Assignment 4
Assignment 4
Assignment 4
EDUCATION, LAHORE.
by
Noreen
Bc190200380
Assignment 4
Supervisor
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
performance at the university level. The basic purpose of this study is to identify what
are the educational facilities and how they can affect the students’ academic
performance.
Although many practical studies have been carried out on this topic to investigate
the factors affecting the students' performance at school and college level, especially
the schools in ruler areas that faced lots of problems. Previously, studies focused on
many factors such as noise, infrastructure, family background, etc. This study is going
to focused on the students at the university level in Pakistan and going to find out the
major educational facilities that are affecting the students' academic performance.
Pakistan have minimum educational facilities and those educational facilities have not
been utilizing properly. Due to the lack of facilities, the educational level and the
quality of education is decaying day by day. Students are facing many problems at the
university level regarding the educational facilities which results in their failure and
lack of understanding. Studies show that the more availability of the educational
facilities to the students the greater the size of their educational achievements. The
1.2 Objectives
level.
performance.
1. What are the important educational facilities that impact students' educational
performance?
CHAPTER 2
Theoretical underpinnings
Conceptual underpinnings
Empirical studies
Summery
4
The foundations of this research work can be linked to system theory. A system is
the sum of all parts that work independently to achieve results based on various needs.
OSUJI (2016) described that includes a set of individuals, services, ideas, and
activities that are organized to produce or attain a recognizable purpose. This whole
environment. The system is based on several elements outside the system. Essentially,
they are not systems with input, output processes but influence the objectives and
goals is therefore taken into consideration. Whilst efficiency refers to how university's
practices could be done to reduce the wastage of resources to accomplish its specific
goals. Efficiency aims to minimize costs and measuring how efficiently facilities are
used to maintain the available facilities. This depends on the output-input ratio.
social system and their survival linked with its ability of the system maintenance
within the outside system. This process is based on an input-output system modal.
Feedback
This figure shows that the inputs processed within the system and resulted in
output inside the system. The theoretical underpinnings have shown the students’
facilities, teaching facilities, learning facilities, health facilities, sports facilities, and
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recreational facilities, etc. As described by Sharma & Sharma (2015) in the overall
development of the country, the higher education system plays a vital role, including
all the physical properties of an educational institution that are composed of the
grounds, buildings, and facilities inside and within the institutions’ building.
The phrase university facilities apply to the location of the campus, the
structures, and the grounds, multipurpose halls effective teaching and learning tools,
facilities may include location, weather, lighting, floor, pupil space, health and safety
resources, playfields, tuck shop, and library, etc. Whilst Olusola (2010) described
buildings, locker rooms, the instructor's rooms, exam halls, administrative offices, and
The term teaching facility means the availability of highly educated instructors
as well as teaching resources for pupils at the university level. Although most of the
public and private universities have qualified staff but still there is need for Ph.D.
staff. Teaching is a sacred profession and its basic purpose is to influence the learners'
individual mediates the world's material and another to make learning easier. That's
7
deceitful because everyone is given a teacher rank. Furthermore, it does not make you
based on some activities. These activities involved various kinds of resources that are
provided to the students to facilitate them and to make the learning easier.
tools, ingenuity, and innovation of teachers is generally not limited. Thus, teaching
programmed text and unprinted items such as animations, film models, sketches,
globes, boards, etc. The educational facilities such as scientific instruments and
Aguokogbuo (2012) observed that the choice of teaching aids will help the
instructor to recognize how appropriate the content and language is to the level of
development of the students if the facilities are audio-visual. Teaching facilities allow
teachers to perform learning tasks and to make the learning process more meaningful
and useful when they properly used. Likewise, Dale (2012) suggested that there is
indeed a more general and more significant trend towards a growing usage of
resources.
facilities in this way. He described that teaching facility are the means of attaining the
attention of the students. They help the students to directly interact with the learning
environment and promote greater retention and acquisition of the knowledge. Further,
8
he stated that teaching aids help to re-enforce verbal messages and promote individual
learning opportunities.
Jamiana and Baharomb (2012) in their research, described that the use of
teaching aids has a high impact on students ‘performance. It does not only help the
teachers to attract the students but also has a great impact on students’ learning.
function of past behavior. There are formal experiences in the idea of prior behavior.
