Unit-1 Gerund & To Infinitive & Bare Infinitive
Unit-1 Gerund & To Infinitive & Bare Infinitive
Unit-1 Gerund & To Infinitive & Bare Infinitive
UNIT 1
GERUND, TO INFINITIVE & BARE INFINITIVE
PRE – TEST
Direction: These questions are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four
words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that the best
complete the sentence.
16. When I was a child, I could …….. in 23. The Go-jek rider had a difficult ……..
the lake. the customer‟s house just now.
A. swam A. find
B. swims B. to find
C. swim C. finding
D. swimming D. found
24. I think, the table is so heavy for Markus
17. The man has strength enough ……..
that big box. ……..
A. to lift A. to move
B. lift B. move
C. lifted C. moving
D. lifting D. moved
25. When I walked in to the apartment, I
18. They went to Medan …….. their
grandparents. heard my roommate …….. in the
A. to visit slower.
B. visited A. singing
C. visiting B. to sing
D. visit C. sang
D. sing
C. to apply
26. In …….. the theory in the classroom D. applied
activities is very difficult for the
graduations.
A. applying
B. apply
GERUND
A. Apa itu GERUND?
GERUND adalah sebuah kata kerja yang berakhiran “–ing” yang berasal
dari kata kerja dasar (Bare Infinitive) ditambah dengan “-ing”.
Perhatikan contoh berikut:
Bare Infinitive Gerund
Bare Infinitive ing
tell telling
speak speaking
study studying
operate operating
tell telling
FUNGSI Gerund adalah sebagai kata benda dan GERUND dapat juga
disebut “Present Participle (Verb + ing).
Pattern:
Subject + Predicate (Certain Verb) + Object (Gerund) + Adverb….!
Perhatikan contoh –contoh mulai dari A s/d F di bawah ini. Kata depan
diikuti oleh “GERUND” yang bergaris bawah berfungsi sebagai kata
keterangan, dimana yang diterangkan adalah kata kerja yang bercetak
miring berwarna merah.
Ada beberapa kata kerja yang didahului oleh kata depan “ to “ dan
juga diikuti oleh GERUND antara lain :
confess to dedicate to
object to to be used to
advance to get used to
look forward to to be accustomed to
to be opposed to key to, dll
Examples:
I look forward to waiting you for an interview.
The applicants are looking forward to calling for further
interview.
She looks forward to hearing from you soon.
Examples:
You can model functional language for students by speaking
naturally.
She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road.
Examples:
It is no use studying without practicing
It is worth reading source books.
She is busy preparing for the exams.
She usually can‟t help laughing when she hears a joke.
I am used to eating Gudeg Yogya.
He gets used to living near the airport.
Sara is accustomed to wearing a tie during his work.
[
7. Setelah kata kerja panca indra, harus diikuti oleh GERUND juga:
see observe
hear keep
feel find
smell catch
listen (to) leave
look (at) notice, watch
9. Kata kerja prasa berikut setelah kata depan “to” harus diikuti oleh
“GERUND” juga:
to look forward to
to take to
to be accustomed to
to get around to
to be used to
Examples:
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
I am used to waiting for buses.
She didn't really take to studying English.
10. Kata kerja setelah kata depan berikut harus diikuti oleh GERUND:
accuse of disapprove of prevent from
agree on dream of remind of
apologize for feel like result in
approve of feel up to return to
believe in forget about save from
blame for forgive for succeed in
care about insist on suspect of
complain keep from take to
about lead to talk into
complain of long for talk out of
confess to look forward thank for
consent to to think about
consist in mean by think of
consist of object to work on
count on pay for worry about
depend on persist in
Examples:
They accused him of stealing their money.
She blames him for losing her suitcase.
Excuse me for interrupting you.
Thank you for coming.
He talked them into investing in his project.
He insists on buying a new car.
Examples:
They have a swimming pool in their back yard.
I bought some new running shoes.
I am giving Sally a driving lesson.
Sebagai tambahan, Gerund dapat juga dibentuk ke dalam Kalimat Pasif. Jika
Gerund di dalam kalimat pasif, kata kerjanya sebagai prediket harus kata
kerja tertentu, antara lain: enjoy, remember , hate, lake, Forget, recall,
postpone, miss, prefer, keep, delay, consider, avoid, mind, dislike, stop,
postpone, finish, quit, delay, tolerate, suggest, practice, regret, admit, recall,
detest, resume, anticipate, bear, begin, complete, continue, discuss, forget,
practice, recall, etc.
