Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2017) 89(3 Suppl.

): 2013-2020
(Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences)
Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720150635
www.scielo.br/aabc | www.fb.com/aabcjournal

A polysaccharide fraction extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus

mycelial biomass inhibit Sarcoma 180 tumor

ELISABETH WISBECK1, JEAN M. FACCHINI1, ENDI P. ALVES1, MARCIA L.L.

SILVEIRA1, REGINA M.M. GERN1, JORGE L. NINOW2 and SANDRA A. FURLAN1

1
Universidade da Região de Joinville/UNIVILLE, Campus Universitário, Zona Industrial,
Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, 89219-710 Joinville, SC, Brazil
2
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina/UFSC, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

Manuscript received on October 8, 2015; accepted for publication on March 18, 2016

ABSTRACT
Fungi of Pleurotus genus have attracted a great interest due to their medicinal properties such as anti-
inflammatory, antimicrobial and antitumor. These properties are attributed mainly to polysaccharides
synthesized by Pleurotus. This work aimed to study the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus in submerged
culture, evaluating the influence of the initial concentration of substrate (20 and 40 g/L of glucose) and
the pH (4 and 6) on kinetic parameters of production of biomass. The effectiveness of different doses
(10, 30 and 50 mg/kg) of a mycelium polysaccharide fraction extracted from P. ostreatus in reducing
Sarcoma 180 development in mice was also verified. In the range of this study, maximum concentration
of mycelial biomass (about 12.8 g/L) was obtained using 40.0 g/L of glucose, at pH 4.0. The total biomass
productivity (Px) was not significantly affected by substrate concentration and pH, reaching values of 0.034
g/L.h. Sarcoma 180 tumor weight was reduced in 74.1, 75.5 and 53.7% when 10, 30 and 50 mg/kg were
administered, respectively. These results show the high antitumor potential of intracellular polysaccharide
fraction of mycelial biomass of P. ostreatus, particularly at lower doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg.
Key words: Antitumor Activity, Mycelium, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polysaccharides, Sarcoma 180.

INTRODUCTION of new and natural molecules that can act against

tumor cells without the collateral effects associated
Fungi of the class of basidiomycetes are well
to the conventional therapies that involve chemical
known for producing a great number of bioactive
and physical agents producing side effects or toxic
molecules (Wasser 2002, Lindequist et al. 2005). reactions (Bast et al. 2000). According to Liu
Among the basidiomycetes, the genus Pleurotus (2004), epidemiological and preclinical tests have
has been intensively studied due to its antitumor demonstrated the great potential of natural products
activity (Xu et al. 2012). The increase of the in combating cancer and other chronic diseases that
number of these studies is related to the search result from oxidative stress.
Correspondence to: Regina Maria Miranda Gern Among the several molecules with bioactivity
E-mail: regina.maria@univille.br produced by fungi, polysaccharides seems to be the

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2014 ELISABETH WISBECK et al.

main responsible by the antitumor effect (Ren et concentration of glucose and the medium pH over
al. 2012). Regarding the genus Pleurotus, several the kinetic parameters of the process. In addition,
polysaccharidic extracts from the fruiting bodies further experiments were conducted to verify the
with antitumor activity have been reported (Liu efficacy of different doses of a polysaccharidic
et al. 2015, Assis et al. 2013, Patel et al. 2012), fraction extracted from the mycelium biomass, on
although a few reports are found describing the the inhibition of Sarcoma 180 induced in mice.
mycelium antitumor effect.
Depending on the fungi culture conditions MATERIALS AND METHODS
(submerged or solid culture, pH, temperature,
Pleurotus ostreatus DSM 1833 obtained from
oxygen concentration, composition of the culture
Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und
medium etc) and of the method of extraction,
Zellkulturen Gmbh, German, was maintained in
polysaccharides with different structures and,
WDA (Wheat-Dextrose-Agar) solid medium
consequently, different bioactivities can be obtained
composed by 20 g of glucose, 15 g of agar and 1 L
from the fruiting bodies, from the fermented
of wheat extract (Furlan et al. 1997). Inoculum was
culture broth or from the mycelial biomass
produced in Duran flask of 2 L containing 400 mL
(Zhang et al. 2007, Synytsya and Novák 2013,
of POL medium (Cavazzoni and Adami 1992) with
Ruthes et al. 2015). Silveira et al. (2015) reported
the following composition (g/L): glucose, 20.0;
a mannogalactan with antinociceptive and anti-
inflammatory effects extracted from the culture (NH4)2SO4, 5.0; MgSO4.7H2O, 0.2; K2HPO4, 1.0;
broth of Pleurotus sajor-caju by freeze-thawing yeast extract, 2.0 and peptone, 1.0; pH 6.5 – 7.0.
and dialysis. A (1  →  3)-β-D-glucan with anti- The flask was inoculated with the whole mycelium
inflammatory activity was isolated from fruiting of a 7-day-old culture grown in a Petri dish, and
bodies of Pleurotus sajor-caju via extraction with incubated at 30ºC, 120 min-1 (reciprocal), for 6
hot water followed by fractionation by freeze- days.
thawing and finally by dimethyl sulfoxide extraction Cultivation was carried out in a Biostat B (B.
(Silveira et al. 2014). Komura et al. (2014) isolated BRAUN) bioreactor containing 4 L of POL medium
a water-soluble mannogalactan from Pleurotus described above added with 1.0 g/L of CaCO3,
ostreatus var. florida mycelial biomass concluding inoculated with 400 ml of inoculum and incubated
that is possible to obtain similar and also different at 30ºC. Initial KLa of 15 h-1 was achieved under
molecules from those found in the fruiting body and agitation of 300 min-1 and 0.25 L/min of air supply.
mycelial biomass of the same mushroom species. The initial concentration of glucose and the pH
The factorial design has been widely applied varied according to the 22 factorial design shown in
in optimization of medium composition (Gern et Table I. Experiments were carried out in duplicate.
al. 2008, Papaspyridi et al. 2010) replacing the Pareto Analysis (Barros Neto et al. 1995) was used
classical or empirical methods such as one-factor- to estimate the effects of each variable and their
at-a-time-method, which is time consuming process interactions on the response parameters.
and incapable of searching the global optimal Mycelial biomass was measured by gravimetry.
condition, especially when interaction between Samples were filtered in Whatman no. 1, washed,
independent factors exists (Papaspyridi et al. 2010). transferred to pre-weighed crucibles, and dried for
This work studied the mycelial growth of Pleurotus 48 h, at 90ºC. Biomass concentration was reported
ostreatus DSM 1833 in submerged culture, using a as the dry weight of biomass per volume of sample.
factorial design to evaluate the effect of the initial Determination of glucose concentration was

