Draft 2
Draft 2
Draft 2
In partial fulfilment
Of the
of the requirement
requirement
For
Forthe
theDegree
Degreeofof
By:
5AR-7
2020
August 20, 2020
Ar. RODOLFO P. VENTURA
Dean
University of Santo Tomas
College of Architecture
España Blvd., Manila
I have the honor to submit my thesis proposal entitled, “PRO-HEALTH: A Physical Rehabilitation
Center” as a partial requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture. With the
goal of making an accessible rehabilitation facility for Different-abled people, local athletes, and
occupational-injured individuals within The Cainta Rizal. The facility will aim not only to improve
the increasing rate of physical disability within Taytay Rizal but also its adjacent cities of Pasig
City, Taytay, Marikina and Antipolo.
Upon the approval of this proposal, it is understood that I shall proceed with the research work
and submit it on the designated date. Justification and other requirements for the proposal are
included herewith.
Certificate to Proceed
This Certificate is hereby given to John Gabriel R. Samson whose thesis proposal entitled
“PRO-HEALTH: A Physical Rehabilitation Center and Research Facility on
Musculoskeletal Conditions” has been carefully evaluated and endorsed by the Thesis
Adviser and has subsequently been reviewed and approved by this office.
You are now tasked to proceed with your research works in accordance with the existing
guidelines and policies of the College. You are likewise enjoined to submit the said research
work on the time and date designated by the Thesis Adviser this Semester.
As a person ages comes with an increase of health-related complications experienced. These said
complications, may it be chronic, injury, disease and etcetera…, can have an apathetic effect on
the social, mental and physical aspects of the diseased. Physical disability, according to the DSWD
National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction 2011, is the 2nd most disability that
plagues the poor communities in the Philippines, only behind vision impairment. Surgical and
nonsurgical means are done to treat these traumas; spine diseases, sports injuries, degenerative
Physical rehabilitation and its allied field of Physical Medicine promotes not only in restoring an
individual’s motor functions but also studies the root of these symptoms. This process
strengthening the core body of a person as well as to educate the mental state of each patient on
confronting different situations. (Eberhard, 2008) It is designed to restore function and quality of
life by means of therapeutic modalities, manual therapies, therapeutic exercises, and patient
education. When these therapies are chosen correctly, initiated at the right time, individualized to
the patient, and implemented in a way to ensure patient compliance, then they offer significant
potential benefit with usually minimal risk. (Wyss and Patel. 2007)
Physical rehabilitation concerns itself with providing physical healing methods for different kinds
of injuries and illnesses not only does it promote recovery but also integration of the patient to a
1
1.1. Background of the Study
Disability pertains to any condition of the body or mind makes it more difficult for the person
with the condition to do certain activities and interact with the world around them. With
as the leading contributor to disability worldwide, with lumbar pain being the leading cause
Over a billion people, or about 15% of the world’s population, are estimated to live with
restriction that is the result of the interaction between health conditions and environmental
and personal factors. Disability is can be affected by different factors of an individual’s life
these include: the activities an individual may participate, the lifestyle of an individual and
In the Philippines, the prevalence of severe disability among 15 years and older is 12%;
moderate disability, 47%; mild disability, 22%; and no disability 19%. It is indicated that
more women than men experience severe disability with the given percentages of 60 and 40
respectively. Prevalence of severe disability is highest among individuals in the oldest age
group (60 and older) at 32% and least among ages of 15 to 39 at 6%. Access to education
and work pose problem to some 25% and 34% of persons with severe disability. Vision
2
problem, back pain, arthritis, hypertension, and sleep problem are the most prevalent health
conditions for those with severe disability. The prevalence for each of these health conditions
is over 30%. Persons with moderate to severe disability report considerable levels of unmet
needs: respectively, one percent to eight percent report of those who already have personal
3
Inpatient and outpatient care are two types of rehabilitation services that is offered in the
country. Of those who received inpatient care in the last 3 years, persons with moderate
disability was highest at almost one in every two individuals (48%), second are those with
severe disability at almost one in every four (24%), then those with mild disability at one in
five (19%), and the no disability at almost one in every ten (9%) individuals.
Outpatient care received in the last 12 months was also highest among those with moderate
disability at 51 percent, the rest, mild (21%) severe (17%) and no disability (11%) also
reported to have received outpatient care in the last 12 months. For inpatient and outpatient
care needed in the last 12 months but did not get care, notably high was both for those with
moderate and severe disability levels, at four to five in every ten (48% and 41%, respectively
for inpatient care; and 43% and 35%, respectively for outpatient care) (NDPS 2016)
4
1.1.2. Current Condition of Occupational Injuries in the Philippines
According to survey by the Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics, about 358,000 fatal
and 337 million non-fatal occupational accidents in the world, and 1.95 million deaths from
work-related diseases. Occupational injuries in the Philippines showed 22,265 cases in 2003
and 47,235 cases in 2007. The manufacturing industries registered the highest number of
cases out of the reported cases of occupational injuries, 178 resulted in death in 2000, and
116 deaths in 2007. Injury occurred at 6 injury cases per 500 full-time workers or 1 injury
case for every 88 workers in 2000. In the following years, it declined to 4 cases per full-time
worker in 2003, and 3 cases for every 88 workers in 2007. Superficial injuries and open
wounds were the most common type of injuries in 2000, 2003 and 2007. (BLES, PSA 2015)
5
According to the statistics, amongst the occupation groups, plant and machine operators and
assemblers accounted for the highest share of occupational injuries with workdays lost in
2015 at 28.3 percent. This was later followed by laborers and unskilled workers at 22.8%
and service workers and shop and market sales workers at 15.9%. For 2013, laborers and
unskilled workers had the largest share of occupational injuries with w lost at 46.9 percent.
Meanwhile, corporate executives managers, managing proprietors and supervisors had the
least shares of work-related injuries with workdays lost in both 2015 (181 or 1.0%) and 2013
According to the graph, the total cases of occupational diseases in establishments reached
125,973 in 2015. This is comparatively lower by 26.7 percent than the reported cases in
2013. Among industries, 13 out of the 18 major industries nationwide reported varying levels
of declines in the number of cases of occupational diseases in 2015. The biggest decrease
6
(81.3%) was recorded in mining and quarrying from 9,255 in 2013 down to 1,735 in 2015.