Perhatikan pattern dan examples berikut:
Pattern:
enjoy, remember , hate, lake, forget,
recall, postpone, miss, prefer, keep,
S delay, consider, avoid, mind, dislike,
stop, postpone, finish, quit, delay, Being Past Compliment
tolerate, suggest, practice, regret, Participle
admit, recall, detest, resume,
anticipate, bear, begin, complete,
continue, discuss, forget, practice,
recall, etc.
Examples:
NO Kalimat Pasif Perjemahan
1 I don‟t enjoy being laughed by other
people.
2 I remember being taken to Landon as a Saya igat dibawa ke Landon saat
small child. masih kecil.
3 Most film stars hate being interviewed. Kebanyakan bintang film benci
diwawancarai.
4 The little girl like being pampered. Anak perempuan kecil itu suka
dimanjakan.
5 I enjoyed being asked to join his Saya senang diminta gabung ke
discussion. diskusi dia.
Kemudian, setelah kata depan (preposition) ada kata kerja di depannya, dan
kita igin megolah kata kerja tersebut menjadi pasif , kita cukup
menambahkan “being‟ lalu diikuti “PAST PARTICIPLE”. Perhatikan
pattern dan examples berikut:
Pattern:
excited about, put off, give up, keep on,
be fond of, get/be used to, get/be tired of, Past
S Being Compliment
be interested in, etc. Participle
Examples:
NO Kalimat Pasif Perjemahan
1 The children are excited about being Anak-anak itu menyenangkan dibawa
taken to the zoo. ke kebun binatang.
2 After being killed, the girl‟s passion was Setelah dibunuh, harta milik wanita
taken by the robbers. itu dibawah oleh perampok itu.
3 My little child is fond of being read by Anak kecil saya gemar dibacakan oleh
his mom some English stories.
ibunya beberapa cerita bahasa inggris.
4 I don‟t know why they are interested in Saya tidak tau mengapa mereka
being ordered to do anything? gemar/suka diperintah untuk
melakukan apapun
5 Before being printed, the teacher Sebelum dicetak, guru tersebut
recheck all the items carefully. mencek kembali semua soal-saol itu
dengan hati-hati.
Pattern:
excited about, put off, give up, keep on, be fond of,
S
get/be used to, get/be tired of Past Participle + …….!
Being
Examples:
1 Being accompanied with him is a bad idea. Ditemani olehnya merupakan ide
S be SC yang buruk
2 My brother enjoyed being taken to the beach. Saudara laki-laki saya senang
S P Object Adv dibawa kepantai.
3 My brother is happy of being taken to the beach. Saudara laki-laki saya senang
S be SC Object of Preposition dibawa kepantai.
TO – INFINITIVE VERBS
A. Apa itu To-Infinitive?
To - Infinitive adalah sebuah kata kerja yang terdiri dari “to” ditambah
dengan kata kerja dasar (bare infinitive). Perhatikan contoh berikut:
B. Penggunaan To-infinitive
Ketika “to-infinitive” berfungsi sebagai kata benda (NOUN), to-
infinitive dapat menduduki beberapa posisi di dalam sebuah kalimat,
antara lain berfungsi sebagai: (1) subjek (subject) , (2) objek langsung
(direct object) , (3) subjek pelengkap (subject complement) dan (4) kata
sifat atau kata keterangan, dll.
Dibawah ini akan dibahas satu persatu.
Pattern :
S + P (Certain Verb) + Obj+ To-infinitive (Obj Pelengkap )
Adv….!
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini. “To-infinitive” yang bergaris bawah
berfungsi sebagai objek pelengkap (object complement ) dari setiap
kalimat tersebut.
My manager told me to attend the meeting tomorrow.
object complement
The taxi driver was ordered to pick Mr. Blue up at the airport.
object complement
Ada beberapa kata sifat yang dapat diikuti dengan “to infinitive”.
Perhatikan di bawah ini kata sifat yang umum diikuti to infinitive:
Pattern:
We were happy to come to the end of our journey
(Means: We were happy because we had come to the end of our
journey)
John was surprised to see me.
(Means: He was surprised because he saw me)
Examples:
No Gerund To-infinitive
1 Jack forgets taking out the cat. Jack forgets to take out the cat.
Tensisnya Simple Present Tense Tensisnya Simple Present Tense dan diikuti
dan diikuti GERUND, maka To-infinitive, maka maknanya adalah Si
maknanya adalah Si Jack Jack terus lupa ( setiap hari
melakukanya dimasa lampau tetapi lupa/merupakan kebiasaan)
Dia tidak mengigatnya sekarang.
