is made, it is usually clinically insignificant
E. Most A2 individuals have the same form of anti-B as A1 individuals
F. All of the above are true

13-Which of the following genes codes for production of the same basic
antigen as the H gene?

A. O
B. Le
C. Lu
D. Se
E. None of the above

14-All of the following statements are TRUE regarding Hemolytic Disease of

the Fetus/Newborn (HDFN) caused by ABO antibodies EXCEPT:

A. It is generally mild
B. It may occur during the first pregnancy
C. It is usually seen with group O mothers
D. A negative fetal DAT doesn’t exclude the diagnosis
E. It is second in frequency to Rh HDFN
15-All of the following should be irradiated before they are given to an
immunocompromised patient EXCEPT:

A. Whole Blood.
B. Peripheral stem cell reinfusions.
C. Granulocyte transfusions.
D. Apheresis platelets.
E. Leukocyte-reduced RBCs.

16-From the following list, choose the factor that does NOT decrease the
measurable response to platelet transfusion:

A. Fever
B. ABO incompatibility
C. Rh incompatibility
D. Recipient HLA antibodies
E. Splenomegaly
F. Amphotericin B therapy

17-From the following list, choose the factor that does NOT decrease the
measurable response to platelet transfusion:

A. Fever
B. ABO incompatibility
C. Rh incompatibility
D. Recipient HLA antibodies
E. Splenomegaly
F. Amphotericin B therapy
18-

A 59-year-old male is admitted with major trauma following an automobile

accident. His blood type is O-negative, but you are out of O-negative blood.
Which of the following blood products would be UNACCEPTABLE to
transfuse?

A. AB positive red cells

 B. A negative platelets
C. O positive red cells
D. AB positive FFP
E. B positive FFP

19-What if the person described in the previous question had been AB-
negative? Which of the following red cell types would be acceptable to give
him? (CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY)

A. AB positive
B. A negative
C. O positive
D. O negative
E. B positive

20-A 40 year old female loses 15% of her blood volume as a result of an
accidental arterial laceration during a hysterectomy. The most
appropriate immediate therapy is:

A. Crystalloids
B. Colloids
C. Crystalloids and packed red cells
D. FFP and packed red cells
E. Whole blood

21-A 55 year old male has a gastrointestinal hemorrhage and drops his
hematocrit from 45% to 19%. A bleeding arteriovenous malformation is
resected, and the patient stabilizes. The clinician calls you to ask what
level he should expect the patient's hematocrit to rise to if he gives him 4
units of red blood cells. You say:

A. About 23%
B. About 25%
C. About 27%
D. About 31%
 E. About 35%

22-Leukocyte reduction is indicated for prevention of all of the following

EXCEPT:

A. Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions

B. Transfusion-associated Graft vs Host Disease
C. HLA alloimmunization
D. Transmission of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
E. All of the above are prevented by leukocyte reduduction
23-

From the list below, choose the blood product that does NOT have a
decreased risk of transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV).

A. Irradiated platelets
B. Blood from a CMV-seronegative donor
C. Deglycerolized red blood cells
D. Red cells leukocyte reduced by filtration
E. Washed red blood cells

VIROLOGY

Multiple Choice Quiz

Please answer all questions

1
A lysogenic cycle involves

early lysis of the host cell

A)

the ultimate formation of a prophage

B)

lysis by the lambda lytic protein

C)

a period of genome integration

D)

2
The genetic alteration of a cell's genome is called

transformation
A)

reverse transcription
B)

genome conversion
C)

invasion
D)

3
The CD8+ cell antiviral factor (CAF) is used to

block the CCR5 receptor

A)

disable the CXCR4 receptor

B)

block replication of the HIV virus

C)

mutate the CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors

 D)

4
The function of the drug AZT is to

disable reverse transcription

A)

block production of envelope protein

B)

block HIV replication

C)

block capsid protein formation

D)

5
Influenza subtypes differ in their

protein spikes
A)

capsid composition
B)

capsule composition
C)

kinds of nucleic acids

D)