On the other hand, the number of occupational diseases grew the most in real estate activities
which increased by 189.6 percent from 240 cases in 2013 to 695 in 2013. The distribution
of occupational diseases across industries in 2015 showed that administrative and support
service activities (34.3% or 43,183) and manufacturing industry (31.1% or 39,143) jointly
comprised almost two thirds (65.4%) of the total cases of occupational diseases during the
year. Meanwhile, industries which posted least shares of occupational diseases included:
water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities (0.4%); arts,
entertainment and recreation (0.3%); and repair of computers and personal and household
Cases of Occupational Diseases PSA stated that call center activities posted the highest share
of occupational diseases under administrative and support services industry Noteworthy, call
center activities (voice) exceeded all other sub-sectors in the administrative and support
services industry on the number of cases of occupational diseases in 2015 at 31,270. This is
equivalent to almost one-fourth (24.8 percent) of the total cases which means that 1 out of
every 4 cases of total occupational diseases in the industry originated from this sub-sector.
Specifically, the six occupational diseases with the highest incidences in the call center
activities (voice) subsector were as follows: back pain (23.8% or 7,428); occupational lung
essential hypertension. This may be attributed on the nature of work in the sector mostly
characterized by mental and emotional stress brought about by frequent repetitive tasks
7
coupled with prolonged sitting and lengthy verbal communication with clients. (BLES, PSA
2015)
1 out of every 3 (32.8%) occupational diseases reported in 2015 were back pains. Back pain
cases) and those that require sitting for long periods of time like that in administrative and
support service activities (25.6% or 10,581 cases) majority of which involve call center
Philippines: 2015 Cases of Occupational Diseases Number Percent Share Call Center
Activities (Voice) 31,270, Back Pain 7,428, Occupational Lung Disease 5,266, Occupational
3,410, Essential Hypertension 3,124 10.0 Other occupational diseases 3,992. Aside from
8
back pains, also included in the top five occupational diseases in 2015 were essential
hypertension (11.5% or 14,539); neck and shoulder pain (11.4% or 14,392); other work-
branch of medicine which deals with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation
9
produce temporary or permanent disability in patients as well as the performance of different
diagnostic procedures, including, but not limited to, electromyography and other electro
diagnostic techniques. It also involves specialized medical care and training of patients with
loss of function so that one may regain their maximum potential, physically, psychologically,
In the Philippines, rehabilitation services are limited, particularly in the public (government-
funded) health sector and are mainly found in major cities in Level 3 hospitals .6 Most
as defined for the scope of this paper, is a set of measures that assist individuals with
disabilities, both pre-existing and new, to achieve and maintain optimal body function in
interaction with their environment. Nationwide in 2011, there were 305 729 low-income
Rehabilitation is a set of measures that assist individuals with disabilities, both pre-existing
and new, to achieve and maintain optimal body function in interaction with their
environment. Nationwide in 2011, there were 305 729 low-income households with
members having disabilities. In the past decade, Rehabilitation Medicine as a specialty has
experienced growth in all aspects. The number of trainees, graduates, and certified diplomats
and fellows has increased tremendously. Alarming, however, is the fast pace at which
rehabilitation centers have sprouted throughout the country, all with the noble intent of
10
cardiovascular, pulmonary, and other system disorders which produce temporary or
permanent disability. Unfortunately, not all these rehabilitation centers are rendering what
they purport to render. Moreover, many of these rehabilitation centers are not headed by
Medicine) but by other medical and allied health professionals. By the nature of their
training, physiatrists are in the best position to head rehabilitation centers and supervise the
According to Brian Schaller, the environment is concretely defined as “the place”, and the
things which occur there “take place”. The place is not so simple as the locality, but
comprises of concrete things which have physical substance, shape, texture, and color, and
together join to form the environment’s personality, or setting. It is this setting which allows
certain spaces, with similar or even matching purposes, to embody very diverse properties,
in accord with the unique cultural and environmental situations of the place which they exist
(Bachelard)
abstractions of science and its unbiased objectivity. Phenomenology engages the concept of
partiality, making the thing and its unique conversations with its place the pertinent topic
11
The man-made constituents of the setting become the settlements of opposing scales, some
large - like cities, and some small - like the house. The trails between these settlements and
the many features which make the cultural environment develop the secondary defining
characteristics of the place. The difference of natural and manmade offers one the principal
stage in the phenomenological approach. The second is to succeed inside and outside, or the
connection of earth-sky. The third and final step is to measure character, or how things are
The placebo effect is known as a “fake treatment” that does not hold any active substances
itself. It helps the body heal simply by the mind’s expectation that it will heal, and the brain
then releases endorphins. Placebos can ultimately reduce swelling and pain, minimizing
stress, which makes the body better able to receive medical treatments. Charles Jencks made
full use of the architectural placebo effect, and through his work shows the importance of
environments of healing. Architecture has the power to indirectly boost the immune system.
He used this philosophy to guide his design of the Maggie’s Centres, a series of retreat
centres for people dealing with cancer. There, people receive practical and social support for
dealing with cancer in an environment that supports their emotional needs. William James,
generation is the discovery that human beings, by changing the inner attitudes of their minds,
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1.3. Statement of The Problem
The availability of hospital beds reflects the accessibility of service in a hospital. Due to the
Philippines' rapid population growth, hospital capacity has been an issue that needs to be
addressed to assure that the people received the necessary service and access to healthcare.
The study focused on evaluating the needs of Filipino patients in terms of in-patient bed
density or hospital bed ratio per ten thousand populations. Based on the data of Department
of Health, the country's health agency, only 4 out of 17 regions complied with the standard
local hospital bed ratio and in international setting, only one, the National Capital Region,
complied with World Health Organization's requirement. This poses a great challenge to
both the government and its people because the ratio is a good measure of availability, access
As of date Physical rehabilitation has always been an unmet concern in the Philippines. The
proposed project will be beneficial to the local communities in the province especially
musculoskeletal conditions that affects their lives. With Physical rehabilitation not being
accessible towards the public; available only in either in small clinics or Level 3 Hospitals;
these conditions are usually left untreated until to the point of the condition to worsen.