2 Jack forgot taking out the cat. Jack forgot to take out the cat.
Tensisnya Simple Past Tense dan diikuti
Tensisnya Simple Past Tense dan
To-infinitive, maka maknanya adalah Si
diikuti GERUND, maka maknanya
Jack tidak pernah melakukanya di masa
adalah Si Jack melakukanya dimasa
lampau.
lampau tetapi Dia tidak
mengigatnya di masa lalu juga.
3 Jack remembers taking out the cat. Jack remembers to take out the cat.
Tensisnya Simple Present Tense Tensisnya Simple Present Tense dan diikuti
dan diikuti GERUND, maka To-infinitive, maka maknanya adalah Si
maknanya adalah Si Jack Jack terus megigatnya ( setiap hari
melakukanya dimasa lampau dan megigatnya /merupakan kebiasaan)
Dia masih mengigatnya hingga
sekarang.
4 Jack remembered taking out the cat. Jack remembered to take out the cat.
Tensisnya Simple Past Tense dan Tensisnya Simple Past Tense dan diikuti
diikuti GERUND, maka maknanya To-infinitive, maka maknanya adalah Si
adalah Si Jack melakukanya di masa Jack melakukanya di masa lampau.
lampau tetapi Dia mengigatnya
juga dimasa lampau.
Examples:
He came here in order to study English.
A teacher needs to have good communication skills in order to do
her job well.
In order to communicate effectively with other people, one must
have a reasonably accurate idea of what they do and do not know
that is pertinent to the communication.
In 1980, China established four special economic zones in order
to attract foreign investors, technology and expertise.
Business leaders are calling on the government to cut taxes in
order to boost the economy.
Pattern:
want, hope, need, promise, agree, attempt,
S try, decide, learn , hope , propose , forget,
fail , prepare, tend, expect , intend, claim , to be Past Compliment
intend , refuse, expect, plan, pretend, Participle
demand, offer , seem, hesitate , neglect,
decide, desire , plan , strive, wish etc.
Examples:
NO Kalimat Pasif Perjemahan
1 Jack hopes to be cashed his loans soon. Jack berharap dicairkan pinjamanya
sesegera.
2 He promised to be picked by her lady up Dia berjanji untuk dijemput oleh
to the airport. nyoyanya di bandara.
3 The little girl wants to be kissed by her Anak kecil itu igin dicium oleh
daddy. ayahnya.
4 This car needs to be repainted again. Mobil ini perlu dicat kembali.
14.Kata Tanya “how, when, where, who “ dapat juga diikuti dengan “to-
infinitive”. Namun, tidak semua kata kerja dapat ditempatkan setelah
Kata tanya tersebut, anatara lain:
ask know
decide show
explain tell
forget understand
Catatan:
Kata tanya yang ditempatkan di tegah kalimat yang di atas tidaklah
murni sebagai Kaliamat Tanya langsung, akan tetapi Kaliamat Tanya
tersebut berfungsi sebagai KATA PENGHUBUNG.
Jika kata tanya ditempatkan di awal dan diikuti subjek dan kemudian
kata kerja, ini baru murni Kaliamat Tanya langsung.
QW + helping Verb + S + Bare Infinitive+ …?
A: How did you make the cakes?
B: I made them by baking, etc.
BARE-INFINITIVE
A. Apa itu Bare Infinitive?
Bare Infinitive adalah kata kerja tanpa „to” , misalnya:
invite
like
speak
tell
use, dll.
Pattern:
Modal
S will/shall/would/should Bare Infinitive Object Adverb
/can/could/must/might/
must, etc.
3. Bare Infinitive dapat ditempatkan setelah helping verbs ( Kata Kerja bantu) ,
seperti : does not, do not and did not.
“Does not dan do not” digunakan untuk Simple Present Tense dan
“Did not” digunakan untuk bentuk Past Tense.
Pattern:
Helping Verb
Subject do not Bare Infinitive Object Adverb
does not
did not
Helping Verb
Do not Subject Bare Infinitive Object Adverb
Does not
Did not
Examples:
She lets her children stay up very late
I made them give me my money back
Kesimpulanya:
Setelah kata kerja tertentu antara lain: let, make, see, hear, feel, watch,
notice, help harus diikuti Bare Infinitive (kata kerja dasar) :
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1
A gerund is a verb that is used in a sentence as a noun. Like a noun, it can have many functions,
such as subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition. Now, identify the
underlined phrases whether they are functioned as: subject, predicate, direct object, subject
complement, and object of preposition, and adverbial modifier.