Learning may be described in many other cultures as a phase in which any shift in
To explain the nature of the learning from the psychologist's point of view, we
may look at the main words, including change, which means trying to transition
actions as another entity than before. Those shifts are both mental and emotional,
which is necessary to imply that the learner begins to think in new ways (Obanya,
2011).
In the teaching and learning process learning facilities play essential roles.
Agwu (2013) said Learning facilities are a critical element of the whole process of
control and management of the classroom. Usually, the use of instructional materials
can generate a lot of noise, undue movement of pupils, chairs, and tables but make the
student participate. Learning facilities and assistance are used to enhance and
complement the verbal effort of the teacher. Learning facilities can be generally
classified into libraries, labs, white and chalkboards, classroom furniture, computers
the learning facilities play a vital role in students’ performance and the inadequacy of
9
such facilities may lead to the poor academic performance of students. Benjmin et al.
(2020) of the view that there is a high degree of relationship between the educational
facilities and the students’ performance. According to the findings of their research
richly endowed environment with facilities for students increase the efficiency and
effectiveness of teaching and learning. Moreover, the use of the ICTs and well-
equipped classrooms significantly affect the students’ performance (Adigeb, Anake &
Akomaye, 2017).
Health can be defined as the complete physical, mental, and social state of a
human being not just the absence of any kind of disease (Hudson & Speck, 2011).
Health facilities are very important not only at the school and college level but also at
the university level too. Health facilities are the facilities that are available in the
universities to facilitates the students and the staff in case of emergency and for the
facilities to students and the staff (Yeravdekar & Yeravdekar, 2014). Therefore,
universities and other educational institutions should provide awareness about all
suffering from different kinds of health-related issues during their student life. Some
Depression
Anxiety
10
Use of drugs
should plan such programs of awareness to help the students and to give awareness
related to the mental health issues as well as other health-related issues. Obtaining a
degree is seen as the key to success which causes anxiety, depression, and stress
among the students and all these health issues affect students’ performance as well.
Academics are a vital aspect of all students’ lives, and students are influenced by
Students are suffering considerable stress from learning activities to meet with
management. But all academic activities can be taken positively by students if the
proper gaudiness and awareness should be given to them using health facilities
(Kumaraswamy, 2013).
can lead to an increase in depression, anxiety, and stress, for universities to adapt
treatments to the specific needs of their students. Many other factors related to health
such as low satisfaction in life, poor self-esteem, and inferiority, can contribute to a
poor family background and poor sleep are other factors that harm students’
develop students’ counseling programs for the awareness of health issues. Most of the
educational institutions provide the gaudiness to students and held different seminars,
11
workshops, and psychological sessions for the awareness of health issues that can
Education has not been disaster-prone for the teaching and learning of certain
subjects but aims to develop the person in all areas such as mental, physical,
emotional, social, and moral. In educational institutions, sports facilities are based on
extracurricular activities that are based on different types of indoor and outdoor sports
such as Football, Cricket, Hockey, Table tennis, and Tennis, etc. These activities are
held inside or outside the institutions to help the students in developing physically,
mentally, and socially. These facilities also in some ways linked with the students'
is seen that the educational institutions that have good indoor and outdoor sports
facilities have not only an effect on the students’ academic performance but also their
physical and psychological health. Alsauidi (2015) described that giving the students
accomplishment whilst interacting with team members. He further stated that there is
the practice of the various sports activities increases students’ ability of learning and
healthier lifestyles by learning about social and cognitive skills (Choi et al, 2014).
physical and emotional, financial, cognitive, and academic performance (Bailey et al,
2013).
abilities, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. Hussain et al. (2017) researched
the effects of sports on students’ development. They stated that sports activities affect
In Pakistan, the sports policies for educational institutions are designed and
While higher education commission is responsible for the sports facilities at the
university level.
Recreational facilities are the other tools to facilitate the students in their
learning process in leisure time. Ezeanichinedu (2009) has described the recreational
facilities as the material tools for pupils learning. He further described these facilities
as the helping tools for the students’ better performance and every subject has their
Art society, drama society, music society, reading society, and many other
societies have existed under an educational institution. The purpose of these societies
is to help the students to utilize their leisure time creatively and in an effective way.