(PARM, 2017)
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Within the Philippines, vocational rehabilitation falls under the National Occupational
Safety and Health of the Department of Labor and Employment and the National Council
for the Welfare of Disabled Persons. At present, vocational rehabilitation to address work-
related injuries in the Philippines are provided by institutions in private sectors. Community
based in barangays however fathoms only 2% of people with disability to have access to
Philippines does not differentiate between people with general disabilities and occupational
injuries; these services therefore are addressed by mortality and sick leave rather than the
enhancement of physical, psychological and social aspects of daily life. (Olavides Soriano)
generation and mandatory reporting of data which would promote the delivery of such
services physical complications not only limited to musculoskeletal but also to other
spectrums of illnesses comes with a large amount of patients, in which the current health
care facilities cannot accommodate. According to the Philippine Statistics. Authority (2013)
in 2000 there were 935,551 disabled people which has increased to 1,443,000 in 2010. In
terms of age distribution almost 60% are from the 15-64 age range, majority of whom are at
a working age. With these, there are many conditions where therapy and rehabilitation could
make a significant contribution to improving the lives of those affected; these include low
back pain, stroke, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, road Injuries, neck pain, falls, and other
14
The project will help these professionals to recuperate and treat these conditions in order to
reduce the risk of on the job injuries and to live their lives as normal as possible With
Physical rehabilitation being an in-demand course, lack of manpower can only be attributed
Majority of Physiotherapists from the Philippines migrate to the other countries, usually 1st
world or 2nd world, as rehabilitation is a much more mainstream service in contrast to the
developing countries, such as Philippines. (PARM, 2017) The proposed project will not only
adhere to the lack of manpower in specialized field of Physical Rehabilitation and Medicine
but will also provide more job opportunities for the local professionals within the province.
With Physical rehabilitation being an in-demand course, lack of manpower can only be
migrate to the other countries, usually 1st world or 2nd world, as rehabilitation is a much
(PARM, 2017)
15
The proposed project will not only adhere to the lack of manpower in specialized field of
Rehab Medicine but will also provide more job opportunities for the local professionals
within the province. Philippines is a country susceptible to natural disasters. With disasters
having a direct correlation to the number of risks and emergency of disabilities. (World
Disaster Report 2007) The proposed project will greatly benefit the province especially
The Philippines ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities (CRPD) in 2008, and several laws and policies to promote the rights of people
with disabilities have been enacted. However, a study commissioned by Disability Rights
Promotion International (DRPI) and the National Federation of Organizations of people with
2008, found that a number of the rights of people with disabilities were regularly violated
The study interviewed people with disabilities from Metro Manila, and the Luzon,
Mindanao, and Visayas island groups. The authors highlighted that despite having several
policies and laws to protect their rights, people with disabilities often faced discrimination
in educational and employment settings, and experienced barriers to social participation and
access to health and rehabilitation services. The study recommended a set of immediate
measures to eliminate barriers to participation and for the economic empowerment of people
with disabilities. However, socioeconomic factors associated with disability and the level of
16
access to services and participation in the community compared to people without disability
The aim of the project is to educate and provide the unmet need for rehabilitation in Taytay
Rizal and to provide a facility that will both passively and actively improve the disability
condition within the province. The facility will be an integral part of the community-based
rehabilitation in Rizal. Offering accessible and sufficient service to the public and to
minimize the unconventional negative aspects of health facilities towards its patients. The
goal is to fit the ideal mold of a Rehabilitation Medicine facility in mainstreaming accessible
closer to home.
6. To create a Rehabilitation Center that will offer accessible services for the locals as well
7. To improve services on restoring the physical and social function of the disabled.
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1.6. Scope and Limitations
1.6.1. Scope
The proposed project will follow the objectives of the proposed ordinance of the Philippine
Academy Rehabilitation Medicine. The ordinance aims for the country to have a
Rehabilitation Center for each city/town. The project will include a Rehabilitation center for
both out-patient and in- patient users as additional therapeutic spaces for local athletes as
The rehabilitation center will cater physical rehabilitation for conditions including but not
and etcetera. The center will preserve the natural views and features of the area acting as a
1.6.2. Limitations
Due to different reasons, the proponent will not be able to attain some information. The
• Due to the Covid-19 pandemic limitations, travel may limit data accumulation
• Specific Data on disability is outdated (2010 and 2011). Interpolation of statistic will in
turn be used;
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1.7. Acronyms
AD - Assistive device
ADD - Adduction
Ex – therapeutic exercise
UE – upper extremity
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1.8. Definition of Terms
Acute and Sub-Acute - A classification for a short term injury or condition from when it occurs
up until four to six weeks, in contrast to a subacute injury between six to twelve weeks, and a
Chronic - A classification for a long term injury or condition, that has persisted for longer than
twelve weeks, and usually the result of overuse of one area of the body, an unresolved injury or
condition.
Contusion - Commonly known as a bruise, this is an area of injured skin or tissue where there has
Core stability - A muscular corset known as the ‘core’ surrounding the lower back and abdomen.
Stability of this region provides a solid base for movement, carrying loads and muscular support
Core strength - A cornerstone of clinical pilates, it can improve postural control and provide
Dislocation - An abnormal separation in the joint where two bones meet, potentially causing
20
Effusion - An abnormal accumulation of fluid in or around a joint, such as a knee, causing
swelling.
Eversion - The process of turning a body part outwards. For example an eversion ankle sprain,
when the sole of the foot moves outwards while the ankle rolls too far inwards, causing injury.
Extension - A movement that usually results in the straightening of a body part, as such an extensor
Fatal case – case where a person is fatally injured as a result of occupational accident whether
death occurs immediately after the accident or within the same reference year as the accident.
Flexion - The bending of a joint, and as such a flexor is a muscle that produces this movement..
Ligaments - A tough fibrous band of connective tissue that connect bones to other bones. They
Meniscus - A thin semi circular fibrous cartilage between the surfaces of some joins, for example
the knee, functioning as a smooth surface for the joint to move on and as a shock absorber.