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 Pleurotus ostreatus INHIBIT SARCOMA 180 2015

TABLE I 7.0 at concentrations of 1 g/L (for the dose of 10

Factorial design 22 varying the initial glucose
mg/kg) and 10 g/L (for the doses of 30 and 50 mg/
concentration and the medium pH. Symbols (-) and (+)
represent inferior and superior levels, respectively. kg). The treatment was performed intraperitoneally
Variables Levels (ip) for 10 days (Zhang et al. 1994), starting 24 h
– + after the induction of the tumor by the inoculation
pH 4 6 of S-180 in the ascitic form (5 x 106 cells/animals)
Glucose (g/L) 20 40 subcutaneously on the back of each mouse of the
positive and control groups (Nakamura et al. 2004).
performed using the enzymatic method of glucose
The assessment of tumor development was
oxidase-peroxidase (Glicose-E, CELM, Brasil).
performed 21 days after tumor induction (Harhaji
Mycelial biomass resulting from the best
et al. 2008) by determining the weight (g) of the
condition obtained from the factorial design was
tumor according to Misaki et al. (1984) and the rate
removed from the culture broth by vacuum filtration
of tumor inhibition (I%) (Mizuno 1999), calculated
using Whatmann no. 1. The biomass was washed
according to the Equation 1.
with distilled water, frozen, and fractionated
according to the methodology proposed by Zhang C −T
I(%) = * 100 (1)
et al. (1994), modified by Dalonso et al. (2010). C
Briefly, 2 volumes of ethanol were added to the Where:
frozen mycelial biomass and the suspension was C = weight of the tumor of the Positive Control
maintained at 80ºC for 3 h. The mixture was Group (g)
centrifuged (3.400 g) and the supernatant containing T = weight of the tumor of the Test Group (g).
low molecular weight molecules was discarded. Data were evaluated by Dixon’s “Q” test for
This procedure was repeated 4 times. The solid rejection of deviant values at the 95% confidence
residue “S” generated was boiled in water for 3 h level (Rorabacher 1991) and by Tukey test for
and filtered. This procedure was repeated 4 times. analysis of variance of the mean values (ANOVA),
The new residue obtained (Residue I) was mixed with significance level of 5% (p <0.05).
with 1% solution of NH4-oxalate, boiled for 3 h All the procedures were approved by the
and filtered. This procedure was repeated 4 times Ethics Committee on Research with Animals
and aimed to extract polysaccharides from Residue
of the University of Joinville Region and are in
I. Five volumes of ethanol was added to the filtrate
and the mixture was maintained at 4ºC for about 24 TABLE II
h and centrifuged (3.400 g). The supernatant was Distribution of the animals according to the experiment.
Dose No. of
discarded, and the solid residue containing mainly Group Treatment
(mg/kg) animals
polysaccharides (Precipitate II) was lyophilized Tumor induction and
Test (TG) 10, 30 10
and named FII (Facchini et al. 2014). administration of FII
and 50
FII fraction was administered in doses of Substance
Administration of FII 10, 30
Control and 50 10
10, 30 and 50 mg/kg in male Swiss mice (Mus (SC)
without tumor induction
musculus) weighing 30±5 g, purchased from Positive
Tumor induction and
the Instituto Tecnológico do Paraná – TECPAR, Control 10 10
administration of PBS
(PC)
Curitiba/PR/Brazil. Animals were divided into
Negative
4 groups according to Table II. The fraction was Administration of PBS
Control 10 10
without tumor induction
solubilized in phosphate buffer (PBS) 0.01 M, pH (NC)