All these societies make the students more active mentally and help to improve their
cognitive abilities like sports activities. Bakoban & Aljarallah (2015) described that
these extracurricular activities have great importance in students’ everyday life and
13
play a vital role in students’ life. Thus, recreational facilities in an educational setting
literacy systems and maintaining the capacity of both children and youth to avail
educational institutions and acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to lead a
healthy and productive life. The quality of education is supported by key ingredients
facilities. The standard of education infrastructure and its proper pedagogical nature
with the emphasis on the growth of children has been extensively demonstrated over
the last few years. Recent studies have shown that student performance in an
Promise” (World Bank 2018) is based on the idea that education is a key to achieve
efficient.
institution size, halls, open fields, game equipment, dormitories, and sanitation
facilities. the library helps the students to learn outside the classrooms by themselves.
Classrooms serve as a daily learning facility. Open fields serve as the means of
extracurricular activities. In the educational environment, teachers and the pupils need
some sanitation facilities as well, such as toilets, waste deposal services, and water
14
(Mokaya, 2013).
Nepal (2016) stated that the educational organization has always been
supported by a good infrastructure facility. Research has shown that healthy air
quality, good lighting, and a compact, pleasant, secure environment, age, and state of
the building, maintenance quality, temperature, and color, can influence the fitness,
learning and achievement of students, not only the health, safety, and psychological
environment. This system should take into consideration while preserving the
environment, the global needs of students, teachers, school administrators, and the
among other benefits. Empirical studies have shown that there is a direct relationship
The development of the educational facilities traced back to ancient Rome and
Greece and the subcontinent. In the subcontinent ‘saints’ and ‘gurus’ used to impart
their teaching in their students in a natural setting. Mosques’ prayer halls and temples
are utilized as the purpose of classrooms. It was the era of natural sites. There is no
need for buildings and other equipment such as furniture, board, etc. In ancient
Greece and Rome teaching and learning took place in temples and the advancement
and construction of educational institutions were made during the British era (OSUJI,
2016).
processes were held in open places and there were no educational buildings officially
built specifically for educational purposes in that period. The author further described
the recent advancement in the educational fields that have stimulated effective
facilities that any educational institution needs. Furthermore, Ozigi (2013) pointed out
that all the educational institutions require a broad range of educational equipment,
i. Infrastructural facilities
rooms, medical rooms, classrooms, shops, library, music hall, cafeterias, staff rooms
and storage areas, power and water supplies areas, sports land, vice director's
Instructional facilities are all the available materials for teaching and learning.
players, and audio-video aids are included in instructional facilities. The physical
institutions and it is the responsibility of the officials to maintain all these facilities.
cannot be overemphasized as a vehicle for effective education and learning. Saiyida &
university. A life-giving place in such a way that it carries a lifelong affection and
Kocheny (2012) described the heads and their university personnel plan and
consider together the needs of educational institutions in the present and future as a
preparation of facilities can help us decide the sort of instructional resources teachers
require for successful teaching and whether the available classrooms are enough for
unquestionable fact that educational facilities are an essential factor that helps to meet
the educational objectives. It is also clear that inadequacy, inadequate access, and
educate directly, they render a significant contribution to the result of the academic
exercise and influence the academic performance of the pupils. The relation may be
Classrooms, Up to date
libraries Halls, modern
& Labs Offices & study
Staff rooms programs
Quality
Shops & Education
Cafeterias
High
Water & Performance
Electricity
Furniture
& other
equipment Board, Charts,
Hostels &
duster & other
transportation
aids
18
Figure 1. Importance and relation of the facilities with the University students’
performance
Maintenance is therefore defined as the actions taken to ensure that a facility operates
(2010) claimed that the period taken to physically obsolete a building depends both on
the design and on the materials of the initial construction and the standard of repair
Students are the assets of any country, without students’ universities, colleges, and
schools are worthless. Students are the center part of the educational institutions and
can say that the country’s social and economic wellbeing is directly as well as
systems, and ongoing classroom assessments. Most of the universities used the CGPA
academic test has always been of importance to the government, educators, parents,
categorized the factors into four kinds. They examined various factors such as
extrinsic factors, (temperature, light, inside and outside noise, students sitting
(paper pattern, marking criteria, paper printing, and strict marking ) personal factors,
of examination). Their work has found that women have been more receptive than
According to Mushtaq & khan (2012), such factors affect the output of the
students greatly, however, these factors vary from individual to individual and
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country to country. They divided these factors broadly into two major categories:
internal factors and external factors. The findings of their research have proven
communication to be the most important factor affecting the student performance and
learning facilities are also affected student performance and correct guidance. Social
tension often impacts the success of students and through their output adversely
described that students with no parents get lower grades and face more barriers to
success than those with at least one parent. Sociocultural factors such as family
background, wealth, and gender are responsible for students’ achievement gap. This
gap can be reduced by understanding the different background of the students and by
implementing various educational strategies which may help to improve the students’
achievements.