Metatarsal - A group of five bones between the ankle region and the toes, a common area that
Motor skills - The body’s ability to perform complex muscle and nerve actions that produce co-
ordinated movement. Tying shoes or opening a bottle cap are examples of fine motor skills, where
21
movement is initiated by smaller muscles. Movements like walking and running involve Gross
arising out of or in connection with work which results in one or more workers incurring a personal
injury, disease and death. It can occur outside the usual workplace/premises of the establishment
while the worker is on business on behalf of his/her employer, i.e., in another establishment or
Occupational injury – an injury which results from a work-related event or a single instantaneous
exposure in the work environment (occupational accident). Where more than one person is injured
in a single accident, each case of occupational injury should be counted separately. If one person
is injured in more than one occupational accident during the reference period, each case of injury
to that person should be counted separately. Recurrent absences due to an injury resulting from a
single occupational accident should be treated as the continuation of the same case of occupational
Permanent incapacity – case where an injured person was absent from work for at least one day,
1) was never able to perform again the normal duties of the job or position occupied at the time of
2) will be able to perform the same job but his/her total absence from work is expected to exceed
22
Temporary incapacity – case where an injured person was absent from work for at least one day,
1) was able to perform again the normal duties of the job or position occupied at the time of the
occupational accident or
2) will be able to perform the same job but his/her total absence from work is expected not to
3) did not return to the same job but the reason for changing the job is not related to his/her inability
Workdays lost – refer to working days (consecutive or staggered) an injured person was absent
from work, starting the day after the accident. If the person is still absent from work by the end of
the reference year, his/her workdays lost cover the period from the day after the accident up to the
end of the reference year. Temporary absences from work of less than one day for medical
2.1.1. History:
23
Physical therapy originated as a professional group that dated back to Per Henrik Ling,
who is known as the “father of Swedish gymnastics.” He founded the royal Central Institute
of Gymnastics in the year 1813 for massage, manipulation and exercise. Physical therapists
(PT) who were once known as reconstruction aides evolved through a series of changes to
become the present ever-growing confident and accomplished professionals in the health
care system. They play a very important role of providing rehabilitation and habilitation
services as well as prevention and risk reduction training. The world in the year 1916
witnessed the devastating polio epidemic. It was in this period that young women began
treating polio patients with residual paralysis by using passive movements. Realizing the
need of the hour, PTs developed Manual Muscle Testing for assessing the strength of the
muscle and thereby implementing muscle re-education techniques for weaker muscles. In
the United States (US), the polio epidemic continued to ravage to such an extent that it
even afflicted a man who would become the future President of the US, Franklin D.
Roosevelt. He went through various therapies, including hydrotherapy for which in 1926
he purchased a resort at Warm Springs Georgia, which was used as a Hydrotherapy Center
for polio patients. This center presently operates as Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for
Rehabilitation.
The First World War marked the start of the profession. Throughout the world, 16 million
people were engaged in the battlefield. In 1917, the US entered the war and the need to
rehabilitate injured soldiers was recognized by the army. This led to the formation of a
special unit of the army medical department. They also developed 15 ‘reconstruction aide’
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training programs in 1917 to meet the demand of medical workers who were specially
trained in rehabilitation. In the 1920s, a partnership grew between PTs and the medical and
surgical community, which boosted public recognition and validation. In 1930s, the polio
epidemic was still ongoing, and in the year 1937 the National Foundation for Infantile
Paralysis was established, which gave major support to the growth of Physical Therapy as
a profession.
The world entered the Second World War and the Physical Therapy continued to show its
dominance by treating the individuals who sustained injuries during the war. In the first
half of 1940s with World War II at its peak, the world required the attention of PTs for
wounded soldiers who returned home with amputations, burns, cold injuries, wounds,
fractures, and nerve and spinal cord injuries. The investigation about the application of
electrical stimulation gave a new direction to the Physical Therapy treatment. They realized
it’s not just to retard and prevent atrophy but to restore muscle mass and strength. The
“galvanic exercise” was given by the PTs on the atrophied hands of patients who had an
ulnar nerve lesion from surgery upon a wound. By the year 1942, the therapists started
getting their relative military rankings. Hospital-based practice for PTs was increased by
1946. The main reason for this was the Hill Burton Act passed during 79th US Congress,
to build hospitals across the country. It increased the public access to hospitals and health
care facilities and the demand for Physical Therapy services increased. After the war, the
need for PTs declined and the training of new PTs was suspended. The PTs already on
25
active duty were included in the newly established Women’s Medical Specialist Corps
(WMSC) in 1947.
The post war era brought an increased awareness of the need for rehabilitation. During this
armamentarium of skills of the PTs. Dr. Bobath, neurologist and Mrs. Bobath,
physiotherapist together developed the Bobath concept for the treatment of children with
cerebral palsy and adults with neurological conditions. In their lifetime they travelled
extensively, in teaching and training tutors around the world. They both received many
honors for their pioneering and innovative work. In 1950s gaining independence, autonomy
and professionalism was the need of the hour for the profession when PTs progressed from
technicians to professional practitioners. Two events that took place in 1950s contributed
Service, which was made available to the state licensing boards. The Self-Employed
Section formed as a component of APTA in 1955 as private practice expanded. The role of
PTs in Cardiac Rehabilitation started expanding. In 1952, Levine and Lown openly
questioned the need for enforced bed rest and prolonged inactivity after a myocardial
infarction, which was put forward in 1930s by two physicians, Mallory and White. Based
on the work performed in a Boston hospital during the 1940s, they concluded that the long,
continued bed rest “decreases functional capacity, saps morale and provokes
complications.” Their highly published report caught the attention of many and raised
26
numerous clinical questions about the management o fnoted physician Louis Katz told the
medical community that “physicians must be ready to discard old dogma when they are
proven false and accept new knowledge.” The need to continue research on physical
activity and to assimilate this new information into the practice scheme for cardiac patients
was emphasized. Just like in the previous World Wars, the Korean War also produced a
large number of war causalities for which the services of Physical Therapy once again
proved vital. During the Vietnam War, a female PT was first among the members of AMSC
to volunteer for Vietnam duty posting at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. She arrived with the 17th
Field Hospital, Saigon, in March 1966. In South Vietnam, 43 army PTs, 33 of whom were
women, served between 1966 and February 1973. Physical Therapy restored the use of
damaged arms and legs, rehabilitated surgical wounds, increased range of motion, and
restored flexibility and strength following serious burns, and it speeded patient recovery
and repaired the wounded soldier. A major change occurred after the Vietnam conflict. The
huge army population with neuro-musculoskeletal problems was managed by very few
orthopedic surgeons. The performance record and the scope of practice required in Korea
