Animal Diseases

 
Food Security and Food Production

 Sporadic: isolated incident in a single animal
 Enzootic: disease occurs repeatedly in a particular locality
(within 30-mile radius)
 Epizootic: disease that effects a large number of animals in
a short period of time in a particular area (larger area than
enzootic) Example = entire state
 Panzootic: disease that spreads rapidly over a very large
area and effects many animals in a short period of time
(foot & mouth disease)
 
 Caused by Mycobacterium bovus
 Highly infectious
 Humans can also get this disease
(zoonoses)
Symptoms
 Failure to Thrive Lung parenchyma is almost
entirely replaced by variably-
 Sweating sized, coalescing, raised pale
nodules.
 Bad appearance
Advanced symptoms:
 Emaciation
 Coughing
 Fever and Death
Treatment
 Antibiotics
 All affected animals are culled
 In animal
breeding, culling is the
process of removing or
killing or segregating
animals from a breeding
stock based on specific
trait.
o This is done to:
• exaggerate desirable
characteristics, or to
• remove undesirable
characteristics
 Caused by Brucella abortus
(Gram-negative bacterium)
 After exposure, cattle become
bacteremic for a short period
 Highly infectious
 Humans can also get this disease
(zoonoses)
Prevention
 Vaccination in heifer calves
 Good farm hygiene
Treatment
 All affected animals are culled
 is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by
ingestion of unpasteurized milk or
undercooked meat from infected animals,
or close contact with their secretions
 Brucellosis induces:
o fevers,
o sweating,
o weakness,
o anaemia,
o headaches, depression, and muscular and
bodily pain
o miscarriage
 Caused by nearly 20
different bacteria
 Infection occurs through the
teat canal and is due to bad
hygiene
Symptoms
 Approx 10% reduction in
milk yield
 Swelling of the udder
 Pain
 Clots in the milk
 metabolic disease involving magnesium deficiency
 Progressive symptoms may include:
o grazing away from the herd,
o irritability,
o muscle twitching,
o staring,
o collapse,
o head thrown back, and coma, followed by death

 Metritis -inflammation of the uterus
 The severity of disease is
categorized by the signs of health:
o Grade 1 metritis: An abnormally
enlarged uterus and a purulent uterine
discharge without any systemic signs
of ill health.
o Grade 2 metritis: Animals with
additional signs of systemic illness
such as decreased milk yield,
dullness, and fever >39.5°C.
o Grade 3 metritis: Animals with signs of
toxemia such as inappetence, cold
extremities, and/or collapse.
 Two types: Nutritional and bacterial.
 Caused by
o bad hygiene or feeding management or both.
o inadequate intake of colostrum
Symptoms
 Diarrhoea
 listlessness
 Dehydration
 Death
 caused by E. coli.
 It enters the calf in the unhealed
navel.
 Mainly due to bad hygiene and
improper treatment of the naval
after birth.
Symptoms
 Swollen, painful navel
 Abscesses in the liver
 Blood poisoning
 Death
 
• Caused by bacteria that may remain in the soil
• Infection results from grazing infected pastures.
• Bacteria enter through the mouth, nose or open
wounds.
• Biting insects may spread the disease from one
animal to another
• Sudden death-usually within a few hours of symptoms
• Less acute symptoms
– High fever
– Sudden staggering
– Hard breathing
– Trembling
– Collapse
• Carcasses should be burned or buried
at least 6’ deep and covered with
quicklime
– Take care not to bury the animal near
wells or streams.
 an acute, febrile, highly fatal
disease of cattle and sheep
caused by Clostridium
chauvoei (anaerobic)
 characterized by swelling,
commonly affecting heavy
muscles (clostridial myositis)
• First sign is one or more animals suddenly die
• Before death symptoms are:
– Lameness
– Swollen muscles
– Severe depression
– High fever (in early stages)
– Animal may be unable to stand
 Massive doses of antibiotics
 Treatment is only effective if diagnosed early
 The cause of the infection in cattle is two species
of anaerobic bacteria, Fusobacterium
necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus
 Enter the body when the skin of the foot is broken
• also known as infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis,
• is a bacterial infection of the eye that causes inflammation
and, in severe cases, temporary or permanent blindness
• Pinkeye occurs year round but is most common during
periods of maximum sunlight.
 Eyeball develops a pinkish color
 Cornea becomes slightly clouded
• Flowing of tears
• Cloudiness of cornea
• Ulcers may develop on the eye
• The eye may become so damaged that blindness results
 Insects
 Direct Contact with infected animals
 Dust
 Tail switching
 Control flies and insects
 Vaccinate
 Isolated in a dark place
 Apply Antibiotics and sulfa drugs to the eye
 A cloth patch can be used on the affected eye
• A venereal disease caused by a protozoan,
Trichomonas foetus
• Infects the genital tract of the bull and is
transmitted to the cow during breeding
• Can also be transmitted through infected
semen, even when artificial insemination is
used.
 Abortion in early gestation
 Low fertility
 Irregular heat periods
 Uterine infection
 Cows may have discharge from their genital
tract
 Semen testing
 Testing cows before breeding
 Using only clean bulls on clean cows
 Reproductive disease caused by
the bacterium Campylobacter
fetus
 This infection can prevent the
implantation of a fertilized egg, or
more commonly results in the loss
of the developing embryo in the
uterus
 Infertility
 Abortion
 Irregular heat periods
 In newly affected herds
conception rates may drop
below 40%
• Vaccinate animals 30 days prior to breeding
▫ Vaccination must be repeated every year
• Bulls may be treated with antibiotics but the process is
difficult
• Skipping two heat cycles before attempting to breed the
cow usually improves the conception rate of infected cows
• Cows with the disease eventually develop immunity and will
breed again

Animal Diseases

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 

Food Security and Food Production

o head thrown back, and coma, followed by death

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