Atma Vilakam PDF

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AGATHIYAN
PRODUCTION
HOUSE
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Kzashfhaulf, jufuaT 641305
elgfGhfhadyplf, ejaplfhkfKzaf
98420 27383
98425 50987
Atma Vilakam
by Thavayogi Thangarasan Adigal
Published by Sri Agathiar Gnana Peedam
Thooripalam, Kallar 641305
Methupalaiyam
Coimbatore
98420 27383
98425 50987
An Agathiyan Production House Publication 2012

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w<jofoak Mialsjyf ia[fdj JtshfH .................... 10
mskf;LkfK Fxjyaaf ia[fdj JtshfH ....................... 13
kiepajs k_fj;amof Fxjyaaf ia[fdj JtshfH ...... 16
LofOd; ................................................................. 21
1 ]aolf ........................................................... 25
]ao ia[fI .................................................. 28
]ao laafjfjlf –............................................ 31
]aolf whTlf i[sLdtjyf .......................... 32
2 Aofla .......................................................... 37
AofflaIlf Fkof AtftUlf .......................... 38
Aofl wkysI ............................................... 40
Aofl ]aolf ................................................ 46
losk Akfla.................................................. 49
<qiakfla h;alakfla..................................... 54
3 wlpfhfwha:yf .............................................. 58
Sdtiof Wofhiof paaf? .............................. 64
msius_fjlf ...................................................... 65
msimjfks .......................................................... 66
Dpsuf mjfks .................................................... 67
<qiof ............................................................. 68
4 lolf .............................................................. 71
h;sMkfk lolf ................................................. 97
wiyslolf ..................................................... 97
Dyflolf..................................................... 100
lolf WofOlf lap vgfMljf j:is ............. 101
lolf Hkfks Fj_fja;lf mskfklf ....................... 106
Dbafmfms DbafI lolf ................................ 109
5 kkfKi_fjyff ................................................. 111
kkfKi isyjfjlf ........................................... 127
6 h]fm^k_fjyf .............................................. 129
h]fm^kLlf Fkof kkfKiLlf ..................... 132
h]fm^kLlf DgUlff................................... 133
h]fm^k_fjysof wmpufhaGjyf .................. 143
h]fm^k ndg .............................................. 147
7 Fnfkjfja;blf.............................................. 155
8 koflakfksd;jyf ........................................... 159
9 hs;h]fmlf ..................................................... 165
hs;h]fm hasballf ....................................... 170
is]f]ao enajfjsuf hs;h]fmlf .................... 174
10 VysPlf wihfhLlf ....................................... 189
11 ekatftlf ...................................................... 195
Dpsafjysof ekatftlf................................... 197
l;blf.......................................................... 199
hstiak wnts ............................................... 202
12 SofHtfT ia[ Dguf nulf ehBkuf ........ 206
13 epajlf ........................................................ 214
Fgfga_fj epajlf ....................................... 216
Spllf ......................................................... 218
nspllf .......................................................... 218
Amolf ........................................................ 220
hs;abpallf ................................................ 222
14 cmfMjfjatfTlf loskOlf.............................. 225
Miamlff ........................................................ 237
15 kspaolf ....................................................... 260
Sufutkfkaaf kspaolf wmpfiK Whfhx?...... 265
KtI ia[fjfdj............................................ 268
kspaokfksof Fimsplf is]f]ao enajfjsuf .. 270
FB ........................................................... 272
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FB h;laB ltfTlf Dpsaf ekatftlf ....... 276
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luapaisuf wjga Feua|fgaasUlf
11
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ia[fnfkaaf.
Mialsjyff ksaseuaj m]fmaas. luapaisuf hu
D:ikfksuf hu Xafjysuf F_fj_fej jagfms
wjaGkfkaaf.
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12
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13
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hdojfJylf F:jsuf hstnfkaaf.
14
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WofT ejgfj isdypaxjf wjabfx:nfk Fhf
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ekatftlyskfkdkhf Fhfhaufp ipksuf jbfgaaf.
Fxjfjx mjm mlaks wha:nfks jqe[ is{nfK
isGiaaf.
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infkdgnfkaaf. AT AbfGjyf j[skfK 1928 Alf
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Flfdldp lbnfkaaf. hstJ lThxPlf kosep
luapa infkdgnfkaaf. FhfehaK w<jofoak
Mialsjyauf Si:jfJ kqgfdm k;hfwhtftK.
hsofoaf kapfnaG ks:lfhs lThxPlf 1940 Suf
luapa infkdgnfkaaf. mskf;LkfK Fxjyf 1947
Suf kapfnaG ks:hfhspKlf F[jofJylf Woft
Xasuf F:wyays lglf nsTis ldois ljdo
kiwnts k{imf wmpfkaaf. Fxjyaaf moflaafjfj
ehakdojdy rts infkaaf. hsofoaf
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wkag_fjsoaaf.
15
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16

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k_fj;amof Fxjyaaf Fiafjyf Ed[ wnmiayaf
JGlfhkfksuf coftaiK ljiajhf hstnfkiaf.
hxhfHjfJjf rg imkspsofts Fxhfhdg jufis
jtfjei i[spsofts F:lfhaG hgfGkf Foftag
wmpfkskfkayf isnsepajlf wmpfK Fksuf jsdgkfk
17
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18
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laThga jufuaT lduphfha
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AJlf.
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19
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Fjkfkspaf ltfTlf ks:iyfYiaf Lkuf iyfyuaaf

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Fxjyaaf kiepajspsof FbffgLlf hsbfgLlf
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jgnfk 12 AbfGjyaj jufuatsuf ki ia[fdj

eltfwjabfG ia{lf jaukfksuf Sdt
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hufeiT Sg_fjysuf Fjkfkspaf ]ao
hqgjfjqdyjdy nsTisoaaf.
leumsp LkuaiK Duj mskfkaf wnts
lanagfxUlf, kls[j S;bfgaiK Duj mskfkaf
wnts lanagfxUlf kdudlhf H;iu;aj
isy_fjsoaaf.
21
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xd;nw xd;iwj;jhd; ikakhf bfhz;L Mdhy;
mJ v';nf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W bjupahky; njoj;
njo Xahky; miyfpd;wd. mJjhd; ,d;gk;;
,d;gk; ,d;gk;. Mk; ,d;gkhd thH;f;if.
22
nkYk; nkYk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; njo bghd;

bghUs; nghd;wtw;iw nrh;g;gjd; nehf;fk; me;j
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ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfj;jhd;.
,jw;F Kjy; mog;gilahd njit bghd;

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jhd;.
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nghJk; ,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gj;ij mila
,d;g[w;W thH.
,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gk; ek;kplk; jhd;

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vd;w mwpt[ xd;nw nghJk;.
ehk; ahh; vd;gij bjhpe;Jbfhz;lhny nghJk;

,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gj;ij mila.
23
ek;ikg;gw;wp bjhptJ vd;why; cz;ikapy;
 ehk; ahh;/
 Md;kh vd;why; vd;d/
 mwpt[ my;yJ "hdk; vd;why; vd;d/
 Mj;k "hdk; vd;why; vd;d/
 kdk;/
 bjspe;j kdk;/
 kdj;jpd; ,af;fk;/
 ,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;/
 mq/
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 gpug";rk;
nghd;w ,itfs; vg;go njhd;wpd/ vg;go

,a';FfpwJ vd;w mwpt[/
24
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,itfisg;gw;wpa xl;Lbkhj;j mwpnt "hdk;

my;yJ Mj;k "hdk; vdg;gLk;.
,e;j Mj;k"hdj;jhy; fpilg;gnj cz;ikahd

,d;g thH;f;if.
25
]aolf
"hdk; vd;whny mwpjy;/ mwptpd; bjhpe;j epiy
vd;W brhy;yyhk;. ,d;bdhU tif tpsf;fk;
"hyj;ij mwpjy; vd;Wk; brhy;yyhk;.
26
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cyfhfp caph;fs; gyt[khfp/ vj;jidnahnfho
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bgWtnj "hdkhFk;.
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gpoj;jhy; Koita[k; mwpayhk;. Mf gpwg;gpd;
bjhlf;fj;ija[k; Koita[k; mwptnj "hdk;;.
,ijnajhd; mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ/
kfj;jhd uf!;aklh "hdkhh;f;fk;

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Vfhe;j Nl;rbkd;w fijiaf; nfS
Fz';Ftpa Mjp me;jf; Fwpia ed;wha;
- brst[[kpa rhfuk] 113.
27
nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; Mjp me;jf;Fwp

bjhptJjhd; "hdk; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
"hdk; vd;whny mwpjy]/ mwptpd; bjspe;j epiy

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"hyj;ij mwpjy; vd;Wk; brhy;yyhk;.
clypd; cs;ns caph; rf;jpahdJ RHd;W

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mqf;TWfSf;F Vw;g caphpd; rpwg;ghw;wyhf
vGk; tpist[fns czh;r;rpfs;.
,e;j czh;r;rpfisj; Ja;j;J capuhdJ bgUk;

cz;ikj; bjspt[ jhd; mwpt[ my;yJ "hdk;
vdg;gLk].
28
Md;k mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. mJ mwk;/ jtk;

vd;fpw Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf fpilf;Fk;.
jtg;gapw;rp jj;Jt';fspd; tpsf;f';fis
mwpe;jth;fSf;nf mJ rhj;jpak;. mth;fs;
kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F bjhl;Lf;fhl;oa[k;/
tpsf;fpa[k; Tw Koa[k;.
]ao ia[fI
thH;f;if vd;gJ \d;W mikg;gpny
bray;gLfpwJ.
1. ,aw;if/
2. rKjhak;/
3. ,d;g Jd;g';fs;.
,k;\d;Wk; kdpjd; thH;f;ifia

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gFjpfisa[k; bjspthf Muha;e;J mwptpny
KGik bgw;W thH;tnj "hd thH;t[. ,J jhd;
,d;g thH;t[.
29
bjspe;j ePhpny ePhpd; MHj;jpny ,Uf;fpd;w

fw;fis fhz;gJ nghy btspr;rj;jpny
bghUs;fisf; fhz;gJ nghy xU
tpahghhpahdtDf;F jd;Dila bghUs;
tpw;gid tpiy eph;zak; bra;tJ vspJ.
fhuzk; bfhs;Kjy; tpiy bjhpe;jtd; tpw]gid
tpiy vspjhf eph;zak; bra;thd;.
mijg;nghynt Mirapdhy; FLk;gKk;/
vz;z';fshy; clYk;/ mwbewpahy;
rKjhaKk;/ jj;Jt "hd tpsf;fj;jhy; "hdKk;
rkhjhd thH;t[k; ek;ik Mf;ft[k;/ fhf;ft[k;
cjt[fpd;wd.
Mfnt ek;Kila thH;f;ifapy; ve;j mst[

"hdk; ,lk;bgWfpwnjh me;j mstpny ekf;Fr;
rpwg;ghd thH;t[ ,d;g[w;W thH;fpd;w epiy/
MH;e;j mikjp fpilf;Fk;.
30
mfu Kjy vGj;bjy;yhk; Mjpgftd; Kjw;nw

cyF vd;w ts;Sth; Fwspd;go cyfj;J
caph;fs; Kjy; ,e;j cyfk; njhd;Wtjw;F
\yfh;j;jh gftd; ‘m’ vd;w xypahy; njhd;wpd.
Mfnt mJnt Kjy; xypahd ‘m’ vd;gjhFk;.
gpuhzpfs; Kjy; kdpjd; ,ae;jpuk; tiu

thiaj;jpwf;fpd;w Jl';Ffpd;w xyp ‘m’
vd;gjhFk;. Mfnt jhd; ts;Stg;bgUkhd;
nkw;fz;l Fwspd; \yk; ‘m’ fuj;ij
Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpdhh;.
,e;j cyfj;jpy; cs;s caph;fs; vy;yhnk

mwpt[ rPtd;fshf cs;sd. Mdhy; kdpjd;
vd;w rPtDf;F kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L. ,e;j
rpwg;gwptpd; \yk; bjspe;j epiybgw;w
bjspe;njhnu "hdpfs; vd miHf;fg;gLth;.
31
Jhprw;w J}a mwpt[ tothd ,aw;ifapd; ey;y

rf;jpfis epidj;J czh;e;J bjspt[
milahtpl;lhy; xUtd; vj;jid fw;wpUe;Jk;
gad; ,y;iy. cyfpnyna kpfg;bghpa fy;tp
xd;W cz;L vd;why; mJnt "hdf; fy;tp.
"hdnk flt[s;. Md;k"hdk; mile;njhnu

flt[s; Mthh;. ,aw;ifapy; ciufpd;w
nguhw;wiyna ,iwtd; vd miHf;fpwhh;fs;.
mfnt ,aw;ifna ,iwtd;. mtd; ghj';fis
tz';Ftnj rpwg;gpwt[ MFk;. mJnt "hd
khh;f;fj;jpd; jpwt[nfhy; vd;gij kwthjPh;fs;.
]ao laafjfjlf –
ljkfkao ;jmsplao laafjfjlf ]ao laafjfjlf.
FK VofetaG VofT SdbnfK nstfjsoft
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32
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gytpjkhd rf;jpfs; gpug";rj;jpy; gutpf;

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ey;y rf;jp miyfs; gykhf ,a';Fk; nghJ ehk;
vLj;j fhhpak; btw;wp bgWk;. ekJ thH;tpy;
btw;wp njhy;tpfs; ,e;j ey;y bfl;l rf;jpfspd;
Mf;fpukpg;gpdhy;jhd; eilbgWfpwJ vd;fpw
cz;ikia czu ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; rpy ekJ
vz;z';fspYk;/ rpy btspapy; Vw;gLk;
33
rf;jpfspd; Mjpf;fj;jhYk; eilbgWk;. ekf;F

mg;ghw;gl;l rf;jpapy; rpf;fpf;bfhs;Sk; nghJ ehk;
mjpypUe;J kPsKoahJ. ,e;j jPa
rf;jpapypUe;J KGikahf tpLgl Md;k mwpt[
bgwntz;Lk;.
ehk; vg;nghJk; vy;nyhiua[k; md;g[ld; nerpj;J

re;njhrj;Jld; kdk; tpl;Lg;ngrp gHfp
tuntz;Lk;. kdjhy; Tl xUtUf;Fk; jP';F
bra;af; TlhJ. ekJ guk vjphpf;Fk; Tl
bfLjy; Vw;gLj;jf; TlhJ. ey;yijna bra;
vdt[k; mtUf;Fk; ey;y vz;zj;ijf; bfhL
vdt[k; ,iwtid ehk; ntz;of;bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;. ve;jf;fhyj;jpYk; ve;j rkaj;jpYk;
ahh; ek;ik fhzte;jhYk;; ehk; mtiu
md;g[ld; tuntw;W cgrhpf;f ntz;Lk;. md;ghf
ngrp mDg;g ntz;Lk;. ve;jf; fhuzj;ijf;
bfhz;Lk; ahh; kPJk; nfhgg;gLtnjh jfhj
thh;j;ijfshy; ittnjh TlhJ.
34
ntiyf;fhuh;fs;/ bghpath;fs;/ ekf;F nfhgk;

cz;lhf;Fk;go ngRgth;fs; ahuhf ,Ue;jhYk;
md;g[ld; ngrntz;Lk;. kdjpy; mth;fSf;F
ey;y vz;zj;ijf; bfhLf;Fk;go ,iwtid
gpuhh;j;jpf;f ntz;Lk;.
ghpRj;jkhd ,jaj;ijg; my;yJ kdj;ijg;

kdpjd; bgw;wpUg;gnj "hdk; bgWtjw;F Kjy;
jFjp MFk;. ,e;j ghpRj;j kdk;; mwk;/ jtk;/
$gk;/ jpahdk; Kjypa gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J
bra;J te;jhy; jhd; bgw Koa[k;.
Kjypy; rpwe;j FUtplk; brd;W jd;id

mog;gilapy; jpUj;jp mthplk; ey;yhrp bgw;W
nkw;fz;l gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J bra;J
tuntz;Lk;.
35
,jw;F Kjypy; kdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W

bjhpe;J bfhs;sntz;Lk;. ghpRj;jkhd
,jaj;ijg; bgw;wpUg;gnj kdpjd;.
thH;f;ifapy; jpdrhp ehk; ekJ kdj;ij xU

Kf;fpakhd fUtpahff; bfhz;L ey;yJ/
bfl;lJ ,uz;Lf;Fnk cgnahfg; gLj;jp
tUfpnwhk;. kdk; ,a';fhky; vija[k;
bray;gLj;j KoahJ.
Mj;k "hdj;ij Mz;-bgz; ,UghyUk;

milahsk;. mjpy; ve;jj;jila[k; ,y;iy.
ekf;F ntz;oaJ vy;yhk;/ jplkhd kdk;/
MH;e;j ek;gpf;if/ mfj;jPrd; kPJ ghpg{uz
ek;gpf;if itj;J mtdplk; ruzila ntz;Lk;.
36
ey;y vz;z';fs;/ vy;nyhUk; ed;whf

thHntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ntz;Lk;. ehk;
vg;nghJk; ekJ vz;zj;ij ghpRj;jkhf
itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ghpRj;j kdk;
ntz;Lkhdhy; ek; kdjpd; bray;ghLfis
xG';F gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
37
2 Aofla
Md;kh vd;why; ek;Kila cliy/ capiu
,af;Ffpd;w vspjpy; g[hpe;J bfhs;sKoahj
Nl;rkf; fUtp vd;W brhy;yyhk;. Md;kh vd;gJ
gukhj;khtpd; Mw;wy;. mwpt[ vd;gJ Md;khtpd;
,af;fr; rpwg;g[.
38
$Pt Md;khnth jd; epiy kwe;J $k;g[yd;fspy;

bray;fSf;F Ml;gl;L/ g[yd;fspd; fth;r;rpapy;
rpf;fp ka';Ffpd;w kaf;f epiyna khia
vdg;gLtJ/ jd;Dila jttypikahy;
g[yd;fth;r;rpapy; ,Ue;J kPz;;L/ khiaia tpl;L
tpyfp mwpit Md;khtpy; yapf;fr; bra;J
mnjhL xd;whfp gpize;J yakhfpd;w
epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wnghJjhd;/ me;j epiya[k;
gpwHhky; ,Uf;Fk; nghJjhd; "hdk; vd;fpw
tpHpg;g[ epiyapy; Md;kh vd;gJ ,af;f
Mw;wyhft[k;/ cly; Md;khtpw;F fUtpahft[k;
,Uf;fpd;w epiya[k; czug;gLk;.
AofflaIlf Fkof
AtftUlf
vz;zpyh nfho mz;l';fs; nguz;l';fs;
,g;gpug";rk; njhd;Wtjw;F \y fhuzkhf
tps';FtJ mog;gilahf ,Ug;gJ xU
mqrf;jp.
39
mijna rpj;jh;fs; "hdpfs; gukhq vd;W

brhy;fpwhh;fs;. gukhq vd;;gJ gphpf;f Koahj
mq vd;gJ bghUs;. me;jg; gukhqnt gue;J
tphpe;J fplf;fpd;w mz;l nguz;l';fis
,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wJ. mijna gukhj;kh
vd;wdh;. mnj \y mqtpd; Mw;wny xt;bthU
$Ptuhrpfspd; ,af;f';fSf;Fk; fhuzkhf
tps';Ftjhy; $Pthj;kh vd;wdh;.
Mfnt Md;kh vd;gJ msg;gwpa Mw;wy; kpf;fJ.

me;j Mw;wy; ek;kplk; cs;sJ/ mJ
cUtkhw;wJ. mjd; rf;jpia Mw;wiy
czh;e;jth;fs; kl;Lnk gy;ntW mw;g[j';fs;
epfH;j;j Koa[k;. ek;kplk; cs;s kfj;Jtk;
tha;e;j Mw;wy; kpf;f Md;khtpd; rf;jpia
czh;e;J mij ekf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpf;
bfhs;tJjhd; Mj;k"hdkhFk;.
40
Mdhy; ehk; ek;kplk; cs;s Md;khtpd;

Mw;wiyg; g[hpe;J bfhs;shky; ek;kplk; cs;s
Mw;wiy vg;go btspf;bfhzh;tJ vg;go
,af;FtJ vdj;bjhpe;J bfhs;shky;
thH:f;ifapy; gytpj my;yy;fSf;F
Mshfpnwhk;. ,g;gog;gl;l my;yy;fspypUe;J
tpLjiy bgw Kad;W btw;wp fz;lth;fs;jhd;
"hdpfSk; rpj;jh;fSk;.
Aofl wkysI
Md;kh mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. mJ mwk;/
jtk; vd;fpw Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf fpilf;Fk;.
jtg;gapw;rp/ jj;Jt';fspd; tpsf;f';fis
tpsf;fpf; Tw Koa[k;/ "hdj;ij mspf;f ,aYk;.
v';nfnah btl;lbtspapy; njhd;wpa

guhkhj;khtpy; njhd;wpaJkhd $Pthj;kh/
41
gukhj;khtpw;F Mjhuk; ,y;iy. mijna

ts;syhh;/
jha; tapw;wpy; gpwthJ jhnd Kisj;jikf;F

bjz;ldpl;nld; vd;W brhy;yo
vd;w ghly; \yk; mwpayhk;.
$Pthj;khtpw;F gukhj;kh Mjhuk;. gukhj;khtpw;F

$Pthj;khtpw;F vd;d Mw;wy; cz;nlh mnj
Mw;wy; $Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. gukhj;kh Xh;
,aw;if. mnjnghy gukhj;khtpy; njhd;wpa
$Pthj;kht[k; ,aw;ifapd; TW. gukhj;khtpy;
msg;gwpa Mw;wy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mnjnghy
$Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. ,e;j $Pthj;khtpd;
mg{h;t rf;jpia gad;gLj;Jtnj/ Mj;k "hdk;
MFk;.
,ij mwpahky; ,f thH;f;ifapy; rpf;fp

khiaf;F Ml;gl;L ekJ Md;khit gy
42
Jd;gj;jpw;F Mshf;Ffpnwhk;/
cz;lhf;Ffpnwhk;. mjdhy; jhd; Md;khit
Jd;g[Wj;jy; TlhJ. Md;kneak; ntz;Lk; vd;W
rhd;nwhh;fs; typa[Wj;Jfpd;wdh;. Md;khit
tijf;;f TlhJ/ Md;kh gy Jd;g';fSf;F
Mshf;Ffpnwhk;/ cz;lhf;Ffpnwhk;.
mjdhy;jhd; Md;khitj; Jd;g[Wj;jf;TlhJ
Md;kneak; ntz;Lbkd;W rhd;nwhh;fs;
typa[Wj;J fpd;wdh;. Md;khit tijf;fTlhJ/
Md;kh gyJd;g';fSf;F mshfpd;wJ. mJ
vg;go vd;why;>
 flt[isj;njo mila Kad;Wk; mtdhy;

flt[isf; fhz Koahj epiy.
 thH;tpy; tWikbaDk; gw;whf;Fiw.
 bra;fpd;w bray;fspd; tpist[fisg;
gw;wp mwpahik/
o mwpe;Jk; myl;rpak; bra;fpd;w
epiy/
43
o mtkjpj;J mjdhy; Jd;gk;

mDgtpf;Fk; epiy.
 Md;khtpd; kfj;Jtk; g[hpahky;/ gpwh; kPJ
mr;rKk; gif/ Jd;g[Wj;jy;/
nghd;wtw;why; my;yYWk; epiy.
 fhkk;/ Fnuhjk;/ nfhgk;/ nkhfk;/ kjk;/
khr;rh;ak;/ lk;gk;/ <h;ij nghd;w Fiwfs;
xd;nwhblhd;W ,ize;J thH;f;if
gytpj rpf;fy;fSf;F Mshfp mtw;iw
yFthfj; jPh;f;f Koahky; jtpj;J jhd;
Jd;g[w;W/
gpwiuj; Jd;g[Wj;jpa[k; thH;fpwhd;.
,g;gog;gl;l rpf;fyhd ,f;fl;lhd NH;epiy

tUfpwnghJ kdpjd; bjhpe;njh/ bjhpahknyh
,e;j ,f;fl;oypUe;J tpLjiy bgwntz;Lk; vd
Kay;fpwhd;. xt;bthU $Pthj;khtplKk; Fiw
eP';fp KGik bgwntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tk;
44
jJk;gpf;bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. mjd; tpist[

rpe;jid Xl;lk; gpwf;fpwJ/ rpe;jpf;fpwhd;/ Kaw;rp
bra;fpwhd;/ Kaw;rpapd; tpist[ bray;fspy;
,w';fp Xuhst[ czut[k; bra;fpwhd;. mtd;
braYf;nfw;w tpist[fisf; fhz;fpwhd;.
kdpjdpd; beLe;J}ug; gazj;jpy; gurpe;jid

thjpfs;/ rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs;/ ty;Ydh;fs;/ rpj;jh;
bgUkf;fs; nghd;nwhh;fs; gy E}y;fs; vGjpa[k;/
nghjidfs; Twpa[k; kdpjd; FiwghLfis
KGikahf ePf;f Koatpy;iy/ fhuzk; kdpjd;
rKjhak; vd;fpw r';fypg; gpizg;gpy; thH;e;J
bfhz;oUf;fpd;whd;. ,Ug;gpd; FiwghLfs;
vy;yhhplKk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. fhuzk; mtdpd;
njit/ gHf;fk;/ mwptpd; tsh;r;rp/ re;jh;g;g
NH;epiyfs; ,tidf;Fiw cs;stdhf
Mf;FfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; mwptpy; rpwe;j rpyh;kl;Lk;
rpe;jpf;fpwhh;fs;. fhuz/ fhhpa';fis gFj;J
czUfpwhh;fs;. mjdhy; jd; mstpy; gapw;rp
45
bgw;W jd;Dila Fiwia ePf;fpf;

bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. ,tw;iw czh;e;njhuhy;
czh;j;jg;bgWfpwhh;fs; gyh;. ,g;go gyh;
czh;e;Jk; cgnjrk; bgw;whYk; mth;fspy;
gyngh; jh';fs; bgw;w tpsf;f';fSf;F Vw;g
gHf;fj;ij khw;wpf;bfhs;Sk; mst[ Jzpt[
bgWtjpy;iy. ,g;go rpy gHf;fj;jpw;F
Md;khit kdpjd; moikahf;Ffpwhd;.
xt;bthU kdpjDk; xd;iw kwe;JtpLfpwhd;.

xt;bthU braYk; Md;khtpy;
gjpg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mfnt ehk; gHpr;brhy;/
,Hpthd bray;/ nghd;w gjpt[fis Rj;jg;gLj;jp
J}a;ikahf;fp guk;bghUnshL ,uz;lwf;
fyf;fnt ek; cly; xU fUtpahfr;
bray;gLfpwJ vd;gij kwe;J cz;ikfis
czuhky; ,fthH;t[ khiaapy; cHd;W
bfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. Md;kh mwpt[ Kjph;e;J
rpe;jidapy; jhd; bjspt[ bgWk;nghJ
46
bjspe;jth; Rl;of;fhl;o czh;j;Jk; nghJ mwpt[

tpHpg;g[ epiy milfpwJ. mijna ts;syhh;
grpj;jpU/ jdpj;jpU/ tpHpj;jpU vd;W TWfpwhh;.
grpj;jpU vd;why; vg;bghGJk; "hdg;grpnahL

,U vd;gjhFk;. jdpj;jpU vd;gJ khiaapy;
g[yd;fis brYj;jhky; jdpj;jpU vd;gjhFk;;.
tpHpj;jpU vd;gJ Md;kh khRglhky; tpHpg;nghL
,Ug;gJ vd;gjhFk;.
Aofl ]aolf
Md;k "hdk; vd;whny kdpjid
mjw;Fj;jFjpahf;Fk; rpwg;gwpt[ vd;gJ bghUs;.
rpwg;gwpt[ vd;d vd;fpw tpsf;fj;ijg; bgWtnj
"hdk; MFk;.
47
"hdpahf ntzL;k;/ "hdk; bgwntz;Lk;

vd;gjw;fhf thH;f;ifia/ thH;f;ifj; Jizia
mh;g;gzk; bra;aj; njitapy;iy.
,d;iwa kdpjd; thH;f;ifna ,ae;jpukak;/

,d;iwa cyfk; tp";"hd cyfk;/ njitfs;
kpFe;J ,ae;jpurhjd';fs; El;gkhd fUtpfs;/
thH;f;iff;F njitahd bghUl;fspd; mjpfhpg;g[
,it kpFe;J bfhz;nl nghfpd;wd. ,g;gog;gl;l
,f;fhyj;jpy; vy;nyhUk; "hdk; bgw Koa[kh
vd;gJ vy;nyhh; kdjpYk; vGfpd;w kiyg;ghd
nfs;tp. kiyg;g[j; njit ,y;iy. vy;nyhUk;
"hdk; bgwKoa[k;.
j';fs; j';fspd; flikfis flika[zh;nthL

bra;J kfpH;nthL ,y;ywj;ija[k; brk;ikahf
elj;jp ed;kf;fisg; bgw;W xGf;fj;jpYk;/
mwj;jpYk;/ rpwe;jth;fshf gapw;Wtpj;J mjd;
48
\yk; FLk;gk;/ Ch;/ ehL/ cyfk; vd;w mstpy;

mikjpahft[[k;/ ,d;gkhft[k; thHyhk;.
Mj;k "hdk; vd;gJ Rlh;tpl;L gpufhrpf;Fk;

tpsf;F/ ,Uz;l thH;f;iff;F tHpfhl;o. Mfnt
xt;bthUtUk; Mj;k "hdk; bgw
Kayntz;Lk;. ,ayhjth;fs; "hdpfs;
tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp elf;f ntz;Lk;. J}a kdj;jhy;
jhd; Mj;k "hdk; milaKoa[k; vd;W
typa[Wj;jpdh;. ehk; "hdk; bgw;whh; tHpiag;
gpd;gw;wp mtu; mwpit jd;kakhf itj;Jf;
bfhz;L ehk; Kiwaht[k;/ rpwg;ghft[k; thHyhk;.
vdnt Mj;k "hdk; kl;Lnk thH;tpw;F cah;t[k;/

,d;gKk; mspf;Fk;. Md;k"hdk; bgw;why;
ek;Kila thH;f;ifapy; Jd;g';fs;
vy;yhtw;iwa[k; epth;j;jp bra;J bfhz;L/ btw;wp
fz;L epk;kjpahf thHyhk;. Mj;k "hdj;ij
Mz; bgz; ,UghyUk; milayhk]. mjpy;
49
ve;jj; jila[k; ,y;iy. ekf;F ntz;oaJ

vy;yhk;/
1. jplkhd kdk;
2. MH;e;j ek;gpf;if
3. mfj;jPrd; kPJ ghpg{uz ek;gpf;if itj;J
mtdplk; ruziljy;
4. ey;y vz;z';fs;/ vy;nyhUk; ed;whf
thHntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk;;. ehk; vg;nghJk;
ekJ vz;zj;ij ghpRj;jkhf itj;Jf;
bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ghpRj;j kdk;
ntz;Lkhdhy; ek; kdjpd; bray;ghLfis
xG';F gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
losk Akfla
,iwtd; cyfpy; gy $Ptuhrpfisg; gilj;jhh;.
84 yl;rk;; $Ptuhrpfs; vd;W TWth; rhd;nwhh;.
Mdhy; ehk; mwpe;jJ vd;dnth xU E}W ,UE}W
50
vd;whny mjpfk;. ,jpny kdpjdpd; gilg;g[

kpft[k; mhpa xd;W. mwpt[ KGikaile;j xd;W
vd;W brhy;fpd;wdh; "hdpfs;.
7 tifgpwg;g[ 4 tifj;njhw;wk; 84 yl;rk;