and Vietnam led to the identification of PTs as “Physician Extenders,” who were
referral. During times of peace, PTs worked in a prescriptive environment prior to the early
1970s. Due to the increased need for PTs and the discontinuation of the army-based schools
after the war, APTA recognized the need to educate more PTs. The Schools Section of
universities and medical schools to create programs and expand existing programs,
27
including creating opportunities for graduate-level education. The decade 1967-1976 saw
the expansion of the profession into the management of orthopedics and cardiopulmonary
disorders. With the advent of open-heart surgery, Physical Therapy began to be practiced
in preoperative and postoperative units. The care to individuals with severe joint
restrictions altered with the increasing practice of joint replacements. Associations for the
promotion of the practice of animal Physical Therapy by PTs have been in existence since
1984 and are continuing to expand. Small numbers of PTs are currently engaged in animal
Physical Therapy especially for racing horses. In the 21st century, the profession has
continued to grow substantially. Patients are able to refer themselves to a PT without being
told to refer themselves by a health professional. New generation PTs consider movement
as an essential element of health and well-being, which is dependent upon the integrated,
and is affected by internal and external factors. So today’s Physical Therapy is directed
toward the movement needs and potential of individuals and populations. Though we are
in a more scientific and research-dependent era of our evolution, let us not forget those
practitioners of the past, from all professions and doctrines, who have given so much
throughout the centuries of history in Physical Therapy. (Abdul Rahim Shaik, Arakkal
2014)
2.1.2. Overview:
28
According to the Global Burden Disease, worldwide rehabilitation needs are growing in
tandem with global population growth, population aging, and higher survival rates for
people with severe health conditions and disability. The GBD 2017 reports data on injuries
in terms of their nature or consequence (e.g., hip fracture or spinal cord injury), in addition
to and apart from their cause]. This new type of data is particularly germane to the planning
Others have used GBD study data to examine rehabilitation needs. In the more recent
example, the World Health Organization used data from the GBD 2015 to examine
worldwide needs for mental and physical rehabilitation. They found a 17.6% increase from
2005 to 2015 in Years Lived Disability for health conditions associated with severe
disability, and that a remarkable 75% of the total world’s YLDs in 2015 came from health
conditions germane to rehabilitation. However, the WHO study did not examine physical
rehabilitation needs distinct from the rehabilitation of mental health conditions. The cost
of rehabilitation can be a barrier for people with disabilities in high-income as well as low-
income countries. Even where funding from governments, insurers, or NGOs is available,
it may not cover enough of the costs to make rehabilitation affordable. People with
disabilities have lower incomes and are often unemployed, so are less likely to be covered
limited finances and inadequate public health coverage, access to rehabilitation may also
for assistive technologies is a significant barrier for many. People with disabilities and their
29
Treatment for acute problems is delivered in general hospital psychiatric units, each with
support mentally ill people, based on a holistic perspective. The organization of services
Campaigns against stigma, for social inclusion of people with mental health problems, and
empowerment of patients and families have been promoted and supported centrally and
regionally. Governments in 41 of 114 countries did not provide funding for assistive
devices in 2005. Even in the 79 countries where insurance schemes fully or partially
covered assistive devices, 16 did not cover poor people with disabilities, and 28 did not
cover all geographical locations. In some cases existing programmes did not cover
maintenance and repairs for assistive devices, which can leave individuals with defective
equipment and limit its use. One third of the 114 countries providing data to the 2005 global
study did not allocate specific budgets for rehabilitation services. OECD countries appear
to be investing more in rehabilitation than in the past, but the spending is still low (WHO.
than 150 diagnoses, as symptoms that affect the normal range of motion of an individual;
these conditions may involve the muscles, bones, joints and associated tissues such as
30
these conditions are typically characterized by pain and limitations in mobility, dexterity
and functional ability, often reducing people’s capacity to work and their ability to
participate in social roles having impacts on the mental wellbeing of the individual and at
a broader level, the prosperity and progress of communities. In accord to WHO, the most
common and disabling conditions of the musculoskeletal system are osteoarthritis, back
and neck pain, fractures correlated to bone fragility, injuries and systemic inflammatory
conditions. Through life-course conditions of the musculoskeletal system are prevalent and
commonly affects people those of adolescence to of older ages. The prevalence and impact
of these conditions are forecasted to rise as the global population ages and risk factors for
diseases in multimorbidity health states. With these conditions affecting the regular
locomotor movement of an individual, it is justifiable that these conditions account for the
Neurological disorders are diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. In other
words, the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic
nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscles. These disorders include epilepsy,
neuroinfections, brain tumours, traumatic disorders of the nervous system due to head
31
Regarding the involvement of physical therapy (PT) in neurological patients, there are
several treatment methods that available for the neurorehabilitation. A commonly applied
involved patient with sensory–motor impairments, postural control (i.e., balance), and
coordination, and it does so through the knowledge of motor learning and motor control.
compensating to offset and adapt to residual disabilities, and to maintain of function over
the long term. The prevention of falls, frailty, fatigue, and sarcopenia could improve the
patient’s health and life span. PT for neurological patients also has a role in immediate or
aimed at the recovery of musculoskeletal and neurological function, limbs positioning, and
Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are diseases of the airways and other structures of the
lung. Some of the most common are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
smoke, other risk factors include air pollution, occupational chemicals and dusts, and
frequent lower respiratory infections during childhood. CRDs are not curable, however,
various forms of treatment that help dilate major air passages and improve shortness of
32
breath can help control symptoms and increase the quality of life for people with the
disease.
Physical therapy is involved in the non-medical treatment of patients with acute and
patients admitted for major surgery and patients with critical illness in intensive care.
Physical therapy contributes towards assessing and treating various aspects of respiratory
33
34
2.2.4. International Guidelines in Designing Physical Rehabilitation Facilities
35
36
37
General
• Pathways to places accessed by patients (such as latrines) should be flat or ramped where
necessary, and the ground should be compacted or levelled to facilitate safe, independent
access for people with restricted mobility, such as those using a wheelchair or crutches,
• At least one latrine should be gender neutral to allow a care provider of the opposite sex
38
• Any ramp should have a gradient of 1:20 and be equipped with a handrail 85–95 cm high
• All doors should be 90 cm wide; if possible, sliding doors should be used, otherwise, they
should open outwards. All emergency exits should remain unobstructed Step-down
facilities should ease patients’ return to their home environment by ensuring that utilities
such as latrines, showers and washrooms are as similar as possible to those in the host
Latrines
• The minimum surface of a latrine should include a turning circle of 150 cm to allow full
• Latrines, commodes or other seat adaptations should be 45–50 cm high and 45–50 cm
39
• Washbasins should be 65–70 cm from the ground and extend 35–45 cm from the wall.