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2016 ELISABETH WISBECK et al.

accordance with the EU Directive 2010/63/EU for

animal experiments.

RESULTS

Figure 1 shows the profiles of mycelial biomass

(X) and glucose concentrations (S) with time.
Data extracted from Figure 1 allowed the
construction of Table III. Table IV shows the
effects of glucose and pH on the mycelia biomass
concentration (∆X), overall yield of glucose on
mycelial biomass (Y X/S) and overall mycelial
biomass productivity (Px). The effects shown on Figure 1 - Kinetic profile of mycelial biomass concentration
(X) and substrate (glucose) concentration (S) obtained for the
Table IV are considered significant only when their
experiments 01 (◊,♦), 02 (□, ■), 03 (Δ, ▲) and 04 (○, ●). Open
absolute values are higher than the correspondent and closed symbols represent X and S, respectively.
absolute value statistically significant (AVSS).
A negative and a positive effects express that the
value of the variable increases towards the inferior
and superior levels, respectively.
Evaluation of the antitumor effect of fraction
FII was carried out through a dose x response
assay, using 10, 30 and 50 mg/kg. The results of
tumor weight (g) and tumor inhibition rate (I%)
are shown in Figure 2. Doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg
promoted the highest inhibition rate, of about 75%,
without significant differences between them. The
dose of 50 mg/kg promoted the lowest inhibition
rate (53.7%).

DISCUSSION Figure 2 - Tumor weight and tumor inhibition rate (%) of

Sarcoma 180 after 21 days of mice treatment with 10, 30 and
Glucose uptake is faster in pH 6.0 (experiments 2 and 50 mg/kg of FII fraction extracted from mycelial biomass of
4) than in pH 4.0 (experiments 1 and 3) for the same Pleurotus ostreatus. Bars indicate mean values ± standard error.
Equal letters indicate values without significant differences
initial glucose concentration (Figure 1). However,
according to the Tukey test, at a confidence level of 95%. PC
pH 4.0 led to higher values of biomass, showing = Positive Control group.

TABLE III
Mean values± standard deviation of ∆X (mycelial biomass concentration), YX/S (overall yield of glucose on mycelial
biomass) and Px (overall mycelial biomass productivity).
Experiment Glucose (g/L) pH ∆X (g/L) YX/S (g/g) Px (g/L.h)
01 20 4 7.53 ± 0.41 0.37 ± 0.03 0.035 ± 0.002
02 20 6 5.81 ± 0.29 0.30 ± 0.02 0.031 ± 0.001
03 40 4 12.86 ± 0.83 0.32 ± 0.03 0.037 ± 0.004
04 40 6 9.65 ± 1.29 0.25 ± 0.03 0.030 ± 0.005

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 Pleurotus ostreatus INHIBIT SARCOMA 180 2017

TABLE IV
Effects of the variables glucose (g/L) and pH on the mycelia biomass concentration (∆X), overall yield of glucose on
mycelial biomass (YX/S) and overall mycelial biomass productivity (Px).
Estimated effects ± standard error
Variables
∆X (g/L) YX/S (g/g) Px (g/L.h)
glucose 4.589 ± 0.57* -0.0049 ± 0.02 0.00025 ± 0.0024
pH -2.462 ± 0.57* -0.0715 ± 0.02* -0.00525 ± 0.0024
Interaction glucose and pH -0.747 ± 0.57 0.0035 ± 0.02 -0.00125 ± 0.0024
**
AVSS 1.58 0.056 0.0068
*Statistically significant values at confidence limits of 95%. ** Absolute value statistically significant.