$Ptuhrpfs; midj;Jnk Md;khf;fs;
Tl;lk;jhd;. Mdhy; ,tw;wpy; kdpjDf;F
kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L. mijj;jhd; MwhtJ
mwpt[ vd;W Md;nwhh;fs; TWfpd;wdh;.
kdpjdhy; kl;Lnk jhd; ahh; vd;W mwpa[k;
rpwg;ghw;wy; ,Ug;gjhy; kdpjd; kdpjdhfp
g[dpjdhfp gpd; flt[s; Mfpd;w nguhw;wiyg;
bgwKofpwJ. mjdhy; kdpjd;
kpfr;rpwe;jtdhfg; nghw;wg; gLfpwhd;.
fhuzfhhpa';fisf; fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; kdpj

mwpt[f;F kl;Lnk cz;L. mjdhny jhd; cly;
,af;fk; vd;w fhhpaj;jpw;F g[yd; ,af;fk;
fhuzk;/ g[yd; ,af;fk; vd;w fhhpaj;jpw;F
51
fhuzk; vz;zk;. ,g;go xt;bthd;iwa[k;

fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; kdpj Md;kht[f;F cz;L.
mjdhy;jhd; g[yd;fs; Ie;ija[k; fle;J mjw;F
nky; brd;W xt;bthU epfH;r;rpf;Fk;/
njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzk; vd;d fhhpak; vJ vd;W
fz;L gpof;Fk; Mw;wy; Md;khtpw;F cz;L.
g[yd;fs; fl;Lg;ghL eP';fpa Md;kh J}a
Md;khthf khWfpwJ. me;j J}a
Md;khthy;jhd; gpw caph;fs; bgWfpd;w
Jd;g';ifs/ ,d;g';fis/ mtw;wpd;
czh;r;rpfspd; mst[fis fzpj;J ,w';fp
cjt[k; fUiza[s;sk; bgwKofpwJ. kdpjdpd;
cly; fUtpfSf;Fj; njitahf Jizahf
gytpjkhd Ma[j';fs;/ ,ae;jpu';fisf; fz;L
gpoj;J gad;gLj;j jFjp bgw;wJk; kdpj
Md;khjhd;. jd; ,dk; njhd;wp tHptHpahf gl;l
mDgt';fspd; gpujpgypg;ghf kdpj thH;f;ifia
tskhf;Fk; Mw;wYk; ,nj kdpj Md;khtpw;F
cz;L.
52
gynfho caphpd';fs; thGfpd;w ,e;j g{kpna

cyfk;. ,e;j cyfj;ijg; nghd;W vj;jidnah
cyfk; vj;jidnah nfhs:fs; mz;l
nguz;l';fs; bfhz;l gpug";rkhf cs;sJ.
,e;jg; gpug";rj;jpy; kdpjd; vd;gtd; rpW mq
nghd;wtd; jhd;. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpy; kdpj
Md;kh mqnghd;wJ. ,Ue;jhYk; kdpj
Md;khjhd;
 ,e;j gpug";rj;ij mspf;fpwJ.

 nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd; xg;gw;w rf;jpfis
fz;Lgpof;fpwJ.
 nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd; mirt[fisf;Tl
fzf;fpl;Lf; Tw KofpwJ.
 nfhs;fspd; njhw;w';fisa[k;/ mjd;
r";rhuj;ija[k; el;rj;jpuf; Tl;l';fisa[k;
bray;ghLfisa[k; fzf;fpl KofpwJ.
nghpaf;f kz;ly ,af;fj;jpd; Mw;wy;fis

vy;yhk; kdpj Md;kh fzf;fpLk; Mw;wiyg;
bgw;Ws;sJ vd;why; ,e;j kdpj Md;khtpw;F
53
nghpaf;f kz;lyj;ijg; nghd;w khbgUk; Mw;wy;

cs;sJ vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ. me;j Mw;wy;
,y;iybad;why; nghpaf;f kz;ly epfH;r;rpfis
mwpa KoahJ. kdpj Md;kh kfj;jhd rf;jp
bgw;wJ. rpwg;g[g; bgw;wJ. mjdhy; jhd;
nfhs;fspy; eilbgWk; ,af;f';fisa[k;/ mjpy;
fhqk; njhw;wf';isa[k;/ Fz';fisa[k;/
fz;lwpe;J rpwg;ghf Md;kh thH;fpwJ. mjd;
rpwg;ig kdpj Md;kh kl;Lnk czh;fpwJ.
mjdhy; jhd; kdpj Md;kh ,aw;ifg;
gpug";rj;ij czh;e;J nghw;wp tHpgl;L mjpy;
fyf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. kdpjd; xUtnd ,e;j
,aw;ifapd; nguhw;wy; cz;ikia
czh;e;jtd;. mwptpd; tsh;r;rp ghpzhkj;jpny
kdpj mwpnt Kothd cr;rkhd
Koitj;jUfpwJ. kdpj mwptpnyjhd; nghpaf;f
kz;ly epfH;r;rpfis mwpaKofpwJ. nghpaf;f
kz;lyj;jpd; Kot[fs; Tl kdpj mwptpny
r';fkkhfpwJ. mj;jifa mwpt[ clw;TW
54
bgw;wtnd kdpjd;. mtd; jd; Md;khit

czh;fpd;w J}a nguwpnt "hdk;.
Md;kh jdJ jPa gjpt[fis ePf;fpg;

guk;bghUis czh;e;J kPz;Lk; gpwthj tHp
czh;e;J fiunawnt cliy fl;of; bfhz;lJ.
mijf;fhj;Jk; tUfpwJ. g[yd;fshy; rpf;fpj;
jtpj;J fl;Lz;L khia vd;fpw tpy';fpd; thapy;
mfg;gl;L mwpt[ bjspt[ mw;w epiyapy;
brayhw;Wk; mnj rkak; mJnt jd;Dila
gl;lwpthy; bjspe;j mwpt[ bgw;W bjspe;j
epiyapYk; brayhw;Wfpd;wJ.
<qiakfla h;alakfla
v';nfnah btl;lbtspapy; njhd;wpa
guhkhj;khtpy; njhd;wpaJjhd;; $Pthj;kh.
gukhj;khtpw;F Mjhuk; ,y;iy. mijna
ts;syhh;/ jha; tapw;wpy; gpwthJ jhnd
55
Kisj;jtu;f;F bjz;ldpl;nld; vd;W brhy;yo

vd;w ghly; \yk; bjhl;Lfhl;loaij mwpayhk;.
$Pthj;khtpw;F gukhj;kh Mjhuk;. gukhj;khtpw;F

vd;d Mw;wy; cz;nlh mnj Mw;wy;
$Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. gukhj;kh Xh; ,aw;if.
mnjnghy gukhj; khtpy; njhd;wpa $Pthj;kht[k;
,aw;ifapd; TW. gukhj;khtpy; msg;gwpa
Mw;wy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mnjnghy
$Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. ,e;j $Pthj;khtpd;
mg{h;t rf;jpia gad;gLj;Jtnj Mj;k "hdk;
MFk;.
,ij mwpahky; ,f thH;f;ifapy; rpf;fp

khiaf;F Ml;gl;L ekJ Md;khit gy
Jd;gj;jpw;F Mshf;Ffpnwhk;. mjdhy; jhd
Md;khit Jd;g[Wj;jy; TlhJ.
Md;khittijf;ff;TlhJ. Mdhy; Md;kh
56
gyJd;g';fSf;F mshfpd;wJ. mJ vg;go

vd;why;>
1. flt[isj;njo mila Kad;Wk; mtdhy;

flt[isf;fhz Koahj epiy/
2. thH;tpy; tWikbaDk; gw;whf;Fiw/
3. bra;fpd;wbray;fspd; tpist[fisg; gw;wp
mwpahik. mwpe;Jk; myl;rpak;
bra;fpd;w epiy/ mtkjpj;J mjdhy;
Jd;gk; mDgtpf;Fk; epiy.
4. Md;khtpd; kfj;Jtk; g[hpahky;/ gpwh; kPJ
mr;rKk; gif/ Jd;g[Wj;jy;/ nghd;wtw;why;
my;yYWk; epiy.
nkw;fz;l Fiwfs; xd;nwhblhd;W ,ize;J

thH;f;ifapy; gytpj rpf;fy;fSf;F Mshfp
mtw;iw yFthfj; jPh;f;f Koahky; jtpj;J jhd;
Jd;g[w;W/ gpwiuj; Jd;g[Wj;jpa[k; thH;fpwhd;.
,g;gog;gl;l rpf;fyhd ,f;fl;lhd NH;epiy
57
tUfpwnghJ kdpjd; bjhpe;njh/ bjhpahknyh

,e;j ,f;fl;oypUe;J tpLjiy bgwntz;Lk; vd
Kay;fpwhd;. xt;bthU $Pthj;khtplKk; Fiw
eP';fp KGik bgwntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tk;
jJk;gpf;bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. mjd; tpist[
rpe;jid Xl;lk; gpwf;fpwJ. rpe;jpf;fpwhd;. Kaw;rp
bra;fpwhd;. Kaw;rpapd; tpist[ bray;fspy;
,w';fp Xuhst[ czut[k; bra;fpwhd;. mtd;
braYf;nfw;w tpist[fisf; fhz;fpwhd;. Mj;k
"hdk; ,g;nghJ mtDf;F g[yg;gl
Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
58
3 wlpfhfwha:yf
btl;lbtspjhd; cz;ikahd bka;g;bghUs;.
mg;bghUspny ehDk; ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;W
czh;e;J btl;lbtspapny njhd;wpa
caphpd';fs; mj;jida[k; vd; cld;
gpwe;njhh;fns vd;w mf czh;t[ gpwe;J ve;j
caphpd';fSf;Fk; Jd;gk; mspf;ff;TlhJ/
59
Jd;gg;gLfpd;w caph;fs; kPJ fUiz fhl;o

,d;gj;Jld; thGk; thH;f;ifjhd; tPLngW
MFk;. ,ij mila[k; $Ptd;jhd; Md;khthFk;.
btl;lbtsp bgUbtspahfpa bka;g;bghUisna

thdk; vd;Wk; thd; vd;Wk; TWth;. tPL ngW
bgw;wth;fis thd; + mth;/ thdth; vd;W
TWth;. njth; vd;Wk; TWth;. jhd; + mth/;
jd;id mtuhff; fz;l fhuzj;jhy; jhdth;/
jiytd; vd;Wk; TWth;. jdJ gue;j mwpthy;
vg;bghGJk; btl;l btsp bka;bghUSld;
,izj;J rjhfhyk; epidt[k; braYkhf
,Uf;fpd;wth;fSf;F mth;fspd; cs;sj;jpd;
epiy Rth;f;fk; (Rth; + mfk;). Rth; vd;why;
nghpd;gk;. fLe;jtj;jpd; \yk; Md;khthdJ
jd;dpiy tpsf;fk; bgWfpwJ/ mg;go tpsf;fk;
bgWfpd;w J}a epiyiaj;jhd; "hdk;
60
vd;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j KGik ngw;iwna

rhd;nwhh;fs; tPLngW vd;Wk; TWfpd;wdh;.
tPL vd;why; ,lk; my;yJ Mjhuk; vd;W bgah;.

fhuzk; ,y;yhky; fhhpak; gpwg;;gjpy;iy.
Mjhuk; ,y;yhky; Mnjak; gpwg;gjpy;iy. ve;j
njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; xU Mjhuk;
,Ue;njahfntz;Lk;. mJnghy; Md;khtpw;Fk;
Xh; Mjhuk; ,Ue;jhfntz;Lk;. mjw;F Mjhuk;
vJ ,lk; Mf cs;sJ vd Muha;e;jhy; Kothf
ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpil ve;j MjhuKk;
,y;yhj xU bghUns vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk;
Mjhukhft[k; ,lkhft[k; ,Ug;gJ czug;bgWk;.
cjhuzkhf nfhapy;nky; fyrk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
fyrj;jpw;F nfhapy; nfhg[uk; Mjhukhf cs;sJ/
nfhg[uj;jpw;F g{kp Mjhukhf cs;sJ. g{kpf;F
btl;lbtsp ,lkhf cs;sJ. btl;lbtspf;F
Mjhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh/ ,y;iy. mjd; moKoiaf;
fhzKoahJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt mfj;jpaUk;/
61
ghug;gh moKoa[e; njog;nghd

gjpthd khyaD'; fhzh bud;W
neug;gh ntj Kiuj;jpl;l bra;jp
ePs; g[tpapy; ahth;f;Fk; ciuj;jpl;l bra;jp
brst[[kpa rhfuk] 118
btl;lbtspia msf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij

tpsf;fnt jpUkhy; gd;wp mtjhuk; vLj;J rptd;
ghjj;ijf;fhzr; brd;whh; vd;t[k;/ gpuk;kh
md;dg;gl;rp totk; bfhz;L rptd;Ko fhz
nkny brd;whh; vdt[k; fij \yk; brhd;dhh;fs;.
btl;lbtsp vd;why; mjw;bfd;W Mjhuk;

,y;iy. Mfnt mJ KjyhfpwJ.
mjpypUe;Jjhd; njhw;wg;bghUs;
njhd;wpapUf;fntz;Lk;. vdnt btl;l btspna
MjpahdJ. mjw;F ntW Mjhuk; ,y;yhjjhy;
mJnt mehjpahdJ. btl;lbtsp vd;fpw
tPl;od; ,af;f rf;jpahy; mfk;njhd;wp/ mfj;jhy;
62
,d;gk; njhd;wp gpd;du; nghpd;g cs;sj;ijg;

bgw;wth;fns Rth;fnyhf thrpfs; vd;gjhFk;.
btl;lbtspjhd; bka;g;bghUs; vd;gjw;F/
bka;g;bghUs; fz;L tps';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F

fw;g';fs; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
fhzhkw; fz;L fUj;njhL ,Ug;nghh;f;F
tPzhir VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
epj;jpiu bfl;L epidnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F
Kj;jpiu VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
je;jpukhd jye;jd;dpy; epw; nghhf;F
ke;jpuk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
Kj;jkpH; fw;W Ka';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F
rj;j';fs; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
cr;rpf;F nky; brd;W cah;btsp fhz;nghh;f;F
,r;rpg;gp';FVJf;fo>Fjk;gha;
ntfhky; bte;J btspapidf; fhz;nghh;f;F
nkhfhe;jk;VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
rhfhky; jhz;o jdptHp nghnthh;f;F
Vfhe;jk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
Mde;jk; bgh';fp mwpnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F
63
J}de;jhd; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;

rpj;jpuf; Tlj;ij jpdk; jpdk; fz;nlhh;f;F
gj;jpuk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
jd;id mwpe;J jiytidr; nrh;e;njhh;f;Fg;
gpd;dhir VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
brj;jhiug; nghyj; jphpa[k; bka; "hdpf;F
ifj;jhsk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
-Fjk;igr;rpj;jh;
gpwg;gpd; Mjpiaa[k; Koita[k; mwpe;j

"hdpfSf;F vJt[nk njitapy;iy vd;gij
tpsf;fnt Fjk;igr;rpj;jh; nkw;fz;l ghly;
\yk; tpsf;fp TWtijf; fhzyhk;.
cz;ikahd bghUspd; tpsf;fj;ij Md;kh
mwpa[k;nghJjhd; ek;Kila kaf;fkhd khia
ek;ik tpl;L tpyFfpwJ. mg;nghJjhd;
bghUshf ,Uf;Fk; xd;iw bghUshff; fUJk;
bka;a[zh;t[k; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
64
Sdtiof Wofhiof paaf?

vz;zpyh nfho mz;l nguz;l';fspd; ,af;fk;/
nfhlhd nfho mqf;fs;/ mqf;fs; bjhFg;ghd
$Ptuhrpfs; midj;jpYk; cs;Sk;/ g[wKk;/
nkYk;/ btspa[k; mJtjpy; caph;rf;jpahf
tps';Fk; nguhw;wny ,iwtd;.
,ij ts;syyhh; bgUkhd; brhy;Yk;nghJ/
Fyt[ nguz;lg;gFjpnahh; mde;j

nfho nfhofSk; M';fh';nf
epytpa gpz;lg; gFjpfs; KGJk;
epfH;e;j gw;gy bghUs; jpuSk;
tpyFwhJ mfj;Jk; g[wj;Jk; nkyplj;Jk;

bka;awp thde;jk; tps';f
myFwhJ xHpahJ mJtjpy; tps';Fk;
mUl; bghU";nrhjp vd; munr.
65
vd;W brhy;fpwhh;. ,e;j khbgUk; ,af;f

rf;jpahd ,iwtd; kdk; vd;Dk;
khaf;fUtpahy; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wf;fpd;w tiu
ekJ clk;ig ,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhh;. ,e;j
,af;f rf;jp ekJ clypy; vg;gor; bray;gLfpwJ
vd mwpe;J mnj ,af;f rf;jpia ehk; czh;e;J
me;j rf;jpia ek;Kila cliya[k;/ capiua[k;
ngzg;gad;gLj;Jk; tHptiffis bjhpe;J
bfhs;tnj Md;k"hdk;.
msius_fjlf
msius_fjlf WohfhGiK Aks cu FBisof
ixiel. msilf Wofjst wigfgwiyspseu
S:nfK cu FBiao msimjfkspsuf ekaoftsp
Dgeu losk Dguf. cumjfkspsof FB
kofdlep msimjfks Spjfjlf. wigfgwiyspseu
S:nfK ekaoftsp cu FBiao msius_fjlf
DglfwhGkfK Miamjf jatftauf Ax, Cx
lxjstaof. FKkaof rkfK WofT M:_fjmf
wmaufjstaaf.
66
losk Dguf kaof msius_fjlf. msius_fj kaof

losk Dguf. Snfk hs;h]fm M[tfmspsuf ^lsPlf
M[ofT wjabfx:jfjstK. M[ofT wjabfx:jfjst
^lspsuf ia{lf loskOlf M[Ujstaof. M[ofT
wjabfG S:jfjst Snfk loskdo
Dgfja;dikfK M[u isgfgauf msius_fj
ixikfekaG jabhfhGiaof.
Ktis Stnfk hsofH mlakspsof eluf us_fjkfdk

dikfK i[shGjstaafjyf. mlaks Woftauf
Akspseu mllf WofhK wha:yf. msilplapf
Ajsisgfgaaf Woft rTjsoftoaf. msilplf
Woftaeu wigfgwiys e<akspseu
Rjfjsplajsisgfgaaf WofhK wha:yf. W_fJlf
ispahskfK S:jfjjfrxp e<aksep msiof
WofTlf Fnfk msiof Woft e<akspseu S:nfK
msilf Wofjst Atftuf DbfgaoK.
msimjfks
Mjpapny ,g;gpug";rg; gilg;g[f;F \ykhdJ
,uz;L rf;jpjhd;. mijj;jhd; rptrf;jp
67
vd;fpnwhk;. ,Jnt gukhqthFk;. mnj nghy

kdpj $Ptd; cUthtjw;F ,uz;L \y
mqf;fs; fhuzkhf tps';Ffpd;wd. rptk;
vd;fpd;w Mz; Rf;fpyg;g[Gt[k;/ rf;jp vd;fpw
bgz; Rf;fpyg[Gt[k;. ,uz;od; fyg;gpdhy; $Ptd;
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. gukhqtpdhy; g";rg{jk;
cz;lhdJ. mjd; fyg;ghy; $Ptuhrpfs;
cz;lhapw;W. $Ptuhrpfns g";rg{j fyg;gpd;
Mw;wiyf;bfhz;ljhFk;.
Dpsuf mjfks
clypd; cs;ns capy; rf;jpahdJ mjhtJ
btl;lbtspapny cs;s Mw;wy;fs;
gpuhztha[tpd; \yk; \r;Rf; fhw;why; clypd;
cs;ns ,Gf;fg;gl;L nfhof;fzf;fhd ekJ
cly; mqf;fSf;F Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J
cliy ,af;f itf;fpwJ. ,g;go ,af;Ffpd;w
me;j rf;jpiaj;jhd; RUf;fkhf capy; rf;jp
68
vd;fpnwhk;. clypd; cs;ns capy; rf;jpahdJ

RHd;W ,a';Fk;nghJ me;je;j clypd;
mqf;TWfSf;F Vw;g caphpd; rpwg;ghw;wyhf
vGk; tpist[fns czh;r;rpfs;. ,e;j
czh;r;rpfisj; Ja;j;J capuhdJ bgUk;
cz;ikj; bjspt[/ mwpt[/ my;yJ "hdk;
vdg;gLk; rPtdpd; gpwg;gpw;Fk; ,wg;gpw;Fk;
,ilna eilbgw;w bjhlh;gaznk
thH;f;ifahFk;.
<qiof
caph; ,y;iynay; cly; ,Uf;fhJ/ cliy
itj;Jj;jhd; caph; cz;lh> ,y;iyah>
vd;gij mwpa Koa[k;. Mfnt caph; cly;
,uz;ila[k; ,izj;J itf;fpd;w xg;gw;w
fUtpna Md;kh vdg;gLtJ. ,e;j ,uz;Lk;
mjhtJ clYk;/ capUk; nrh;e:J bray;gLfpd;w
xU bghUisj;jhd; rPtd; vd;fpnwhk;.
69
clypd; cs;ns caph] rf;jpahdJ btl;l

btspapny cs;s Mw;wy;fis gpuhztha[tpd;
\yk; \r;Rf; fhw;why; clypd; cs;ns ,Gj;J
nfhof;fzf;fhd ekJ cly; mqf;fSf;F
Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J cliy ,af;f itf;fpwJ.
,g;gog;gl;l mqj;jpus;fshshd
,g;gpug";rj;jpy; ,Ue;J kdpj $Ptd; cw;gj;jp
MfpwJ.
Mjpapny ,g;gpug";rg; gilg;g[f;F \ykhdJ

,uz;L rf;jpjhd;. mijj;jhd; rptrf;jp
vd;fpnwhk;. ,Jnt gukhqthFk;. mnj nghy
kdpj $Ptd; cUthtjw;F ,uz;L \y
mqf;fs; fhuzkhf tps';Ffpd;wd. rptk;
vd;fpd;w Mz; Rf;fpyg;g[Gt[k;/ rf;jp vd;fpw
bgz; Rnuhzpjg;g[Gt[k; ,uz;od; fyg;gpdhy;
$Ptd; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. ,g;go ,af;Ffpd;w
me;j rf;jpiaj;jhd; RUf;fkhf caph] rf;jp
my;yJ $Ptd;; vd;fpnwhk;. ,e;j ,uz;Lk;
70
mjhtJ clYk] capUk; nrh;e:J bray;gLfpd;w

xU bghUisj;jhd; $Ptd; vd;fpnwhk;. cyfpy;
cs;s xt;bthUtUk; jdJ $Ptdpd;
rhpj;jpuj;ijf; fz;L bfhz;lhy;; cyfpy; vy;yhk;
,d;gk;jhd;.
,t;t[yfpy; vJt[k] ey;yJk; ,y;iy/ ez;gd;

giftd; fpilahJ/ xt;bthU Md;kht[k; jd;
Ra J}a mwpit mwpe;J tpl;lhy; vy;yhk; rkk;/
vy;yhk; ,d;gkak; MFk;. mJnt Mj;k "hdk;;
bgWtJ/ ,d;wpikahjJ. $Ptdpd; gpwg;gpw;Fk;
,wg;gpw;Fk; ,ilna eilbgWk; bjhlh;gaznk
thH;f;ifahFk;. thHj;bjhpe;J thH:gth;fshd
"hdpfis ek;gp mth;fisg; gpd;gw;wpa[k;
thH;tnj "hd thH;t[ my;yJ "hd
thH;f;ifahFk;. mJnt ,d;g thH;f;ifahFk;.
71
4 lolf
kdk; ,uz;L tifg;gLtJ xd;W g[wkdk;
(btspkdk;). ,d;bdhd;W cs;kdk;.
btspkdkhdJ gytpj Mir/ ghr';fshy;

cl;gl;lJ. mjDila Jizth;fshd g[yd;fs;
bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ fhJ/ \f;F/ brtp Mfpa Ie;J
72
g[yd;fs; jhd; ek;Kila btspkdij

Ml;og;gilf;Fk;. gytpjkhd Rf';fis
mDgtpf;fj; J}z;Lk;. ,jd; \yk; gy
,d;dy;fs; neUk;. !;ghpr Rfk;/ jPz;ly;
,d;gj;ijj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. njfk; kdpjidj;
jtwhd ghijapy; nghfr;bra;a[k;. ,jpypUe;J
tpLgl Kaw;rpf;f ntz;Lk;. fz;/ tha;/ ,J
kpfg;bghy;yhjJ. kdpjDf;F kpfkpf
Kf;fpakhdJ. ,e;j fz; ghh;g;gJ vy;yhk;
mDgtpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w Miriaj;
J}z;LtJk;/ mwpit tsh;f;f gog;gJk;
,f;fz;fns/ MH;kdija[k; ghh;itapy; ghh;j;J
kdjpy; gjpaitf;Fk; kpfKf;fpakhd
mitakhFk;. \f;F/ thridfis mDgtpg;
gJld; kdfpsh;r;rpfisa[k; Vw;glj;j ,e;j
cWg;g[ bray;gLk;. brtp/ ,J nfl;gjw;fhf
,d;dpir kw;Wk; ngr;Rf;fs;/ gy
tptfhu';fisa[k;/ ey;yJ/ bfl;lJ
nfl;fKoa[k;. ,g;go Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf
kdkhdJ murhl;rp bra;J kdpjid
73
ey;yJ/bfl;lJ/ ,d;gk;/ Jd;gk; vd;W Ml;og;

gilf;Fk;. Mfnt ,e;j btspkdk;
ml';fpdhy;jhd; cs;kdk; jpwf;Fk;.
cs;kdkhdJ vija[k; bra;af;ToaJ. mjw;F

ey;yit bfl;lit bjhpahJ. btspkdk; vd;d
brhy;fpwnjh mij mg;gona bra;a[k; my;yJ
epiwntw;wptpLk; rf;jp ,jw;F cz;L.
cs;kdjpd; Mw;wy; mghukhdJ. ,jd;
rf;jpfis vGj;jhy; mstpl;Lf;Tw KoahJ.
gytpjkhd Mghr/ jPa vz;z';fis mfw;wp
ekf;F vJ njitnah mij czh;t[g;g{h;tkhf
cs; kdJf;Fj; bjhpag; gLj;jp tpl;lhy;
cs;kdk; mij mg;gona epiwntw;wp tpLk;
Mw;wy;gilj;jJ.
Ik;g[yd;fshy; Ml;og; gilf;Fk; btspkdij

mlf;Ftjw;Fjhd;/ \r;Rgapw;rp/ jpahdk;/
74
ke;jpu';fs;/ ghuhaz';fs; Kjypad

bra;antz;Lk;. Kjypy; btspkdij xUepiyg;
gLj;j ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; btw;wp bgw;why;
cs;kdjpy; ekJ ntz;Lnfhis brhy;tJ
kpfr;Rygk;.
btspkdij mlf;fr; rhd;nwhh;fs; ,uz;L

cghaj;ijf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. xd;W jj;Jt
hPjpahf ,J ,jdhy; jPikahfnt ,ijj;
js;sptpl ntz;Lk; vd;W jd;Dila
mwpt[g;g{h;tkhd rpe;jidapy; xt;bthU jPa
vz;z';fis xJf;fp/ kdij jd;Dila
mwptpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L te;jhh;fs;.
,d;bdhd;W ml';fhj fhisia mlf;Ftjw;F

bra;fpd;w cgak; nghy ml';fhj kdij mlf;f
\r;R gapw;rp bra;J \r;Rf;fhw;iw mlf;fpj; jd;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L te;jhh;fs;. kdjpw;Fk;/
Rthrj;jpw;Fk;/ ,ilbtsp ,y;yhj bjhlh;g[z;L.
75
kdk; ve;j mst[ bray;gLfpwnjh me;j mst[

\r;Rf; fhw;wpd; mst[k; bray;gLk;. Mfnt
kdkl';fpdhy; \r;R ml';Fk;. \r;rl';fpdhy;
kdk; ml';Fk; vd;gjhFk;.
kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpd;w gpizg;gpy;

mfg;gl;Lf; bfhz;Ls;shd;. mtd; md;whlk;
gy;ntW tpra';fis re;jpf;f ntz;oa
NH;epiyf; ifjpahfp thGfpwhd;. Mfnt
mtDf;F rpe;jpj;J kdij mwpt[g;g{h;tkhfr;
brYj;jp kdkl';fr; bra;tJ vspjhd
fhhpakpy;iy. fhuzk; nahrpg;gjw;F fhyk;
nghJtJ ,y;iy.
Mfnt jw;fhy NH;epiyapy; \r;R gapw;rpapd;

\yk;jhd; kdij mlf;f ntz;oa fl;lha
epiyapy; cs;shd;. rpj;jh;fs; kdij
ghpgf;Ftk; bra;tjd; \yk; "hdj;ijg;
76
bgwKoa[k; vd;W czh;e;J bjhpe;J mjw;F

m#;lh';f nahfk; vd;W vl;l tifahd
gapw;rpfis tFj;Jf; bfhLj;Js;shh;fs;.
xUtd; j';f Mguzk; bra;a ntz;Lbkd;why;
ciyapy; ,l;L fha;r;rp j';fj;ij/ jfLfshf;fp/
fk;gpfshf;fp/ gf;Ftkhf brJf;fp/ Mguzk;
bra;fpd;whnd. mJnghy kdija[k;/
cliya[k;/ nahfj;jpd; \yk; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp
"hdk; bgw cfe;j tHpfisf; ifahz;lhh;fs;
kf;fSf;Fk; gy;ntWtpjkhd nahf E}y;fs;
\yKk; brhy;ypa[s;shh;fs;. Mfnt jFe;j
gapw;rpapd; \yk; g[yd;fis btsp
tptfhu';fspy; nghftpl;L Mjpf;fk;
brYj;jtplhky; g[yd;fis bty;tjw;Fg;
gapw;rpfs; Kiwfs; fz;Lgpoj;jhh;. mjd; \yk;
Rthrk; jhdhff; fl;Lg;gLk;. Rthrk;
fl;Lg;gLk;nghJ kdRk; fl;Lg;gLk;. kdk;
fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Uf;fpd;wth;fns rpwe;j nahfpfs;.
77
mij mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ/
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brgpf;fntz;lhk;/

kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia epWj;j ntz;lhk;
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia cah;j;j ntz;lhk;
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brk;ikahFnk
nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; kdj;jpwk;

bfhz;lth;fSf;F vJt[k; ve;j gapw;rpa[k;
njitapy;iy vd;W TWtjpypUe;J kdij
brk;ikahf itj;J thH gHfpf;bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;. vJt[k; gHf;fkhfp gpd;g[ tHf;fkhfp
khWfpwJ. Mfnt ey;y tHf;fkhf thH
KaYnthk;.
kdk; jd;trkhf ,Ue;J Ml;og; gilj;jjhy;

kdpjd; vd;W bgah; te;jJ. kdJ + jd; vd;gJ
jhd; kdpjd;. mnjnghy; ehd; vd;w Mztk;
78
nknyh';fp ,Ue;jtid eu + mfk;/ eu mfk;

bfhz;ljhy; eud; vd;Wk; bgah; cz;lhapw;W.
,d;bdhd;W eufk; vd;W Vd; bgah; cz;lhapw;W
vd;why;/ ehd;/ vdJ vd; kf;fs;/ vd;bghUs;/ vd;
M!;jp/ vd;W FWfpa tl;lj;jpw;Fs; rpf;Fz;L
mtDila mwpthdJ bray;gLk;nghJ fhkk;/
Fnuhjk;/ nfhgk;/ nkhfk;/ kjk;/ khr;rh;ak;/
lk;gk;/ <h;ir nghd;w jPa Fz';fspd;; tpistha;
gy;ntW Jd;g';fSf;F Mshf nehpLk;. ,ijna
eufk; vd;gJ. eu mfk;/ jPik mfk;/ jPikahd
mfj;jhy; vGk; bjhy;iyfisna eufk; vd;W
Twpdhh;. Mfnt Kjypy; J}a;ikahd kdj;ij/
mfj;ijg] bgWtnj "hdk; bgWk;
tHpKiwahFk;.
kdpjdpd; thH;f;if fPH;fz;l epiyfspy;

,a';FfpwJ.
1. ,d;gk; Jd;gk; vd;fpw thH;t[ epiy.
2. ,aw;if tpjpj;j CH;tpid ,iwepiy.