Doorways
• Operational devices on doors, such as levers or pull handles, should be easy to grip with
• Showers or washrooms should have a seat 45–50 cm high, positioned for easy access to
• A grab bar should be positioned on the wall opposite the seat and around the back wall,
40
2.2.5 Case Studies
Bridgepoint Active Healthcare in Toronto is the largest facility of its kind in Canada
leaders envisioned a new way of delivering healthcare in a new kind of hospital: a civic
building - an urban centre - in which healthcare and community come together. The
intent is to blur the traditional distinction of institutional space and public access and to
41
42
The design response recognizes the role landscape, nature and community play in
supporting health. It optimizes the therapeutic benefits of natural light, access to nature,
and views of the surrounding park and city skyline to ensure patients and staff feel
constantly connected to the world outside. With an average patient stay of three months,
there was strong impetus to create an environment that facilitates recovery and wellness.
There are 7 inpatient therapy spaces and 1 outpatient therapy space within the building
physiotherapy spaces is a typical example of restricting the activity to one room. Each floor
contains one therapy gymnasium located in a corner of the building, which grant panoramic
views of the city. The layouts of the gymnasiums vary slightly from one to another, mostly
in regards to the specialized equipment used by each unit and are relatively bland with
treadmills and stationary bicycles face the windows looking outwards, while physiotherapy
beds line the wall, each divided only by curtains on ceiling tracks. In some cases, extra
equipment is stored in a corner of the room, in place of a designated area. The gyms, used
daily by various physiotherapy and occupational therapists with their patients, often
43
The distinctive building envelope contains a fenestration pattern of 492 projecting ‘pop-
out’ vertical frames – one for every patient bed – interspersed with the predominant
horizontal fenestration as counterpoint. The massing rests on a concrete flat slab structure
44
45
To mitigate the scale of this facility, a
The adjacent Don Jail (1864) has been restored and repurposed as the hospital
administrative building. A series of jail cells, the gallows and the soaring rotunda have
been preserved and are on view to the public for the first time with interpretive exhibits
about what was North America’s largest reform facility. A dynamic contrast is established
between the restored masonry of the Don Jail and the contemporary materiality of the new
Bridgepoint.
46
The new hospital building re-casts itself as an iconic landmark in order to connect the entire
precinct with the community and the city at large. Socialization is an important part of
therapy, and the building offers many gathering spaces for patients, staff and the
community, including a large ground floor terrace with a cafeteria, a therapy pool with
picture windows onto the park, an expansive green roof terrace and park trail extensions
through the hospital campus. A meditative labyrinth with a pattern of one at Chartres
47
This LEED Silver certified facility presents a healing environment that is communal and
accessible and supports wellness and recovery. The choice and variety of materials convey
this objective. Architectural details, textures and finishes de-emphasize the feeling of being
in an institution and instead offer comfort and provide an appropriate human scale and a
feeling of intimacy.
48
2.2.5.2. Woy Woy Rehabilitation Unit
Woy Woy Rehabilitation Unit, co-located and integrated with the Woy Woy Hospital
situated on the Central Coast of New South Wales. A new insertion into the existing health
services complex, the rehabilitation unit is an extension to the hospital’s clinical program
49
“Homes in the park” was a central theme in the design. The intention was to create a healing
environment through the provision of generous solar access and landscaped, therapeutic
outdoor courtyards. Towards the back of the facility, the scale of the building is broken
50
The landscape design intends to fuse the architecture of the unit with a landscape that
complements the existing environs with visual connections integrating interior and external
interior spaces and creating a sanctuary to nurture patients through the healing process.
Sitting within a parkscape environment, the new unit simultaneously plugs into the existing
Bringing the idea of “the garden” into the scheme, the patients’ spatial journey is extended
into the existing groves of eucalypts and native grasses surrounding the site. Landscaped,
tranquil courtyards that change with the passage of time have been inserted into the core
of the space, framing green spaces and enabling ideas of growth and regeneration to
51
Featuring an origami- inspired, triangulated roof at the entrance and distinctive use of brick
and timber details throughout, the design helps to create a residential feel for the exteriors.
The roof brings light into the scheme, encouraging solar access to reach internal corridors,
while the colour of the bricks, shifting from deep blue to grey and dark brown, is inspired
by the Aboriginal meaning of Woy Woy: “Wy Wy” is said to mean "much water" or "big
lagoon’.
In addition to the 30-bed rehabilitation unit, the project scope included an upgrade of the
back of house hospital services and creation of a new car park to service the rehabilitation
unit
52
2.2. Physical Rehabilitation in the Philippines
2.2.1. History
Physical therapy training in the Philippines, in its early form, started when the Department
of Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Santo Tomas
established the Section of Electrotherapeutics during school year of 1908-1909, under the
directorship of Dr. Bonito Valdes. The Assistant Director was Eulalio Martines and the
professor of Therapeutics and Electrotherapy was Dr. Ignacio Valdes. In 1916, the
curriculum used by the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery at the University of Santo Tomas
to teach physiotherapy was alongside teaching radiography. In August 1938, there was one
US Army physical therapist assigned at the Sternberg General Hospital in Manila. In 1949,
the Philippine General Hospital (PGH) established its own Physiotherapy Section under
the management of the Department of Radiology. After the relocation of the Philippine
Orthopedic Center (POC, the center was first known as the Mandaluyong General Hospital
RMC) in 1982, before becoming the Philippine Orthopedic Center in 1989) in 1963 from
Mandaluyong, Rizal to Quezon City, courses on physical therapy and occupational therapy
courses were pioneered and introduced by Benjamin V. Tamesis, the then chief physician
of the hospital.
The two courses were later absorbed by the College of Medicine of the University of the
Philippines, later transformed first as the School of Allied Medical Professions (formally
53
known as University of the Philippines - School of Allied Medical Professions, and
abbreviated as UP SAMP) and then as the College of Allied Medical Professions. At one
time, the UP SAMP was the only university in the Philippines offering a bachelor's degree
Therapy was offered by the Institute of Physical Therapy and the College of Rehabilitation
Sciences of the University of Santo Tomas. During the time, the first two years of the four-
year course was managed by the College of Science. The next two years was administered
by the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery. There were 14 students who later graduated in
1977. The four-year course became a five-year course starting the school year of 1988-
1989. The Institute became an autonomous entity within UST on December 15, 1993,
converting the title of its head into a dean.[6] The five-year academic program was
designed to train aspiring allied medical professionals, such as physical therapist clinicians
who would like to work in hospitals, out-patient physical therapy clinics, athletic and sports
training facilities, skilled nursing facilities, hospices, corporate and industrial settings. In
1976, Virgen Milagrosa Institute located north of Manila, began offering the course in
physical therapy which later converted to Bachelor of Science degree in Physical Therapy.