the negative effect of the pH over the mycelial glucose and 10 g/L of sucrose, respectively. Assis et
biomass concentration (X) and on the overall yield al. (2013), working with 20 g/L of glucose and pH
of glucose on mycelial biomass (YX/S) (Table IV). 4.0 reached 5.7 g/L of mycelial biomass of P. sajor-
The overall mycelial biomass productivity (Px) caju. Borges et al. (2013), cultivating P. djamor
was not significantly affected by the pH or by the using 40 g/L of glucose and pH 4.0 reached 6.28
initial glucose concentration (Table IV). Despite g/L of biomass in 13 days. Higher value of biomass
the increase of 70% in the cultivation time when (12.9 g/L) was observed in our work (experiment
initial concentration of glucose increases from 3, Table III), achieved in 14 days of cultivation.
20.0 to 40.0 g/L, the increase in mycelial biomass Thus, this condition (40.0 g/L of initial glucose
is proportional (Figure 1, Table III). Experiment 3 concentration and pH 4.0) was chosen to produce
(40.0 g/L of glucose and pH 4.0) led to an overall biomass aiming the extraction of FII fraction.
mycelial biomass productivity of 0.037 g/L.h. This Biomass was separated from the culture broth by
result is higher than those reported by Borges et filtration, washed with distilled water, and frozen.
al. (2013) (0.022 g/L.h), cultivating P. djamor Tao et al. (2006) evaluated the antitumor action
using the same medium, at pH 4.0 and 40 g/L of of several polysaccharides fractions of Pleurotus
initial glucose concentration. Gern et al. (2008), tuber-regium fruiting bodies against Sarcoma 180
cultivating P. ostreatus in a medium containing in mice. Animals were treated with daily doses of
corn steep liquor as nitrogen source, 40.0 g/L of 20 and 60 mg/kg, during 8 days. After 8 days, the
initial glucose concentration and pH 4.0, reach highest tumor inhibition rate was obtained with 60
lower values of maximum productivity, achieved mg/kg of FII fraction (72.1%). The same fraction,
in 6 days of cultivation (0.032 g/L.h). at a dose of 20 mg/kg, has led to only 21.6% of
The effect of the initial concentration of the inhibition of tumor development. These results
glucose was only significant (positive effect) for are not in agreement with those shown in Figure
the concentration of mycelial biomass (X) (Table 2, in which the increase of the dose from 30 for 50
IV). The same behavior was observed by Burns et mg/kg promoted a decrease of 22% in the tumor
al. (1994) for Pleurotus sp. florida. In this case, the inhibition rate. Moreover, results obtained with
increase in the initial glucose concentration led to the doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg shown in our work
the increase of biomass (9.7 g/L of biomass after 17 are higher than those reported by Tao et al. (2006)
days, using 20 g/L of initial glucose and pH 4.0). with a higher dose (60 mg/kg). The difference is
Confortin et al. (2008) evaluated glucose and sucrose probably due to the species of Pleurotus. Other
as carbon sources for P. sajor-caju, achieving 8.18 authors also observed that highest doses promoted
and 5.94 g/L of mycelial biomass using 10 g/L of the decrease in tumor inhibition. Jeong et al.

An Acad Bras Cienc (2017) 89 (3 Suppl.)

2018 ELISABETH WISBECK et al.

(2010) evaluated a polysaccharide fraction from discovery of human macrophages receptors with
mycelial biomass of P. eryngii against Sarcoma high specificity for glucose and mannose could
180. Extraction was carried out in hot water and confer high antitumor effect to polysaccharides that
the supernatant free of biomass was treated with contain these monomers. Structural features such as
four volumes of ethanol for precipitation of β- (1 → 3) bonds in the main chain of the polymer,
polysaccharides. Animals were treated with 10 to and β- (1 → 6) branches are also important factors
80 mg/kg of mycelial extract, during 28 days. 40 for antitumor activity.
mg/kg promoted the highest tumor inhibition rate In the range of our study for the production
(53.1%) while 80 mg/kg inhibited tumor weight of P. ostreatus mycelial biomass (20 and 40 g/L
in only 25.7%. In our work, the dose of 50 mg/ of initial glucose; pH 4.0 and 6.0), pH 4.0 and
kg of FII fraction promoted 53.7% of inhibition, 40 g/L of glucose promoted the highest biomass
similar to the results obtained by Jeong et al. (2010) concentration (12.8 g/L). The FII fraction obtained
using 40 mg/kg. De Barba et al. (2011) evaluated from frozen mycelium of P. ostreatus reduced
the antitumor effect of different doses (10, 30 and
about 75% Sarcoma 180 tumor weight after 10
100 mg/kg) of an ethanolic precipitated from the
days of administration at the doses of 10 and 30
culture broth of Pleurotus djamor, against Sarcoma
mg/kg in mice. This suggests that low doses of FII
180 in mice. The authors observed that 30 mg/kg
fraction can act as antitumor, being promising as
promoted the highest tumor inhibition (94%) and
antineoplastic.
that the increase of the dose to 100 mg/kg led to a
reduction of 30% in the inhibition rate. Assis et al. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
(2013) found an inhibition rate of Sarcoma 180 of
about 84% using doses of 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg of The authors thank to Fundação de Amparo à
an ethanolic precipitated from the culture broth of Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa Catarina
P. sajor-caju indicating that the tumor effect was (FAPESC) and UNIVILLE for the financial
not dose dependent. support.
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