6
When a bacteriophage is integrated into a cellular genome it is called
a

virulent virus
A)

lytic virus
B)
 prophage
C)

transducing virus
D)

microphage
E)

7
The infectious substance of prions is

protein
A)

glycophosphate
B)

RNA
C)

DNA
D)

glycoprotein
E)

8
Viruses are considered to be

non-living
A)

primitive precursors of bacteria

B)

a link between life and non-life

C)

primitive organisms
D)

very small bacteria

 E)

9
Each HIV particle possesses a glycoprotein called __________ on its
surface

CD4
A)

gp120
B)

CXCR4
C)

gp8
D)

nef
E)

10
The only structural pattern that has been found among isometric
viruses is

icosahedral
A)

spherical
B)

helical
C)

tetrahedral
D)

capsular
E)

11
 __________ are small naked fragments of RNA that infect plant cells.

Prions
A)

Nucleons
B)

Prophages
C)

Macrophages
D)

Viroids
E)

12
Viruses that cause lysis in host cells are called

temperate viruses
A)

phagocytic viruses
B)

prions
C)

virulent viruses
D)

infectious viruses
E)

13
_________ is the virus causing fever blisters

Herpes simplex
A)

Chlamydia
B)
 Epstein-Barr virus
C)

Human papillomavirus
D)

Lyme disease
E)

14
Which of the following is not a viral disease?

mumps
A)

measles
B)

chicken pox
C)

rubella
D)

diphtheria
E)

15
An example of an emerging virus is

Herpes
A)

polio
B)

rubella
C)

CJD
D)

Ebola
 E)

16
Copying the HIV virus' nucleic acid depends on

replicase
A)

reverse transcriptase
B)

transcriptase
C)

reverse replicase
D)

nucleases
E)

17
Persons infected with HIV may not develop AIDS because the virus
has the ________ gene.

CAF
A)

gag
B)

pol
C)

nef
D)

env
E)

18
________ may prevent HIV replication by binding with the CD4
 receptor.

gp120
A)

CXCR4
B)

Reverse transcriptase
C)

CCR5
D)

Chemokines
E)

19
Typically, viruses form _______________ around their nucleic acid.

an envelope
A)

a cell wall
B)

a capsid
C)

a cell membrane
D)

a capsule
E)

20
Viruses are most conveniently thought of as

lost chromosomes
A)

the most primitive bacteria

B)
 particles of genomes
C)

prions
D)

escaped genomes
E)

21
In AIDS patients, the virus homes in on the _______________ T cells.

CD1+
A)

CD2+
B)

CD3+
C)

CD4+
D)

CD5+
E)

22
The viral enzyme, _________, causes the host cell to synthesize a
double strand of DNA complementary to the viral RNA.

reverse transcriptase
A)

chemokinase
B)

virase
C)

replicase
D)
 antiscriptase
E)

23
The first virus to be purified was the

flu virus
A)

tobacco mosaic virus

B)

smallpox virus
C)

polio virus
D)

plague virus
E)

24
When a virus kills the infected host cell in which it is replicating, the
reproductive cycle is called a ________ cycle.

lysogenic
A)

phagocytic
B)

lytic
C)

viroidal
D)

endocytic
E)

25
 Of the viruses listed below, the most lethal is

influenza
A)

Ebola
B)

measles
C)

herpes simplex
D)

Epstein-Barr
E)

26
Viruses have an overall structure that is

spherical
A)

isometric
B)

icosahedron
C)

helical
D)

all of the above

E)

27
The basic structure of a virus contains:

a nucleic acid
A)

a cell wall
B)
 a protein coat
C)

both a and b
D)

both a and c
E)

28
Which of the following are not matched correctly:

virulent virus-lytic cycle

A)

temperate virus-non-infecting virus

B)

lysogenic virus-genome becomes part of host genome

C)

lytic cycle-kills host cell

D)

none of the above

E)

29
Viruses are more closely related to chemical matter than to a living
organism.

True
A)

False
B)

30
New strains of influenza continually arise because the virus mutates
and recombines the gene encoding the protein that makes it
resistant to antibodies.
 True
A)