In 1993, the San Juan de Dios Hospital and College began to offer a Bachelor of Science
in Physical Therapy course with Dr. Bee Giok Tan-Sales as the founder and dean.
As of 2011, among the notable schools of physical therapy in the Philippines were the
Manila"), the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Virgen
54
Milagrosa University Foundation, the Cebu Doctors University, the De La Salle
University- Health Sciences Institute, the Far Eastern University-Nicanor Reyes Medical
Foundation, the Mariano Marcos State University-Batac Campus, the Velez College, the
Saint Jude College-Manila Campus, and the Iloilo Doctors' College. At present, there are
only three institutions in the Philippines where graduate physical therapists can take a
Master of Science in Physical Therapy degree. They are the University of Santo Tomas,
University of the Philippines and Our Lady of Fatima University. There are currently no
schools in the Philippines that offer a Doctorate degree in Physical Therapy. On June 21,
1969, the Board of Examiners for Physical Therapists and Occupational Therapists in the
Philippines (sometimes called as the Board of Physical and Occupational Therapy) was
approved through Republic Act No. 5680, also known as the Philippine Physical and
The law was authored by Congressman José Aldeguer of Iloilo when it was still a bill. The
Board of Examiners was composed of one chairperson, two physical therapist members,
and two occupational therapist members. On November 2, 1972, the rules and regulations
of Republic Act No. 5680 (Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Physical and
Occupational Therapy Law) that the Board of Examiners has promulgated was approved.
The first licensure examination was held on July 23, 1973 for 26 physical therapists and
1971, the Philippine General Hospital founded its own Department of Rehabilitation
and rehabilitation or PM&R), a branch of medicine that aims to enhance and restore
55
functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities. It is
related to physical therapy. In 1974, a residency program was started by the Philippine
General Hospital for aspiring physiatrists. Physiatrists are medical personnel who are also
known by the name rehabilitation medicine specialists. They are focused in restoring
optimal function to people who had sustained injuries to the muscles, the bones, the tissues,
and the nervous system (such as stroke patients). The (PPTA) is the main organization of
physical therapists in the Philippines. It was founded by the first Bachelor of Science
degree in Physical Therapy graduates of the University of the Philippines - School of Allied
Inoturan. Apart from being accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)
of the Philippines, it is also a member of the international organization known as the World
2.2.2. Overview
Data in the Philippines pertaining to disability contains limited evidence. This in turn can
frustrate the development of health policy which might increase awareness about disability
and ways in which to encourage investment in therapy and rehabilitation services (WHO,
the Alma Ata Primary Health Care Declaration signed in 1978 and the objective of primary
health care for all, this worthy objective became national policy in 2000 (Paterno, 2013).
In order to achieve this, a national health insurance programme (PhilHealth) was initiated
56
universal healthcare by 2010 and the Filipino administration has previously expressed
According to the WHO (2011) people with disabilities can be denied equal access to
healthcare, employment, education, and political participation and their dignity can be
compromised as a result. It appears also that people with disabilities are more likely to be
unemployed and earn less when employed, making it difficult to benefit from development
and escape poverty (WHO, 2011). There are estimated to be eight million people with
disabilities in the Philippines with limited therapy options outside of the private sector
that work not only fosters financial stability and independence but can contribute towards
and community based in barangays (or villages); however only 2% of people with a
Philippine Statistics Authority (2013) in 2000 there were 935,551 disabled people which
has increased to 1,443,000 in 2010. In terms of age distribution almost 60% are from the
15-64 age range, so these are largely working age individuals. It appears that there are
many conditions where therapy and rehabilitation could make a significant contribution to
improving the lives of those affected; these include low back pain, stroke, ischemic heart
disease, diabetes, road Injuries, neck pain, falls, and other musculoskeletal disorders
(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2010) services for the whole population. In
57
recent years the delivery of therapy and rehabilitation services has primarily been through
community based rehabilitation programmes, a model for which has been in place since
1989. Although there are limited studies relating to the impact of therapy and rehabilitation
services in the Philippines there is some evidence to highlight the very real benefits that
are possible. Magallona and Datangel (2011: 48) found that 67% of participants in a
improvement” within less than a year of therapy. For those who participated in the
programme for more than one year but less than two, remarkable clinical improvements
were noted in 73% of participants. These are encouraging findings and demonstrate the
potential positive impact of rehabilitation. The WHO (2011) has called for more research
in developing countries to better understand the benefits of health programmes for people
with disabilities including rehabilitation services for the whole population. In recent years
the delivery of therapy and rehabilitation services has primarily been through community
based rehabilitation programmes, a model for which has been in place since 1989.
Although there are limited studies relating to the impact of therapy and rehabilitation
services in the Philippines there is some evidence to highlight the very real benefits that
are possible. Magallona and Datangel (2011: 48) found that 67% of participants in a
improvement” within less than a year of therapy. For those who participated in the
programme for more than one year but less than two, remarkable clinical improvements
were noted in 73% of participants. These are encouraging findings and demonstrate the
potential positive impact of rehabilitation. The WHO (2011) has called for more research
in developing countries to better understand the benefits of health programmes for people
58
with disabilities including rehabilitation. Vocational rehabilitation could be considered as
an integral aspect of an effective healthcare system as such services play a vital role in
addressing work-related disability and at the same time improve the active involvement of
the Philippines, initial research priorities could include studies to confirm the number of
people living with disability and the nature of their disability as well as detail regarding the
DOH
59
2.4. Activity Flow Chart for Rehabilitation Centers
3.1. Introduction
This chapter will discuss the methodology utilized by the researcher in gathering data from
different modes and sources. It will give emphasis and detail on what and why were these modes
used for data gathering. This chapter will also cover in detail on how these data are gathered and
its relationship to the study. Data was primarily taken from Journals and Books pertaining to the
but not exclusive to, Healing Environment Design, Management of Medical Facilities, Relevance
of Musculoskeletal Conditions in the Philippines and the psychology and physiology of patients
with MsC. Interviews will be made to different professionals, ideally practitioners that makes of
the facility at hand. These include, Physical Therapists, Specialized Doctors, Physical
Rehabilitation Directors (Either Independent Organizations or Health Facilities) and those with
60
Qualitative research will be used in the gathering of data. Questioners and interviews will be given
to each research participants followed bt inductive exploration of the data gathered. The data
gathered will be used to identify recurring themes, patterns, or concepts and commonalities in
Qualitative will be used to identify the integral environment, setting, and conditions to be met on
designing the facility. This data will be taken from key professionals as well as government
officials from Taytay Rizal that manages the Community-based rehabilitation program
Quantitative research will involve the user demographics of the said users.