79
3. rKjha mikg;g[ ePjp mwbewp.
4. murh';fk;.
nkw;fz;l epiyfspy; kdpj Md;khthdJ gl;L

bjsptila[k; bjspt[jhd; thH;it
ca;tpf;fty;yJ. Jd;g';fis fise;J
,d;gj;ijf; ju ty;yJ. nkw;fz;l epiyfspy]
btw;wp fhznt rhd;nwhh;fs; ey;y E}y;fis
vGjp rpwg;ghf thH tHp tiffisr; Twpr;
brd;whh;fs;. mtw;wpy; fij thapyhff;
TWfpd;w E}y;fs; gftj;fPij nghd;wJ.
fw;gidahff;TWk; fijfs; rpy ,uhkhazk;
nghd;w fhtpa';fs;. ,j;jifa E}y;fis
gog;gjpd; \yKk; thH;f;if mDgt';fspd;
\yKk; gapd;W mwbewp gpwHhJ rj;jpak;/ jh;kk;/
ePjp/ vd;fpd;w xG';F Kiwapy; cWjpahd
gHf;fj;ij filgpoj;J thH;e;jhy; kdpjDila
thH;t[ rpwg;ghft[k;/ ,d;gkhft[k;/ mikjpahft[k;
mika[k;. ,Jnt Md;kPf gazj;jpw;F
80
jpwt[nfhyhf mika[k;. ,e;j cah; bewpna

Md;kPf thH;t[ vd;W Twyhk;. Md;khtpd;
epiyawpe;J mjd; ,ay;iga[k; czh;e;J
vz;zk;/ brhy;/ bray; ,tw;why; mwbewp
gpwHhJ thH;e;J tUtJ Md;kPf thH;thFk;.
,g;go mwbewp nghw;wp xGfp thH;tjhy; Md;kh
J}a;ik bgw;W KGik milfpwJ. ,J xU
rpwg;ghd Md;kPfg; gazk; vd;W Twyhk;.
jd;Dila mwptpd; bjspthy; ,g;go thH;f;if
nkw;bfhs;tjhy; ,tw;iw xUtif Md;k
"hdk; vd;W bfhs;syhk;. Md;kPf thH;t[ jhd;
Md;k "hdj;ij jUk;. ,jw;F jdpkdpj
xGf;fk; kpf kpf Kf;fpak;. jdpkdpj xGf;fk
Md;k "hdj;jhy; kl;Lnk bgw Koa[nk jtpu
kw;w bray;ghLfshy; bgw KoahJ. jdpkdpj
xGf;fnk xg;gw;w xGf;fkhd rKjhakhf khw
cjt[k; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
81
mwtHp gpwHhJ thGk; bka;"hd tpsf;fj;jpd;

\ynk jdpkdpj xGf;fk; tsUk;. cyf kf;fs;
eyk;ngz Koa[k;. bka;"hd tpsf;fk; vd;fpw
Md;k mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. mJ mwk;/ jtk;
vd;fpw Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf fpilf;Fk;.
jtg;gapw;rp/ jj;Jt';fspd; tpsf;f';fis
tpsf;fpa[k; Tw Koa[k;. "hdj;ij mspf;f
,aYk;.
kdjpy; cjak; MFk; xU bray;ghl;il vz;zk;

vd;W TWfpnwhk;. vz;zk; vd;gJ kdjpd; xU
rf;jp MFk;. btl;lbtsp btspa[yfpy;
g[wg;bghUsplk; Mfh;#zk; vd;w fth;e;jpGf;Fk;
<h;g;g[r; rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; me;j <h;g;g[r;
rf;jpia vjphpilahf tpyf;fpj;js;Sk;
tpfh;#z rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; vz;zk;
vd;gJ kdjpy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtif rf;jpahFk;.
82
,aw;ifapy; vy;iyaw;w Mw;wy; ml';fpa[s;sd.

,aw;ifahd ,e;j ,aw;iff; fs";rpaj;
jpypUe;J kdJ vd;w fUtpahdJ rpwpjst[
fpufpj;J vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ. mt;tpjk; fpufpj;j
me;j rf;jpia kdk; jd;Dilajhf
jdf;Fhpajhf Mf;fpf;bfhs;fpwJ. gpwF me;jr;
rf;jpia mJ vz;z';fshf btspna
brYj;JfpwJ. ,e;j rf;jp ekJ cztpd;
\yKk;/ Rthrpf;fpd;w fhw;wpd; \yKk;/
cztpd; \yk; cly; ,af;fk;
eilbgWtJnghy/ ,Jnghynt mnj cztpd;
\yk; Nl;rkkhd ntW rf;jpfSk; cz;L
gz;zg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Nl;Rk rf;jpfis mJ
ehk; vz;z';fs; vd;W brhy;Yk; totj;jpy;
btspna Js;SfpwJ. Mfnt kdk; vd;W
brhy;yg;gLtJ mwpt[s;sjy;y vd;gij
mwpfpnwhk;. Mdhy; mJ mwpt[s;sJ nghy;
njhd;WfpwJ. mt;tpjk; mJ njhd;Wthjw;F
vd;d fhuzk;> vd;why; mwpt[s;s Md;kh mjd;
gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; Md;kh xd;nw
83
xd;W kl;Lk;jhd; mwpt[g; bghUshf ,Uf;fpwJ.

kdk; vd;gJ btspa[yfj;ij Md;kh
gw;Wtjw;Fg; gad;gLk; fUtpahf kl;Lnk
,Uf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf ,e;jg; g[j;jfj;ij
vLj;Jf;bfhs;nthk;. g[wj;jpy; g[j;jfk; vd;w
totj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;jg;bghUis
cz;ikapy; ehk; mwpe;J bfhs;tjpy;iy.
mwpe;J bfhs;s Koahj ,e;jg;bghUs; ekJ
kdijr;brd;W jhf;fp xU J}z;Ljiy mjhtJ
miyfs; cz;L gz;qfpd;wd. ,e;j
J}z;LjYf;F gjpy; jUk; tifapy; kdk; g[j;jfk;
vd;w totj;ijg; bghUs;gLj;JfpwJ.
,t;tpjkhf jz;zPhpy; miyfs;
cz;lhtijg;nghy kdjpy; vz;z miyfs;
njhd;Wfpd;wd. btspna ,Uf;fpdw cyfk;
kdjpy; miyfs; njhd;Wtjw;F fhuzkhf
,Uf;fpwJ. g[fj;jfj;jpd; cUtnkh ahidapd;
cUtnkh kdpjdpd; cUtnkh btsp
cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy. mjhtJ mtw;iwg;gw;wp
84
btspapypUe;J tUk; J}z;LjYf;Fg; gjpyhf

ekJ kdjpy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpfisg; gw;wp
kl;Lk;jhd; ehk; mwpe;jpUf;fpnwhk;. g[wj;jpy;
,Ug;gJ kdjpy; tprj;jpia cz;Lgz;qtjw;F
fhuzkhf kl;Lnk mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;j
cz;ikia tpsf;Ftjw;F xU Kj;Jr;rpg;gpia
cjhuzkhf vLj;Jf; bfhs;nthk;. Kj;J vg;go
cz;lhfpwJ vd;gJ vy;nyhUf;Fk; bjhpe;jnj.
g[wj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xl;Lz;zpahf xU fpUkp
Kj;Jr;rpg;gpapd; Xl;Lf;Fs; g[Fe;J mij
cWj;JfpwJ. mjhtJ rpg;gpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;
g{r;rpia mJ jpdt[f;F cl;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j
bjhe;jutpypUe;J tpLtpg;gjw;fhf rpg;gp
kpDkpDg;ghf xUtpj jpuhtfj;ij mjhtJ
vdhky; tifia ff;fp btspg;gLj;JfpwJ. gpwF
rpg;gp jdf;F cgj;jputk; tpistpj;j fpUkpia
Rw;wpYk; me;j vdhky; giriag; g{rpf;fpUkpia
\o kiwj;J tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Kj;J
cz;lhfpwJ.
85
ekJ mDgtj;jpy; Kj;J cz;lhtjw;F

xl;Lz;zp fpUkp fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJnghy
btspcyfk; ekJ mDgtj;jpw;F mog;gilf;
fhuzkhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. rpg;gpf;Fs; fpUkp
g[FtJ nghy; Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf g[Fe;J
gpug";rk; ekf;Fg; g[yg;gLfpwJ. rpg;gp vdhky;
giria btspg;gLj;JtJ nghy ,e;j gpug";r
braiy ehk; mwpfpnwhk;. ,t;tpjk; kdjpy;
eilbgWk; braiy rhjhuz kdpjd; xUnghJk;
mwpe;J bfhs;skhl;lhd;. Vbddpy; mt;tpjk;
mtd; bjhpe;J bfhs;s Kaw;rp bra;a[k;
mnjrkaj;jpy; jd; vdhky; giria btspna
mDg;g[fpwhd;. gpwF jd;Dila me;j vdhky;
g{r;irna ghh;f;fpwhd;. Mfnt kdk;
cz;Lgz;zpa mDgtj;ijj; jtpu ntW
vija[k; kdpjdhy; g[hpe;J bfhs;s
,aYtjpy;iy. cz;ikahd Md;kh kdjpw;F
gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; ifapy; cs;s
fUtpahf kdk; ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikahd
86
kdpjdhfpa eP (Md;kh) epw;Fk;nghJjhd; kdk;

mwpt[ila jhfpwJ. mg;nghJjhd; kdJf;F
mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; jpwika[z;lhfpwJ. Md;kh
kdijf; iftpl;LtpLk;nghJ mJ J}s;Jshfr;
rpjwpg;ngha; xd;Wnk ,y;yhky; btWik
mile;J tpLfpwJ. rpj;jk;/ kdk;/ vy;yhk; xU
,Ug;gplkhFk;. mjpy; vGfpd;w miyfSk;/
RHpfSnk tpUj;jp vd;w bgah;. ,e;j tpUj;jpapd;
\ynk ek;khy; mwpag;gLk; ekJ gpug";rkhf
tps';FfpwJ. Md;kh/ kdk; vd;w epiyapy;
tpUj;jp vd;wfpw miyfshYk;/ RHpfshYk;/
,d;g';fisa[k; Jd;g';fisa[k; mDgtpj;J
mjpnyna MH;e;j yapj;J jdJ gpwtp
nehf;fj;ij kwe;J kha cyfpy; thGk;nghJ
mof;fo czh;r;rp trg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa
czh;r;rptrg;gLk; Md;khtpd; epiyjhd;
nguhir/ rpdk;/ gw;W/ ghy;fth;r;rp/ cah;t[ jhH;t[/
t";rk;nghd;w mWtif Fz';fisg;
bgWfpd;wd. Md;kh ,g;gog;gl;l Fz';fspd;
vGfpd;w vGr;rpapd; fhuzkhf kPz;Lk;/ kPz;Lk;
87
gHpr;bray;fs; bra;J/ jdf;Fk;/ gpwh;f;Fk;

Jd;gj;ij cz;lhf;fpwJ. Mfnt gpu";r
khiaapy; Md;kh cHd;W jtpg;gij jtph;j;J
khia kaf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl cz;lhf;fpa
rpj;jh;fs; gapw;rpna nahfh vd;gjhFk;.
loK hjfJilf Fdgnfkauf Huofjyf

jgfGhfhagfxuf Sp_fJlf. Huofjyf
jgfGhfhagfxuf S:nfkauf DbafIjyf
jgfGhfhagfxuf Sp_fJlf. DbafIjyf
jgfGhfhagfxuf S:jfJlf loskof Whfwha{Klf
manfk wma=hspaj S:hfhaof. Fiof Dkgfxuf
Whfwha{Klf Hof msashfHkf ki{lf. Fdlkspao
Ljlf. Wkfkdjp hs;mfmdopaoaUlf
h;h;hfhsofT nskaolajjf djpabfG witfts
whTlf kstof whtftioajstaof. DbafI
jgfGhfhagfxuf S:hfhiof kstlfhg ApfnfK
witfts jaBlf iufuhlf Dyfyioaj
S:jfjstaof. Dbafmfms jgfGhfhagfxuf dikfKjf
wjayfhiOjfJ kqdljyf wn:_fjaK. nufu
APUlf nufu Ae;ajfjspLyfyioajIlf
S:hfhaof.
88
DbafIjfJlf Snfk VgfgkfkstfJlf wn:_fjsp

wkagafH DbfG. i[spsuf ngnfK wmufUjsoft
ehaK Wksafha;ak ishkfdkjf jaBjsoft ehaK
S;kfklf DdtnfKisGlf ehaoft Dbafmfms
EtfhGksoftK. V:iof maGlf ehaK maGkdu
lolf EtfTjf wjayfyaluf ejah Dbafmfms
eleua_fjs ks:hfhs Fido mag eibfGlf
Wofjst Akfks; DbafI ekaofTjstK.
Sekehau mLkapkfksuf FUiujkfksUlf mas
Dtisoafjyf nbfhafjyf lkfkspsUlf mas hufeiT
mlfhi_fjysof culf losk lolaoK ejah,
kah, Sofh, Kofh_fjYjfJ AyajstK.
Sofh Kofhlf Wofhek losk ia[fjfdj. eldu
nagfG Fts]of V:iof wmaofoaof Sofhlf
Kofhlf Wofjst Ddgjdykf kaeo latfts latfts
ehagfGjf wjyfjsetalf Woftaof. Ajei
ia[fjfdj WofhK Vaf Hkfkjlf. msaskfkiafjyf
msaskfKjf wjabfeg S:nfkKlf Sufdu
F{kiafjyf F{Kwjabfeg S:nfkKlf
Sufdu. msashfhiaf F{iKlf, F{kiaf
msashfhKlf Foftag ia[fjfdjhf Hkfkjkfksof
Fkfkspap_fjyf. Sofhlf EtfhGlf ehaK lo
89
ljs[fmfms FdgjstK. Kofhlf EtfhGjsoftehaK

lolf eikdo FdgjstK.
Aj Snfk Sofhlf, Kofhlf Woft Snfk S;bfG
wmpufhaGlf W_fej ekaofTjstK? Wo
A;apfmfms wmpfK haafjfJlf ehaK Vifwia:
loskosof Adm, is:hfH, Atftadl,
WksafhaafhfH, whatadl ehaoftitftauf
Dbfgajsofto. losk lolf Fdk kaof
is:lfHkstK. jsdgkfkauf lsj lsj mnfekamlf
FdgjstK. i:lfhspK nsdteitak ehaK
Kofhlf FdgkstK. Dyfyhxep Sdi Sofhlf
Kofhlf kaoa? Wofjst ejyfisjfJ, Sdi
Sofhlf Kofhlf Fufu WofTkaof hksuf
wmaufuspaj eibfGlf. ja;blf Sdijdy
Wufualf hs;mfmdojyf.
hs;mfmdojdymf mnfkshfhktfJ Sdtiof nljfJ
FtsI, dj, jauf, Dguf WofT Wkfkdo
Fip_fjdyjf wjaGkfks:jfjstaof. Ajei
hs;mfmdojdy mnfkskfK idjhfhGkfk Ftsp
Spuak ja;bel Sofhlf, Kofhlf Aj
haisjfjstaof loskof. Dyfyhxep Kofhlf
WofhK VofT DbfG Woftauf hmsjfwjaGdl,
90
ia[ i[spsufdu, FK Kofhlf. kq;ak enapf,

FK Kofhlf.
lodkhf hjfJihfhGkfk wkaspak ja;bkfkauf
mLkapkfksuf hufeiT mlfhi_fjdyhf
haafjfjsetalf. SyipK iaushof ks:lblf
ngnfK S;bfG cofT lak_fjey Ajsofto.
ktfwjadu wmpfK wjabfgaof Woft wmpfks,
wmpfkskfkausuf i:jstK Wofo ja;blf?
Woftauf jaiuf Kdt kjiuf FtsishfH, jbiof
ldois Sdgep kj;aT WofT wmpfkskf ka[suf
ehaghfhgfGyfyK. Sofwoa: Htlf Fek
wmpfkskf ka[suf 85 ipK nsdtI whtft Snfksphf
hs;klaf 100 ejaxdpkf kabfxp <okfKdj
lsJnfk Snfksp nagfdg huf eiT
hs;mfmdojYjfJ lkfkspseu msaskfKkf wjabfeg
nagfdg AYidkPlf haafjfjsetalf. 26 ipksuf
ks:lblf Ao Sdy]of jbiof, ldois,
hsbjfjauf ktfwjadu wmpfk Anfk Sdy]of
lodkPlf haafjfjsetlf, 85 ipK kyfyak
ipksuf nagfdgep nsafijsjfjsoft ipkao Snfk
lokfdkPlf haafjjf setlf. Wofo eiThaG?
WofT haafjfJlf ehaK hs;mfmdojdy <q;bskfK
kqafIjaBlf ksbfdl 90 ipK LksnfkiafjfJ
91
S:jfjstK. Fiaf ia[fjstaaf. Fek lokfksbfdl

iaushOjfJ Sufdu. Fnfk iaushof Dpsaf
S[nfkaof. Shfhxhfhgfg Snfk ksglao
lokfksbfdl Vifwia:i:lf Whfhxhf whTiK?
Woftauf FktfJ i[sjagfGiK Aoflqjlf.
Aoflqjkfkauf lgfGel lokfksbfdl
whtLxPlf. Aofl Woftauf Dpsaf. Snfk
Dpsasof isdypagfGkf kkfKikfdk FtsnfK
wjabfgauf lolf wmlfdlpaJlf. Vifwia:
maofeta:lf Dpsaf isdypagfGkf kkfKikfdk
Ftsp F:lf haGhgfGyfyaafjyf.
kofdoptsnfKSofhLt wibfbsuaei
V: knfks;lf nq wmaufu eibfGlf wibfbsuaei
kofdoptsp kljfwja: ejxufdu
kofdo ptspaluf kaeo F[sjsoftaeo
WofT hufeiT haguf culf rTidkjf
jabualf. kofdoptsiK Whfhx? Woft
ejyfisjfJ nufu Aoflqj Amaofjdy FBjs
mskfkafjyf W{ksp Nzufjdyhf hxkfK isyjfjlf
whTiksof culf Dpsaf isdypagfGkf
kkfKikfdk Ftspualf. Dpsaf isdypagfGkf
kkfKikfdk Ftsnfkieo kkfKi ]aos.
92
maka;b losk ia[fjfdjpsuf ljfjyf

Wufeua:lf kkfKi ]aosjyaj LxPla?
FktfJ en;lf EK? Woft ejyfiskaof Sofdtp
mLkapkfksuf Lofeo nstfjstK. Fijamlf
S:jfjstiafjyf kkfKi ]aos Aj LpU_fjyf.
Fijamlf Sufuakiafjyf DgduPlf
Dpsd;Plf ehBjsoft hpstfms whT_fjyf.
Shfhpstfmspsof culf lolf hjfJilf FdgPlf.
ekdiptft ejahlf, lo F{kfklf, kqafjfjlao
LxI WGjfJlf Atftuf, J[hfhltft kofdl,
enaptft Ae;ajfjsplao Dguf Sdijdyhf
whtfT Sofhlaj ia[ualf. lolf hjfJihf
hGiktfjaj EtfhgfgKkaof cmfMhf hpstfms,
Amohf hpstfmsjyf ehaoftdijyf. lokstfJ
Fyhfhasp Atftuf DyfyK. loksof Atftuauf
WdkPlf makskfKjf jagfg LxPlf. Fhfhx
makdo hdgkfkiafjyf kaof kdulps;auf
uaasdp S{hfhi:lf, jbfhaafdipauf
S:lfHjf jlfhsdp idyhfhi:lf,
jbfhaafdipaeu wl|flasmlf wmpfK
jagfGhiafjyf huaf Snfk Dujsuf Dyfyoaf.
hs;h]fm Atftduhf whTiktfjfJ hu i[sjyf
S:nfkaUlf Fdk whtfT hpof wht
93
eibfGlaoauf FktfJasp Ve; j:is lolf

kaof. losk lolaoK Wdk nsdojfjsteka Fdk
FdgnfKisGlf. Dka;blaj hblf mlfhakskfK
hbjfja;of AjeibfGlf WofT Fek
Jtsjfejayaj S:jfjstiof hbjfja;of
Ajs;aof. Fekehauf gajfgaf AjeibfGlf,
Wof<soqpaf AjeibfGlf Wofjsoft Wbfbkfksof
isdyiaj nagfglf wjayfjstK lolf. hsofH
FKiaj latsisGjstaof.
maka;o mLkap ia[fjfdjpseuep
DofOdgp lolf DojfJ eibfxpdkkf
k:jstK. FktfJasp kJks lokstfJ S:jfjstK.
Fek ehauf Aoflqjhf hadkpsUlf
Sjia[fjfdjpsUlf mas, Dof lolaoK Wdk
Qafjsteka Fdk FdgpLxPlf Wo Ftsp
LxjstK. Fkoaeu kaof nufu wmpfksjdy,
nufudijdy, lolf Fdk ejgfG QafkfK
nufuhxpaj loskof wmpufhg eibfGlf
Wofjst Fxhfhdgpseu kaof kafllf, nqks,
enafdl, V{_fJ, hbfhaG FkfkdoPlf
Etfhgfgo.
94
Snfk mLkap V{_fJjfJ laThgfG ngjfjst

loskdo Snfk mLkaplf VKjfJjstK,
nsnfksjfjstK. Fkoauf loskof Sj ia[fjfdjpsuf
Jtftiauspajstaof. mLkaplf Dofdo
JtftiauspajfJjstK. mLkapjf JtftkfKjfJ
Ayajs Kofhhf hGjstaof.
Sjia[fjfdjpsuf lsj lsj LjfjsplaoK S;bfG:
1. mLkap V{_fJ,
2. Sufut V{_fJ.
mLkap V{_fJ ehau Sufut V{_fJjfJ
laThgfG V:iof ngjfJlf ehaK kaof
Sufutkfksuf Kofhlf i:jstK. SufutkfksafjfJ
WofT Vaf Sujfjblf S:jfjstK. Fkofhx
ia[jf jtfTjf wjayfy eibfGlf. jbfbsplf,
jtfH, enafdl, mLkapkfdkmf maafnfK ia{lf
jgfGhfhaG.
jbiTjfjaj ldoisPlf, ldoisjfjaj
jbiOlf, Siafjyf S:i:lf emafnfK
J[nfdkjdy iyafjfjsoft laofH, ipkao
jaukfksuf J[nfdkjyf whtfetaaf jiosjfj
eibfxp whaThfH, Sitfdt Sufut
95
Sujfjblf nljfJ ehaksjfjstK. Snfk Sufut

Sujfjblf laThGlf ehaK losk ia[fjfdj
KofhlajstK. JGlfhkfksuf mmfm;Ijyf Wkoauf
EtfhGjsofto Woftauf jbioaoiof ldois
Sgkfkseu msu WksafhaafHjdy Wksafhaafhfhaof.
Fnfk WksafhaafhfHjfJ Etftaaf ehauf ldoispsof
wmpufhaG Sufduwpoftauf Dgeo Fiof
loksuf ljs[fmfms S:jfjaK. Fek ehauf jbiof
Shfhx S:jfj eibfGlf WofT ldois
Wksafhaafhfhayf. WksafhaafhfH ngiak ehaK
loljs[fmfms Sufdu.
kapflaafjyf msu iqgfxuf J[nfdkjyf
hxjfjisufdu Wofhktfjaj J[nfdkjdy
ejahkfekaG FxkfJ KofHTkfKjsoft
nsj[fmfmsdp haafjfjsetalf. Fek ehauf msyaf
ldoisdp FxkfK KofHTkfKjsoft jagfmsdphf
haafjfjsetalf. mtfT hxkfkiafjyf jGdlpao
iaafkfdkjyauf V:id; V:iaf kbfxkfK
wjayfikaUlf lolf eikdohfhGjstK.
FUiujkfksuf maspaohxeidu wmpfpisufdu
WofT eluksjaas ksgfGikaUlf lolf
eikdohfhGjstK. Shfhx Foftaglf
96
FOhishfhK kaof losk ia[fjfdjpajstK.

Snfk nsdudp latft Wofo wmpfp eibfGlf?
losk lokfdkhf hbfhGkfk eibfGlf. lolf
hbfhg eibfGlaoauf Lkusuf nufu msnfkdo,
nufu wmpufhaG, nufuiafjeyaG DtI,
Sdti[shaG ehaoft Dpasp wmpufjyauf
lokfdk hbfhGkfk eibfGlf. msu losk:jfJ
lo S:jfjel ia[fjfdjpaj S:jfJlf.
Fiafjyf wmaufiK kaof mas WofT
maksjfjsoftiafjyf DbfG. Fhfhx h[js i:jsoft
Fnfk h[jfjkfksof ja;blaj lolK lo S:jfj
iphfhgfG isGlf. lolf S:jfjLyfyiafjYjfJ
Dbfdljyf HasnfK wjayfYlf Atftuf
Sufualuf ehaJlf. ja;blf Dgusof
FBjfrTjyf Fhfhx EtfT EtfT h[js
kofOdgp <qi mjfks JdtnfK isGjstK.
Dps;atftuf, <qi mjfks Jdtnfk loskOdgp
FtsiaoK maspao Ldtpsuf wmpufhgaK.
FhfehaK hs;mfmdojYjfJ kqafI jaBlf
kstdo lolf S[nfK isGjstK. Ajei <qi
mjfksdphf ehbsjfjahfhK lsj lsj Fimsplf
AjstK. Fnfk <qi mjfksdp ehbsjfjahfhK kaof
epajlf WofhK.
97
h;sMkfk lolf
kdk; ,uz;L tifg;gLtJ. xd;W btspkdk;.
,d;bdhd;W cs;kdk;.
wiyslolf
btspkdkhdJ gytpj Mrhghr';fSf;F
cl;gl;lJ. mjDila Jizth;fshd bka;/
tha;/ fz;/ fhJ/ \f;F/ Mfpa Ie;J g[yd;fs;
jhd; ek;Kila btspkdij Ml;og;gilf;Fk;.
gytpjkhd Rf';fis mDgtpf;fj; J}z;Lk;.
,jd; \yk; gy ,d;dy;fs; neUk;. !;ghpr Rfk;/
jPz;ly; ,d;gk; nghd;wtw;iwj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
njfk; kdpjidj; jtwhd ghijapy;
nghfr;bra;a[k;. ,jpypUe;J tpLgl Kaw;rpf;f
ntz;Lk;. tha; ngRtjw;Fk; rhg;gpLtjw;Fk;
cjt[tJ. mnj rkak; bfl;ltw;iw ngRtjw;Fk;
rhg;gpLtjw;Fk] J}z;LtJ. fz;/ ,J
98
kpfg;bghy;yhjJ. kdpjDf;F kpfkpf

Kf;fpakhdJ. ,e;j fz; ghh;g;gJ vy;yhk;
mDgtpf;f ntz;Lk] vd;w Miriaj;
J}z;LtJk;/ mwpit tsh;f;f gof;f cjt[tJk;
,f;fz;fns. MH;kdija[k; ghh;itapy; ghh;j;J
kdjpy; gjpaitf;Fk; kpfKf;fpakhd
mitafkhFk;. fhJ ,d;dpiriaf; nfl;gJ
kw;Wk; ngRtJ/ gy ey;yJ bfl;lJ nghd;w
tptfhu';fis nfl;f cjt[tJ. \f;F
thridfis mDgtpg;gJld; kdfpsh;r;
rpfisa[k; Vw;glj;j ,e;j cWg;g[ bray;gLk;.
,g;go Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf btspkdkhdJ

murhl;rp bra;J kdpjid ey;yJ bfl;lJ
,d;gk;/ Jd;gk; vd;W Ml;og; gilf;Fk;. Mfnt
,e;j btspkdk; ml';fpdhy;jhd; cs;kdk;
jpwf;Fk;. Ik;g[yd;fshy; Ml;og;gilf;Fk;
btspkdij mlf;Ftjw;Fjhd \r;Rgapw;rp/
jpahdk;/ ke;jpu';fs;/ ghuhaz';fs; Kjypad
99
bra;antz;Lk;. Kjypy; btspkdij xUepiyg;

gLj;j ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; btw;wp bgw;why;
cs;kdjpy; ekJ ntz;Lnfhis brhy;tJ
kpfr;Rygk;. kdjpw;Fk; Rthrj]jpw;Fk; ,ilbtsp
,y;yhj bjhlh;g[z;L. kdk; ve;j mst[
bray;gLfpwnjh me;j mst[ \r;Rf; fhw;wpd;
mst[k; bray;gLk;. btspkdij mlf;fr;
rhd;nwhh;fs; ,uz;L cghaj;ijf;
ifahz;lhh;fs;. xd;W jj;Jt hPjpahf ,e;j
vz;zk;; jPikahdJ vdnt ,ijj; js;sptpl
ntz;Lk; vd;W jd;Dila mwpt[g;g{h;tkhd
rpe;jidapy; xt;bthU jPa vz;zjija[k;
xJf;fp/ kdij jd;Dila mwptpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ. ,d;bdhd;W
\r;Rf;fhw;W hPjpahf ml';fhj fhisia
mlf;Ftjw;F bra;fpd;w cgak; nghy ml';fhj
kdij mlf;f \r;R gapw;rp bra;J \r;Rf;fhw;iw
mlf;fpj; jd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ.
,Jnt kdkl';fpdhy; \r;R ml';Fk]/
100
\r;rl';fpdhy; kdk; ml';Fk; vd;gjhFk;.

kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpd;w gpizg;gpy;
mfg;gl;Lf; bfhz;Ls;shd;. mtd; md;whlk;
gy;ntW tpra';fis re;jpf;f ntz;oa
NH;epiyf; ifjpahfp thGfpwhd;. Mfnt
mtDf;F rpe;jpj;J kdij mwpt[g;g{h;tkhfr;
brYj;jp kdkl';fr; bra;tJ vspjhd
fhhpakpy;iy. fhuzk; nahrpg;gjw;F fhyk;
nghJtJ ,y;iy. Mfnt jw;fhy NH;epiyapy;
\r;Rg; gapw;rpapd; \yk;jhd; kdij mlf;f
ntz;oa fl;lha epiyapy; cs;shd;.
Dyflolf
cs;kdkhdJ vija[k; bra;af;ToaJ. mjw;F
ey;yit bfl;lit bjhpahJ. btspkdk; vd;d
brhy;fpwnjh mij mg;gona bra;a[k; my;yJ
epiwntw;wptpLk; rf;jp ,jw;F cz;L.
cs;kdjpd; Mw;wy; mghukhdJ. ,jd;
rf;jpfis vGj;jhy; mstpl;Lf;Tw KoahJ.
101
gytpjkhd Mghr/ jPa vz;z';fis mfw;wp

ekf;F vJ njitnah mij czh;t[g;g{h;tkhf
cs; kdJf;Fj; bjhpag;gLj;jp tpl;lhy; cs;kdk;
mij mg;gona epiwntw;wp tpLk; Mw;wy;
gilj;jJ.
lolf WofOlf lap

vgfMljf j:is
kdjpy; cjak; MFk; xU bray;ghl;il vz;zk;
vd;W TWfpnwhk;. vz;zk; vd;gJ kdjpd; xU
rf;jp MFk;. btl;lbtsp btspa[yfpy;
g[wg;bghUsplk; Mfh;#zk; vd;w fth;e;jpGf;Fk;
<h;g;g[r; rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; me;j <h;g;g[r;
rf;jpia vjphpilahf tpyf;fpj;js;Sk;
tpfh;#z rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; vz;zk;
vd;gJ kdjpy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtif rf;jpahFk;.
,aw;ifapy; vy;iyaw;w Mw;wy; ml';fpa[s;sd.
,e;j ,aw;iff; fs";rpaj;jpypUe;J kdJ vd;w
102
fUtpahdJ rpwpjst[ Mw;wiy fpufpj;J vLj;Jf;

bfhs;fpwJ. mt;tpjk; fpufpj;j me;j rf;jpia
kdk; jdf;Fhpajhf Mf;fpf;bfhs;fpwJ. gpwF
me;jr; rf;jpia mJ vz;z';fshf btspna
brYj;JfpwJ. ,e;j rf;jp ekJ cztpd;
\yKk;/ Rthrpf;fpd;w fhw;wpd; \yKk; tUfpwJ.
cztpd; \yk; cly; ,af;fk;
eilbgWtJnghy/ mnj cztpd; \yk;
Nl;rkkhd ntW rf;jpfSk; cz;L
gz;zg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Nl;Rk rf;jpfis mJ
ehk; vz;z';fs; vd;W brhy;Yk; totj;jpy;
btspna js;SfpwJ. Mfnt kdk; vd;W
brhy;yg;gLtJ mwpt[s;sjy;y vd;gij
mwpfpnwhk;. Mdhy; mJ mwpt[s;sJ nghy;
njhd;WfpwJ. mt;tpjk; mJnjhd;Wtjw;F vd;d
fhuzk; vd;why; mwpt[s;s Mj;kh mjd;
gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
cz;ikapy; Mj;kh xd;nw xd;W kl;Lk;jhd;

mwpt[g; bghUshf ,Uf;fpwJ. kdk; vd;gJ
103
btspa[yfj;ij Mj;kh gw;Wtjw;Fg; gad;gLk;

fUtpahf kl;Lnk ,Uf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf
,e;jg;g[j;jfj;ij vLj;Jf;bfhs;nthk;. g[wj;jpy;
g[j;jfk; vd;w totj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;
,e;jg;bghUis cz;ikapy; ehk; mwpe;J
bfhs;tjpy;iy. mwpe;J bfhs;s Koahj
,e;jg;bghUs; ekJ kdijr;brd;W jhf;fp xU
J}z;Ljiy/ mjhtJ miyfis cz;L
gz;qfpd;wd. ,e;j J}z;LjYf;F gjpy; jUk;
tifapy; kdk; g[j;jfk; vd;w totj;ijg;
bghUs;gLj;JfpwJ. ,t;tpjkhf jz;zPhpy;
miyfs; cz;lhtijg;nghy kdjpy; vz;z
miyfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd. btspna ,Uf;fpd;w
cyfk; kdjpy; miyfs; njhd;Wtjw;F
fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. g[j;jfj;jpd; cUtnkh
ahidapd; cUtnkh kdpjdpd; cUtnkh btsp
cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy. mjhtJ mtw;iwg;gw;wp
btspapypUe;J tUk; J}z;LjYf;Fg; gjpyhf
ekJ kdjpy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpfisg; gw;wp
104
kl;Lk;jhd; ehk; mwpe;jpUf;fpnwhk;. g[wj;jpy;