False
B)

31
The HIV virus uses the host cell's reverse transcriptase to
manufacture DNA.

True
A)

False
B)

32
Some viruses enter the cell through endocytosis.

True
A)

False
B)

33
HIV binds to the human white blood cell receptor protein CD4.

True
A)

False
B)

34
HIV is a DNA virus.

True
A)
 False
B)

35
Viruses and bacteria are the only infectious agents found in plants
and animals.

True
A)

False
B)

5. 36 How does a virus recognize its host cell?

a. the spikes on the host cell recognize attachment molecules in the

viral nucleic acid

b. the cell wall has extensions that fit particular envelope molecules
on the virus

c. by the pili on the outside of the cell wall

d. a protein on the virus matches the shape of a molecule in the

plasma membrane of the host

How is a provirus related to disease symptoms?

a. the provirus can produce endospores during

unfavorable times

b. the provirus periodically shifts to a lytic cycle,

causing disease symptoms

c. the provirus continually lyses cells, causing

disease symptoms

d. the provirus secretes powerful toxins that make

the host ill
37.When a virus becomes a provirus , it __________.

a. stops reproduction of the host cell

b. interferes with the normal functioning of the

host cell

c. is replicated right along with the host cell`s

chromosomes

d. causes cell lysis, releasing multiple copies of the

virus

38.
What type of nucleic acid do retroviruses contain?
.

a. RNA

b. DNA

c. reverse transcriptase

d. proteins

39. Which of the following happens to the viral nucleic acid

during a lytic cycle?

a. the viral DNA becomes integrated into the host cell`s

chromosomes

b. the viral DNA is used to attach the bacteriophage to

the host cell`s receptors

c. the viral DNA forms a provirus

the viral DNA immediately
d. takes over the host cell genetic material

40 . is the outside, protein coat on a virus called?

What
A. genetic material
B. capsid
C. envelope
D. tail fibers
41.
Virulent viruses reproduce by
A. mitosis
B. the lysogenic cycle
C. the lytic cycle
D. binary fission
42.
Viral DNA that is incorporated into a host cell's chromosome
is called a
A. provirus
B. plasmid
C. party animal
D. bacteriophage

43. Which of the following is necessary for a virus to

reproduce?

Your answer:
a living host cell
a vaccine
a high body temperature
sunlight, water, and food

44 Vaccines protect us against dangerous viral

diseases by training the body to recognize and destroy
specific invading viruses. Vaccines are made from

Your answer:
weakened or dead versions of a dangerous virus.
antibiotics.
human white blood cells.
medicines that cure the symptoms of viral diseases.

45 Which of the following diseases has NOT been

 reduced or eliminated by vaccines?

Your answer:
smallpox
AIDS
polio
measles

46 A natural vaccination happens when

Your answer:
a doctor gives a person a measles vaccine.
a person becomes immune to chicken pox after contracting it.
a person catches a cold.
after contracting influenza once, a person can contract it
again.

Bacteriology

1
The most commonly The encountered bacteria are roughly spherical. The microbiological
term describing this shape is
coccus
A)
bacillus
B)
pleomorphic
C)

2.other common bacterial shape is that of a rod, often called

 coccus
A)
bacillus
B)
pleomorphic
C)
3.
In bacterial cells, ribosomes are packed into the cytoplasmic matrix
and also loosely attached to the plasma membrane. What is the
function of ribosomes?
Site of energy
A) production
Site of protein
B) synthesis
Site of genetic
C) reproduction
4.
What is a plasmid?
Self-replicating
A) segment of double
stranded DNA
Self-replicating
B) segment of single
stranded RNA
A bacterial
C) chromosome
5.
Plasmids are important to the genetics of many bacteria. This is
because
they are inherited from
A) one generation to the
next.
they may carry genes
B) that give their host a
selective advantage.
they can render
C) bacteria drug-resistant.
All of the above.
D)
6
Bacteria do not always swim aimlessly but are attracted by such
nutrients such as sugar and amino acids, and are repelled by harmful
substances and bacterial waste products. Movement toward chemical
attractants and away from repellents is called
 gliding motility.
A)
tumbling.
B)
chemotaxis.
C)
7
Some bacteria are considered pleomorphic. This means
they are shaped like
A) bent rods.
they have a corkscrew
B) shape.
they do not have just
C) one shape.
they are not either
D) bacilli or cocci.

Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate inclusion bodies

protect bacteria from
A)
excessive drying.
store carbon for
B)
energy and
biosynthesis.
turn reddish brown
C)
when stained with
iodine.
are composed of
D)
polymers of glucose.
9.
Gas vesicles in bacteria
help move cells to
A) optimal nutrient levels.
store oxygen for
B) growth anaerobically.
are bounded by a lipid
C) bilayer membrane.
are bounded by a
D) membrane impervious
to gas.
10.
Magnetostomes in bacteria
help cells attach to
A) metal objects.
help cells to
 B) magnetically attach to
each other.
help cells to float on
C) the surface of fresh
water ponds.
help cells to orient in
D) the earth's magnetic
field.
11
The 70S procaryotic ribosomes consist of
two 40S subunits.
A)
a 50S and a 30S
B) subunit.
a 40S and a 30S
C) subunit.
a 50S and a 20S
D) subunit.
12
Gram positive cells
have a second, outer
A)
membrane that helps
retain the crystal
violet stain.
have multiple layers
B)
of peptidoglycan that
help retain the crystal
violet stain.
have a thick capsule
C)
that traps the crystal
violet stain.
have a periplasmic
D)
space that traps the
crystal violet.
13
The presence of D-amino acids in the crosslinks of the peptidoglycan
layer is most likely because
most peptidases can
A) only cleave L-amino
acids.
D-amino acids fit the
B) structural constrains of
the cell wall better
than L-amino acids.
most L-amino acids
C) have already been
used for protein
 synthesis.
D-amino acids are
D) easier to crosslink in
the absence of
ribosomes.
14
The third amino acid in the peptidoglycan crosslinking chain is either
diaminopimilic acid or lysine because this amino acid must
be positively charged
A) for a salt bridge to
form.
be hydrophillic.
B)
have a free amino
C) group for peptide bond
formation.
have a large R-side
D) chain to fill space in
the cell wall.

15
Gram positive cells
have thick,
A) homogeneous cell
walls.
have large amounts of
B) teichoic acids.
do not have an outer
C) membrane.
all of the above are
D) true.
16
The outer membrane of Gram negative cells is more permeable than
the plasma membrane because
LPS is larger than
A) most membrane
phospholipids.
lipoproteins stretch the
B) outer membrane.
porin proteins
C) establish holes in the
outer membrane.
the core
D) polysaccharide spans
the lipid bilayer.
17
 The most important role of the prokaryotic cell wall is to
maintain the shape of
A) the cell.
protect the cell from
B) osmotic pressures.
prevent ions from
C) diffusing away from
the cell.
block the effects of
D) antibiotics like
penicillin.