Different research instruments were used to gather the needed information of the study. These are
used to maintain the validity and effectivity of the data for current and future studies.
3.3.1. Questionnaires
key officials in the different government agencies and both dependent and independent
organizations.
61
Laws and ordinances pertaining to disability and medical practice will be considered in the
study. Statistics will be taken from government agencies, independent organizations and
context. The aim of this approach is to give insight on the hierarchy, zoning, user flow, and
other aspects that should be considered in design. The approach aims to give further
understanding on what requirements should be met on the study and how are these met.
3.3.4 WWW
Data was taken from medical journals online as well from official Government websites.
The data was also taken from Official International Organizations such the World Health
Organization
3.3.5. E-Books
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Physical rehabilitation has a wide demographic of users. Severity and purpose could vary
from user to user. Physical Rehabilitation Center user’s are usually those of different-abled
individuals, injured or diseased, and also those need of extra guidance due to old age.
Disability can plague not only the individual but its contribution to the community. A
rehabilitation center is a health facility that handles transitional care from hospital to home.
Indirect participants will include the families of the users, the staff members and other
The theoretical Framework will give focus on the four main conditions to be assessed in the
project. The framework will entail the needs of the demographic as well as the conditions that must
63
be met to address these said need. The theoretical framework will mostly be used in identifying
the ideal site in consideration the facilities and users available within and area.
3.6. Timelines
4.1 Introduction
This chapter will involve the process of site selection of the given project. The section will
elaborate the given site selection criteria and provide justification and thorough investigation
towards the chosen site. The site selection will also be affected by the data taken from the
following: Philippine Statistics Authority, Philippine Orthopedic Center, and DSWD Disability
Housing Population
The following are the criteria formulized in the site selection process. Each criterion will
64
The location should have available routes that may accommodate both public and private
modes of transportation. The site must also be easily located by the users
Score: Evaluation:
The location should be, ideally, in close approximate distance with essential institutional
Score: Evaluation:
The site must be, as much as possible, relatively flat as a requirem for medical facilities.
Flat slope of the site can also provide easy movement for the differently-abled users.
65
Score: Evaluation:
The total lot area of the site must be capable of accommodating all the facilities for the
project considering the different rehabilitation spaces, open recreational spaces and
inpatient facilities.
Score: Evaluation:
Access to basic services such as electricity, communication, and water connection and
66
Score: Evaluation:
Score: Evaluation:
The site must both have a good sun and wind orientation that can provide a positive
Score: Evaluation:
67
1
Cainta, officially the Municipality of Cainta is a 1st class municipality in the province of
Rizal, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 322,128 people. It
is one of the oldest municipalities in Luzon and has a land area of 4,299 hectares Cainta
serves as the secondary gateway to the rest of Rizal province from Metro Manila. With the
continuous expansion of Metro Manila, Cainta is now part of Manila's conurbation, which
reaches Cardona in its easternmost part, and is therefore one of the most urbanized towns.
As second most populous municipality in the Philippines there are efforts underway to
convert it into a city. Its total assets amounting to Php 3,988,392,142.17 makes it the richest
4.3.2. Topography
Rizal is bordered by Metro Manila to the west, Bulacan to the north, Quezon to the east,
and Laguna to the southeast. The province also lies on the northern shores of Laguna de
68
Bay, the largest lake in the country. Rizal is a mountainous province perched on the western
slopes of the southern portion of the Sierra Madre mountain range. Topography is
characterized by a combination. The flat low-lying areas are located on the western while
the gently rolling hills and a few rugged ridges in the eastern portion.
The Province in general is hilly and mountainous in terrain, most of the province's southern
towns lie in the shores of Laguna de Bay, the country's largest inland body of water..[1]
Talim Island, the largest island situated within the Laguna de Bay, is under the jurisdiction
of the province.
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4.4.4. Climate
4.5. Socio-Economic
Rizal covers a total area of 1,191.94 square kilometres (460.21 sq mi)[9] occupying the
northern-central section of the Calabarzon in Luzon. The province is bordered on the north
by Bulacan, east by Quezon, southeast by Laguna, south by the Laguna de Bay, and west
by Metro Manila. Located 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Manila, commuters take
approximately an hour to reach the provincial seat which is in Antipol. Rizal comprises 13
70
4.7 Micro Site Analysis
71
The site is a 2.4 hectare lot located at Felix Avenue, Cainta Rizal. The area compromises a
mix of commercial, education and medical facilities. Three level II hospitals can be found
5km away from the site while 2 major sports complexes are located within 6 meters from
the site. Despite a creek fronting the rear of the site, the lot experiences little to medium
According to the National Disability Survey CALABARZON holds the most number of
disabilities in the country. Rizal, according to the annual report of the Philippines
Orthopedic Center, ranks 2nd in admittance outside of the NCR. Taytay, Cainta and
Antipolo have the most, 11th and 3rd most number of disability respectively in the Province
of Rizal. Cainta being near municipalites and cities with the likes of Marikina, Antipolo,
Tatay and Pasig City offers potential not only for local users but also users from adjacent
cities. The site selection process involves basis of PSA data as well as availability of users
72
as well as workers. Our Lady of Fatima Univrersity is in close proximity in the site. The
undergraduate and graduate course. With an average of 20 board passers per year (2016-
2018), the site will surely benefit from the institution in terms of employment potential.
The site was chosen in consideration of the distance of the following locations; Marikina
is home for numerous of nursing homes; Taytay has the most number of disabilities in the
whole province as well the Taytay sports complex; Antipolo has the third most disability
as well as Sports hub complex; Pasig with the 2nd most number in the NCR 2nd district and
is close proximity with the Philsports Complex. The site although part of the medical
facilities area it is mostly fronted with recreational areas. This can help the patients to feel
less in medical facility but more on a recreational space itself. The site is in close proximity
with residential areas such as Filinvest residentials. The frontal road is a main road that
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4.7.3. SWOT Analysis
Strengths: Weaknesses:
Complex (5km)
74
- Area of Cainta is adjacent to the
Opportunities: Threats:
care
must be considered
elders.
OJT
75
76