,Ug;gJ kdjpy; ,r;rj;jpia cz;L
gz;qtjw;F fhuzkhf kl;Lnk
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
Mfnt kdk; cz;Lgz;zpa mDgtj;ijj;

jtpu ntW vija[k; kdpjdhy; g[hpe;J bfhs;s
,aYtjpy;iy. cz;ikahd Md;kh kdjpw;F
gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; ifapy; cs;s
fUtpahf kdk; ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikahd
kdpjdhfpa eP (Mj;kh) epw;Fk;nghJjhd; kdk;
mwpt[ilajhfpwJ. mg;nghJjhd; kdJf;F
mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; jpwika[z;lhfpwJ. Mj;kh
kdijf; iftpl;LtpLk;nghJ mJ J}s;Jshfr;
rpjwpg;ngha; xd;Wnk ,y;yhky; btWik
mile;J tpLfpwJ.
,g;nghJ kdk; vd;d vd;gijg; g[hpe;J

bfhz;Oh;fs;. rpj;jk;/ kdk;/ vy;yhk; xU
105
,Ug;gplkhFk;. mjpy; vGfpd;w miyfSf;Fk;/

RHpfSf;Fnk/ tpUj;jp vd;w bgah;. ,e;j
tpUj;jpapd; \ynk ek;khy; mwpag;gLk; cyfk;
ekf;F gpug";rkhf tps';FfpwJ. Md;kh/ kdk;
vd;w epiyapy; tpUj;jp vd;w miyfshYk;/
RHpfshYk;/ ,d;g';fisa[k; Jd;g';fisa[k;
mDgtpj;J mjpnyna MH;e;J yapj;J jdJ
gpwtp nehf;fj;ij kwe;J kha cyfpy;
thGk;nghJ mof;fo czh;r;rptrg;gLfpwJ.
mj;jifa czh;r;rptrg;gLk; Md;khjhd;
nguhir/ rpdk;/ gw;W/ ghy;fth;r;rp/ cah;t[ jhH;t[/
t";rk;nghd;w mWtif Fz';fshf khw;wk;
bgWfpwJ. Md;kh ,g;gog;gl;l Fz';fspd;
vGfpd;w vGr;rpapd; fhuzkhf kPz;Lk;/ kPz;Lk;
gHpr;bray;fs; bra;J jdf;Fk; gpwh;f;Fk;
Jd;gj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ. Mfnt gpug";r
khiaapy; Md;kh cHd;W jtpg;gij jtph;j;J
khia kaf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl rpj;jh;fs;
106
cz;lhf;fpa gapw;rpna nahfh my;yJ nahfk;

vd;gjhFk;.
lolf Hkfks Fj_fja;lf

mskfklf
Md;khthdJ kdk; Kjypa fUtpfisf;
bfhz;L czUk;nghJ mt;t[zh;t[/
1. gw;Wjy;/
2. epr;rapj;jy;/
3. xUg;gl;L vGjy;/
4. rpe;;jpj;jy;/
vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. ,dp xU bghUis

,d;dJ vd epr;rapf;Fk; g[j;jp/ mjid Kd;ida
gHf;fk; gw;wp mjd; tpidf;F <lhf mijj;
jdf;F cwthfnth/ gifahfnth/
bghJthfnth czUk;. ,g;go czh;jyhy;;
,d;gk;/ Jd;gk;/ kaf;fk; vd \d;W tpj
107
Fz';fSs; xd;whf ghpzkpf;Fk;. ,t;thW

ghpzkpj;J epw;Fk; g[j;jpia/ Md;kh ,J Jd;gk;/
,J ,d;gk;/ ,J ,uz;Lkpy;yhjJ vd mwpe;J
gpd; mf;Fzk; njhd;Wfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; ehd;
,d;g[w;nwd;/ Jd;g[w;wnd;/ ka';fpndd;/ vd
czUk]. ,t;t[zh;t[fs;; fhl;rpfs; MFk;.
g[wj;nja[s;s; fz;qf; fpdpabjhU bghUisf;
fz;L ,d;g[Wk; nghJ Kd;dh; ,J
njhd;whfhl;rpa[k; ,d;dbjd czUk;
khdrf;fhl;rpa[k;/ ,J ,d;d ,d;gk; vd;Dk; jd;;
czh;t[ fhl;rpa[k; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf fhuz
fhhpa Kiwapy; fly; miynghy; Md;khtpd;
czh;tpy; te;J njhd;Wk;. ,g;goahf
Md;kjj;Jtk; 24k; Md;kht[f;Fj; J}atotpy;
neu; bjhlh;g[ld; bray; gLfpd;wd.
rpj;jh;fs; kdij ghpgf;Ftk; bra;tjd; \yk;

"hdj;ijg; bgwKoa[k; vd;W czh;e;J bjhpe;J
108
mjw;F m#;lh';f nahfk; vd;W vl;L tifahd

gapw;rpfis tFj;Jf; bfhLj;Js;shh;fs;.
xUtd; j';f Mguzk; bra;a ntz;Lbkd;why;

ciyapy; ,l;L fha;r;rp j';fj;ij/ jfLfshf;fp/
fk;gpfshf;fp/ gf;Ftkhf;fp Mguzk;
bra;fpd;whnd/ mJnghy kdija[k;/ cliya[k;/
nahfj;jpd; \yk; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp "hdk; bgw
cfe;j tHpfisf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. kf;fSf;Fk;
gy;ntWtpjkhd nahf E}y;fs; \yk;
vGjpitj;Js;shh;fs;. Mfnt jFe;j gapw;rpapd;
\yk; g[yd;fis btsp tptfhu';fspy;
nghftpl;L Mjpf;fk; brYj;jtplhky; g[yd;fis
bty;tjw;Fg; gapw;rp Kiwfis
fz;Lgpoj;jhh;fs;;. mjd; \yk; Rthrk; jhdhff;
fl;Lg;gLk;. Rthrk; fl;Lg;gLk; nghJ kdRk;
fl;Lg;gLk;. kdk; fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Uf;fpd;wth;fns
rpwe;j nahfpfs;. mij mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ/
109
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brgpf;fntz;lhk;

kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia epWj;j ntz;lhk;
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia cah;j;j ntz;lhk;
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brk;ikahnk
nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; kdj;jpwk;

bfhz;lth;fSf;F vJt[k; ve;j gapw;rpa[k;
njitapy;iy vd;W TWtjpypUe;J kdij
brk;ikahf itj;J thH gHfpf;bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;. vJt[k; gHf;fkhfp gpd;g[ tHf;fkhf
khWfpwJ. Mfnt ey;y tHf;fkhf
ey;yth;fshf thH KaYnthk;.
Dbafmfms DbafI lolf

kdpj cliy czh;r;rp vd;w bray;ghL bghpJk;
gPoj;Jf; bfhz;Ls;sJ. kdpj clypy; ,uj;jk;/
btg;gk;/ fhw;W mjdjd; ghijfspy; rPuhf
bray;gl;L tUfpwJ. clypYs;s mqf;fs;
Tl;lj;jpw;F mJnt Mnuhf;fpaj;ijf;
110
bfhLf;fpwJ. ,it rPuhf/ Kiwahf/

bray;glhky; ,uj;jnkh/ fhw;nwh/ btg;gnkh/
khWgl;L bray;gLkhdhy; ve;j ,lj;jpy;
khWghlhfr; bray;gLfpwnjh me;j ,lj;jpy;
cs;s mqf;Tl;lk; eypt[Wk.; mg;nghJ
$Ptrf;jpahd capUf;Fj; Jd;gk; vd;fpw
czh;itj;jUk;. ,j;jifa Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J
tpLgl VjhtJ xU tHpiaj;njLfpwJ. mJ xU
brayhfnth bghUshfnth NH;epiyahfnth
,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;j njlny ehl;lkhfpwJ/
Kaw;rpahfpwJ/ gpd;g[ brayhf;fk; bgWfpwJ.
,e;j njlypd; bjhlh;gaznk Jd;g
czh;thft[k;/ njita[zh;thft[k;/ Kaw;
rpahft[k;/ brayhft[k;/ ,d;gJd;g tpist[
fshft[k;/ bjspthft[k; Kothft[k; tphpe;J
bray;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf clnyhL bfhz;l
bjhlh;ghy; capUf;F Vw;gLk; mDgt';fspd;
bjhFg;ghf kdk vd;w Nl;Rkf;fUtp
bray;gL:fpwJ.
111
5 kkfKi_fjyff
me; j g; g"; r g{j Mw; w y; vg; g o kdpj rhPuj; j py;
bray; g LfpwJ vd; g ijg; ghh; g ; n ghk; . ,t; t [ y fnk
Ik; b gUk; g{j mqf; f shy; MdJ. ,t; i tak;
bgWk; g{j mqf; f spy; xt; b thd; W k; / xt; b thU
mqt[ k ; 96 jj; J t'; f s; mike; J s; s d. ,e; j 96
jj; J t'; f ns kdpj rhPuj; j py; bray; g Lfpd; w d.
112
jj;Jt';fs; 96
1. Kjy; jj;Jtk; 30
2. ,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk; 30
3. \d;whk; jj;Jtk; 36
Kjy; jj;Jtk; 30d; tpguk;

1. g{jk; 5/
2. bghwp 5/
3. g[yd; 5/
4. fd;nke;jphpak; 5/
5. fd;ktprak; 5/
6. fuzk; 4/
7. mwpt[ 1.
mjd; tpguk; tUkhW/

g{jk; 5/
1. gpUjptp-kz;/
2. mg;g[-ePh;/
3. nja[-mf;dp/
4. tha[-fhw;W/
5. Mfhak;-btsp.
113
bghwp 5/
1. brtp/
2. njhy;/
3. fz;/
4. ehf;F/
5. \f;F
g[yd; 5/
1. rj;jk;-nfl;fg;gl;lJ (brtpf;F caph;f;TW)/
2. ghprk;-bjhL czh;t[ mwptJ (clk;g[f;F
capy;TW)/
3. cUtk;-fhz;gJ (fz;qf;F caph;TW)/
4. ,urk;-mWRit mwptJ (ehf;Ff;F
caph;f;TW)/
5. fe;jk;-thrd mwpt[ (\f;Ff;F caph;TW)
fd;nke;jphpak; 5/
1. tha;/
2. fhy;/
3. if/
4. mghdk;/
5. Fwp
114
fd;k tprak; 5/
1. ngRjy;-thf;Ff;F caph;f;TW/
2. flj;jy;-fhYf;F caph;f;TW/
3. bfhLj;jy;/ th';fy;-iff;F caph;f;TW/
4. tpLjy;-vUtha; caph;f;TW/
5. kfpH;jy;-Fwpf;F caph;f;TW
fuzk; 4/
1. kdk;-xd;iw ,izg;gJ/
2. g[j;jp-mjid tprhhpg;gJ/
3. mf';fhuk;-mjidf; bfhz;L nky;
vGk;g[tJ/
4. rpj;jk;-mjidr; bra;J Kog;g[/
mwpt[ 1/
1. jd;idf; fz;L kfpH;e;jpUj;jy;
,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk; 30d; tpguk;

1. eho 10/
2. tha[ 10/
3. ra';fs; 5/
4. nfhrk; 5/
eho-10
1. gpuhzd;/
115
2. mghdd;/
3. tpahdd;/
4. cjhdd;/
5. rkhdd;/
6. ehfd;/
7. Th;kd;/
8. fphpfud;/
9. njtj;jd;/
10. jd;brad;
1. gpuhzd;
g[Ut kj;jpapy; njhd;wp rpj;j ehoapy;
g[Fe;J \yhjhuj;ij mile;J/ bjhg;g[s;/
gpd; \f;Fj; jhdj;jpy; Kl;o ,lfiy/
gpd;fhiyfspy; Xo fghyj;ijr; Rw;wp/
\f;F Jthuj;jpy; btsptUk; Rthrk; 12
m';Fyk; ePz;L btspte;J ehd;F
m';Fyk; fHpe;j 8 m';Fyk; cs;ns
brd;W kPz;Lk; g[wg;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J
Rthrk; Jt';FfpwJ. ,g;gor; bray;gLk;
116
Rthrk; ehHpif xd;Wf;F 360 Rthrk; ,ut[

gfy; 60 ehHpiff;F 21/600 Rthrk; kdpj
clypy; bray;gLfpwJ.1
,e;j Rthrk; 21/600-f;F tpguk;/
1. \yhjhuj;jpy; Rthrk; 6000
2. Rthjpl;lhdj;jpy; Rthrk; 6000
3. kzpg{ufj;jpy; Rthrk; 6000
4. mdhjfj;jpy; Rthrk 6000
5. tpRj;jpapy; Rthrk; 1000
6. Mf;fpidapy; Rthrk 1000
7. Rfd;ufhuk; Rthrk; 1000
ehs; xd;Wf;F 21/600 Rthrk; ,a';fp ,jpy;
7/200 Rthrk; fHd;W 14/400 Rthrk; cs;ns
brd;W kdpj cliy brayhf;fg;
gLj;JfpwJ.
2. mghdd;
1 24 epkprk; bfhz;lJ-1 ehHpif

117
Fjj;ija[k;/ Fa;aj;ija[k; gw;wp epd;W

kyrhjpfis fHpg;gJ
3. tpahdd;
njhypny epd;W ghpr';fis mwptpg;gJ
4. cjhdd;
gpria czlhf;fp cz;l czit
cztpd; rf;jpia mjhtJ rhuj;ij
72/000 eho euk;g[fspy; brYj;jp rhPuj;ij
tsh;g;gJ.
5. Rkhdd;
vy;yh tha[tia[k; VWjy;/ ,w';Fjy;
,y;yhky; rkdhff; bfhz;L ,a';FtJ
6. ehfd;
tpf;fYk;/ ff;fYk; cz;lhf;FtJ
7. Th;kd;
fz;zpny epd;W ,ikg;gJ
8. fphpjud;
g[Utkj;jpiag; gw;wp epd;W Jk;ky;/
mGtpj;jy; bra;tJ
9. njtjhj;jd;
118
tHpj;jpUf;Fk; nghJ XLtpj;jYk;

cyht[jYk;/ a[j;jk; gz;qtpj;jy;
bra;tJ
10. jd";brad;
gpuhzd; clk;ig tpl:Lg;nghdYk; jhd;
gphpahky; epd;W clk;ig ,a';fr; bra;J
tphptpj;jYk; bra;J \d;W ehl;fSf;Fg;
gpwF fghyj;ijg; gpse;J Xog;nghtJ
ra';fs; 5/
1. mkh;thrhak;/
2. gfph;thrhak;/
3. rhythrhak;/
4. kdthrhak;/
5. Rf;fpy thrhak;
1. mkh;thrhak;
cz;l czt[ rhuk; mkUkplk;
2. gfph;thrhak;
md;d rhuk; gfph;e;J bfhLf;Fkplk;
3. rhythrhak;
ePh; ,w';Fk; ,lk;
4. kdthrhak;
kyf;FHp ,w';Fk; ,lk;
5. Rf;fpy thrhak;
Rfpyd; gphpa[k; ,lk;
119
nfhrk; 5/
1. md;dka nfhrk;/
2. gpuhzika nfhrk;/
3. kndhika nfhrk;/
4. tp";"hdka nfhrk;/
5. Mde;jka nfhrk;.
1. md;dka nfhrk;
Jynjfkhfpa clk;g[
2. gpuhzika nfhrk
gpuhzDk; fd;nke;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ
3. kndhika nfhrk;
kdKk; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ
4. tp";"hdka nfhrk;
g[j;jpa[k; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ
5. Mde;jka nfhrk;
gpuhztha[k; Rkj;jpa[k; To epw;gJ
\d;whk; jj;Jtk; 36d; tpguk;

1. Mjhuk; 6/
2. kz;lyk; 3/
3. kyk; 3/
4. njhrk; 3/
5. Vlid 3/
120
6. Fzk; 3/
7. ,uf;fk; 8/
8. tpid 2/
9. mt!;ij 5.
Mjhuk; 6
1. \yhjhuk;/
2. Rthjpl;lhdk;/
3. kzpg{ufk;/
4. mdhfjk;/
5. tpRj;jp/
6. Mf;i"
1. \yhjhuk;
vUtha;/ ehw;rJuf;Fs;ns ehspjH;
Kf;nfhz totkhf ,Uf;Fk/; vGj;J
X';fhuk;/ epwk; khzpf;f epwk;/ fzgjp.
2. Rthjpl;lhdk;
vUtha;f;Fk; nkny ,uz;L tuw;fil
mst[k; bjhg;g[Sf;Ff; fPnHa[k;
,Uf;Fkplk;/ ehw;nfhzk;/ MW ,jH;/
vGj;J eh fhuk;/ gilg;g[ gpuk;kh/
brk;bghd; epwk;.
121
3. kzpg{ufk;
bjhg;g[H;/ gpiwnfhzkhdJ/ ,jd;
eLnt epw;Fk; vGj;J kh fhuk;/ gj;J
,jH;/ kufj epwk;/ njtij tp#;q
4. mdhfjk;
,Ujak;/ Kf;nfhzkhdJ/ ,jd;
eLnt ,Uf;Fk; vGj;J rp fhuk;/
gd;dpwd;;L ,jH;/ !;gof epwk;/
cUj;jpud;
5. tpRj;jp
fhz;lk; (fGj;J)/ mWnfhzk;/ 16
,jH;/ nfk epwk;/ vGj;J th fhuk;/
njtij knfRtud;
6. Mf;i"
g[Ut kj;jp/ tl;lkhapUg;gJ/ 3 ,jH;/
gof epwk;/ vGj;J a fhuk;
nkw;fz;l tpguj;jpd; \yk; Mjhuk;
Mwpnya[k; MW vGj;J Xk; ekr;rptha/
MW Mjhuk; MWtplhft[k;/ ,jH;fs;
122
Tl;odhy; 51 ml;ruk; vd;gJk;

fz;Lbfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
kz;lyk; 3
1. mf;dp kz;lyk;/
2. Mjpj;j kz;lyk;/
3. re;jpu kz;lyk;.
1. mf;dp kz;lyk;
,J \yhjhuk; MFk;
2. Mjpj;j kz;lyk;
,Uja !;jhdk; MFk;
3. re;jpu kz;lyk;
rfd;fhu jskhFk;.
kyk; 3
1. Mztk;/
2. fhkpak;/
3. khia
1. Mztk;
clk;ig ehd; vd;W ,Ug;gJ
2. fhkpak;
fz;ltw;wpy; kdk; Mirg;gLk;
3. khia
jdf;F tUtij mwpahky; ,Ug;gJ.
njhrk; 3
1. thjk;/
2. gpj;jk;/
123
3. jpnyhj;jkk;
1. thjk;
tha[tpd; bray; tpist[
2. gpj;jk;
mf;fpdpapd; tpist[
3. jpnyhj;jkk;
fgj;jpd; tpist[
Vlid 3
1. mh;j;j Vlid/
2. g[j;jpu Vlid/
3. cyf Vlid
1. mh;j;j Vlid
jputpaj;ij njo Mirg;gly;
2. g[j;jpu Vlid
g[j;jpuh;fs; njo Mirg;gly;
3. cyf Vlid
cyf tpra';fs; njo Mirg;gly;
Fzk; 3
1. ,uhl;rfk;/
2. jhkrk;/
3. rhj;tPfk;
1. ,uhl;rfk;
mf';fhukha; btl;lsk;/ Fj;jt[k;/
fof;fskhapUg;gJ
2. jhkrk;
124
ke;j g[j;jp/ cd;kj;jkha;/ kj;jpakha;

,Ug;gJ
3. rhj;tPfk;
mlf;fk;/ md;g[/ tpntfk;/
Ik;bghwpahf;fy;/ mUs;/ "hdk;/ jtk;/
bghiw/ nkd;ik/ tha;ik
Kjypatw;iwa[ilajha ehl;l';
bfhz;oUg;gJ
,uhfk; 8
1. fhkk;/
2. Fnuhjk;/
3. cnyhgk;/
4. nkhfk;/
5. kjk;/
6. khr;rhpak;/
7. ,Lk;ig/
8. mf';fhuk;
1. fhkk;
Mir
2. Fnuhjk;
gpzf;F
3. cnyhgk;
gpoghL
125
4. nkhfk;
gphpak;
5. kjk;
fh;tk;
6. khr;rhpak;
cjl;oy; cwt[k;/ cs;sj;jpy; gifa[k;
itg;gJ
7. ,Lk;ig
cjhrPdk;
8. mf';fhuk;
nfhgpj;jy;
tpid 2
1. ey;tpid/
2. jPtpid
1. ey;tpid
g[z;zpak; bra;jy;
2. jPtpid
ghtk; bra;jy;
mtj;ij 5
1. rhf;fpuk;/
2. brhg;gdk;/
3. RHj;rp/
4. Jhpak;/
5. JhpahjPjk;
126
1. rhf;fpuk;
yyhlj;jhdk;
2. brhg;gdk;
fz;l!;jhdk;
3. RHj;rp
,Uja !;jhdk;
4. Jhpak;
ehgp (bjhg;g[H;)
5. JhpahjPjk;
Fwpaplk;
Kg;gJ Kg;gJ Kg;gj;jtWtU";

brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapYs; thH;gth;
brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapy; rpije;j gpd;
byhg;gpyd; tU nkhl;blLj;jhnu
96 jj;Jt';fSk; ek;Kila rhPuj;jpd; vg;go>

bray;gLfpd;wd vd;W ghh;j;njhk;. ,jpy;
Md;kj;Jtk; vd;gJ 24. Mitahtd/
1. g{j';fs; 5/
2. jd;khj;jpiufs; 5/
3. "hnde;jphpa';fs; 5/
4. fd;nke;jphpak; 5/
5. me;jf;fhuzk; 4
127
Mfpa ,e;j 24-k; Md;kht[f;F J}a tothf

,Ue;J nenu bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L tps';Ftjhy;
Md;k jj;Jtk; vdg;gl;lJ. nkw;fz;l
Md;kjj;Jtj;jpd; tpsf;fj;ij vth; mwpthnuh
mtnu ,t;t[yfj;jpy; thHj;bjhpe;jtd; Mthd;.
Rit/ xsp/ CW/ Xir/ ehw;wKkdpiwe;jpd;
tif bjhpthd; fl;nl cyF vd;w ts;Sth;
tha;ik bghHpapd; \yk; fhzyhk;.
nkw;fz;l g{j';fspd; Ie;jpd; Nl;Rk Fz';fns

jd;khj;jpiufshFk;.
kkfKi isyjfjlf
mz;l btspapy; cz;lhd Mw;wYf;F Vw;g ekJ
clyhdJ 24 jj;Jt';fnshL To
bray;gLfpwJ. mz;l btspapy; cz;lhd
Mw;wYf;F Vw;g ekJ clyhdJ 24
jj;Jt';fnshL ToaJ. epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/
128
fhw;W/ Mfhak;/ Mfpa Ie;J g{j';fspd;

Tl;Lf;fyitahy; cz;lhdnj kdpj cly;.
nkw;fz;l g{jk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; totk;/ Fzk;/
epwk;/ vGj;J cz;L vd;W "hdpfs;
Twpa[s;sdh;.
Ie;J g{j';fs; xt;bthd;Wf;Fk; vl;L tpjkhd

Fzhk;r';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; Nl;rk
Fz';fs; vd;fpw jd;khj;jpiu cz;L. mJnr
rg;jk;/ !;ghprk;/ +gk;/ urk;/ fe;jk; vdg;gLk;.
,ijna Xir/ CW/ xsp/ rit kzk; vdg;gLk;.
,e;j Ik;g{j';fs; vg;go clypy; bjhHpy
g[hpfpd;wd> vd;W Muha[k; nghJ gukhq vd;fpw
Mjpapy; njhd;wpa rptrf;jpapd; jd;dpaf;f
RHw;rpapdhy; mz;l nguz;l';fs; cUthapd.
129
6 h]fm^k_fjyf
gukhqf;fspd; gy;ntWgl;l ,af;f epfH;r;rpfns
nghpaf;f kz;lyk; mjd; Kjy; jdpepiy tpz;
vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; Kjy; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpna
fhw;W vdg;gLk; mit nkhjpf; bfhs;tjhy;
Vw;gLk; btg;g epfH;r;rpna beUg;g[ vdg;gLk;.
ePuftha[/ gpuhztha[/ vDk; ,Utifahd fhw;W
130
Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; nrUk;nghJ ePh; MfpwJ.

ePhpd; ,Ufpa epiyna kz;/ ,t;ite;J
epiyfSk; Ie;J bgsjPfk;/ Ie;J gphpt[fs;
Mdgoahy; mtw;iw g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;.
Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP g{kpia
czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[).
vhpkiyf; FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij

cz;lhf;FfpwJ (jhJg;bghUl;fs;). cnyhfk;
ePiu cz;lhf; FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s
lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iw
czlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ.
gukhqtpd; gyfl;lf; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpfis
CW/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; vd;w xt;bthU
vGr;rpa[k; tpisaj;jf;f gphpt[fshfg; gphpj;J
vGr;rp/ fth;r;rpahf cs;s mGj;j
,af;ff;fl;lj;ij tpz; vd;Wk;/ xyp vGr;rpbgwk;
,af;fj;ij fhw;W vd;Wk;/ xsp vGr;rpbgWk;
,af;fj;ij beUg;g[ vd;Wk; Rit vGr;rp bgWk;
,af;fj;ij ePh; vd;Wk; kzk; vGr;rp bgWk;
131
,af;fj;ij kz; vd;Wk; TWfpnwhk;.

tp";"hdpfs; TWk; 103 tifahd elements
fSk; ,t;ite;J ghpt[fspy; ml';fpa[s;sd.
kz;zpd; ,Wf;fj; jhy; gyntW cnyhf';fs;
tpisfpd;wd vd;whYk; mitbay;yhk;
g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;.
epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/ fhw;W/ Mfhak;/ Mfpa Ie;J

g{j';fspd; Tl;Lf;fyitahy; cz;lhdnj
kdpj cly;. nkw;fz;l Ik;g{jk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk;
totk;/ Fzk;/ epwk;/ vGj;J cz;L vd;W
g{jk; tot[ epwk; vGj;J Fzk; bjhHpy; Fwp bja;tk; fiy
ehw
kz; bghd;ik y fodk; jh';fy; tr;rpfuk; mad; epth;j;jp
nfhzk;
ghjk;
ePh; gpiw btz;ik t jd;ik jhkiu jpUkhy; gpujp#;il
bra;jy;
Kf; xd;W
jP brk;ik u btk;ik Rthjpfk; tpj;ij
nfhzk; tpjpj;jy;
fhw;W mWnfhzk; fUg;g[ a gue;J rhpj;jy; mWg[s;sp knfrd; rhe;jp
,lk; mKj rhe;jpa

Mfhak; tl;lk; g[ifik Q btspahjy; rjhrptk;
fPij
bfhLj;jy; gpe;J
132
"hdpfs; Twpa[s;sdh;. mJ gpd;tUkhW

cs;sJ.
h]fm^kLlf Fkof
kkfKiLlf
gukhqtpdhy; g";rg{jk; cz;lhdJ. mjd;
fyg;ghy; $Ptuhrpfs; cz;lhapw;W. $Ptuhrpfns
g";rg{j fyg;gpd; Mw;wiyf; bfhz;ljhFk;.
me;jg; g";rg{j Mw;wy; vg;go kdpj rhPuj;jpy;
bray;gLfpwJ vd;gijg; ghh;g;nghk;. kdpjdhd
$Ptdplk; mDgtKk; rpe;jida[k; To mwpt[g;
bgUf;fk; Vw;gl;L jd; fhuz epiyeho Muha[k;
nghJ guepiy eho Muha[k;nghJ me;epiy
czh;e;j kdpjdhy; jj;Jt tpsf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ.
,t;t[yfnk Ik;bgUk; g{j mqf;fshy; MdJ.

,e;j Ik;g{j mqf;fspy; cs;s xt;bthU
mqtpY[k; 96 jj;Jt';fs; mike;Js;sd. ,e;j
96 jj;Jt';fns kdpj rhPuj;jpy; bray;
133
gLfpd;wd. Kjy; jj;Jtk; 30/ ,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk;

30/ \d;whk; jj;Jtk; 36. Mf 96.
h]fm^kLlf DgUlff
cz;ikahd bghUspd; tpsf;fj;ij Md;kh
mwpa[k;nghJjhd; ek;Kila kaf;fkhd khia
ek;ik tpl;L tpyfp bjspthfpwJ. mg;nghJjhd;
bghUshf ,Uf;Fk; bghUshff; fUJk;
bka;a[zh;t[k; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;nghJ
bka;gbghUs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk;
fpilj;Js;sJ. mjd; Kjy; epfH;r;rpahd
gukhq epiy tps';fptpl;lJ. ,e;j
mog;gilapy; bjhlh;e;J rpe;jpj;jhy; mqf;fs;
,ize;J tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk; vd;w
Ie;J gphpt[fSk; mtw;wpypUe;J mGj;jk;/ xyp
xsp Rit kzk;/ mwpt[ vd;w MWtifahd
epfH;r;rpfSk; eilbgWfpd;wd vd;gJ bjhpa[k;.
bka;epiyahfpa gubtspa[k; capy; epiyahfpa
134
gukhqf;fSk; xU vy;iyf;Fs; mika[k;

mstpd; tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g/ m';F
eilbgWk; ,af;fk; gy;ntW epiyfis
milfpd;wJ. mj;jifa ntWghLf;sjhd;
Fwpg;ghf mwptpdhy; czug;bgWk; Kf;fpa
gphpt[fshfpa tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ jz;zPh;/
epyk; vd;gdthFk;.
,t;ite;J gphpt[fspy; xU epiynahL kw;w

epiyia ve;j mstpy; To ,ize;J
,a';Ffpd;wnjh mjw;F Vw;g mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/
Rit/ kzk;/ mwpt[[ vd;w MWtifahd
epfHr;rpfSk; mtw;wpd; xt;bthU gphptpYk;
gytpj Vw;w jhH;t[ epiyfSk;
cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,g;go xt;bthU
,af;fj;jpYk; jd;dpaf;fk;/ bjhlhpaf;fk;/
gpujpgypg;g[ ,af;fk;/ juk;/ khw;wk; Vw;gl;L xd;W
gythf ,a';Fk; epfHr;rpfshfpd;wd. ,e;j
Kiwapny ,a';Fk; bjhlh; epfHr;rpfs;
mqthfp/ mqf;fs; To fhw;whfp/ btg;ghfp/
ePuhfp mz;lbtspapny jd;idj;jhnd RHd;W
135
Rw;wp kpje;J bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. mjd;

kj;jpapy; gFjpapy; tpiut[ Fiwe;j mqf;fs;
beUf;f Kw;W fdw;FHk;ghfp nky;nehf;fp
ePh;tuk;gpw;F nky; te;J bfl;oahd ghpzhknk
epykhFk;. nkYk; g{kpapd; eLikaj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
mqf;fs; mGj;jj;jhy; btg;gk; mjpfkhfp mjd;
tpisthf cnyhf';fs;/ ,uj;jpd';fs;/
,urhad';fs; ,itaht[k; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd.
nkYk; nkYk; tpise;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd.
Kiwhafj; jhdhf cz;lhFk; mq
mLf;Fg;bgw;w xU ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/
kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W/ ePh;/ Mfpa ehy;tifr;
RHy;fSk; Vw;gl;L bfhs;sy;/ js;sy; vd;w
,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; Kiwahf eilbgWk;nghJ
mJ tpj;jhfpd;wJ.
nkYk; mt;tpj;jhdJ Mw;wyhy; vGr;rp bgw;W

,a';fp jhtu ,dkhfpa Xuwpt[ $PtdhfpaJ.
mjpypUe;j <uwpt[ ,dkhd g[G njhd;wp/ mijj;
bjhlh;e;J \twpt[/ ehywpt[/ Iawpt[g; gpuhzpfs;/
136
Mwwpt[s;s kdpj ,dKk; njhd;wpa[s;sd.