1. They do not appreciate my singing.
2. They are playing soccer now.
3. My cat's favorite activity is sleeping.
4. Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than what we're trying to do.
5. He was accused of having stolen this necklace.
6. What are you doing now?
7. On opening the door, I saw him.
8. Gambling is a very dangerous occupation.
9. The main occupations of the Slavonic tribes were hunting, fishing, bee-keeping and herding.
10. In applying some techniques, it is needed to comprehend them previously
EXERCISE 2
An infinitive is a verb that has not been conjugated (changed to show person or tense). In English,
infinitives generally use to with the base (present) form of the verb. The infinitive can work as a
noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Now, identify the underlined phrases whether they are
functioned as: noun, adjective, and adverb.
1. To drive would be my first choice. Mom's first choice is to fly.
2. He wanted to win the game.
3. She's got a ticket to ride.
4. To win the tournament, Tiger Woods changed his swing.
5. Watermelons are good fruits to eat.
6. We used our binoculars to see.
7. To drive to Chicago would be my first choice. Mom's first choice is to fly to her hometown.
8. Watermelons are good fruits to eat when you are hot.
9. We used our binoculars to see the dolphins in the ocean.
10. I told your father not to bring your puppy when he came to pick you up.
11. He warned you never to drive without your driver's license.
12. To finish her shift without spilling another pizza into a customer's lap is Michelle's only goal
tonight.
13. Lakeisha hopes to win the approval of her mother by switching her major from fine arts to
pre-med.
14. The best way to survive Dr. Peterson's boring history lectures is a sharp pencil to stab in your
thigh if you catch yourself drifting off.
15. Kelvin, an aspiring comic book artist, is taking Anatomy and Physiology this semester to
understand the interplay of muscle and bone in the human body functions as an adverb
because it explains why Kelvin is taking the class.
EXERCISE 3
Direction: Read each sentence below, and put the verbs in brackets into the correct form: gerund,
bare infinitive, or to-infinitive.
Example:
_________ in the ocean has been Sharon‟s passion since she was five years old. (swim)
Swimming in the ocean has been Sharon‟s passion since she was five years old.
EXERCISE 4
Direction: Read the following sentences. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then
indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. ___ After circled the airport, the plane landed on the main runway.
2. ___ Bill avoided do his math assignment because the World Series was on.
3. ___The young man doesn't mind tell them my opinion.
4. ___ Becoming a millionaire is a dream of many young people today.
5. ___ Natalie objected to my borrow her hockey stick.
6. ___ The man had to says the truth in court.
7. ___ The president decided not to participating in the discussions.
8. ___ My friend promised to found the time to help me move.
9. ___ The children are playing the yard now.
10. ___ Walk in the morning is very nice for the heart.
11. ___ The security heard the two thieves enter to the building.
12. ___ My oldest brother, Jack is interested in read linguistic books.
13. ___ We were hoping to avoid traffic by leaving early.
14. ___ He is used to lived alone. She is accustomed to getting up early.
15. ___ Compulsory vaccination prevented the disease from spread.
POST TEST
Direction: These questions are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see five
words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), (D), and (E). Choose the one word or phrase that the best
complete the sentence.
92. New synthetic material has improved the construction of artificial body parts
A B C
by provide both the power and the range of for a natural limb.
D
93. Computers have made access to information instantly available just by push a few
A B C D
buttons.
94. A sore throat interferes with daily life by make swallow difficult.
A B C D
95. Luther Burbank earned the funds to go west by sale his new ideas about growing
A B C D
potatoes.
96. Public health experts say that the money one spends avoiding illness is less than cost
A B C
to be sick.
D
97. Luther Burbank was a pioneer in the process of graft immature plants onto fully
A B C
mature plants.
D
98. A fiber-optic cable across the Pacific went into service in April 1989, link the United
A B C D
and Japan.
99. Hay fever symptoms, ranged from mild to severe, differ in degree according to the
A B C D
individual.
100. Some fish use their sense of smell as a guide when return to a spawning site.
A B C D
GOOD LUCK
SHN
59 FBS - UNINDRA PGRI JAKARTA By Selamat H. Napitupulu