Thus, academic integration, family background, and social integration are the
factors that have a strong and significant impact on students’ performance (Shah,
2012). He stated that family background, education for mothers, father's income, and
occupation, alongside the family's size ensures the students' happiness at home which
environment boots the students’ level of learning and help the students to achieve
their goals.
Similarly, the study was conducted by Daniyal et al. (2011). They have described
the performance of the students is not only influence by their self-characteristics but
there are many other factors responsible for their performance. They found that family
income, father and mother education, size of family, the motivation of parents, the
21
regularity of teachers, the interest of the teachers in their subject matter, and students'
participation in co-curricular activities are the eight factors that can influence the
The book focuses on the impact of social, demographic, and psychological factors on
esteem, parental involvement, learning types, goal orientation, and social adjustment
had been included in this book. The conclusion of the book suggested that all these
Another study conducted by Ramli & Zain (2018). In this research, the researchers
had discussed the three factors that can impact students’ academic performance.
According to them, these factors are system management, learning environment, and
infrastructure. They stated that the universities that are unable to provide these
study used surveys guided and questionnaires were used with convenience sampling
techniques. the population of the study was based on a total of 401students and data
was collected from eighteen different disciplines. Ten major constructs i.e. teaching,
facilities were used. Mean analysis reflect student dissatisfied with many core services
22
medical, and sports, while satisfaction has been reported only in three augmented
areas like transportation, classroom and prayer facilities. The findings of the research
revealed that students are satisfied with their current offering at the higher education
level. The factors causing dissatisfaction among students have a great impact on
The research is linked with the current research because it was based on all the
facilities that are linked to students’ performance and have a great impact on students'
infrastructural facilities, and other facilities such as libraries, labs, sports, internet
facilities, and health facilities are taken as variables that are directly linked with
facilities are going to take into consideration to find out their impact on students'
academic performance.
by Ali et al. (2013). The purpose of the study was to identify the various factors
affecting the students' performance at the university level. A simple random sampling
technique was used and the data was collected from a population of 100 students. A
questionnaires were used, and the analyses of data were constructed using SSPS 13.0
and Microsoft Excel 2007. The findings of the research revealed that all the factors
like gender, age, faculty of study, schooling, father/guardian social economic status,
and residential area, the medium of schooling, tuition trend, daily study hours and
The current study is linked with this study in this way that one of the main
objectives of students’ academic performance is the concern of the current study and
education zones, Kaduna State, Nigeria”. The method used in the research was a
descriptive survey type. The population of the study was based on 81 principles and
2012 teachers from both education zones. The sampling method was used for this
research is simple random sampling and questionnaire was used as a tool for data
collection. Descriptive statistical was used for data representation and the relationship
measurement of the variables was done by the T-test. All the hypotheses were by the
T-test 0.05 alpha level. The findings of the study revealed that the availability of
The research work is related to the present study because it measured the
Achievement” was conducted by Ramli& Zain (2018). The study was conducted at
the University of Malaysia and the survey-questioner was used. The population of the
study was the students of UMK and about 4000 students were selected for analysis
from two faculties. A random sampling technique was used for sampling. From the
target respondents, 500 participants were selected and only 364 questionnaires were
returned. The final analyses were based on the 364 questionnaires. The data was
analyzed through correlation and regression analysis. SSPS version 24 was used to
24
analyze the data. The findings of the study had shown that the e-learning library,
and sports facilities were all significantly impacted students’ academic achievements.