,t;thW gunk mqbtd;w capuhfp mJnt
jd;dGj;j ,af;fj;jhy; clyhfp clYs;
,a';Fk; caph;rrf;jpahfp mr;rf;j;jpna xypahfp/
xspahfp/ Ritahfp/ kzkhfp/ czUk;
jpwDkhfp/ caph;fs; vd;w ghpzhk rpwg;ig
bgw;wJ. ,j;jifa ghpzhkj; bjhlUk;
,af;f';fSk; ,ize;j xU nghpaf;f
kz;lyk;jhd; gpug";rk;/ g";rg{jk; vd;wiHf;fg;
gLfpd;wJ. kdpjdhd $Ptdplk; mDgtKk;
rpe;jida[k; To mwpt[g; bgUf;fk; Vw;gl;L jd;
fhuz epiyeho Muha[k; nghJ/ guepiy eho
Muha[k;nghJ me;epiy czh;e;j kdpjdhy;
jj;Jt tpsf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. gpug";r ghpzhkk; xU
tisaj;ijg; nghd;wJ. ,J guj;jpny bjhl';fp
mq/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;/ Xh; mwpt[ $Ptd;
Kjy; Iawpt[ $Ptd; tiua[s;s kdpjd;. kdpjnd
jd; ,ay;iga[k;/ epiyia[k; czh;e;jnghJ jhd;
njtd; vd;W filrpapny guj;jpny Kot[
bgWfpwJ. flypny njhd;Wk; miyfs; flypny
137
ml';FtJ nghyt[k;/ ePhpd; mirit miybad

kjpf;fg;bgWtJ nghyt[k; guk;k jdJ ,af;ff;
fl;l';fSf;nfl;g;g gy;ntW msptYk; tYtpYk;
Vw;w jhH;t[fis bfhz;l ,af;f'; fshft[k;
fhl;rpfshft[k; ,Uf;fpdwd.
,it mwpthy; czug; gLfpd;wd. vdnt ehk;

fhqk; ve;jj; njhw;wKk; bghUs; epiyapy;
gunkahk; guj;ij; jtph;j;J ntW bghUs;jhd;
VJ> fhqk; njhw;wKk; fhz;gtDk; ,af;f
epiyfspy; xg;gpl;L czUk; fUj;Jf;F ntW
ntwhf tpsf;fg;bgw;w nghJk;/ MH;e;j Muha;e;j
tpsf;fj;jpy; bghUs; epiyahfpa guKk;/ mjd;
epiyahfpa fhl;rpa[k;/ epfH;r;rpapd; epHr;rpahfpg;
guj;jpny Koe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; mwpt[k; \d;Wk;
xd;whfnt ,Uf;Fk; ngUz;ik mf;fhl;rpahFk;.
cyfj;jpYs;s bghUl;fs; aht[k; kdpj ,dk;
cl;gl xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU \yg;bghUshy;
Mdit. mit mHpa[k; nghJ VjhtJ xU
jdpg;bghUspy; nrh;e;JtpLk;. ,J ,aw;ifapd;
138
tpjp. ,jw;F ahUk; vita[k; tpyf;fy;y.

,j;jdpg;bghUl;fs; jd; epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/
fhw;W/ Mfhak; Mfpait MFk;. ,e;j
jdpg;bghUl;fs; jdpj;J ,a';fpdhYk; ,it
xd;iw xd;W fl;Lg;gLj;jpathW cs;sd. fhw;W
kz;iz ms;sp tPRk;/ kz; ePiuf;fl;Lk;
cwp";Rk;/ beUg;g[f;F vjphp ePh;/ beUg;g[
btw;wplj;ij Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ btw;wplnkh
fhw;iw Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ ,Jnt ,aw;ifapy;
mike;j rkepiyj; jj;JtkhFk;. ,it xd;iw
xd;W kp";Rk;nghJ cyfpy; nguHpt[ Vw;gLk;.
,ij ehk; fz;Tlhff; fhz;fpnwhk;.
Jd;g';fis czh;fpnwhk;. kdpj clypYk; ,e;j
Ie; jdpg;bghUl;fs; (g{jk;) cs;sd.
g";rg{jkhfpa Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fshy; Md
,t;t[lk;g[ Kotpy; kz;nzhL neuoahfnth
kw;w ehd;F jdpg;bghUl;fshy; ce;jg;gl;L
gpd;dh; kz;nzhL kz; nrh;tJ jpz;zk;. njhy;-
kz;/ tha;-ePh;/ fz;-beUg;g[ tapW-btsp \f;F-
fhw;W ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xd;iw xd;W
139
fl:Lg;gLj;jp rkkhf itj;jpUf;Fk; tiu mikjp

epyt[tijf; fhzyhk;. ,e;j Ie;j
jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xU fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jhy;
thGk; thH;f;if brhh;f;fkhFk;. nehaw;w
thH;nt Fiwtw;w bry;tk; vd;gJk;
KJbkhHpahFk;. ,iwtd; cyfpy; gy
$Ptuhrpfisg; gilj;jhh;. 84 Mapuk; $Ptuhrpfs;
vd;W TWth; rhd;nwhh;. Mdhy; ehk; mwpe;jJ
vd;dnth xU E}W ,UE}W vd;whny mjpfk;.
,jpny kdpjdpd; gilg;g[kpft[k; mhpa xd;W.
mwpt[ KGikaile;j xd;W vd;W brhy;fpd;wdh;
"hdpfs;. gunk mqthfp mq ,af;fj; bjhlh;
tpisthf mJnt gy fl;lf; fhl;rpfshfp/
gyg;gytd ntWghLfisg; bgw;W
tps';Ffpd;wd vd Kd;dnk mwpe;njhk;.
mJnt J}a mikg;gpy; capuhft[k;/ czh;r;rp
epiyapy; fhyk;/ J}uk;/ gUkd;/ ntfk; vd;w
vy;iyfspy; fl;Lg;gl;l czh;tpy;/ ,d;g
Jd;gkhft[k;/ fzpjj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gythft[k;
140
,e;j ehd;F msitfisf; fle;j nghJ vy;yhk;

xd;Wgl;L gukhft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;w
tpsf;f';fs; bjspthf czug;bgWk;. gunk
ehdhft[k; cs;sJ. ehd; vd;gJ jdpna ,y;iy.
guj;ijj; jtph;j;J ntW xd;Wnk ,y;iy. ,af;f
epfH;r;rpfs; midj;jpw;Fk; bghUshft[k;/
mtw;wpw;F Kjy; \y rf;jpahft[k; ,Ug;gJ

guk;bghUs; xd;nw. Mjpepiyapy; gukhft[k;/
mqepiyapy; capuhft[k;/ mqf;fs; ,ize;j
bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpapy; cUt';fshft[k;/
fhl;rpfshft[k;/ ,af;f';fshft[k;/ ,Uf;fpd;w
me;j xU bghUs; ehd; vd;w brhy;ypd;
cz;ikf;fUj;J vd;W bjspthf tps';Fk;.
mGj;jkhf mqf;fs; ,ize;J ,a';Fk; xU

epfH;r;rpna J}a cly;. mjDnl mGj;jk;
Fiwe;J Mdhy; tpiut[ mjpfkhfp Nf;Fkhfr;
RHd;W ,a';Fk; mqj; bjhlhpaf;fnk caph;/
J}aj;jpDnl caph;rf;jp RHd;W tUk;nghJ
Vw;gLk; nkhjy; epfHr;rpapypUe;J xyp/ xsp/ rit
141
kdk;/ czh;jy; vd;Wk; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs;

tpisfpd;wd. clYk; mqf;fshy;/ capUk;
mqf;fshy; mqf;fspd; \ynk guk; Mfnt
clyhf capuhf czh;thf mtw;wpd; Kotpy;
gukhf ,Ug;gtd; vtndh mtnd ehd;. ehd;
vdg;gLgtnd mtd;. mtd; vdg;gLtd; bja;tk;
vdg;gLfpwhd;/ Mjpbadg;gLfpwhd;. gpuk;kk;
vdg;gLfpwhd;. mtidj; jtph;j;J jdpna xU
epfH;r;rpa[k; ,y;iy. mtnd ehd;/ ehnd mtd;/
vd;W bjspthf czh;e;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
jd;idg; g[yd; czh;r;rpfshy; vy;iyfl;o
czUk; jd; Kidg;ng kaf;fk;.
,';Fjhd; bjspt[ bgw;W eP';fp xHpfpd;wJ.

gukhqf;fspd; gy;ntWgl;l ,af;f epfH;r;rpfns
nghpaf;f kz;lyk;. mjd; Kjy; jdpepiy tpz;
vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; Kjy; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpna
fhw;W vdg;gLk;. mit nkhjpf; bfhs;tjhy;
Vw;gLk; btg;g epfH;r;rpna beUg;g[ vdg;gLk;.
ePuftha[/ gpuhztha[ vDk; ,Utifahd fhw;W
142
Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; nrUk;nghJ ePh; MfpwJ.

ePhpd; ,Ufpa epiyna kz;. ,t;ite;J
epiyfSk; Ie;J bgsjPfk; gphpt[fs; Mdgoahy;
mtw;iw g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;.
kz;zpd; ,Wf;fj;jhy; gyntW cnyhf';fs;

tpisfpd;wd vd;whYk; mitbay;yhk;
g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;. gukhqtpd; gyfl;lf;
bfhj;J epfH;r;rpfis CW/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/
kzk; vd;w xt;bthU vGr;rpa[k; tpisaj;jf;f
gphpt[fshfg; gphpj;J vGr;rp/ fth;r;rpahf cs;s
mGj;j ,af;ff;fl;lj;ij tpz; vd;Wk;/ xyp
vGr;rpbgwk; ,af;fj;ij fhw;W vd;Wk;/ xsp
vGr;rpbgwk; ,af;fj;ij beUg;g[ vd;Wk;/ Rit
vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij ePh; vd;Wk;/ kdk;
vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij kz; vd;Wk;
TWfpnwhk;. tp";"hdpfs; TWk; 92 tifahd
Element fSk; ,t;ite;J ghpt[fspy;
ml';fpa[s;sd. gd;dbdL';fhykhf khDlk;
mz;lbtspapy; kdpjidg; nghd;w gpw
caphpd';fs; cz;lh> m';F ntw;Wyf thjpfs;
143
cz;lh vd rpe;jid te;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf

ghftjk; Nhpaidg; nghd;W gynfho
Nhpad;fSk;/ gyfpuf';fSk;/ m';F thGk;
kdpjh;fisg; nghy nkk;gl;l $Ptd;fisf;
Fwpj;J ngRfpwJ. g";r g{jj;jpy; g{kpapy; kl;Lnk
gpug";rj;jpy; capUk;/ mwpt[k;/ Vw;gl;l
njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l fpufk; vd fUJk; kj
ek;gpf;iffSk; cs;sd.
h]fm^k_fjysof
wmpufhaGjyf
g";r g{j';fSk; xU epfH;r;rp kz;lyj;jpy; mJ
rpwpjhdhYk; bghpjhdhYk; ve;j tpfpjj;jpy;
fye;Js;sdnth/ mjw;nfw;g ,af;f ntfj;jpYk;/
tpist[fspYk; ntWghL cz;lhFk;. fhw;wpy;
tpz;qk;/ btg;gj;jpy; fhw;Wk;/ tpz;qk; ePhpy;
btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ tpz;/ ,ita[k;/ kz;zpy; ePh;
btg;gk; fhw;W tpz; Mfpa ehd;Fk; mlf;fk;.
144
,g;go fye;J ,a';Ffpd;wd. xt;bthU g{jKk;

jd;dstpy; jdpj;jdpna ,a';Fk;nghJ xU
jd;iknahLk; kw;bwhd;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j
,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; mike;j g";rg{jf;Tl;L/
mjd; fhyk;/ J}uk; gUkd;/ ntfk;/ ,itfl;F
Vw;g btt;ntwhd rpwg;g[j;jd;iknahLk;
,a';Fk;. ,jdhy; xt;bthU epfH;r;rpa[k; ntW
ntwhd jd;iknahL gynfhlhd nfhoj;
njhw;w';fshf cUthfpd;wJ. tpz;zpd;
jd;epiy ,af;fk; bfhs;sy; rf;jp MfpwJ.
mJ fhw;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ xypf;Fk;

rf;jpahfpd;wJ. mJ btg;gj;jpy; xsptpLk;
rf;jpahfpwJ. ePhpy; mJnt Ritahfp kz;zpy;
thridahfpwJ. mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/
kzk; vd;w ,af;fj;jd;ikfs; xd;nwhL
xd;wpize;J xU kz;ly epfH;r;rpapy; Kiwahf
,a';Fk;nghJ me;j kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/
kpd;rhuk;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W Mfpa ehy;tifahd
RHy;fs; Kiwahf mjdjd; ntfj;jpy; mjdjd;
145
ghijapy; RHd;W nkny brhy;yg;gl;l mGj;jk;

Kjyhd Itif ,af;f';fspYk;
g';FbgWfpd;wd.
,e;j Itif ,af;f mjph;t[ miyfs;

Kiwahfj; bjhlh;e;J eilbgWkhdhy; mjd;
tpisthf tpj;Jf;TWfs; tpise;J ,ize;J
me;j kz;lyj;jpy; czh;r;rp vd;w ,af;fk;
cUthfpd;wd. mg;nghJ me;j kz;lyk; mwpt[
vd;w rpwg;gpaf;fj;jpw;F mog;gilahd tpj;J
Mfpd;wJ. ,e;j tpj;Jf; nfhs';fs;jhd;
vy;yhtifahd caphpd';fSf;Fk; mog;
gilahd rpw;wiufs; MFk;. ,j;jifa tpj]Jf;
nfhs';fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; bgUfpf;To
bfhj;jhf mike;J ,a';fp bfhs;sy;/ js;sy;/
czh;jy;/ tpj;jpLjy;/ vd;w rpwg;gpaf;f';fisg;
bgWk;nghj mj;bjhFg;g[ ,af;fnk $Ptd;
vdg;gLk;. ,e;j tpsf;fj;jhy; gukhq vd;w xnu
rf;jp xUg[wk; fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;/
146
,itahfp J}yf; fhl;rpfhst[k;/ ,tw;wpDnl

mnj gukhqtpd; vGr;rp fth;r;rp vd;w ,af;fr;
rpwg;ng klf;F epfHr;rpfshfp xyp/ xsp/ Rit
kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;Wk; Nl;rk ,af;f';fshft[k;
$Ptfhe;jkhft[k; kpsh;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa Nf;Fk
epfH;r;rpfspy; mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/
Mfpa caph; vdg;gLk; czh;jy; vd;w
epfH;r;rpna mwpt[ vdg;gLk;. caph;; ,af;fj;jpd;
tpisthd xU rpwg;g[ epiyna mwpt[ MFk;.
caph; vd;gJ gukhq. ,jd; ,af;f ntWghLfs;
vz;zpwe;jd vd;gjhYk; RUf;fkhf \d;W
gphpt[fspy; bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;. nghpaf;f
kz;lyk; KGtJk; tpz; vd;w caph;j;Jfs;
epiwe;j bgU';fskhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
,e;epiyapy; ,J gpug";r caph;;. ,Jnt
kfhfhrk; (kfh + Mfhrk;) tpz;.
jpul;rp epiyfshd fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;

Mfpa ehd;F g{j';fspYk; cs; epiw Mw;wyhf
mike;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk; vd]w
147
tpist[fshf kyh;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; ,af;f

epfH;r;rpfspy; ,Jnt g{jhfhrk; (g{jk; Mfhrk;)
vdg;gLk]. tpj;J vd;w mog;gil mikg;igf;
bfhz;L mq mLf;Fshy; mike;j clypy;
,nj tpz; czh;r;rp vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhf
kpsph;fpd;wJ. ,e;j epiyapy; mnj tpz;
rpjhfhrk; (rpj;jk; Mfhrk;) MFk;. ,Jjhd;
$Ptd;. rpjhfhrk; vd;w epiynahL/ g{jhfhrKk;/
kfhfhrKk;/ neh; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;oUj;jyhy;
xt;bthU $PtDk; gpu";rk; KGika[k; jd;ndhL
,izj;Jf;; bfhz;nl ,a';Ffpd;wJ.
h]fm^k ndg
cjfJkf Kia;kfksof eltfhJksdpmf Fjfos
maafnfk Miamlf Cxoauf
cjfJkf kbfxof Wksaf Htlaj Cxoauf jatfT
cjfjsof naofJ HtLlf jdunfK Cxoauf Ajaplf
148
cjfjsof Miamlf en;ajmf wmoftauf lbf

cjfjsof Miamlf jq[ajmf wmoftauf nqaf
Miamkfdk dikfK Sj ia[fjfdjpsuf Whfhx
Vifwia: wmpusUlf witfts jabfhK Wofhdk
m; ma|fks;lf Wofjst Nzusuf isyjfjlajjf
rthfhgfGyfyK. m;lf Woftaeu cmfM WofT
wha:yf. SK cmfM ma|fks;lf WofhkaJlf.
L{jfj m;ma|fks;kfdk isyjfjaisgfgaUlf
M:jfjlajjf rTksetalf.
mnfks; jdu ngjfJlf ehaK KzkOhfHkuf,
kaeo KzK wmufuuf, Hkfkadgjyf Fbskuf,
ks:lblf wmpfkuf, Agfjdy eidujfJ
WGkfkuf, jsbT, Jylf wigfGkuf, iqG, ldo
ia_fJkuf, JxHJkuf, wha:yfjdy istftuf,
kojfJ eluaoiafjdy jabmf wmufUkuf,
wkpfi hs;ksgfdg wmpfkuf, M;lf kqafkfkuf,

lbf, nqaf kkfKilf Dujspuf isija;lf Wofhkauf FK Ktit
SpUjfJ WGkfKjf wjayfyhfhg lagfgaK. Fjfos nufisdo kqisdo
S;bfdgPlf ma:lf. ltftdi Wufualf Ktit Spuf.
149
mlakaolf ehmuf, jufis ejgfGjf wjayfYkuf,

Sdi Wufualf wmpfiK nofdlpaJlf.
vasp jdu ngjfJlf ehaK J: Dhekmlf
whtuf, Dhekmlf wmpfkuf, Wksasdp is;gfguf,
hpsaf isdykfkuf, ispaha;lf ehmuf, kq;a
i[jfdjkf kqafkfkuf, m_fjqklf haguf, ehmkf
wkag_fJkuf, makskfkuf, wjaufUlf isgkfdkkf
kqafkfkuf, Dbi:nfKkuf, nskfksd; wmpfkuf
nofdlpaJlf.
Shfhx Eof Snfk Snfk Miamlf ndgwhTlf
ehaK Sofo Sofo wmpdu wmpfpmf
wmaofoaafjyf WofhK ejyfis. vaspjdu
ngjfJlf ehaK MiamlaoK hsgas i[spajhf
ehapf wmpufhGlf. mnfks;jdu ngjfJlf ehaK
cdypsof hJks L{jfj wmofTi:lf.
Miamlf msu jolf Fksjlf AJlf ehaK APyf
JdtjstK WofT mskfkafjyf jbfG
hsxkfKyfyaafjyf.
Lpuf 1 nsl sgkfkst fJ 36 cmfM 2 i:glf APyf
Jksd ; 1 nsl sgkfkst fJ 16 cmfM 2 0 i:glf APyf
150
los k of 1 nsl sgkfkst fJ 16 cmfM 120 i:glf APyf

Adl 1 nsl sgkfkst fJ 4 cmfM 500 i:glf APyf
ekd; 1 nsl sgkfkst fJ 2 cmfM 2000 i:glf APyf
eltfjbfg ish;hfhx Jksd;dphf ehauf loskof
1 nslsgkfkstfJ 16 cmfM isGjsoft ehaKlf
FkOdgp APuf 20 i:glaj Jdtpjf
ja;blf Jksd;psof eijlf Fksjlf. FK
VGikauf Fkof APyf JdtjstK.
SofwoaofT FkOdgp cu FBjfrtsof
ha;lfhasp SpufHlaJlf.
loskof 1 nslsgkfkstfJ 16 cmfM wmpufhgfgaUlf
Jksd;dp ehaofT VGiksufdu,
Dd[hfhksufdu hu lg_fJ Jksd;dpjf
jagfxUlf Dd[hfH JdtI. Fkoaeu
APgfjaulf 120 Aj nqgfxjfjstK. AdlpaoK
lsjjf Jdtnfk FuI cmfM isGiK
lgfGlufualuf FK wlKiaj Fxeluf Fx
WGkfK wmufUlf. Fkoauf 500 i:glf
ia[fjstK. ekd;epa 1 nslsgkfkstfJ 2 cmfM
isGjsoftK. Fkof wmpufhaG lsj lsj JdtI
Fkoauf 2000 i:glf ia[fjstK.epajsjuf
k_fjyf kiiusdlpauf wiysep 12 F_fJulf
151
wmufUjsoft Miamkfdk Jdtjfj Jdtjfj

hufeiT iusdljyf, mskfKjfjyf whtftoaf.
11 F_fJulf Miamlf ngnfkauf Duj Admjyf
ehaJlf
10 F_fJulf Miamlf ngnfkauf ]aolf DbfgaJlf
9 F_fJulf Miamlf ngnfkauf iseijlf ekaofTlf
8 F_fJulf Miamlf ngnfkauf Kz;kfkseu ngjfjsoft
nsj[fmfmsjyf wkasPlf
7 F_fJulf Miamlf ngnfkauf
6 F_fJulf Miamlf ngnfkauf Ajapkfksuf
Dyfydijyf nsdu
wkasPlf
5 F_fJulf Miamlf ngnfkauf Dguf jap mskfks
DbfgaJlf
4 F_fJulf Miamlf ngnfkauf 8 idjpao mskfKjfjyf
djrGlf
3 F_fJulf Miamlf ngnfkauf iaosuf Wufua
jbfg_fjysUlf
m]fmasjfjualf
2 F_fJulf Miamlf ngnfkauf rGisgfG
rGhapualf
1 F_fJulf Miamlf ngnfkauf Aoflkasmolf
jabualf
152
Miamlf Dkskfk Sgkfksuf nsdukfkauf mlaks

ehasofh nsdupdgpualf, Aja;lf Softs
S:jfjualf.
loskOdgp Miamkfdk dikfK Whfhx
wpufualf djpa[ualf Wofhdk haafjfJlf
ehaK mskfkafjysof iufuhLlf FtsIjf
rafdlPlf hs;lsjfj dijfjstK.
hs;abapallf, iamsepajlf Wofjst
hpstfmsjdywpufualf maspao J:isosglf
wkasnfK wjabfG hpstfmspsuf St_fj eibfGlf.
maka;blaj hufeiT Hkfkj_fjdyhf
hxkfKisgfG hpstfms wmpfiK Dasp hudokf
k;aK. msu eidyjysuf FKei DgUjfJ
Sdg%T DbfgajfjsisGlf. hs;abpalkfksoauf
Whfhx Wnfkiskkfksuf hpof Fdgjsetalf
Wofhdk haafhfehalf. hs;abpalkfkauf
FdgPlf nofdl, enapfjyf i;aluf kGjfjualf,
Ae;ajfjsplao Dguaj dikfKjf
wjayfUkuf, APdy Fksjaskfkuf. lokfksuf
iusdlPlf, WdkPlf AeuamskfK maspao LxI
WGjfJlf kbfdlPlf, Huofjysof F{jfJ
ehaoftdijyf Mkfklf wmpfPlf. hs;abapl
hpstfms culf kof lodk AYlf, AYdlkf
153
ks;do wht LxPlf. V:maka;b loskof V:

nslsgkfkstfJ 25 Lkuf 30 id; Miam_fjyf
isgualf. enapayspaj S:nfkauf Miamlf
JTjspkajIlf, Wbfbsjfdj Fksjlaj S:jfJlf.
ekafmfms whtft epajsjYjfJ V: nslsgkfkstfJ 15
Lkuf 18 id; Miamlf ndgwhTlf. m;amas 8
Miam_fjyf iskfkspamlff Dyfyo.
hs;abapl makdopsuf witfts Fdgnfkiof
FdgPlf huoaoK,
1 nslsgkfkstfJ 8 Miamlf lsJks,
1 lbsjfJ 8 x 60 = 480 Miam_fjyf,
1 nayf FufuK 24 lbs en;kfkstfJ 8 x 60 x 24 =
11520 Miam_fjyf lsJks,
8 Miamlf lsJkshfhGikauf loskosof APyf 1
i:gkfktfJ Mlaaf 162 nagfjyf FksjlaJlf,
hs;abapl hpstfms ksolf 1/2 lbs en;lf wmpfkauf
1 nslsgkfkstfJ 2 Miamlf JdtPlf,½
2 Miamlf lsJkspaoauf 1 i:gkfkstfJ APyf 6
nayf FksjlaJlf.
SK Whfhx Ftsispuf âfilaj DbafiK?
Woft ejyfis Sptfdjpajei W{iK SpufH.
154
Dka;blaj elagfgaaf iajokfdkep WGkfKjf

wjayfeialf. Fnfk iajokfkstfJ Fksjlf Vgfglf
wjaGkfkauf FksUyfy haj_fjyf ekpfnfK 10
i:glf Cg eibfxp iajolf 5 i:gkfksuf kof
kstdo S[nfK isGjstK. Fek ehauf nlK
Dgusuf Dyfy FBkfks;ofjYlf Fksj
cmfMjfjatfT wiusepTikauf Dpsafmf mjfksdp
S[nfK Dguf isd;isuf kyafnfmfmspdgPlf.
Ajei Miamhf hpstfms culf jgfGhfhGkfKlf
ehaK Dgusof Dyf DThfHjfjysof Dpsaf mkfK
is;plf JdtnfK APyf nqgfxhfHlf Ae;ajfjsp
ia[fIlf Dbfgajsofto.
155
7 Fnfkjfja;blf
1. kdk;/
2. g[j;jp/
3. rpj;jk;/
4. mf';fhuk;
vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
156
xU bghUis mwpa g[yd;fshd bka;/ tha;/

fz;/ \f;F/ brtp/ vd;git g[wj;nj ,Ue;J
bray;gLfpd;wd. mit jUk; tpra';fisg;
gjpt[ bra;J mfk;; cs;ns ,Ue;J bray;
gLfpd;wd. mfj;nj epd;W bray;gLk; fUtp
mff;fUtpfs; my;yJ me;jf;fuzk; MFk;.
kdk; VnjDk; xU bghwpthapyhf tUk;
bghwpfspd; bra;jpfis me;jg;bghUspd; kPJ
epWj;jp ,J ,d;djhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd epidj;J
re;njf epiyapy; ,Ug;gnj kdk; vdg;gLk;. g[j;jp
- mJ ,Jjhd; vd epr;rapf;Fk.; ,e;j epr;ra
czh;t[ bray;totk; bgw fUtp/ fuzhjpfs;
Cf;Ftpf;f vGk;g[k; epfH;r;rpna mf';fhuk;
MFk;. ,e;j bray;ghLifs Kot[f;Ff;
bfhz;L tUjy; rpj;jk; vd;gjhFk;.
Md;khthdJ kdk; Kjypa fUtpfisf;
bfhz;L czUk;nghJ mt;t[zh;t[ gw;Wjy;/
epr;rapj;jy;/ xUg;gl;L vGjy;/ rpj;jpj;jy;/ vd
ehd;F tifg;gLk;. ,dp xU bghUis ,d;dJ
157
vd epr;rapf;Fk; g[j;jp/ mjid Kd;ida gHf;fk;

gw;wp mjd; tpidf;F <lhf mijj; jdf;F
cwthfnth/ gifahfnth bghJthfnth
czUk;. ,g;go czh;jyhh; ,d;gk;/ Jd;gk;/
kaf;fk; vd \d;W tpj Fz';fSs; xd;whf
ghpzkpf;Fk;. ,t;thW ghpzkpj;J epw;Fk;
g[j;jpia Md;kh ,J Jd;gk;/ ,J ,d;gk;/ ,J
,uz;Lkpy;yhjJ vd mwpe;J gpd; mf;Fzk;
njhd;Wfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; ehd; ,d;g[w;nwd;/
Jd;g[w;wnd;/ ka';fpndd; vd czUk;
,t;t[zh;t[fs; ntjidf; fhl;rpfs; MFk;.
g[wj;nja[s;s ntjidf; fz;qf; fpdpabjhU

bghUisf; fz;L ,d;g[Wk; nghJ Kd;dh; ,J
njhd;whfhl;rpa[k; ,d;dbjd czUk;
khdrf;fhl;rpa[k;/ ,J ,d;d ,d;gk; vd;Dk; jd;
ntjidf; fhl;rpa[k; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf fhuz
fhhpa Kiwapy; fly; miynghy; Md;khtpd;
czh;tpy; te;J njhd;Wk;. ,g;goahf
Md;kj;Jtk; 24-k; Md;kht[f;Fj; J}atotpy;
158
nenu bjhlh;g[ld; bray; gLfpd;wd. cyfpy;

cs;s xt;bthUtUk; jdJ $Ptdpd;
rhpj;jpuj;ijf; fz;L bfhz;lhy; cyfpy; vy;yhk;
,d;gk;jhd; ,t;t[yfpy; vJt[k; ey;yJk; ,y;iy
ez;gd; giftd; fpilahJ. xt;bthU
Md;kht[k; jd; Ra J}a mwpit mwpe;J tpl;lhy;
vy;yhk; rkk;/ vy;yhk; ,d;g kak; MFk;. Mfnt
Mj;k"hdk; bgWtJ ,d;wpikahjJ. kdpjd;
thHj;bjhpe;jtd;. thHntz;Lk;. bjhpahjth;
bjhpe;jth; fhl;Lk; tHpia ek;gpa[k;/ gpd;gw;wpa[k;
thH ntz;Lk;. thHj;bjhpe;J thH:gth;fshd
mwp"h; bgUkf;fs; "hdpfis ek;gp mth;fisg;
gpd;gw;wpa[k; thH;gth;fns gf;jh;fs;. ,e;j
bray;ghLifs Kot[f;Ff; bfhz;L tUjy;
rpj;jk; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j epr;ra czh;t[
bray;totk; bgw fUtp fuzhjpfs; Cf;Ftpf;f
vGk;g[k; epfH;r;rpna mf';fhuk;.
159
8 koflakfksd;jyf
jd;khj;jpiufs; vd;gJ cUgz;g[ ,y;yhjit/
mqf;fs; xd;W To jd;khj;jpiu Mfpd;wd. jd;
khj;jpiufspypUe;nj g{j';fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd
160
vd;W Vw;fdnt goj;njhk;. g";rg{j';fs;

gpwg;g[f;Ff; fhuzk; jd;khj;jpiufs;. ,nj
jd;khj;jpiufs;jhd; g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlh;ghy;
,e;jphpa';fs; Efh;r;rpapy; bjhHpw;gLtjw;Fj;
Jiz bra;tdtha[k; cs;sd. jd;khj;jpiu
vd;whYk; Nf;Fk g{jk; vd;whYk; bghUs; xd;nw.
,itfs; ,ae;jphpa ,af;f';fSf;F Mw;wiyf;
bfhLj;J bray;glitf;Fk;. "hnde;jphpakhd
bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ \f;F/ brtp ,t;tidj;Jk;
g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlh;g[/ mJ mjd;
czh;r;rpfis mwpa[k;. fz;nke;jphpak; tha;/
fhy;/ if/ ,Utha;/ Fwp/ ,itfs; mjd; mjd;
ntiyfisr; bra;a[k;.nkw;fz;l g{j';fspd;
Ie;jpd; Nl;Rk Fz';fns jd;khj;jpiufshFk;.
jd;khj;jpiufs; vd;gJ cUgz;g[ ,y;yhjit.
mqf;fs; xd;W To jd;khj;jpiu Mfpd;wd. jd;
khj;jpiufspypUe;nj g{j';fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd
vd;W Vw;fdnt goj;njhk;. g";rg{j';fs;
gpwg;g[f;Ff; fhuzk; jd;khj;jpiufs;. ,nj
jd;khj;jpiufs;jhd; g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlh;ghy;
161
,e;jphpa';fis Efh;r;rpapy; bjhHpw;gLtjw;Fj;

