Nepal relies heavily on agriculture and irrigation is essential for its economy. However, irrigation development in Nepal faces challenges including lack of prioritization, weak planning and management, shortage of technical expertise, and inadequate monitoring and evaluation. The Bagmati Irrigation Project aims to irrigate over 120,000 hectares but has made limited progress due to delays. Studies show the project has increased crop production, farm income, employment opportunities, and land prices in the areas with irrigation access.
Nepal relies heavily on agriculture and irrigation is essential for its economy. However, irrigation development in Nepal faces challenges including lack of prioritization, weak planning and management, shortage of technical expertise, and inadequate monitoring and evaluation. The Bagmati Irrigation Project aims to irrigate over 120,000 hectares but has made limited progress due to delays. Studies show the project has increased crop production, farm income, employment opportunities, and land prices in the areas with irrigation access.
Nepal relies heavily on agriculture and irrigation is essential for its economy. However, irrigation development in Nepal faces challenges including lack of prioritization, weak planning and management, shortage of technical expertise, and inadequate monitoring and evaluation. The Bagmati Irrigation Project aims to irrigate over 120,000 hectares but has made limited progress due to delays. Studies show the project has increased crop production, farm income, employment opportunities, and land prices in the areas with irrigation access.
Nepal relies heavily on agriculture and irrigation is essential for its economy. However, irrigation development in Nepal faces challenges including lack of prioritization, weak planning and management, shortage of technical expertise, and inadequate monitoring and evaluation. The Bagmati Irrigation Project aims to irrigate over 120,000 hectares but has made limited progress due to delays. Studies show the project has increased crop production, farm income, employment opportunities, and land prices in the areas with irrigation access.
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RIGATI
N ATUS F EPAL mitted by:- y Karki Roll no:- Irrigation status of Nepal
Irrigation is the process of applying controlled amounts of
water to plants at needed intervals. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes and revegetate distributed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average rainfall. Nepal is considered one of the least developed countries in the world. The area of the country is 147,516 km3 out of which it is estimated that 14.7 % of the area is arable. Agriculture is the most important activity, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the gross domestic product. Because of the importance of agriculture to the national economy, irrigation, both small- and large-scale, is essential for the country. Nepal receives considerable precipitation, the country has abundant water available for irrigation, hydropower generation, and other related purposes. Agriculture in Nepal depends largely on monsoon rains from June to September, when 75% of annual rainfall occurs at this period of time. Annual surface runoff is about 200km3, which can easily irrigate over 5,000,000ha and generate enough electricity for the country. Regulated and controlled irrigation is therefore critical to improving agricultural productivity, particularly in the long dry season, but also during dry spells in the wet season that can reduce crop yields. Topology of Irrigation Infrastructure: - Based on Source: - 1. Surface 2. Ground Water Based on Seasonal Availability: - 1. Year round 2. Monsoon Supplemental Based on Technology Employed: - 1. Surface Gravity 2. Surface lift 3. Groundwater lift Much of the land currently under some form of irrigation in Nepal is in the Terai region, Groundwater irrigation, mainly through shallow tube wells (STWs), has become important since the late 1970s. Because of topographical conditions, irrigation developments in the hill areas are highly site-specific and, accordingly, generalization may be misleading. Some of the problems related to development of irrigation system in Nepal are listed below: Lack of well-defined and accepted criteria for project priority ranking and selection, resulting in misallocation of limited resources Weak planning capability, which to a certain extent can be attributed to inadequate data collection, processing, and retrieval. Shortage of technical and managerial manpower which contributes to weak planning, implementation, and management of the irrigation systems. Unsatisfactory monitoring and evaluation of projects by national and donor agencies. Absence of a reliable system of budget allocation and control. On the basis of analyses and discussions of the various issues that are associated with the irrigation sector, it is evident that Nepal has several options or combination of options that may be pursued so that substantial growth. in agricultural production can be generated, which will more than keep pace with population growth as well as contribute surpluses for export. Ongoing major Irrigation system in Nepal
1. Bagmati Irrigation project