The research is linked with the current research as it was also based on the
objective of finding the relationship between the students' performance and the
In this research, an attempt has been made to use the literature concerned the
Pakistan. The educational refers to the site of institutions, buildings, play areas,
equipment, and other equipment available for efficient learning and teaching activities
within the institution. Such facilities were found to be essential for teaching and
concepts have been defined, such as educational facilities, teaching facilities, health
care/welfare facilities, sports, and recreation facilities. These facilities also have an
which facilitate successful teaching and learning in every educational institution, has
also been clarified. Different factors that can affect the students’ academics are also
discussed. There were also empirical studies discussed. Learning and teaching were
found not to take place where no appropriate educational facilities are fully
accessible.
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter will address the methods and procedures to be used for research
address research questions (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2010). This study was
descriptive survey design was used because a descriptive survey design attempts
to describe the events as it is. Clair (2011) described that a descriptive design is
appropriate, draw a clear general inference from the evidence available. In terms
lets the researchers analyze the actual condition in this study and gathers
Quantitative research was carried out to collect the data by simple random
sampling technique, data from students are gathered to know the impact of
3.3 Population
26
The population for this study consisted of the selected main campus of the
various cities of Punjab, Pakistan. The main campus of the university was
established in 2002 and located in Township, Lahore. Out of 13000 students, 250
A simple random sampling technique was used for this research to give each
population.
questionnaire was utilized as the main research instrument to gather data for this
study. The five Likert scale questionnaire (strongly agree, agree, neutral, strongly
disagree, and disagree) was adopted by the researcher. The Likert scale includes
several statements relating to the issue in question, which does not just require the
respondent to test such statements with which they agree or disagree but also
In this study, to ensure validity, the researcher consulted the supervisor and
experienced lecturers of the university who assisted to ascertain the validity of the
prepared research instrument. To ascertain the face validity of the instrument used
27
for the study the draft question was given to the supervisor for approval and final
selection. The supervisor scrutinized the questionnaire and made the necessary
To establish the reliability of an instrument, the test, and retest method was
applied. The reliability testing approach was introduced for checking the
instrument 's reliability. If the measure produced by the instrument is precise, the
tool is defined as reliable. The instrument's durability means deciding how the
The time frame of this study was almost 5 months. The study was completed
CHAPTER NO 4
4.1 Introduction
This chapter will cover the data analysis, which includes the descriptive analysis,
t-test and one-way ANOVA tests. Each analysis will interpret and answer the research
useable questionnaires were collected. There was no missing data. The main objective
for descriptive analysis is to understand the profile of the respondent. Table 4.1 and
Table 4.1
Gender
In this study there were a total of 193 (77.2%) female respondents and 57 (22.8%)
male respondents. The percentage shows that the female respondents were much
Table 4.2
English 55 22.0
Math 24 9.6
CS, IT 13 5.2
Arts 9 3.6
Department
Botany 9 3.6
Zoology 7 2.8
Physics 6 2.4
BBA 6 2.4
Chemistry 3 1.2
Department
In this study, the majority of the respondents were from the department of Education,
with 118 respondents (47.2%), followed by the departments of English, Math, and
CS, IT with 55, 24 and 13 respondents, representing 22.0%, 9.6% and 5.2% of the
study. The minority of the respondents were from the departments of Arts, Botany,
Independent sample t-test was used to compare means score difference between male
and female on the use of educational facilities for their better academic performance.
Table 4.3
Gende
N Mean Std. Deviation df t P
r
Male 57 11.42 4.071 248 .637 .179*
Learning Facilities Femal
193 11.06 3.703
e
*p<.05
To explore significant mean score difference between male and female academic
performance, “Independent sample t test” was applied. The result is t (248) =.637,
p>.05. Significant mean score difference was explored between the male and female
academic performance using learning facilities. The mean score of male students
concluded that there is no significant difference between male and female students’
Table 4.4
Gende Std.
N Mean df t P
r Deviation
Male 57 10.56 4.200 248 -1.406 .199*
Teaching
Femal
Facilities 193 11.39 3.811
e
*p<.05
To explore significant mean score difference between male and female academic
performance, “Independent sample t test” was applied. The result is t (248) =-1.406,
31
p>.05. Significant mean score difference was explored between the male and female
academic performance using teaching facilities. The mean score of female students
(Mean=11.39) was found higher than male (Mean=10.56). Hence, it can be concluded
that there is no significant difference between male and female students’ performance
Table 4.5
Std.