Jiz bra;tdtha[k; cs;sd. jd;khj;jpiu
vd;whYk; Nf;Fk g{jk; vd;whYk; bghUs; xd;nw.
,itfs; g";r,e;jphpa ,af;f';fSf;F
Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J bray;glitf;Fk jpwd;
bfhz;lit. "hnde;jphpa';fshd bka;/ tha;/
fz;/ \f;F/ brtp ,t;tidj;Jk; g";rg{j';fspd;
bjhlhghy; mjdjd; czh;r;rpfis
czuitg;gJk; fz;nke;jphpa';fshd; tha;/
if/ fhy;/ ,Ltha;/ Fwp/ ,itfs; mjdjd;
ntiyfisr; bra;aitg;gJ[k; ,e;j
jd;khj;jpiufs; jhd;. ,e;j mog;gilapy;
bjhlh;e;J rpe;jpj;jhy; mqf;fs; ,ize;J tpz;/
fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh; epyk; vd;w Ie;J gphpt[fSk;
mtw;wpypUe;J mGj;jk;/ xyp xsp Rit kzk;/
mwpt[ vd;w MWtifahd epfH;r;rpfSk;
eilbgWfpd;wd vd;gJ bjhpa[k;.
162
bka;epiyahfpa gubtspa[k; capu;; epiyahfpa

gukhqf;fSk; xU vy;iyf;Fs; mika[k;
mstpd; tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g m';F eilbgWk;
,af;fk; gy;ntW epiyfis milfpd;wJ.
mj;jifa ntWghLfs; jhd; Fwpg;ghf
mwptpdhy; czug;bgWk; Kf;fpa gphpt[fshfpa
tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ jz;zPh; epyk;/
vd;gdthFk;. ,t;ite;J gphpt[fspy; xU
epiynahL kw;w epiyia ve;j mstpy; To
,ize;J ,a';Ffpd;wnjh mjw;F Vw;g
mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;w
MWtifahd epfHr;rpfSk; mtw;wpd; xt;bthU
gphptpYk; gytpj Vw;w jhH;t[ epiyfSk;
cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,g;go xt;bthU
,af;fj;jpYk; jd;dpaf;fk;/ bjhlhpaf;fk;/
gpujpgypg;g[ ,af;fk;/ juk;/ khw;wk; Vw;gl;L xd;W
gythf ,a';Fk; epfHr;rpfshfpd;wd. ,e;j
Kiwapny ,a';Fk; bjhlh; epfHr;rpfs;
mqthfp/ mqf;fs; To fhw;whfp/ btg;gkhfp/
163
ePuhfp mz;lbtspapny jd;idj;jhnd RHd;W

Rw;wp kpje;J bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd.
mjd; kj;jpapy;; tpiut[ Fiwe;j mqf;fs;

beUf;f Kw;W fdw;FHk;ghfp nky;nehf;fp
ePh;tuk;gpw;F nky; te;J bfl;oahd ghpzhknk
epykhFk;. nkYk; g{kpapd; eLikaj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
mqf;fs; mGj;jj;jhy; btg;gk; mjpfkhfp mjd;
tpisthf cnyhf';fs;/ ,uj;jpd';fs;
,urhad';fshft[k; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd. nkYk;
nkYk; tpise;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd.
Kiwahfj; jhdhf cz;lhFk; mq
mLf;Fg;bgw;w xU ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/
kpd;rhuk; fhw;W/ ePh;/ Mfpa ehy;tifr;
RHy;fSk; Vw;gl;L bfhs;sy;/ js;sy; vd;w
,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; Kiwahf eilbgWk;nghJ
mJ tpj;jhfpd;wJ. nkYk; mt;tpj;jhdJ
Mw;wyhy; vGr;rp bgw;W ,a';fp jhtu ,dkhfpa
Xuwpt[ $PtdhfpaJ. mjpypUe;j <uwpt[ ,dkhd
164
g[G njhd;wp/ mijj; bjhlh;e;J \twpt[/ ehywpt[/

Iawpt[g; gpuhzpfs;/ Mwwpt[s;s kdpj ,dKk;
njhd;wpa[s;sd. ,t;thW gunk mqbtd;w
capuhfp mJnt jd;dGj;j ,af;fj;jhy;
clyhfp clYs; ,a';Fk; caph;rrf;jpahfp
mr;rf;;jpna xypahfp/ xspahfp/ Ritahfp
kzkhfp/ czUk; jpwDkhfp/ caph;fs; vd;w
ghpzhk rpwg;ig bgw;wJ. ,j;jifa ghpzhkj;
bjhlUk; ,af;f';fSk; ,ize;j xU nghpaf;f
kz;lyk;jhd; gpug";rk; g";rg{jk; vd;wiHf;fg;
gLfpd;wJ.
165
9 hs;h]fmlf
mqf;fs; njhd;wp mqf;fspd; ,izg;g[
,af;f';fshy; mz;l nguz;lkhfp gpug";rkhfp
cyfhfp caph;fs; gyt[khfp/ vj;jidnah nfho
rPtuhrpfspy; ehDk; xUtd; vd;fpw bjspt[
bgWtnj "hdkhFk;. Koitg; gpoj;Jf;
bfhz;L nghdhy; bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;.
166
bjhlf;fj;ijg; gpoj;jhy; Koita[k; mwpayhk;.

Mf gpwg;gpd; bjhlf;fj;ija[k; Koita[k;
mwptnj "hdk;. ,ijnajhd; mfj;jpah;
TWk;nghJ/
kfj;jhd uf!;aklh "hdkhh;f;fk;
,z';fpanjhh; mUju';f khd Nl;rk;
Vfhe;j Nl;fbkd;w fijiaf; nfS
Fz';Ftpa Mjp me;jf; Fwpia ed;wha;
nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; Mjp me;jk; bjhptJjhd;
"hdk; vd;gij mwpayhk;. btl;lbtspjhd;
cz;ikahd bka;g;bghUs;. mg;bghUspny
ehDk; ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;W czh;e;J btl;l
btspapny njhd;wpa caphpd';fs; mj;jida[k;
vd; cld; gpw;e;njhh;fns vd;w mf czh;t[
gpwe;J ve;j caphpd';fSf;Fk; Jd;gk;
mspf;ff;TlhJ/ Jd;gg;gLfpd;w caph;fs; kPJ
fUiz fhl;o ,d;gj;Jld; thGk; thH;f;ifjhd;
tPLngW MFk;. ,ij mila[k; $Ptd;jhd;
Md;khthFk;. btl;lbtsp/ bgUbtspahfpa
167
bka;g;bghUisna thdk; vd;Wk;/ thd; vd;Wk;

TWth;. tPL ngW bgw;wth;fis thd; mth/;
thdth; vd;W TWth;. njth; vd;Wk; TWth;. jhd;
mth; jd;id mtuhff; fz;l fhuzj;jhy;
jhdth;/ jiytd; vd;Wk; TWth;. jdJ gue;j
mwpthy; vg;bghGJk; btl;l btsp bka;bghUs;
,izj;J rjhfhyk; epyt[k; braYkhf
,Uf;fpd;wth;fSf;F mth;fspd; cs;sj;jpd;
epiy Rth;f;fk;/ Rth; mfk;.
Rth; vd;why; nghpd;gk;. fLe;jtj;jpd; \yk;

Md;khthdJ jd;dpiy tpsf;fk; bgWfpwJ.
mg;go tpsf;fk; bgWfpd;w J}a epiyiaj;jhd;
"hdk; vd;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j KGik ngw;iwna
rhd;nwhh;fs; tPLngW vd;Wk; TWfpd;wdh;. tPL
vd;why; ,lk; my;yJ Mjhuk; vd;W bgah;.
fhuzk; ,y;yhky; fhhpak; Kog;gjpy;iy.
Mjhuk; ,y;yhky; Mnjak; gpwg;gjpy;iy. ve;j
njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; xU Mjhuk; ,Ue;njahf
ntz;Lk;. mJnghy; Md;khtpw;Fk; Xh; ,lk;
168
,Ue;jhfntz;Lk;. mjw;F Mjhuk; (vJ) ,lk;

Mf cs;sJ vd Muha;e;jhy; Kothf ekf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; tpil ve;j MjhuKk; ,y;yhj xU
bghUns vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Mjhukhft[k;/
,lkhft[k; ,Ug;gJ czug;bgWk;. cjhuzkhf
nfhapy;nky; fyrk; ,Uf;fpwJ. fyrj;jpw;F
nfhapy; nfhg[uk; Mjhukhf cs;sJ/
nfhg[uj;jpw;F g{kp Mjhukhf cs;sJ. g{kpf;F
btl;lbtsp ,lkhf cs;sJ. btl;lbtspf;F
Mjhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh> ,y;iy. mjd; moKoiaf;
fhzKoahJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt mfj;jpaUk;/
ghug;gh moKoa[e; njog;nghd
gjpthd khyaD'; fhzh bud;W
neug;gh ntj Kiuj;jpl;l bra;jp
ePs; g[tpapy; ahth;f;Fk; ciuj;jpl;l bra;jp
btl;lbtspia msf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij
tpsf;fnt jpUkhy; gd;wp mtjhuk; vLj;J rptd;
ghjj;ijf; fhzr; brd;whh; vdt[k;/ jpUkhy;
md;dg;gl;rp totk; bfhz;L rptd;Ko fhz
169
nkny brd;whh; vdt[k;/ fij \yk;

brhd;dhh;fs;. btl;lbtsp vd;why; mjw;bfd;W
Mjhuk; ,y;iy. Mfnt mJ KjyhfpwJ.
mjpypUe;Jjhd; njhw;wg;bghUs; njhd;wpap
Uf;fntz;Lk;. vdnt btl;l btspna
MjpahdJ. mjw;F ntW Mjhuk; ,y;yhjjhy;
mJnt mehjpahdJ. btl;lbtsp vd;fpw
tPl;od; ,af;f rf;jpahy; mqnjhd;wp/ mfk;
vd;why; cs;sk; vd;gJ nghpd;g cs;sj;ijg;
bgw;wth;fns Rth;fnyhf thrpfs; vd;gjhFk;.
btl;lbtspjhd; bka;g;bghUs; vd;gjw;F bka;g;bghUs;

fz;L tps';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F/ fw;g';fs; VJf;fo>
fhzhkw; fz;L fUj;njhL ,Ug;nghh;f;F tPzhir
VJf;fo>
epj;jpiu bfl;L epidnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F Kj;jpiu
VJf;fo>
je;jpukhd jye;jd;dpy; epw; nghh;f;F ke;jpuk; VJf;fo>
Kj;jkpH; fw;W Ka';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F rj;j';fs;
VJf;fo>
cr;rpf;F nky; brd;W cah;btsp fhz;nghh;f;F
,r;rpg;gp';F VJf;fo>
170
ntfhky; bte;J btspapidf; fhz;nghh;f;F nkhfhe;jk;

VJf;fo>
rhfhky; jhz;g[ jdptHp nghnthh;f;F Vfhe;jk; VJf;fo>
Mde;jk; bgh';fp mwpnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F J}de;jhd;
VJf;fo>
rj;jpf; Tlj;ij jpdk; jpdk; fhz;nghh;f;F gj;jpuk;
VJf;fo>
jd;id mwpe;J jiytidr; nrh;e;njhh;f;Fg; gpd;dhir
VJf;fo>
brj;jhiug; nghh;j; jphpa[k; bka; "hdpf;F ifj;jhsk;
VJf;fo>
Fjk;igr;rpj;jh;
gpwg;gpd; Mjpiaa[k; Koita[k; mwpe;j
"hdpfSf;F vJt[nk njitapy;iy vd;gij
tpsf;fnt Fjk;igr;rpj;jh; nkw;fz;l ghly;
\yk; TWtijf; fhzyhk;.
hs;h]fm hasballf
gpug";r ghpzhkk; xU tisaj;ijg; nghd;wJ.
,J guj;jpny bjhl';fp mq/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/
epyk; Xh; mwpt[ $Ptd; Kjy; Iawpt[ $Ptd;
tiua[s;s czh;r;rp epiy cUtkhd
171
kdpjdhfpwJ. kdpjnd jd; ,ay;iga[k;/

epiyia[k; czh;e;jnghJ jhd; njtd; vd;W
filrpapny kPz;Lk; guj;jpny Kot[ bgWfpwJ.
g";rg{j braw;ifahd njhw;wkhff; fhqk;
epfHr;rpfspy; gupzhkk; vd;Dk; tpz;/ gy
fl;l';fspYk; CLUtp xo ,a';Fk;
jd;ikf;Fk;/ Kiwf;Fk; tpiutpw;Fk; Vw;g
mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; czh;r;rpfs;
vd;w MWtifahd bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs;
cz;lhfpd;wd. vdnt gupzhknk caph;; vd
kjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. flypny njhd;Wk; miyfs;
flypny ml';FtJ nghyt[k;/ ePhpd; mirit
miybad kjpf;fg;bgWtJ nghyt[k; gpug";rk;
jdJ ,af;ff; fl;l';fSf;nfwgg gy;ntW
mstpYk; tYtpYk; Vw;w jhH;t[fis bfhz;l
,af;f'fshft[k; fhl;rpfshft[k; ,Uf;fpdwd.
,it mwpthy; czug; gLfpd;wd. vdnt ehk;
fhqk; ve;jj; njhw;wKk; bghUs; epiyapy;
guknkahk.; guj;ij jtph;j;J ntW bghUs;jhd;
172
VJ. fhqk; njhw;wKk; fhz;gtDk; ,af;f

epiyfspy; xg;gpl;L czUk; fUj;Jf;F ntW
ntwhf tpsf;fk;;bgw;w nghJk/ MH;e;J Muha;e;j
tpsf;fj;jpy; bghUs; epiyahfpa guKk]/ mjd;
epiyahfpa fhl;rpa[k;/ epfH;r;rpapd; epHr;rpahfpg;
guj;jpny Koe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; mwpt[k; \d;Wk;
xd;whfnt ,Uf;Fk; ngUz;ik mf;fhl;rpahFk;.
gunk mqthfp me;j mq ,af;fj; bjhlh;
tpisthf mJnt gy fl;lf; fhl;rpfshfp/
gyg;gy ntWghLfisg; bgw;W tps';Ffpd;wd
vd Kd;dnk mwpe;njhk;. mJnt J}y
mikg;gpy; capuhft[k;/ czh;r;rp epiyapy;
fhyk;/ J}uk;/ gUkd;/ ntfk; vd;w vy;iyfspy;
fl;Lg;gl;l czh;tpy/ ,d;g Jd;gkhft[k;/
fzpjj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gythft[k; ,e;j ehd;F
msitfisf; fle;j nghJ vy;yhk; xd;Wgl;l
gukhft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
gunk ehdhft[k; cs;sJ. ehd; vd;gJ jdpna
,y;iy. guj;ijj; jtph;j;J ntW xd;Wnk
,y;iy. ,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; midj;jpw;Fk;
173
bghUshft[k;/ mtw;wpw;F Kjy; \y

rf;jpahft[k; ,Ug;gJ guk;bghUs; xd;nw.
Mjpepiyapy; gukhft[k;/ mqepiyapy;
capuhft[k;/ mqf;fs; ,ize;j bfhj;J ,af;f
epfH;r;rpapy; cUt';fshft[k;/ fhl;rpfshft[k;/
,af;f';fshft[k;/ ,Uf;fpd;w me;j xU bghUs
jhd; ehd; vd;w brhy;ypd; cz;ikf;fUj;J
vd;gJ bjspthf tps';Fk;. mGj;jkhf
mqf;fs; ,ize;J ,a';Fk; xU epfH;r;rpna
J}a cly;. mjD}nl mGj;jk; Fiwe;J Mdhy;
tpiut[ mjpfkhfp Nf;Fkhfr; RHd;W ,a';Fk;
mqj; bjhlhpaf;fnk caph;. J}yj;jpD}nl
caph;rf;jp RHd;W tUk;nghJ Vw;gLk; nkhjy;
epfHr;rpapypUe;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kdk;/
czh;jy;/ vd;Wk; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs;
tpisfpd;wd. clYk; mqf;fshy;MdJ
capUk; mqf;fshy; MdJ. Mdhy;
mqf;fspd; \ynkh guk; Mfnt clyhf
174
capuhf czh;thf mtw;wpd; Kotpy; gukhf

,Ug;gtd; vtndh mtnd ehd].
ehd; vdg;gLgtnd mtd;. vdg;gLtd; bja;tk;

vdg;gLfpwhd;/ Mjpbadg;gLfpwhd;/ gpuk;kk;
vdg;gLfpwhd;/ mtidj; jtpu;j;J jdpna xU
epfH;r;rpa[k; ,y;iy mtnd ehd; ehnd mtd;
vd;W bjspthf czh;e;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
jd;idg; g[yd; czh;r;rpfshy; vy;iyfl;o
czUk; jd; Kidg;ghd kaf;fk; ,';Fjhd;
bjspt[ bgw;W eP';fp xHpfpd;wJ.
is]f]ao enajfjsuf
hs;h]fmlf
gd;bdL';fhykhf khDlk; mz;lbtspapy;
kdpjidg; nghd;w gpw caphpd';fs; cz;lh
m';F ntw;Wyf thrpfs; cz;lh vd
rpe;jpj;jthW cs;sJ. Nhpaidg; nghd;W
gynfho Nhpad;fSk;/ gyfpuf';fSk;/ m';F
175
thGk; kdpjh;fisg; nghy nkk;gl;l

$Ptd;fisf; Fwpj;J ngRfpnwhk;. g";r g{jj;jpy;
gpug";rj;jpy; g{kp kl;Lnk; caph;fs; njhd;w
njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l fpufk; vd fUJk; kj
ek;gpf;iffSk; cs;sd. mwptpay;
g[idfijfs; gpugykhfj; bjhl';fpaJk; gyh;
ntw;Wfpuf thrpfspd; gwf;Fk; jl;Lf;fisg;
ghh;j;jjhft[k;/ mjpypUe;J ntw;W fpuf
thrpfshy; jhk; gy nrhjidf;F
Mshf;fg;gl;ljhft[k;/ Twpdh;. gwf;Fk; jl;L
bgUk; kh;kg; g[jpuhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,k;kh;kj;ij
mwpa mikf;fg;gl;l fhd;ild; FG ,e;jg;
gwf;Fk; jl;Lf;fs; cz;ikapy; g{r;rpfs;/
el;rj;jpu gpujpgypg;g[f;fs;/ braw;if nfhs;fs;/
thdpiyg; gY}d;fs; Mfpatw;iwna
jtWjyhfg; gwf;Fk; jl;L vd kf;fs; fUjpahf
mwptpj;jJ. mwptpaypd; tsh;r;rp ,e;ek;gpf;
iffSf;F mg;ghy; ntw;W fpuf';fspy;
mwpt[ila $Ptd;fs; cs;sdth vdj; njl
176
Muk;gpj;Js;sJ fhh;y;rhfd;/ g[nuf; nghd;w

thdtpayhsh;fs] vd;Dk; bray; jpl;lj;ij
cUthf;fpdh;.
g{kpapy; gy g[s;spfs; mikf;fg;gl;l nuonah

miy/ bjhiy nehf;fpfs; ntw;W fpuf thrpfs;
mDg;g[k; kpd;fhe;j miy bra;jpfSf;fhf
njLfpd;wd. braw;ifahf cUthf;fg; gl;l
kpd;fhe;j miy gz;g[fSf;fhf mit
nrfhpf;Fk; jfty;fs; cybf';FKs;s
fzpdpfshy; Muhag; gLfpd;wd. ntw;Wy
thH;f;iff;fhf ehk; tpjpf;fgl;lth;fsh vd;Dk;
kh;kk; tpiutpy; bjspthfptpLk;. g{kpapy; gy
g[s;spfs; mikf;fg;gl;l nuonah miy/ bjhiy
nehf;fpfs;/ ntw;W fpuf thrpfs; mDg;g[k;
kpd;fhe;j miy bra;jpfSf;fhf njLfpd;wd.
braw;ifahf cUthf;fg; gl;l kpd;fhe;j miy
gz;g[fSf;fhf mit nrfhpf;Fk; jfty;fs;
cybf';FKs;s fzdpfshy; Muhag;
gLfpd;wd. ntw;Wy thH;nt ehk;
tpjpf;fgl;lth;fsh vd;Dk; kh;kk; tpiutpy;
177
bjspthfptpLk;. 1930-y; btw;wplj;jpy; tpirfs;

cUthfpwJ vdt[k; ,t;tpirfs; kpf
Ez;zpait vdt[k; fz;Lgpoj;jhh; f!;kph;;
vd;Dk; ,aw;gpayhsh;.
btw;wplk; vd ehk; gpug";rj;jpd; ve;jg;

g[s;spiaa[k; fUjKoahJ. btw;wplk;
vdg;gLtjpy; Fthz;l ryd';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
nuh$h; bgd;nuhy; vd;Dk; mwp"h; jd;Dzh;it
Fthz;lk; ,aw;gpay; \yk; tpsf;f Kw;gLfpwhh;.
rpy caphpapshsh;fs; ,jid vjph;j;Js;sdh;.
,e;epiy gpuf;i" Fthz;lk; jd;ik
bfhz;lbjdpy; mjpy; f!;kph; tpirf;F xU
Kf;fpa g';f ,Uf;fyhk;. Ez;zpa f!;kph;
tpiria mstpl jw;nghJ fUtpfs;
cUthfptpl;l epiyapy; ,t;btw;wplj;jpd;
tpiria mstpLjy; \yk; jd;Dzh;tpd;
kh;kj;ij mwpnthkh> gpug";rtpaypd; rpy
kpft[k; MH;e;j kh;k';fis ehk; mwpnthkh>
1930y; btw;wplj;jpy; tpirfs; cUthfpwJ
178
vdt[k; ,t;tpirfs; kpf Ez;zpait vdt[k;

fz;Lgpoj;jhh; f!;kph;; vd;Dk; ,aw;gpayhsh;.
btw;wplk; vd ehk; gpug";rj;jpd; ve;jg;
g[s;spiaa[k; fUjKoahJ. btw;wplk;
vdg;gLtjpy; Fthz;l ryd';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
nuh$h; bgd;nuhy; vd;Dk; mwp"h; jd;Dzh;it
Fthz;lk; btw;wplr; rydf; fpsh;r;rpfs; gpug";r
epfH;r;rpfSf;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd rpy
mwptpayhsh;fs; fJfpd;wdh; vd;fpwhh;. f!;kph;
tpiria msg;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f btw;wpia
bgw;wpUf;Fk; bfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf; fHf
,aw;tpayhsh; ckh; bkhifjPd; gpug";rk;/
gpui" Mfpatw;iw ,izf;fpwJ.
btw;wplj;jpd; tpirfs; ,aw;gpaypd; bkhHpapy;

bghj;jKk;/ cgepljk;/ Twpa Ndpakh ,J> vd
gpugykhfpa[s;s mz;lbtsp fUe;Jisfs;
xspiaa[k; btsptplhj mst[ fLk;
tYf;bfhz;l <h;g;g[ gyKila gpunjr';fs;
mjpfkhd epiwa[k; mjpf mlh;j;jpa[k; bfhz;l
tpz;kPd;fs; j';fs; vhpbghUs; jPUk; epiyapy;
179
fUe;Jisfshf khWtjhf thdtpayhsh;fs;

fUJfpd;wdh;. 1916-y; Iad;!;od;
bghJr;rhh;gpaypd; fUj;Jis fUJnfhis Kd;
itj;jhh;. fUe;Jis bjhlh;ghd Kf;fpa fz;L
gpog;g[f;fis bra;jth; re;jpunrfu Rg;ukzapk;.
fUe;Jisfs; cz;ik/ vija[k; btsptplhJ
vd;gnj Vw;fg;gl;l fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;
1914-y; !;ogd; Qhf;fp'; fUe;Jisfs;/
Jfs;fis xU rPustpy; ckpGk; vdf; fz;L
gpoj;jhh;. xspiaa[k; btsptplhj tYthd <h;g;g[
gpunjrk; vt;thW ,t;thW ,a';f Koa[k;>
Mdhy; jk; rkd;ghLfs; \yk; ,J cz;ik vd
ep+gpj;jhh;. Qhf;fp'; ,t;thW gpug";rj;jpy;
,d;Dk; gy kh;k';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W
rhd;nwhh;fs; "hdpfs; Twpa[s;sij mwpayhk;.
gpug";r \yf;TWfspd; bjhFg;g[ epfH;t[jhd;
kdpj ,dKk;/ kw;w $PtuhrpfSk; cUthdJ.
\yg;bghUl;fs; Ie;ij Kd; itj;Jj;jhd; ek;
cly; epiy ,Uf;fpwJ.
180
mnjnghy mbkhpf;fhtpy; ele;j miya[k; kwf;f

,ayhJ. Ie;J bghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; vl;lj;jpy; jP
g{kpia czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[).
vhpkiyf;FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij
ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s
lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs). ePh; fhl;il
cnyhfk; kuj;ij btl;Lk;. ,e;j mtru
a[fj;jpy; kdpjh;fs; j';fs; Fiwfisf; fisa
vijj; jpd;why; Fiw eP';Fk; vd;w kdepiyapy;
,Ug;gjhy; vija[k; rhg;gplj; ja';Ftjpy;iy.
,';F mwpt[ J}';FfpwJ. czh;r;rp
nfhnyhr;Rfpd;wJ.
,uz;L tpjkhd rf;jpfs; cyfj;jpy; cs;sd.

ey;y rf;jp/ jPa rf;jp. ey;y rf;jpia Vw;W
tuntw;f ntz;Lk;. fpufpf;fg; gHfntz;Lk;. jPa
rf;jpia cs;ns tplhky; jLf;f ntz;Lk;.
mg;nghJjhd; Md;kh ,t;t[yfpy; vg;nghJk;
re;njhr thH;f;if thHKoa[k;. gpgu";rj;jpy;
181
cs;s fh!kpf; fjph;fs; kdpjd; thH;f;if

Kiwia elj;jpr; bry;tjpy; bgUk; g';F
tfpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j fjph;fspy; ey;yJKz;L
bfl;lJKz;L. xt;bthU kdpjDk; ey;y
mjph;#lk;/ kj;jpk mjph;#;lk;/ bfl;l mjph;#lk;
,itfspd; ftiynahL tpidg; gjpt[fSf;
nfw;g gpwf;fpwhd;.
jpahdk;/ ey;byz;z cwt/ eyKs;s Rw;WRHy;

nghd;witfis filgpog; gjd; \yk; kdpjd;
jd; bfl;l mjph;#;lj;ij/ jPtpidia
ey;tpidahf;f mjph;#;lkhft[k; mjw;F
mjpfkhft[k; khw;w Koa[k;. g";r g{j';fSk; xU
epfH;r;rp kz;lyj;jpy; mJ rpwpjhdhYk;
bghpjhdhYk; ve;j tpfpjj;jpy; fye;Js;sdnth/
mjw;nfw;g ,af;f ntfj;jpYk;/ tpist[fspYk;
ntWghL cz;lhFk;.
fhw;wpy; tpz;Dk;/ btg;gj;jpy; fhw;Wk;/ tpz;qk;

ePhpy; btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ tpz;/ ,ita[k;/ kz;zpy/;
ePh; btg;gf;fhw;W/ tpz; Mfpa ehd;Fk; mlf;fk;.
182
,g;go fye;J ,a';Ffpd;wd. xt;bthU g{jKk;

jd;dstpy; jdpj;jdpna ,a';Fk;nghJ xU
jd;iknahLk; kw;bwhd;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j
,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; mike;j g";rg{jf;Tl;L/
mjd; fhyk;/ J}uk; gUkd;/ ntfk;/ ,itfl;F
Vw;g btt;ntwhd rpwg;g[j;jd;iknahLk;
,a';Fk;. ,jdhy; xt;bthU epfH;r;rpa[k; ntW
ntwhd jd;iknahL gynfhlhd nfhoj;
njhw;w';fshf cUthfpd;wJ. g";rg{j
braw;ifahd/ njhw;w khff; fhqk;
epfHr;rpfspy; gukhz vdk; tpz;/ gy
fl;l';fspYk; CLUtp xo ,a';Fk;
jd;ikf;Fk;/ Kiwf;Fk; tpiutpw;Fk; Vw;g
mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ rit/ kzk; czh;r;rpfs;
vd;w MWtifahd bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs;
cz;lhfpd;wd. vdnt/ gukhznt capy; vd
kjpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. tpz;zpd; jd;epiy
,af;fk; bfhs;sy; rf;jp MfpwJ.
mJ fhw;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ xypf;Fk;

rf;jpahfpd;wJ. mJ btg;gj;jpy; xspf;Fk;
183
rf;jpahfpwJ. ePhpy; mJnt Ritahfp kz;zpy;

thridahfpwJ. mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/
kzk; vd;w ,af;fj;jd;ikfs; xd;nwhL
xd;wpize;J xU kz;ly epfH;r;rpapy; Kiwahf
,a';Fk;nghJ me;j kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/
kpd;rhuk;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W Mfpa ehy;tifahd
RHy;fs; Kiwahf mjdjd; ntfj;jpy; mjdjd;
ghijapy; RHd;W nkny brhy;yg;gl;l mGj;jk;
Kjyhd Itif ,af;f';fspYk;
fhf;fg;bgWfpd;wd.
,e;j Itif ,af;f mjph;t[ miyfs;

Kiwahfj; bjhlh;e;J eilbgWkhdhy; mjd;
tpisthf tpj;Jf;TWfs; tpise;J ,ize;J
me;j kz;lyj;jpy; czh;r;rp vd;w ,af;fk;
cUthfpd;wd. mg;nghJ me;j kz;lyk; mwpt[
vd;w rpwg;gpaf;fj;jpw;F mog;gilahd tpj;J
Mfpd;wJ. ,e;j tpj;Jf; nfhs';fs;jhd;
vy;yhtifahd caphpd';fSf;Fk; mog;
gilahd rpw;wiufs; MFk;. ,j;jifa tpj;jf;
184
nfhs';fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; bgUfpf;To

bfhj;jhf mike;J ,a';fp bfhs;sy;/ js;sy;/
czh;jy;/ tpj;jpLjy; vd;w rpwg;gpaf;f';fisg;
bgWk;nghj mj;bjhFg;g[ ,af;fnk $Ptd;
vdg;gLk;. ,e;j tpsf;fj;jhy; gukhq xnu rf;jp
xUg[wk; fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;/ ,itahfp
J}yf; fhl;rpfhst[k;/ ,tw;wpDnl mnj
gukhqtpd; vGr;rp fth;r;rp vd;w ,af;fr; rpwg;ng
klf;F epfHr;rpfshfp xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk;/
mwpt[/ vd;Wk; Nl;rk ,af;f';fshf
$Ptfhe;jkhft[k; kpsh;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa Nf;Fk
epfH;r;rpfspy; mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;
Mfpa caph; vdg;gLk;. czh;jy; vd;w
epfH;r;rpna mwpt[ vdg;gLk;. capy; ,af;fj;jpd;
tpisthd xU rpwg;g[ epiyna mwpt[ MFk;.
caph; vd;gJ gukhq. ,jd; ,af;f ntWghLfs;

vz;zpwe;jd/ vd;gjhYk; RUf;fkhf \d;W
gphpt[fspy; bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;. nghpaf;f
kz;lyk; KGtJk; tpz; vd;w caph;j;Jfs;
185
epiwe;j bgU';fskhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