18. Which of the following is not true about capsules and slime layers?
They consist of
A) secreted material lying
outside of the bacterial
cell wall.
They can prevent
B) desiccation of bacteria
cells.
They are required for
C) bacteria to grow
normally in culture.
They help bacteria
D) resist phagocytosis by
macrophages.
19
Fimbriae
attach bacteria to
A) various surfaces.
cause bacteria move
B) through fluids.
sense changes in
C) nutrient concentration.
are pathways for the
D) secretion of
exoenzymes.
20
A bacillus bacterium with a single flagellum at each end is described
as
Monotrichous
A)
Amphitrichous
B)
Lophotrichous
 C)
Peritrichous
D)
21
Which of the following is not true about bacterial flagella?
Most of their length consists of a hollow,
A)
rigid protein tube.
They are constructed largely of a single
B)
protein called flagellin.
They spin like wheels, either clockwise or
C)
counterclockwise.
They use cytoplasmic ATP as their primary
D)
energy source.
22
The flagellar filament grows by
enzymatic addition of subunits to the tip of
A)
the flagellum.
enzymatic addition of subunits to the base of
B)
the flagellum.
self-assembly of subunits traveling through
C)
the hollow flagellum to the tip.
self-insertion of subunits along the length of
D)
the filament.
23
How does a bacterium control the direction of swimming?
The length of the
A) flagellum acts as a
rudder to steer the
bacterium.
The speed of rotation
B) is faster when the
bacterium is headed
the correct way.
The bacterium can
C) stop and spin until it is
pointed the correct
way.
The bacterium does
D) not control the
direction of its
swimming.
24
The methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins of bacteria
are directly connected
A) to the flagellar motor
to guide the bacterium.
can only sense
 B) conditions that are
favorable for bacterial
growth.
integrate multiple
C) signals through a two
component phospho-
relay system.
tell the bacterium
D) which way to go.
25
Bacteria accomplish chemotaxis by
Steering toward better
A) growth conditions.
Making long,
B) uninterrupted runs
when conditions are
good.
Frequently stopping
C) and tumbling to better
sense good conditions.
Stopping movement
D) when conditions are
good.
26
What is the purpose of bacterial endospores?
Allow the bacterium to
A) make hundreds of
"seeds" to spread on
the wind.
Help the bacterium to
B) differentiate into faster
growing stages of
bacteria.
Allow the bacterium to
C) survive the absence of
oxygen.
Allow the bacterium to
D) survive extended
periods of heat or
dryness.

27
Grinding and mixing of foods such as sausage and hamburger
increase the food surface area.
 A)
alter cellular structure.
B)
distribute contaminating microorganisms throughout the fo
C)
All of the above.
D)
None of the above.
E)
3
Which is NOT true about aflatoxins?
Cause frameshift mutations
A)
Are carcinogenic
B)
Are alkaloids
C)
Fluoresce
D)
Have been found in beer
E)
28
There is an increased sensitivity to aflatoxins in individuals previously
infected with
hepatitis B.
A)
measles.
B)
mumps.
C)
chickenpox.
D)
rabies.
E)
29
Complex algal toxins, most of which are temperature stable, are known t
cause peripheral neurological system effects, often in less than ________
after ingestion.
one hour
A)
two hours
B)
three hours
 C)
four hours
D)
five hours
E)
30
Louis Pasteur established the modern era of food microbiology in 1857
when he showed that microorganisms cause ______ spoilage.
beer
A)
wine
B)
juice
C)
milk
D)
grain
E)
31
Several major brands of beer are ______ rather than pasteurized to bett
preserve the flavor and aroma of the original product.
centrifuged
A)
precipitated
B)
filtered
C)
heat-treated
D)
All of the above
E)
32
Which of the following terms describes organisms that thrive in the cold?
Mesophiles
A)
Thermophiles
B)
Psychrophiles
C)
Aerophiles
D)
Basophiles
E)
33
Despite efforts to eliminate spoilage organisms during canning, sometime
canned foods are spoiled. This may be due to
spoilage before canning.
A)
underprocessing during canning.
B)
leakage of contaminated water through can seams during
C) cooling.
All of the above.
D)
None of the above.
E)
34
The effectiveness of many chemical preservatives depends primarily on t
food
temperature.
A)
pH.
B)
water content.
C)
acidity.
D)
All of the above.
E)
35
Sodium nitrite is responsible for
protecting against botulism.
A)
reducing rate of spoilage.
B)
maintenance of red color in meat.
C)
All of the above.
D)
None of the above.
E)
36
Which is NOT true of the bacterium produced by Streptococcus lactis?
A small hydrophobic protein
A)
 Nontoxic to humans
B)
Affects mainly Gram-negative bacteria
C)
Improves inactivation of C. botulinum during the canning
D) process
Inhibits germination of any surviving C. botulinum spores
E)
37
E. coli O157:H7 is thought to have acquired enterohemorrhagic genes fr
Clostridium
A)
Bacillus
B)
Campylobacter
C)
Shigella
D)
Listeria
E)
38
The main reservoir of Staphylococcus aureus is
human feces.
A)
human nasal cavity.
B)
human red blood cells.
C)
All of the above.
D)
None of the above.
E)
39
A major advance in the detection of foodborne pathogens is the use of
standardized pathogen DNA patterns, or "foodborne pathogen ________
fingerprinting.
A)
plasmid patterns.
B)
chromosomal patterns.
C)
polymerase chain reaction.
 D)
All of the above.
E)
40
Which type of fermentation is used to produce yogurt?
Mesophilic
A)
Thermophilic
B)
Therapeutic
C)
Yeast-lactic fermentations
D)
Mold-lactic fermentations
E)