Gender N Mean df t P
Deviation
Health Male 57 16.53 5.736 248 -.845 .878*
To explore significant mean score difference between male and female academic
p>.05. Significant mean score difference was explored between the male and female
academic performance using health facilities. The mean score of female students
(Mean=17.27) was found higher than male (Mean=16.53). Hence, it can be concluded
that there is no significant difference between male and female students’ performance
Table 4.6
Std.
Gender N Mean df t P
Deviation
-.34
Sports
Male 57 6.84 2.920 248 .769*
4
Facilities
Female 193 6.99 2.957
*p<.05
32
To explore significant mean score difference between male and female academic
performance, “Independent sample t test” was applied. The result is t (248) =-.344,
p>.05. Significant mean score difference was explored between the male and female
academic performance using sports facilities. The mean score of female students
(Mean=6.99) was found higher than male (Mean=6.84). Hence, it can be concluded
that there is no significant difference between male and female students’ performance
Table 4.7
Gende
N Mean Std. Deviation df t P
r
Male 57 12.65 4.398 248 .321 .423*
Recreational Facilities Femal
193 12.00 4.308
e
*p<.05
To explore significant mean score difference between male and female academic
performance, “Independent sample t test” was applied. The result is t (248) =.321,
p>.05. Significant mean score difference was explored between the male and female
academic performance using recreational facilities. The mean score of male students
concluded that there is no significant difference between male and female students’
The mean score difference on the basis of departments of male and female students
and their performance using educational facilities was calculated by using ANOVA
test.
33
Table 4.8
basis
The F value (9.23) for all respondents of 10 levels of department was not significant
at p>.05. It is evident that the performance of respondents using learning facilities was
not significantly different among these levels of department. For further detail Least
Table 4.9
The mean difference between respondents of these levels were significant at p<0.05
respectively.
Table 4.10
basis
The F value (2.194) for all respondents of 10 levels of department was not significant
was significantly different among these levels of department. For further detail Least
Table 4.11
The mean difference between respondents of these levels were significant at p<0.05
respectively.
Table 4.12
basis
The F value (1.871) for all respondents of 10 levels of department was not significant
at p>.05. It is evident that the performance of respondents using health facilities was
not significantly different among these levels of department. For further detail Least
Table 4.13
The mean difference between respondents of these levels were significant at p<0.05
respectively.
Table 4.14
basis
The F value (.923) for all respondents of 10 levels of department was not significant
at p>.05. It is evident that the performance of respondents using sports facilities was
not significantly different among these levels of department. For further detail Least
Table 4.15
The mean difference between respondents of these level were significant at p<0.05
respectively.
Table 4.16
department basis
The F value (1.238) for all respondents of 10 levels of department was not significant
was not significantly different among these levels of department. For further detail
Table 4.17
The mean difference between respondents of these levels were significant at p<0.05
respectively.
37
38
CHAPTER NO 5
RECOMMENDATIONS
In this study the researcher had studied the impact of educational facilities on
students’ performance at the university level. The basic purpose of this study was to
identify what are the educational facilities and how they can affect the students’
academic performance. The study involved the observation of the students’ academic
performance. The population was the University of Education, Lahore and 250
students were selected using random sampling technique. The questionnaire was used
to collect the data from students. Independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA
Findings
1. t (248) =.637, p>.05. Significant mean score difference was explored between
the male and female academic performance using learning facilities. The mean
facilities.
between the male and female academic performance using teaching facilities.
The mean score of female students (Mean=11.39) was found higher than male
facilities.
39
3. t (248) =-845, p>.05. Significant mean score difference was explored between
the male and female academic performance using health facilities. The mean
facilities.
4. t (248) =-.344, p>.05. Significant mean score difference was explored between
the male and female academic performance using sports facilities. The mean
5. t (248) =.321, p>.05. Significant mean score difference was explored between
the male and female academic performance using recreational facilities. The
mean score of male students (Mean=12.65) was found higher than female
facilities.
6. The F value (9.23) for all respondents of 10 levels of department was not
department.
7. The F value (2.194) for all respondents of 10 levels of department was not
department.
40
8. The F value (1.871) for all respondents of 10 levels of department was not
department.
9. The F value (.923) for all respondents of 10 levels of department was not
department.
10. The F value (1.238) for all respondents of 10 levels of department was not
department.
Discussion
41