,e;epiyapy; ,J gpug";r capy;.
,Jnt kfhfhrk; (kfh Mfhrk;) tpz; jpul;rp

epiyfshd fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk; Mfpa
ehd;F g{j';fspYk; cs; epiw Mw;wyhf
mike;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk;/ vd;gdthf/
tpist[fshf kyh;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; ,af;f
,af;f epfH;r;rpfspy; ,Jnt g{jhfhrk; (g{jk;
Mfhrk;) vdg;gLk; tpj:J vd;w mog;gil
mikg;igf; bfhz;L mq mLf;Fshy; mike;j
clypy; ,nj tpz; czh;r;rp vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhf
kpsph;fpd;wJ. ,e;j epiyapy; mnj tpz;
rpjhfhrk; (rpj;jk; Mfhrk;) MFk;. ,Jjhd;
$Ptd;/ rpjhfhrk; vd;w epiynahL/ g{jhfhrKk;/
kfhfhrKk;/ neh; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;oUj;jyhy;
xt;bthU $PtDk; gpu";rk; KGika[k; jd;ndhL
,izg;ghff; bfhz;nl ,a';Ffpd;wJ. ,ij
ehk; Kd; mj;jp;aha';fspy; fz;nlhk;. (bg';-
Rap) Ie;J bghUl;fis itj;Jj;jhd; jd; cly;
186
Mnuhf;fpak;/ ,lk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;/ tPLngW/

mile;J tUfpd;wdh;. g{kp/ ePh;/ beUg;g[
cnyhfk;/ kw;Wk; kuk; Mfpatw;iw
\yg;bghUshff; fUjp bg';-Rap ,Uf;fpwJ.
cnyhfKk;/ kuKk;/ \yg;bghUl;fshf KoahJ.
bg';-Rap vd;gJ ,J irdhtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;
rh!;jpuk;/ bg'; vd;w rPdthh;j;ij
fhw;iwf;Fwpf;Fk;/ Nap vd;gJ ePiuf;Fwpf;Fk.;
irdhtpy; xU gHbkhHp cz;L. ePiu
vth;fl;Lg;ghl;oy; itj;jpUf;fpwhnuh mtnu
cyif MH;thh;.
bghUshjhu nkijfs; \d;whdJ cyfa[j;jk;

xd;W te;jhy; mJ ePUf;fhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk; vd
Iag;gLfpd;wdh;. re;njfk; ntz;lhk; ePuhy;jhd;
a[fk; Koa[k;. mijj;jhd; rpj;jhh;fs;
$yg;gpusak; vd;wdh;. Kjy; a[j;jk; bgz;zhy;
(rPij) ,uz;lhk; a[j;jk; kz;zhy;
(Jupnahjdd;). \d;whk; a[j;jk; ePuhy; jhd;
Koa[k;. ePuhy; Vw;gl;l ngwirt[jhd; fLk;
miyahfj;njhd;wp ,g;bghGJ gy nrj';fis
187
cUthf;fp tpl;ld. Rdhkp nguiyia cyf

kf;fs; fdtpYk; kwf;f KoahJ.
mnjnghy mbkhpf;fhtpy; ele;j miyiaa[k;

kwf;f ,ayhJ. ,e;j mtru a[fj;jpy; kdpjh;fs;
j';fs; Fiwfisf; fisa vijj; jpd;why;
Fiw eP';Fk; vd;w kdepiyapy; ,Ug;gjhy;
vija[k; rhg;gplj; ja';Ftjpy;iy. ,';F mwpt[
J}';FfpwJ. czh;r;rp nfhnyhr;Rfpd;wJ.
,uz;L tpjkhd rf;jpfs; cyfj;jpy; cs;sd.
xd;W ey;y rf;jp/ kw;bwhd;W jPa rf;jp. ey;y
rf;jpia Vw;W tuntw;f ntz;Lk;. fpufpf;fg;
gHfntz;Lk;. jParf;jpia cs;ns tplhky;
jLf;f ntz;Lk;. mg;nghJjhd; Md;kh
,t;t[yfpy; vg;nghJk; re;njhrkhd thH;f;ifia
thHKoa[k;. gpug";rj;jpy; cs;s fh!kpf;
fjph;fs; kdpjd; thH;f;if Kiwia elj;jpr;
bry;tjpy; bgUk; g';F tfpf;fpd;wd.
,e;j fjph;fspy; ey;YJKz;L bfl;lJKz;L.
xt;bthU kdpjDk; ey;y mjph;#lk;/ kj;jpk
188
mjph;#;lk;/ bfl;l mjph;#lk; ,itfspd;

fyitnahL tpidg; gjpt[fSf;nfw;g
gpwf;fpwhd;. jpahdk; ey;byz;z cwt[
eyKs;s Rw;Wr;RHy; nghd;witfis filgpog;
gjd; \yk; kdpjd; jd; bfl;l mjph;#;lj;ij
jPtpidia ey;tpidah;ft[k; mjph;#;lkhft[k;
mjw;F mjpfkhft[k; khw;w Koa[k;.
189
10 VysPlf wihfhLlf
fz;qf;F vl;lhj Jfy;fshd ,it cU/ gz;g[
Kjypa ,ay;g[fs; ,y;yhjd. ,j;Jfs;fs;
Mw;wiy nkw;bfhz;L jd; khj;jpiufs; vd;Dk;
Jfs;fshf khWfpd;wd. gy jd;khj;jpiufs;
xd;WTo xU gukDf;fhfj; jpus;fpd;wd.
jd;khj;jpiufs; tpiutha;j;Jog;gjhy; xspa[k;/
190
btg;gKk; njhd;Wfpd;wd. bghUs;fspy;

tpisa[k; ,uhrhad tpist[fisa[k; rpj;jh;fs;
jd; bfhs;ifapy; tpsf;fpa[s;sdh;.
,Uf;fpy; ,Uf;fk; vz;zpyh nfho
,Uf;fpd;w \yj;J}h; m';nf ,Uf;Fk;
mUf;fDk; nrhkDk; Muoy; tPr
cUf;fpa nuhkk; xsp tpLe;jhnd
jpUke;jpuk;-21
nkw;fz;l ghl;od; bghUs; nfhof;fzf;fhd
mqf;fspy; mjd; \j;Js;ns ,Uf;fpd;w
xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;/ mHy;fs; tPRfpd;wd vd;W
TWtijf; fhzyhk;. xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;
mqj;jd;ik bfhz;lit vd;W rpj;jh;fs;
Twpdhh;. mz;lk; vd;whny Kl;il totk;
vd;gJ bghUs;. vg;go g{kpahdJ jd;dpiy
RHw;rpahy; tl;l totk; bgw;Ws;snjh/
mnjnghy g{kpapy; gpwf;Fk; midj;Jk; tl;l
totKld; njhw;wk; cz;lhfpwJ/ tpij
Kisf;Fk;nghJ tl;l totk;/ gwit Kl;il
tl;l totk;/ g{kpapy; tpGk; kiHj;Jsp tl;l
191
totk;/ nahdpapy; fUtl;l totk;/ ,g;goahf

njhw;wk; cz;lhtijf; fhzyhk;.
,g;goahf mz;lj;jpy; cs;s nfhlhd nfho

nfhl;fs; mj;jida[k; cUz;il totkhfnt
tps';Fk;. ,tw;wpd; ,ay;g[fs; mjdjd;
kpd;fhe;j <h;g;g[ miyfSf;nfw;g cz;lhd
vGr;rpapd; ntWghLfshdJ. fzf;fpl Koahj
nfhof; fzf;fhd ntWghLfs; bfhz;lJ.
,itfs; jk;nkhL jhKk;/ gpwpJkhf fye;J/
mqf;fshft[k;/ mqj;jpushft[k;/
bghUshft[k; Mfpd;wd. ,g;gog;gl;l
mqj;jpus;fspd; fyitfs; bfhz;lJjhd;
$Ptuhrpfs;/ mz;lk;/ gpug";rk; midj:Jk;
MFk;. rpj;jh;fs; j';fspd; nahf ty;yikahy;
cyfk; gilg;g[f;Fk; fhj;jYf;Fk;/ cyf
mHptpw;Fk; cz;lhd fhuz fhhpa';fs; fz;L
bjspe;J fhuz fhhpa';fs; vy;yhk; mqthf
cs;sJ vd;W Twpdhh;fs;. mqf;fs; vy;yh
caph;fSk;/ vy;yh cyf';fSk;/ vy;yh
192
cyfpaw;bghUs;fspYk; epiwe;J
,Uf;fpwgoahy; v';Fk; mqf;fs; cs;sd.
fz;qf;F vl;lhj Jfs;fs; cU gz;g[ Kjypa
,ay;g[fs; ,y;yhjd. ,j;Jfs;fs; Mw;wiy
nkw;bfhz;L jd; khj;jpiufs; vd;Dk;
Jfs;fshf khWfpd;wd. gy jd;khj;jpiufs;
xd;WTo xU gukhqthfj; jpus;fpd;wd. ,e;j
jd;khj;jpiufs; tpiutha;j; Jog;gjhy; xspa[k;/
btg;gKk; njhd;Wfpd;wd. bghUs;fspy;
tpisa[k; ,uhrhad tpist[fisa[k; rpj;jh;fs;
jd; bfhs;ifapy; tpsf;fpa[s;sdh;.
,Uf;fpy; ,Uf;fk; vz;zpyh nfho

,Uf;fpd;w \yj;Js; m';nf ,Uf;Fk;
mUf;fDk; nrhkDk; Muoy; tPr
cUf;fpa nuhkk; xsp tpLe;jhnd
- jpUke;jpuk; 21
nkw;fz;l ghl;od; bghUs; nfhof;fzf;fhd

mqf;fspy; mjd; \yj;Js;ns ,Uf;fpd;w
193
xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;/ mHy;fis tPRfpd;wd vd;W

TWtijf; fhzyhk;. xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;
mqj;jd;ik bfhz;lit vd;W rpj;jh;fs;
Twpdhh;. mz;lk; vd;whny Kl;il totk;
vd;gJ bghUs;. vg;go g{kpahdJ jd;dpiy
RHw;rpahy; tl;l totk; bgw;Ws;snjh/
mnjnghy g{kpapy; gpwf;Fk; midj;Jk; tl;l
totKld; njhw;wk; cz;lhfpwJ/ tpij
Kisf;Fk;nghJ tl;l totk;/ gwit Kl;il
tl;l totk;/ g{kpapy; tpGk; kiHj;Jsp tl;l
totk;/ nahdpapy; fU tl;l totk;/ ,g;goahf
njhw;wk; cz;lhtijf; fhzyhk;. ,g;goahf
mz;lj;jpy; cs;s nfhlhd nfho nfhs;fs;
mj;jida[k; tl;l totkhfnt tps';Ffpd;wd.
,tw;wpd; ,ay;g[fs; mjdjd; kpd;fhe;j <h;g;g[
miyfSf;nfw;g cz;lhd vGr;rpapd;
ntWghLfshy; fzf;fpl Koahj nfhof;
fzf;fhd ntWghLfis bfhz;Ls;sJ.
,itfs; jk;nkhL jhKk;/ gpwpJkhf fye;J/
194
mqf;fshft[k;/ mqj;jpushft[k;/
bghUshft[k; Mfpd;wd.
,g;gog;gl;l mqj;jpus;fspd; fyitfs;

bfhz;lJjhd; $Ptuhrpfs;/ mz;lk;/ gpug";rk;
midj:Jk; MFk;. rpj;jh;fs; j';fspd; nahf
ty;yikahy; cyfpd; gilg;g[f;Fk;/
fhj;jYf;Fk]/ mHptpw;Fk; cz;lhd fhuz
fhhpa';fis fz;L bjspe;J fhuz fhhpa';fs;
vy;yhk; mqthf cs;sJ vd;W Twpdhh;fs;.
mqf;fs; vy;yh caph;fspSk;/ vy;yh
cyf';fspSk;/ vy;yh cyfpaw; bghUs;fspYk;
epiwe;j ,Uf;fpwgoahy; v';Fk; mqf;fs; jhd;
epiwe;J cs;sd vd;W fz;ldh;.
195
11 ekatftlf
czh;jy; vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhd mwpt[ Kjypy;
mGj;jk;/ btg;g/ jl;g/ Vw;w jhH;t[/ ,tw;iw
czh;thfg; bgWjy; bjhl';Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j
czh;it !;ghpr czh;t[ (m CW) czh;t[
MFk;. ,e;j Xuwpt[ ,af;fKila $Ptnd
jhtuk; MFk;. jhtuj;jpypUe;njh (my;yJ)
196
mjd; tpj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;njh caphpaf;f tpiut[

mjpfkhfp/ Rita[zh;t[ To mjw;Fhpa
fUtpahd tha; mikag; bgUFk;nghJ mJ
<uwpt[ MfpwJ.
,e;j <uwpt[ caphpd';fsplk; caphpaf;f rf;jp

tpiut[ bgw;W thrida[zh;thd fUtpahd
\f;F ghpzhkkile;jhy; mJnt \twpthFk;.
$PtdhFk; vWk;g[/ bry;/ ,tw;iwg; nghd;wit
\d;wwpt[ $Ptd;fs;/ nkYk; xspa[zh; fUtpahd
fz;njhd;w ehywpthft[k; ghk;g[ Kjypad
njhd;wpd. xypa[zh;t[ fUtpahd fhJ vd;W
fUtp njhd;w Ie;jwpt[ capuhft[k;/ kpUf';fs;/
gwitfs;/ Kjypad njhd;wpd. ,j;jifa
ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpapy; thy;
cs;s FU';F njhd;wp/ gpd;g[ thy; ,y;yh Fu';F
njhd;wp/ gpd; kdpjd; njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd
mDkhdpf;f KofpwJ. bts;sj;jhy; g{kp
mjph;;r;rp/ gps[tfs;/ mtw;why; ,e;j kdpj
FLk;gk; rpjwof;fg;gl;L g{kpapy; gy;ntW
,l';fspy; gutp me;je;j ehl;L jl;gbtl;g
197
mikg;g[f;fSf;nfw;g fUg;gh;fs;/
bts;isah;fs;/ Fl;ilah;fs;/ bel;ilah;fs;/
gdpapy; thGk; v!;fpnkhf;fs; nghd;W
gyntWghLfSld; kdpj ,dk; njhd;wp gHf;fk;/
tHf;fk;/ gz;ghL/ fyhr;rhuk; nghd;w
Kiwfshy; kj';fs; gythfg; gphpe;J/ cyf
KGtJk; thH;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;gij mwpa
Dpsafjysof ekatftlf
czh;jy; vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhd mwpt[ Kjypy;
mGj;jk; btg;g jl;g Vw;w jhH;t[ ,tw;iw
czh;thfg; bgWjypy; bjhl';Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j
czh;t[ !;ghpr czh;t[ (m) CW czh;t[ MFk;.
,e;j Xuwpt[ ,af;fKila $Ptnd jhtuk; MFk;.
jhtuj;jpypUe;njh (my;yJ) mjd; tpj;Jf;fspy;
,Ue;njh caphpaf;f tpiut[ mjpfkhfp/
Rita[zh;t[ To mjw;Fhpa fUtpahd tha;
mikag; bgWk;nghJ mJ <uwpt[ MfpwJ. ,e;j
198
<uwpt[ caphpd';fsplk; caphpaf;f rf;jp tpiut[

bgw;W thrida[zh;thd fUtpahd \f;F
ghpzhkkile;jhy; mJnt \twpthFk;
$PtdhFk.; vWk;g[/ bry;/ nghd;wit \d;wwpt[
$Ptd;fs;/ nkYk; xspa[zht[ fUtpahd
fz;njhd;w ehywpt[ capuhd ghk;g[ Kjypad
njhd;wpd. xypa[zh;t[ fUtpahd fhJ vd;W
fUtp njhd;w Ie;jwpt[ capuhd kpUf';fs;
gwitfs; Kjypad njhd;wpd. ,j;jifa
ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpapy; thy;
cs;s Fu';F njhd;wp gpd;g[ thy; ,y;yh Fu';F
njhd;wp/ gpd; kdpjd; njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd
mDkhdpf;f KofpwJ.
bts;sj;jhy; g{kp mjph;;r;rp/ gpst[fs;/ mtw;why;

,e;j kdpj FLk;gk; rpjwof;fg;gl;L g{kpapy;
gy;ntW ,l';fspy; gutp me;je;j ehl;L jl;btl;g
mikg;g[f;fSf;nfw;g fUg;gh;fs;/
bts;isah;fs;/ Fl;ilah;fs;/ bel;ilah;fs;/
gdpapy; thGk; v!;fpnkhf;fs; nghd;W
199
gyntWghLfSld; kdpj ,dk; njhd;wp gHf;f

tHf;fk; gz;ghL/ fyhr;rhuk;/ nghd;w
Kiwfshy; kj';fs; gythfg; gphpe;J/ cyf
KGtJk; thH;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;gij mwpa
ntz;Lk;. Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP
g{kpia czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[).
vhpkiyf; FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij
ePiu cz;lhf; FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s
lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iw
l;blf
mqf;fspy; bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpna J}y
cly;/ mjD}nl gukhq epiyapy; CLUtp
Xor;RHd;W bfhz;nl ,Ug;gJ caph;r;rf;jp.
caph;r;rf;jpapd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[z; lhdhy;
mJnt czh;r;rpahfpwJ. me;j czh;r;rp xU
200
$Ptd; jh';fpg; gHFk; mstpw;F nkyhf

X';Fk;nghJ mJ ty;Yzh;r;rpahfp Jd;gkhfp
nehahf tUfpwJ. ,e;j jil ePoj;J mjd;
tpisthf clypy; kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W/ ,uj;jk;
Mfpa \d;W RHy;fSk; jilgLnkahdhy;
clYf;F \ykhd tpj;J jh';Fk; mstpw;F
nky; fdy; bfhz;L mjd; ehs';fisj; jfh;j;J
btspnawptpLk;. czh;r;rp vd;w mwpnthLToa
caph;rf;jp bjhlh;e;J me;j clypy; RHd;W
,a';fKoahky; cliy tpl;L btspnawptpLk;.
cyfj;jpYs;s bghUl;fs; aht[k; kdpj ,dk;
cl;gl xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU \yg;bghUshy;
Mdit. mit mHpa[k; nghJ VjhtJ xU
jdpg;bghUspy; nrh;e;JtpLk;. ,J ,aw;ifapd;
tpjp/ ,jw;F ahUk; vita[k;/ tpyf;fy;y.
,e;j;jdpg;bghUl;fs; jhd; epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/
fhw;W/ Mfhak; Mfpait MFk;. ,e;j
jdpg;bghUl;fs; jdpj;J ,a';fpdhYk; ,it
xd;iw xd;W fl;Lg;gLj;jpathW cs;sd. fhw;W
kz;iz ms;sp tPRk;/ kz; ePiuf;fl;Lk;
201
cwp";Rk;/ beUg;g[f;F vjphp ePh;/ beUg;g[

btw;wplj;ij Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ btw;wplnkh
fhw;iw Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ ,Jnt ,aw;ifapy;
mike;j rkepiyj; jj;JtkhFk;. ,it xd;iw
xd;W kp";Rk;nghJ cyfpy; nguHpt[ Vw;gLk;.
,ij ehk; fz;Tlhff; fhz;fpnwhk;.
kdpj clypYk; ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fs;

(g{jk;) cs;sd. g";rg{jkhfpa Ie;J
jdpg;bghUl;fshy; Md ,t;t[lk;g[ Kotpy;
kz;nzhL neuoahfnth kw;w ehd;F
jdpg;bghUl;fshy; ce;jg;gl;nlh gpd;dh;
kz;nzhL kz;zha; nrh;tJ jpz;zk;. njhy;-
kz;/ tha;-ePh;/ fz;-beUg;g[ tapW-btsp \f;F-
fhw;W ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xd;iw xd;W
fl:Lg;gLj;jp rkkkhf itj;jpUf;Fk;tiu
mikjp epyt[tijf; fhzyhk;. ,e;j Ie;J
jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xU fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jhy;
thGk; thH;f;if brhh;f;fkhFk;.
202
hstiak wnts
ekiaks ekiafjyf eikLkuf mlpkfekaaf
FtspLxpak wha:yf VofT DbfG. FKkaof
wigfgwiys. Fnfk wigfgwiysjfJhf whpaf
kaof h;lf WofT wmaufUiK. Snfk wigfgwiys
;jmspkfdk L{iKlf FtsiK kaof Aks Fnfk
isyjfjlf WofT wmaufuhGiK.
Snfk wigfgwiysdp msiwh:laof Wojf rts
Fiaf Lxdp FtsiktfJ hs;lfla Fofohgfms
D:ilf wjabfG elUlf elUlf htnfkaaff
WoIlf msiosof Fxdpjfjab is`fB hofts
Fika;lf WGkfK jqe[ jqe[ wmoftaaf WoIlf
S:i:lf FxdpPlf LxdpPlf
jabLxpisufdu Woft jdk
D:iajfjhfhgfgK.
Fnfk wigfgwiyspsuf V: nstlf wkasnfkK. Fnfk
nstkfkstfJ msi=hlf WofT whpaf dikfkoaf.
wigfgwiyspsuf wkasnfk jagfms e<aks. FKei
msiof. msiof WofhK wigfgwiyspsuf jaBlf
e<aks. msiofkaof e<aks. e<akskaof msiof.
203
isyjfjsuf Wasjst wn:hfHjfJ Mgaf WofT whpaf.

FkaiK Vyspsof ks;gfms nsdujfJ Mgaf WofT
whpaf. Vyspsof hgafnfk nsdujfJ e<aks WofT
whpaf. isyjfJkf ksaspsuf WasPlf wn:hfH Mgaf.
Fdtpsuf Dyfy hs;jamel e<aks.
mskfkafjyf wiys, Dmfms wiys, kos wiys, Ej
wiys, Vys wiys, wiyspsuf wiys, h; wiys,
Snfks; ]ao Vys, ]ao wiys, wh: wiys,
Dpaf wiys, nakanfk wiys, eikanfk wiys,
ha[f wiys, Lhfhayf wiys, Lktf ha[f,
mskfks;jfrglf, lbslbfghlf Wohf whpasgfgaaf.
Akspseu wigfgwiyspseu ekaoftsp
hstjamel e<aks WofT Fd[jfjhfhgfgK.
Fdkepkaof Sdtioaj mskfkafjyf
i[shGjstaafjyf. wigfgwiyspao
e<aksdpkfkaof FdokfK mskfkafjYlf
ib_fjsoaafjyf. wigfgwiyspao
e<aksdpkfkaof FdokfK mskfkafjYlf
ehatftsoaafjyf. iyfyua:lf Fek
e<aksdpkfkaof F:gfwh:]fe<aks
koshfwh:_fj:db’WofT ib_fjsoaafjyf.
204
wigfgwiyskaof e<aks. e<akskaof

wigfgwiys. Fdkkaof iad[px iad[paj
infk FdokfK mskfkafjYlf ib_fjsoaafjyf.
losk Dglfhsuf S:jfJlf Dpsaf Lptfmskfkauf
wigfgwiyskf ks:ixdp Fdgpualf. loskof
lgfGel l;blsuu f a wh:ia[fdi Fdgp
LxPlf. losk FtsIjfJkfkaof Fkfkdjp
ljkfkao Atftuf DyfyK.
Dguf FBisof AtftuaoK Dpsasof cu
FBisof Dbfdl FtsnfK FK eh;bfgkfksuf
isy_fJjsoft FBisof wkagafhsof culf cu
FBdi FtsPlf ehaK Sdtpsof Atftuf
Db; LxPlf.
kofOdgp Dgusof Dpsafmjfks wjabfG
kofOdgp Aofl Vys Atftuf
AoflmjfkspaoK Fbffg wiyspsof Vys
AtfteuaG SdbnfK S:jfjsoft wkagafdh
FtsiKei ]aolaJlf.
eh;atftuf lsjfj Fbfgwiyspsuf Fg_fjsPyfy
FdokfK AtftduPlf FtsnfK DbafnfK
205
wkysnfK kofOdgp Dgdu eikspspuf

latftlf wmpfK wigfgwiysepaG wiyspajjf
junfK S:hfhaafjyf mskfkafjyf.
wigfgwiyskaof Lxnfk wlpfhfwha:yf.
wigfgwiyskaof Lxnfk Dbfdlhffwha:yf
WofT jbfG wkysnfkiafjyf mskfkafjyf.
Akspajsp cu Atftdu FtsnfK FekaG
wigfgwiyspseu junfK S:jfjjfrxp
;jmsplf wlpfhfwha:yf Dbfdl wha:yf
FtsnfkiOjfJ WKIlf ekdipsufdu. Fkseu
S:jfjsoft ehasofhkfkstfJ QG Sdb WKIlf
Sufdu.
206
12 SofHtfT ia[ Dguf

nulf ehBkuf
caph;r;rf;jp clypy; xG';fhf
Xof;bfhz;oUg;gnj ,d;g czh;thFk;. cly;
eykhFk;. mijg; ghJfhf;f czt[/ ciHg;g[/
cwf;fk;/ Mz;-bgz; cwt[ vz;zk; ,e;j Ie;J
mk;r';fspy; bjhlh;e;J ftdk; nrYj;j
207
ntz;Lk;. ,it mstpw;F mjpfkhdhYk;

Fiwe;jhYk; Kiw jtwp bfhs;sg;bgw;whYk;
caph; rf;jp Xl;lk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;/ neha;fs;
cz;lhFk;.
thuj;jpw;F xUKiwahtJ ,utpy; czt[

cl;bfhs;shky; ,nyrhf gHtif cz;nlh
my;yJ rpwpJ ghy; mUe;jpnah cw';FtJ
neha;fis xU mstpy; jLf;f cjt[k;. cly;
$Puzpf;fj;jf;f mst[ czt[ cz;lhy; mJ
ed;ikahFk;. mst[f;F kPwpdhy; ,e;j czt[
cliy $Puzpf;Fk;/ fUtikg;g[ vz;zk;/
bra;if/ nfhs;fspd; r";rhuj;jpy; mika[k;
epiy/ re;jh;g;g nkhjy;/ Mfpa fhuz';fshy;
clypy; ,urhad ntWghLfs; cz;lhfpd;wd.
,j;jifa ntWghLfshy; clypy; cs;s mq
\yf';fs; mjw;F Vw;g tpiutpy; ntWgLk;.
mjd; gadhf clypy; mtw;wpd;
tpfpjhr;rhu';fs; Tlnth/ Fiwanth ,lKz;L.
208
,f;fhuz';fshy; clypy; RHd;nwhof;

bfhz;oUf;Fk; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W ,uj;jk;
Mfpa ehd;Fk; mtw;wpd; tpiutpy; Vw;w
jhH;t[fisg; bgWk;. tpiuthf xt;bthU
mta';f~nla[k; CLUtpr;bry;Yk; mtw;wpd;
Xl;lj;jpy; jila[k; cz;lhFk;.
,e;j jil nehahf czug;gLfpwJ. ve;j

mtatj;jpy; ve;j mstpd; rf;jp Xl;lj;jpy;
jilgLfpwnjh/ mjw;F Vw;g nehapd; tYt[k;/
bgaUk;/ mjw;F fhyKk; eph;zapf;fg;
bgWfpd;wd. neha;fis ePf;fpf;bfhs;Sk; rf;jp
,aw;ifahf clypy; mike;Js;sJ. xj;j
gj;jpak; fhj;J Xa;t[ vLj;Jf; bfhz;lhy;
neha;fs; kpft[k; tpiuthfj; jPh;e;JtpLk;. neha;
fodkhf ,Ue;jhy; jf;f kUe;J tiffis
cgnahfpf;fyhk;. nehaw;w clypy;jhd; mwpt[k;
jpwd;gl ntiybra;a[k;. ,aw;if ,d;g';fis
mDgtpf;f Koa[k;/ vdnt xt;bthUtUk;
nehaw;W thH tHpfz;L epd;W xGfpthH
209
ntz;Lk;. kdj;J}a;ik/ xG';fhd czt[/

msthd ciHg;g[ ,tw;Wld; Toa thH;f;if
neha;fs; ,y;yh cly; eyj;njhL ,Uf;f
cjt[k;. bghwhik/ rpdk;/ t";rfk;/ ftiy/ fhk
vz;z';fs;/ ,it cly; fhe;j rf;jpapid
mst[f;F kPwp mHpj;JtpLk;. jtj;jhYk;
Muha;r;rpahYk; ,e;j czh;r;rpfis khw;wp
tplyhk;. czh;e;njhnu md;g[ Kaw;rp
bra;a[';fs; btw;wp epr;rak;. czt[ cz;lt[ld;
mjpf Xl;lk;/ rthhp/ fod ciHg;g[ Mz;-bgz;
clYwt[ ,it TlhJ.
mLj;jLj;J ,r;bray;fspy; <LgLnthUf;F

tapw;Wg; g[z; cz;lhfptpLk;. mJ Fd;kk; vd;w
nehahfptpLk;. clypypUe;J fHpthfp
btspnaWk; ve;jg;bghUSk; clypd; kPJ
j';fhky; ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. mit
clnd fpUkpfshf khWk; tha;g;g[ ,Uf;fpdwJ.
xU ehisf;F xU KiwahtJ bte;ePhpnyh
210
jz;zPhpnyh Fspf;f ntz;oaJ mtrpak;.

kyge;jk; m$Puzk; ,it Vw;glhky; ghJfhg;gJ
cly; eyj;ijg; ngqk; tHpfspy; kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ. cly; caph;rf;jp/ tpe;J ehjk;
$Ptfhe;jk;/ kdk; ,it Ie;Jk; xUnru ,a';Fk;
mikg;g[jhd; kdpj totkhFk;.
nfhof;fzf;fhd rpw;wiufs; nrh;e;J
mLf;fLf;fhf ,a';FtJ ,e;j cly;/ xt;bthU
rpw;wiuf;Fk; ,Ug[wk; fhe;jf; fth;r;rp cz;L.
cly; epiyj;jpUf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; mjpy;
mike;Js;s rpw;wiufspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;/
gSt[f;Fk; Vw;w $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk; njit.
$Ptfhe;jk; vd;gJ caph;r;rf;jp ,a';Ftjhy;
vGk; miyahFk;. xt;bthU caph;j;JfSk;
jd;idj; jhnd kpftpiuthfr; Rw;wpf; bfhz;L
,Ug;gjhy; mjpypUe;J tphpe;J bfhz;nl
,Uf;Fk; miy/ bjhlh;e;J njhd;wpf;
bfhz;oUf;Fk; Xh; clypy; cs;s caph;Jfspd;
vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk;
epiybgWk;. nghjpa $Ptfhe;jk; ,Uf;Fk;
211
tiuapy;jhd; clypYs;s rpw;wiufspd; mLf;F

Fiyahky; epiyj;J ,Uf;Fk;. ,uj;j Xl;lk;/
fhw;nwhl;lk;/ bts;s Xl;lk;/ ,k;\d;Wk; rpjwhJ
xG';fhf Xo capUf;Fk;/ clYf;Fk; ,ilna
cs;s Mw;wiy epiyf;fr; bra;a[k;.
vdnt cliyj; jh';f $Ptfhe;jk; nghjpa mst[

njit/ $Pthfhe;jj;ijg; bgUf;f ntz;L
khdhy; mjw;F ntz;oa vz;zpf;ifa[s;s
caph;j;Jfs;fs; njit. caph;j;Jfs;fs; tpe;J
ehj jputj;jpd; msita[k;/ jd;ika[k;
bghWj;jJ. nghjpast[ tpe;J (Mz;tpe;J) ehjk;
(bgz;tpe;J) ,Ue;jhy; jhd; cliy
elj;jg;nghJkhd $Ptfhe;j rf;jpia cw;gj;jp
bra;a[k; mst[f;F clypy; caph; rf;jpj; Jfs;fs;
epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. $Ptfhe;j mst[ rhpahf
,Ue;jhy; jhd; gU clyhdJ rpw;wiufspd;
xG';fhd ,af;fj;jhy; rPuhf ,a';fpf;
bfhz;oUf;Fk;. kdKk; ey;y Kiwapy;
212
,a';Fk;. $Ptfhe;jj;jpd; xU gFjp cly;

rpw;wiufspd; \yk; clypaf;fkhft[k; kw;bwhU
gFjp \isapd; rpw;wiufs; \ykhf kd
miyfshft[k; ,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. cly;/
tpe;J/ caph;rf;jp/ $Ptfhe;jk;/ cly; kd ,af;fk;
vd;w bjhlhpid ed;whf kdjpy; gjpj;Jf;
bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Ie;jpy; xd;W Fiw
,Ue;jhYk; ,af;f xG';F Fiye;jhYk;/ mJ
kw;wtw;iw xt;bthd;whfg; ghjpf;Fk;. mg;go
xd;Wf;bfhd;W Vw;gLk; ,af;fk; Kuz;ghl;ow;F
Vw;g typ/ tpahjp/ kuzk;/ ,it rk;gtpf;Fk;.
jdJ bray;fs; \ykhfnth/ btspg;g[w
nkhJjynyh/ nfhs;fspd; fhe;j miytPr;R
\ykhfnth xUtUila $Ptfhe;jk; cly;
,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.
czt[/ cwf;fk;/ ciHg;g[/ clYwt[/ vz;zk;