41.Which of the following refers to the addition of microorganisms to the

diet in order to provide health benefits beyond basic nutritive value?
Antibiotics
A)
Adjuvants
B)
Prebiotics
C)
Probiotics
D)
Synbiotics
E)

42Inherited
retinoblastoma requires
____ mutation(s) or
deletion(s).
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
43
In which of the human cells listed below is telomerase active?
A) blood
B) bone
 C) muscle
D) sperm
44
Which of the following is not a characteristic of cancer cells?
A) loss of cell cycle control
B) transplantability
C) loss of contact inhibition
D) all are characteristic
45
The Philadelphia chromosome is associated with which type of cancer
A) breast
B) thyroid
C) nerve
D) leukemia
46
BRCA-1 is associated with which cancer?
A) breast
B) thyroid
C) nerve
D) leukemia
47
If 85% of lung cancer cases occur in heavy smokers, can lung cancer sti
have a genetic origin?
A) yes
B) no
48
An increasing number of women in the rural south die from ____ can
A) breast
B) colon
C) lung
D) mouth
49
Which of the following statements about telomerase is incorrect?
A) It is an enzyme that adds DNA to telomeres.
B) It serves as the template for telomeres lengthenin
 C) It is not activated in cancer cells.
D) Its activity continually resets the cellular clock.
50
Familial cancer is caused by
A) a mutation in somatic cells only.
B) a mutation in germline cells only.
a germline mutation plus a somatic mutation in
C)
affected tissue.
D) two germline mutations.

51
A cancerous tumor eventually grows faster than surrounding tissues
because a greater proportion of its cells are dividing. True or false?
A) true
B) false
52
Which type of cancer in humans is directly caused by a viral infection?
A) acute T cell leukemia
B) Wilms' tumor
C) Burkitt's lymphoma
D) Rous sarcoma

An oncogene transcribed and translated with another gene produces a

A) transcribed protein.
B) fusion protein.
C) fusion cell.
D) cancer protein.
16
The P53 protein normally promotes
A) DNA repair.
B) tumor formation.
C) cell division.
D) apoptosis.
17
The P53 gene is especially prone to
A) point mutation.
B) chromosomal rearrangement.
 C) loss.
D) none of the above.
18
FAP colon cancer results from ____ mutation(s).
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four or more
19
Which type of study compares the incidence of a type of cancer among ve
different groups of people?
A) population
B) case-control
C) prospective
D) empiric
20
Which type of study would compare cancer rates seen in a group of
individuals who take herbal supplements versus those in a control group w
do not use the supplement?
A) population
B) case-control
C) prospective
D) empiric
21
Which of the following cancers develops from loss of tumor suppression?
A) cute T cell leukemia
B) Wilms' tumor
C) Burkitt's lymphoma
D) Rous sarcoma
22
Why is genetic counseling for familial breast cancer difficult?
A) BRCA1 and BRCA2 are incompletely penetrant.
B) Breast cancer can occur in other ways.
C) Not all mutations are associated with disease.
D) all of the above
23
Which of the following is not a traditional cancer treatment?
A) blocking telomerase
B) inhibiting angiogenesis
C) stimulating specialization
D) none of the above
24
A mutation in which gene makes nearby DNA more susceptible to replica
errors?
A) APC
B) BRCA1
C) P53
D) RB
25
Which of the following may contribute to causing cancer?
A) a mutation in a gene that slows the cell cycle
B) faulty DNA repair
C) loss of control over telomere length
D) all of the above