2. Koshi Western Canal and Pump Canal 3. Hardinath Irrigation system 4. Kamala Irrigation System 5. Jhanj Irrigation System 6. Narayani Irrigation System 7. Narayani Tubewell Irrigation System 8. Narayani Lift Irrigation System 9. Khageri Irrigation System Bagmati Irrigation Project: The Bagmati irrigation Project is located in the central region of Nepal, and diverts water from the bagmati river through diversion barrage structure located at karmaiya, Sarlahi, district. This project is initially conceptualized as a multipurpose project to develop irrigation facilities over and irrigable area of 122000 ha of Bara, Rautahat, Sarlahi, & Mahottari district. Averall and to generate electricity of 140 MW by constructing a 117 m high dam. The implementation of the development of the project has been envisaged in phases. In the past 39 years of its operations, the project has not completed even first phase of work. The second phase of the project has become certain. The project was initially started as Sunkoshi Tarai Project to produce 140 MW of electricity by diverting waters of Sunkoshi River. It was expected to irrigate thousands of hectares of land in Bara, Rautahat, Mahottari and Dhanusha districts. Project work went on smoothly between Fiscal Year 1978/79 and Fiscal Year 1986/87. In 1953, the project had managed to build a barrage to divert water through eastern and western canals. In the first stage of the first phase, the project managed to provide irrigation facilities up to Jhim River in Sarlahi and Lamaha River in Rautahat. It has failed to extend irrigation facilities up to west of Lalbakiya River in Bara district as part of the second stage of the first phase works. The office even doesn't have any plan for the second stage. According to project document, there was a plan to make high dam in the barrage and generate 140 MW of electricity as well as provide irrigation facility in Mahottari and Dhanusha districts in the second phase. The Broader Bagmati Irrigation Project has a water discharge capacity of 64.4 cu sec. But the project is not materializing as it is not known when construction of a 12-kilometer diversion of Sunkoshi River from Marin of Sindhuli to Bagmati will begin. At present, the water discharge capacity of the project is only 30 cu sec. In the command area of Bagmati irrigation project has contributed to the increase in crop production at different range. The lowest rate of increase in wheat production is 22.83 percent and highest rate of increase in other crop production is 67.99 percent. So, irrigation has highly positive impact on total agricultural production. Irrigation has positive impact on farm income too. The lowest rate of increase in farm income from wheat is 45.46 percent and a highest rate of increase from paddy is 112.014 percent. The comparative study of crops in lands with and without irrigation indicates that the outputs of all crops have increased with irrigation but the rate of increase in paddy and other crops are more or less same as the farm employment before and after irrigation. It becomes clear that the employment situation of farmers improved significantly due to the increase in cropping intensity. From the comparative study of farm it appears that there is increase in return, the lowest return from the maize is 19.32 percent and the highest return from the other crops is 10.278 percent. The study showed that this Bagmati irrigation project has increased net income of farmers and this project also played a vital role to increase price of land too. After the implementation of this project the price of land has increased from time to time. How does irrigation enhance livelihood of community? A livelihood is as ‘the means of gaining a living, including livelihood capabilities, tangible assets and intangible assets’. One widespread assumption in development thinking is that irrigation is reducing poverty and it is also believed that irrigation helps solving other problems such as water shortages and food production. It has been a favored strategy to bring about increases in crop productivity, enhance food security, and expand opportunities for higher and more stable incomes and employment. It has also a direct impact on the environment.
In development policy circles, irrigation was seen as ‘a
privileged solution’. Irrigation projects tend to favor some farmers and households at the expense of others. Whether and to what extent people were able to benefit from new irrigation opportunities depended very much on their ability correctly to apply water, purchases and required sets of inputs, and to follow prescribed cultivation techniques. Irrigation help thriving the agriculture. We can link irrigation facilities with the transportation development, as it thrives the agricultural product the process of exporting seeks the ways of distributing the products. Ultimately bring out the development of transportation. On the other hand, cottage industries get more prioritized utilizing the locally available products. Due to lack of irrigation facilities the potentiality of the farming has been decreased. The numerous case if suicide by farmers is the result of improper irrigation or lack of irrigation.
Indigenous means of working patterns get more
prioritized like 'kulo khanney','parma'.. which brings the social harmony to the community. Simultaneously the development of modern tools and technology is headed to the indigenous farming pattern which equally boost the foresight development of the community. Irrigation makes it possible to grow cash crops. Its gives good returns to the farmer. Examples of cash crops are; sugarcane, potato, tobacco etc. It improves the groundwater storage as water lost due to seepage adds to groundwater storage. It improves the yields of crops. This means more income for the farmer. We use it to help the growth of crops during the period of not enough rainfall. Thus due to proper irrigation, farmers can grow enough crops which directly leads to more crop production and helps people to grow proper economy.
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