,e;j Ie;J tifapy; myl;rpak; kpjkp";rpa
cgnahfk;/ Kuz;gl;l cgnahfk;/ ,tw;why;
cly; ,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. ,J jd;Dila
213
bray; \ykhf tUk; tpist[. jl;g btg;g Vw;w

jhH:t[ kw;Wk; jw;bray; tpgj;Jf;fshy; Vw;gLk;
FHg;g';fs; nfhs;fs; r";rhuj;jpy; xd;nwhL
xd;W neh;gLjy;/ uhrpkhw;wk; Mfpa fhuz';fs;
xt;bthUthpd; gpwe;jehs; nfhs; epiyf;F vw;g
$Ptfhe;jk; Vw;w jhH:tiljy; ,g;go mndf
mk;r';fshy; FHg;gk; tUk;.
ve;j tpjj;jpy; cly; eyk; FHg;gk; mile;jhYk;/

jhnd mjidr; rhpgLj;jp cliy eykhf;fpf;
bfhs;fpd;w ,aw;if tpjp clypnyna
xt;bthUtUf;Fk; Xust[ mikejpUf;fpwJ.
,jnt FHg;gj;ij jh';fpf; bfhs;Sk; ,aw;if
epajp MFk;. ,aw;if epajp mikj;j
mstpw;Fk; nkyhf FHg;gk; kPwpdhy;jhd; mJ
cly; ,af;fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;. ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLk;
bghGJkdpjd; jd;Dila Kaw;rpapdhy;/
clw;gapw;rp/ kdg;gapw;rp/ czt[ Kiw \yk;
cly; eyj;ijf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;.
214
13 epajlf
nahfj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhf gad;gLk; fUtpna
kdkhFk;. ,e;j kdkhdJ J}a;ikahf
,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ kdk; kdR/ kUtw;w
J}a;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ/ bjspe;j ePhpy; ePhpd;
mokl;lj;ijf; fhz;gJnghy/ bjspe;j kdj;jhy;
cz;ikg; bghUl;fisf; fhz Koa[k;. me;j
215
kdj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jk; bewpna nahfk;.

kdkhdJ mwpthfp/ Md;k czh;itg; bgw;W
tpHpg;gpy; jd; \yk; eho xL';Fk;nghJ jd;id
bka;bghUshfnt czh;e;J bfhs;fpd;w ,e;j
KGik ngw;wpid miltjw;Fj; njit nahfk;;
vd;w clw;gapw;rpna MFk;.
lokaoK Whfeha{Klf eidu wmpfK

wjabfeg S:jfJlf. Snfk lodk, FkaiK
FduhapfnfK wjabfx:jfJlf lodk, V:
nsduhfhGkfKiK FufuK V: Sgkfksuf
JispdikfKhf h[jfjhfhGkfKiK, Fhfhx
JispdikfKhf h[Jiksuf culf lokstfJ
whasp Atftuf DbfgajstK. J[nfdkjyf
isdypaGlf ehaK hjuf en;kfksuf V: Jis
wuofdm vasp wiysmfmkfksuf jagfx V: jajskkf
ka[suf jagfg Fnfk jajsklf WasjstK. WasikafjfJ
Wofo ja;blf Woftauf h;iuao vasp Vysdp
Jis wuofM culf V: Sgkfksuf vasp Vysdp
Jisdihfhkauf vasp Vys D`fblf Caf
LjhfhgfG jajsklf WasjstK.
216
ekjfjsdijfjsoft nqaf ldg kstnfK isgfgauf Xd;

F[skfKisGlf Atftuf whTlf. Fdgkfk jatfdt
kstnfK isgfgauf F[sjfJlf eijlf whTlf. Fek
ehau losk lokfdk V: Ljlaj Jisp
dikfkauf eh;atftuf hstjfjstK. Ajei
kspaokfksof culf lokfdkjf JispdikfKhf
h[j eibfGlf.
Fgfga_fj epajlf
Sdt nsdu FdgiktfJ msu hx nsdujdy
D:iajfjsPyfyaafjyf nlK mskfkafjyff.
Fdkkfkaof Fgfga_fj epajlf Wofhaafjyf.
Snfk Fgfga_fj epajkfdk hk]fmufus epaj
Losiaf whasKlf iusPTkfksjf rTiaaf.
wh:lfhauao mskfkafjyf Fdkep hsofhtfts
Sdt nsdu Fdgnfkoaf.
Fgfga_fj epajLlf Aka;laTlf Fikfdk <nfKlf
isgef fgtshf ehao wiuskoseu isphfwhaofT jbfegof
igfgajsmf wmlflkshf haUtuf DbfG ljs[fnfks:jfj
Wgfgak ehasofhlf Wofdo is{_fjs S:jfjsoftek
- hgfxokfkaaf 25
eltfjbfg hagusof isyjfjlaiK: WgfGidj
epajLlf, Aka;lf ATlf, Fikfdk <nfKlf
217
jgnfK wmofT mj|f;jalkfksuf FLklf DbfG

ljs[fnfK ehasofhkfekaG S:jfjsetof WofT
rTidkjf jabualf. Fgfga_fj epajlf WofhK
htfts Fjkfkspaf rtsPyfydk jq[fi:lf haguf
culf jabualf,
vyhfha eplwlaG enlnfkaOlf
AmoLlf hs;abapllf hs;kfkspaja;lf
jabga ka;dbPnf kspaolf dlnfka
j:doPufu mlaKgeo WgfGlamfM
eltfjbfg hagusuf Spllf, nspllf, Amolf,
hs;abapllf, hs;kfkspaja;lf, ka;db, kspaolf,
mlaks Wofjst WgfGidjpao epaj wntsjdyjf
rTjstaaf Fjkfkspaf. eltfjbfg WgfGidjpao
hpstfmsjysof culf Dguf, naxjyf, Huofjyf,
cdy, kJnfk ksgjakfks;lao Ae;ajfjspdkhf
whtfT DguaoK eikspuf latftkfkauf Sdt
nsdu Fdgpei WgfGidj epajkfdkmf
maofetaafjyf rtsoaafjyf.
218
Spllf
nsufuhfha Fgfga_fjlf WgfGlamfM
en;aj Splwloft hkfKjf ejY
wmaufuhfha ugfmbkfdkmf wmaufUjsetof ejyf
Mjlao n;ls:j hgfmswpofOlf
isyfyhfha Dnfkosg MjKjfjlf ehauf
eloffdlwht haafjfj F_fjsdm wpofhaafjyf
nufuhfha mskfkaks wmaufUiK dlnfka
nagfgLgof eika;ks wmaufUiK_f ejey
ltft Dpsaso_fjdy KofHTkfkaK wjaufuadl,
Huauf Dbfbadl, ehaoft nufu
Wbfb_fjyauf loksuf ltft Dpsafjyf hGlf
Kofhlf nalf FdgPlf Kofhlf Wo Wbfbs FofH
wmUkfk eibfGlf. whaKiaj Kzp Wbfb_fjyf
Ddgp lokaj dikfks:hfhK Spllf
WohfhGlf.
nspllf
wmhfHjsetof nsplidj hkfK ljfjayf
msi msia kiemaG mnfekamnfkaof
VhfHjsetof Atftsj]fmnf kaokfekaG
Dgf msi ^dmepaG mskfkanfk ms;iblf
219
FhfHksetof msikfekaG msilkskaof dlnfka

F:yfwh:Jlf is;kwloft idjkaof hkfKnf
KhfH;iapfjf jbfgtsnfK msiepajkfdk
Mjlaj idjPgeo ptsnK f hae;
kilf, w<hlf, FgjfjLdgdl, nG nsdudl,
hJkfKbfbuf, ljs[fmfms, FofH, is;klf, makfiqj
DbI DbfBkuf, j:dbjagfGkuf ehaoft
nufu Wbfb_fjyaUlf wmpufjyaUlf kofdo
ksoLlf hpstfms wmpfiskfKhf h[Jkeu nspllf
WohfhGlf. Sdkep kaof iyfyuaaf Fiafjyf
Snfksasp V{jfjlf, <qi V{jfjlf, j;b V{jfjlf
WofT hsaskfK idjhfhGkfksjf jagfxoaaf.
Snfksasp V{jfjlf WofhK ]aeonfksasplf,
jafennfksaspkfkauf V{_fjaj ngjfj eibfGlf
WofhK. <qi V{jfjlf WofhK <qi;amsjdykf
KofHTkfkjf rgaK WofhkaJlf. j;b V{jfjlf
WofhK lolf, Hkfks, mskfklf, Fj_fja;lf,
ehaoftitftauf V{_fjaj S:jfj eibfGlf
WofhkaJlf.
220
Amolf
mskfkafjyf jaGjyseu ki ia[fjfdj
eltfwjayfUlf ehaK ls:j_fjyf, ^mfmsjyf
ehaoft <qi;amsjdyhf haafkfK Amo_fjdyjf
jbfGhsxkfkaafjyf. Dka;blaj halfhaoK
idynfK idynfK Wnfk SGjfJjysUlf, mnfK
whanfKjysUlf wmufUjsoft idyPlf kofdl
S:jfjstK. Aoauf Fek halfhaoK Wksasdpkf
kajfj hglf WGkfK nstfJlf ehaK en;aj
isd;hfhaj nsofT Fhaslsklao hukfKgof
isy_fJjstK. Fek ehauf losk DgduPlf
halfdh ehauf idyPlf kofdldpPlf
id;hfhao kofdldpPlf Dguf wh;
eibfGwlofT epajamokfdkjf jbfG
hsxkfkaafjyf.
epajf Woftauf SdbhfhK Woft wha:Ulf
VofT. <qiakfldi h;lakflaeiaG
SdbhfhktfJ Snfk Amo_fjyf hpofhGjsofto.
84 ugfmlf <qi;amsjyf ekaoftsPyfyK Snfk
Dujkfksuf Fkof Fxhfhdgpsuf
ekaoftspKkaof 84 Amo_fjyaJlf. hufeiT
Amo_fjyf S:nfjaUlf mskfkafjyf epajkfkstfJ
221
Ljfjsplao Amolaj 9 idjdpjf

rTjstaafjyf.
FtsnfKha ;amo_fjyf VofhdkP_f ejY
Fhfheo wmatftsu_feja LjkfkseoaG
isasnfKhaaf hkflwlaG iq;lf dlnfka
isdmpao ms_fjwlaG hkfks;Ldlnfka
hasnfKhaaf LkfkwlaG lP;dlnfka
hksiaj osoft Mjlf VofhkamfM
iasnfK nsoft VofhdkPnf kofOgf jbfG
idjPgeo Fgfga_fj epajlfhaet
ejaLjlf, hkfllf, iq;lf, ms_fjlf, hkfks;amolf,
Lkfkamolf, l%;amolf, i<s;lf, Mjamolf
Snfkidjpao Amo_fjdyep whasKlf
iusPTkfksPyfyaafjyf. mskfkafjyf jaGjysuf
ia{jsoft ehaK ldy hJkspsuf Ets St_fjsPlf
kofOdgp hbsjdy kaeo wmpfikaUlf ltft
Amo_fjdyhf htfts msthfhajjf rtisufdu.
SofwoaofT Fhfhspamhf hpstfmsjfJ eltfjbfg 9
Amo_fjyf ehaKlaoK WofT LxI WGkfKjf
rTjstaafjyf ehaUlf.
222
hs;abpallf
hs;abdo nsplhfhGkfKiK hs;abpallf WofT
rtualf. SK Ndt Q;du iusdlhf
hGkfKjsoft hpstfmspaJlf. hs;abof Woftaeu
SK Vaf Dpsafmf mjfkspaJlf. hs;h]fm
DtfhkfksjfJ cuja;blao Atftuf kaof nlK
DguseuPlf wmpufhgfGjf wjabfG
S:jfjsofto. hs;ab Atftuauf kaof
Fbfg_fjyf, eh;bfg_fjyf, vaspofjyf,
ejagfjyf FkfkdoPlf Sp_fJjstK. hs;abbf
Wofjst DnfK mjfks Spjfjkfkauf kaof Snfkhf
hs;h]fmlf Sp_fJjstK. Fek hs;abof cmfMjf
jatftsof culf nlK Dgusuf Dpsafmf mjfkspaj
wmpufhGjstK. Fkoauf maofetafjy,
Lmfmhfha wkpfi wlofT Lofeoaaf wmaofoaaf
LosiafjUlf mskfkafjYlf Fdkkfkaof wmaofoaaf
WofT cmfdmep wkpfilf WofT wmaofoaafjyf.
elUlf,
Etfts Stjfjs S:jaUlf âsjfJlf
jatfdt FtsPlf jbjfjtsiaasufdu
223
jatfdt FtsPlf jbjfjtsiay:jfJ

rtfdt DdkjfJlf JtspsKiael
Wofjstaaf ks:cuaf.
hs;abpalkfksof ljkfKikfdkPlf, ks:cuaf
eltfjbfg haguf culf cmfMjf jatfdt
EtftsPlf StjfjsPlf âskfKlf hpstfms wmpfjsoft
idjpsof jbjfJ pa:jfJlf wkasiksufdu,
cmfMjf jatfdt Etfts StjfJlf idj wkasnfkiof
kofOdgp madiep DdkfKkf kyfYiaof
WofT rTjstaaf.
hs;abpallf, cmfdm FgjfJkuf S;bfGjfJlf
VtfTdlPbfG. wigfg wiyspao Fbfgkfksof
Spjfj mjfksjdy FkOdgp Fdmdijf
wjabfG nalf Ftsjsetalf. Snfk FdmIjysuf
S:nfK hstnfkKkaof cmfMjf jatfT Spjfjlf.
hs;h]fmlf Wofjst eh;bfgkfdk SpjfJjsoft
hs;abof kaof nlfdlPlf Spjfjsjf wjabfG
S:jfjsofto. Fkoauf Dgeo hpstfmspsof
culf Fgjfjs Ayualf WofhK Spuak
jaasplf. eh;bfgkfksuf Dyfy <qijanfk mjfks
lsofjanfklf, <qijanfklf, Qafkfkuf, isGkuf
224
ehaoft hufeiT wmpufjyf hu

ejaxjfjbjfjao FBjfjysof wjakfK
nsj[fmfmspaj ndg whtfTjf wjabfG
S:jfjsofto. Fek ehaofT eh;bfgkfksof
rTjyf FkfkdoPlf nlK Dgusuf Ngfh
mjfksjyaj wmpufhgfGjf wjabfx:jfjsofto.
Vif wia: SpjfjLlf losk Dgusuf Fks
Ngfhlajmf wmpufhGjsofto. losk Dgusuf
h;isPyfy Sptfdjpsof Atftdu hpstfmspsof
culf djpabfgiafjyf Sptfdj L{idkPlf
AYjsoft Atftduhf whTjstaafjyf. Snfk
hs;abpalel l;blsufuahf wh:ia[fI wht
lsj lsj Ljfjsp Flfmlaj isy_fJjstK. Shfeha
cmfMjf jatftaoK nlK Dgusuf Whfhx
wmpufhGjstK Woffhdkhf haafhfehalf.
225
14 cmfMjfjatfTlf
loskOlf
^lspaoK S;Ilf hjUlf lats lats Spjfjlf
ndg whTjstK. Fkoauf kaof ^lspsuf Dyfy
Huf, ^Gjyf, loskof, hs;abs, ^mfmsjuf FK
Fkokof jgdldpmf wmpfK Dpsafia[fjsofto.
Ajei ^lspsof <qi;amsjyf ia[fdjjfJ mnfks;of
226
Wofjst S;Ilf vaspof Wofjst hjUlf

FkOdgp jksaf iqmfMjfjyf ^lsdpkf
kajfJikauf FdokfK DpsafjYlf ia[fjsofto
WofhK Ftsispuf aqkspao Dbfdl. ^ls
kofOdgp Fmfmsus:nfK 21 1/2 ksjas mapflao
MtfT igfglf Q;bfg M[tfms eijkfksUlf EkaiK
V:xjsas enaf ejagfxuf infkauf kaof ^ls lqK
ejayfjysof mjfks hksPlf. Fhfhx MtfTigfghf
hadkpsuf Wnfk ejaysof mjfks ^lslqK
jksjsteka FofT Fnfk js;jkfksuf whpaseuep
ia;kfksof E{ nagfjyf.ejayao vaspof
^lslqK hksPlf nayf ]apsT, ejayao mnfks;of
^lslqK hksPlf nayf ks_fjyf, ejayao
wmifiapf ^lslqK hksPlf nayf wmifiapf,
ejayao Hkof ^lslqK hksPlf nayf Hkof,
ejayao J: ^lslqK hksPlf nayf ispa[of,
ejayao vjfjs;of ^lslqK hksPlf nayf
wiyfys, ejayao mos ^lslqK hksPlf nayf mos.
vaspjf JGlfhkfksof ejagfjyf ^lspsof enaf
ejagfxuf jksPlf en;el Fnfkjf ejagfjysof
whpaseuep ia; nagfjyf whpaf Dyfyo
WofT haafkfekalf. Vifwia: naYlf Vifwia:
ejagfjyf jksPlf. jkspaoK loskdoPlf
227
SpjfJjstK. Fkoaeu kaof epajsjyf

Miamkfdk vasp Dkplf wkag_fJiktfJ 2
lbs en;kfkstfJ Lof Miamkfdk latfts
wjaGkfK mas wmpfiaafjyf. Ldtpaj
MiamlaoK jq[fjbfg ish;hfhx wkag_fj
eibfGlf. Fgfgidb jqe[
wjaGjfjhfhgfGyfyK. hs;ks Flaiadm,
hs;kdlPlf, hs;ks whyafbls, FGkfk naYlf
jadu 4 Lkuf 6 id; iukfksuf VgeibfGlf.
Dkfk;apblf jaulf FkaiK dk laklf Lkuf
ekkspofT jadu 4 Lkuf 6 id; Sgjdu
(mnfks; jdu) Cgfg eibfGlf. kgfmsbapblf
jaulf FkaiK Ax Lkuf ekks jadu 4 Lkuf
6 id; hs_fjdu (vasp jdu) Cgfg eibfGlf.
ispa[jfjs[dlpofT ia; Miam Vgfgkfdk
hasemakdo wmpfPlf nayf. Ajei 4 Lkuf 6
lbs hasemaksjfj eibfGlf. iyafhsdt, hs;kdl,
Kisksdp, ks:ksdp nagfjysuf Sgjdu DkskfK
Cg eibfGlf. ekpfhsdt, hs;kdl, Kisksdp,
ks:ksdp nagfjysuf vaspjdu DkskfK
VgeibfGlf.
228
lbs lbs wmifiapf, wiyfys, ispa[of ispa[of mos

Lkuf id; ‘]apsT Hkof, (iyafhsdt) (ekpfhsdt)
ks_fjyf
jadu 6 iuK SgK SgK iuK iuK
4
6 8 SgK iuK iuK SgK iuK
8 10 iuK SgK SgK iuK iuK
ladu 6 iuK SgK SgK iuK iuK
4
S;I 10 iuK SgK SgK iuK iuK
8
229

4
eltfJtshfhsgfg Fgfgidohfhx cmfmaoK
]apsT, wmifiapf, mos, iuK namspsUlf, wyfys,
ks_fjyf, Hkof SgK namspsUlf Vg eibfGlf.
iyafhsdt ispa[jf js[dl SgK namspsUlf,
ekpfhsdt ispa[jfjs[dl iuK namspsUlf
Miamlf Vg eibfGlf. Snfk Vgfglf Fksjadu 4
Lkuf 6 lbsjfJuf Sp_fj eibfGlf. emakdo
wmpfK haafjfj eibfxp en;Llf FKei.
230
Aka;lf – 7 cmfmsof WGkfKjf wjayfYlf

Wbfbsjfdj en;lf lbs. nslsglf.
isnax
cuaka;lf (luiapf) 600 0.40.00
Miaksgfgaolf (j: 6000 6.40.00
Dtfhkfks)
lbs^;jlf (wkahfHyf) 6000 6.40.00
Foajklf (Skplf) 6000 6.40.00
isMkfks (j{kfK) 1000 1.06.40
Ajfd] (H:ilkfks) 1000 1.06.40
mj|f;ja;lf (kdu nG 1000 1.06.40
hJks)
21,600 24.00.00
vaspjf JGlfhkfksof 7 ejagfjyf ^ls lqK

jksjsoft en;el ia;kfksof 7 nagfjyf whpaf
vgfghfhgfgo. Fek ehau vaspOlf
231
mnfks;Olf wigfhjfejaYlf kgfhjfejaYlaj

lbsk Dgusuf jkskfK cmfMjf jatftaj
wmpufhGjsofto. vMaspOlf mnfks;Olf loskof
lqK jksafjyf jksiksof ja;blaj kgfhjf ejausof
AtftUlf wihfhjf ejausof AtftUlf 12 lbs
en;kfkstfJ V: Ldt, S;Ilf hjUlf kgfhLlf
wihfhLlf ^lspsuf jksjsteka, Fek ehaofT 2
lbs en;kfkstfJ V: Ldt losk namspsuf, iuK
cjfjsuf wihfhjfjatfTlf, SgK cjfjsuf kgfhjf
jatfTlf Sp_fjs DgUjfJyf S:jfJlf FBjf
rTjYjfJ Dpsaf mjfksdp FysjfjstK. jq[fjbfg
ish;hfhx cmfMjf jatfT nlK Dgusuf 24 lbs
en;lf wmpufhgfGjf wjabfx:jfjstK.
eltfjbfg ish;hfhx Vifwia: Aka;_fjusUlf
24 lbs en;kfkstfJ m;amas 21,600 cMfM
loskOjfJ wmpufhGjstK. vasp Dkp jau
en;lajsp Fksjadupsuf Mlaaf 6 lbs Fyisuf
Miam Dkplf jbjfjsghfhGjstK. Miamlf Hkof
js[dl lbf kkfKikfksuf DksjfJlf,
]apstfTjs[dl nqaf kkfKikfksuf DksjfJlf, mos,
ks_fjyf js[dl Fjfos kkfKikfksuf DksjfJlf,
ispa[of, wmifiapf js[dl iaP kkfKikfksuf
232
DksjfJlf, wiyfys js[dl Ajap kkfKikfksuf

DksjfJlf.
Shfhx Dksjfjsoft Snfk MiamlaoK 2 lbs
wn;kfkstfJ V:dl iuK nams SgK nams
S;bfxUlf lats lats VGlf. Fnfk 2 lbs
en;kfksuf Miamlf Vifwia: kkfKikfksuf Whfhx
Sp_fJjstK Wofhdkhf haafhfehalf.
js[dl nslsglf. isnax nslsglf
Hkof lbfbsuf lbf 10.48
lbfbsuf nqasuf 09.00
lbfbsuf wn:hfhsuf 07.12
lbfbsuf iaP 05.24
lbfbsuf Ajaplf 03.36
36.00 36.00
]apsT nqasuf nqaf 07.30
nqasuf wm:hfH 06.00
nqasuf jatfT 04.30
nqasuf Ajaplf 03.00
nqasuf lbff 09.00
233
30.00 30.00
mos, ks_fjyf wn:hfhsuf wn:hfH 04.48
wn:hfhsuf jatfT 03.36
wn:hfhsuf Ajaplf 02.24
wn:hfhsuf lbf 07.12
wn:hfhsuf nqaf 06.00
24.00 24.00
wmifiapf, iaPisuf iaP 02.42
ispa[of
iaPisuf Ajaplf 01.48
iaPisuf lbf 05.24
iaPisuf nqaf 04.30
iaPisuf wn:hfH 03.36
18.00 18.00
js[dl nslsglf. isnax nslsglf
wiyfys Ajapkfksuf Ajaplf 01.12
Ajapkfksuf lbf 03.36
Ajapkfksuf nqaf 03.00
234
Ajapkfksuf wm:hfH 02.24

Ajapkfksuf iaP 01.48
12.00 12.00
120.00
eltfjbfg ish;hfhx 2 lbs en;kfksuf Vifwia:

js[dljysuf eltf rtsphx Fnfknfkkf
kkfKikfksuf wkag_fjs Vifwia: FBjf
rTjysUlf <qijanfk mjfksdp lsys;mf
wmpfjstK.
MiamlaoK eltfjbfg ish;hfhx maspaj
Spjfjlf ndg whtftauf kaof maq;lf
Ae;ajfjsplaj S:jfJlf. Ajei epajsjYlf
]aosjYlf Miamkfdk jibskfK kojfJkf kaeo
Miam Vgfgkfdk maspaj Vgfgjf jtfTjf
wjabfgafjyf. 2 lbs en;kfksuf lats lats
ndgwhTlf MiamlaoK 2 lbs en;kfksTfJyf
h]fm^kkf kkfKikfksuf wmpufhGlf jau
en;kfdk mskfkafjyf Wkfkdo Kufusplajjf
jbjfjsgfGyfyaafjyf Wofhdk WbfBlf ehaK
Fiafjyf ljkfKilf FyisgfGjf rt LxpakK
WofT wkasjstK.
235
]aosjYlf mskfkafjYlf djpsuf Caf kbfglf

dikfks:hfhaafjyf. FkaiK dj Sgjfjao
jsmfMhfhJkspsuf dikfKjf wjabfG DgfjaafnfK
S:hfhaafjyf. Fnfk kbfgkfkstfJ whpaf
iamsjfejauf WofhK. MiamlaoK Cg eibfxp
kkfKikfksuf Cgisufdu Woftauf Miamkfdk
maspao cjfJkf Kia;kfksuf Cgdihfhktfjaj
hpofhGkfKlf ejauaJlf. ejagfjysof
m]ffma;kfkstfJ Etfh losk Dguf Sp_fKjstK
WofT FtsnfK FktfJ Etftatf ehauf klfLdg
Dgdu Whfhx haKjajfj eibfGlf WofT
Ftsispuf aqkspaj wmaofoaafjyf mskfkafjyf.
kiataj Miamlf VGikauf DbfgaJlf isdyI
1 ]apstfT js[dl SgK namspsuf mys, S:luf DbfgaJlf
Miamlf Vxoauf
2 ks_fjgf js[dl iuk namspsuf mys, MtftkfkaafjfJ ejG
Miamlf Vxoauf DbfgaJlf
3 wmifiapff js[dl SgK namspsuf M;lf, iqbf mbfdg, maI
Miamlf Vxoauf Lkusp DbfgaJlf
4 Hkof js[dl iuK namspsuf kduius, kq_fJjyff
236
Miamlf Vxoauf DbfgaJlf

5 iyafhsdt ispa[jf js[dl SgK ekjenapf DbfgaJlf
namspsuf Miamlf Vxoauf
6 wiyfys js[dl iuK namspsuf jbf, jaK enapf DbfgaJlf
Miamlf Vxoauf
7 mosjf js[dl SgK namspsuf <bfbs DbfgaJlf
Miamlf Vxoauf
wmifiapf, mos, ]apsT cofTlf wihfh

ejagfjyf. wihfh Aksjfjlf Fyfys iqms Dgdu
SpjfJjsoftK. FkOdgp Spjfjkfkstf
ejtfthfhx jadu 4 lbsjfJ iuK namspsuf
wihfhlao cmfMjf jatfT ngjfJlf. laThgfG
ngjfJlaoauf eltfjbfg isdyIjyf EtfhGlf.
Fekehauf wiyfys, ks_fjyf, Hkof cofTlf
kgfhjf ejagfjyf. kgfh Aksjfjlf ngjfJlf nayf
Wofhkauf SgK namspsuf Spufhajei
ngjfJlf. lats ngnfkauf latftsjf wjayfy
eibfGlf WofT rtsoaf.
Fek ehau iyafhsdt ispa[osuf kgfhlf SgK
namspsUlf, ekpfhsdt ispa[osuf wihfhlf iuK
237
namspsUlf Miamlf ndg wht eibfGlf WofT

rtsoaafjyf.
Miamlff
Xa;tpUf;Fk;nghJ xU kdpjd; epkplj;jpw;F 13
Kjy; 17 tiu Rthrpf;fpwhd;. tpisahLk;nghJ
80 kl';F tiu mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. xU ehspy;
ruhrhp 21/600 Kiw Rthrpf;fpnwhk;. ,J
thH;ehspy; 295.261 kp.yp msthFk;. jhapd;
tapw;wpy; gpwe;j mjph;r;rpapy; FHe;ijf;F Kjy;
Rthrk; Vw;gLfpwJ. jirfs; RU';fp/ khh;g[
tphpe;J cs;ns fhw;wGj;jk; FiwfpwJ.
jpzwpg;nghd FHe;ij thiaj; jpwf;fpwJ.
fhw;W cs;ns tpiufpwJ. FHe;ij Kjy;
\r;ir tplj;bjhl';fp epkplj;jpw;F 60 jlit
Rthrpj;J \r;RtpLk; nghuhl;l RHw;rp
Muk;gpf;fpwJ. tsh;r;rp mile;j xUthpd;
Rthrg;igfspd; cs; mst[ 93. ,J kdpj
clk;gpd; btspg;gug;gpd; 40 kl';fhFk;.
238
kdpj clk;gpy; fy;yPuypd; gzpfs; kpft[k;

rpwg;ghdJ. fy;yPuk; Rkhh; 1/000 tpjtpjkhd
gzpfis nkw;bfhs;fpwJ. clk;ig ey;y
epiyapy; itj;jpUg;gJ/ ,uj;jk; ciuahky;
ghJfhg;gJ/ tp#j;ij Kwpg;gJ nghd;wit ,jd;
Kf;fpa gzpfs;. cly; cwg;g[fspy; fy;yPuy;
kl;Lnk jd;id kPz;Lk; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;Sk;
jpwd; cilaJ. 3-y; 2 gfjp fy;yPuy; vLf;fg;gl;L
tpl;lhYk; Tl mJ kPz;Lk; giHa epiyf;nf
tsh;e;JtpLk;. thapy; bjhl';fp kyj;Jthuk;
tiuahd 9.14 ePsks;s FHha;jhd; czit
Ez;zpa Jqf;Ffshfg; ghpj;J FlYf;Fk;/
uj;jehs';fSf;Fk; mDg;g[fpwJ. rj;Jf;fs;
clk;gpd; kpfg;bghpa cWg;ghd 1.36 fpnyh
vila[s;s fy;yPuYf;Fr; brd;W m';F
urhadg;bghUshf khw;wg;gl;L njitg;gLk;nghJ
gad;gl nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ.
o.vd;.V. Fnuhnkh!hkpd; Kf;fpa gFjp
bgw;nwhhplkpUe;J FHe;ij kugqtHp
brYj;jg;gLk; ghuk;ghpaj; jfty; ,jd; \ynk
239
bry;Yfpd;wd. clk;gpd; xt;bthU bry;ypYk;

Rkhh; 2 kPl;lh; mst[s;s o.vd;.V RUl;lg;gl;L 10
ikf;nuh kPl;lh; mst[fSf;F mlf;fg;gl;L
tpLfpwJ.
o.vd;.V. ehd;F mog;gilfs; bfhz;lJ/ G, A, C, T,
U (GUANINE, ADENINE, CYSTOSINE, THYMINE) ,iy

,ul;il kog;ghf mike;jpUf;Fk;. 6.096 kPl;lh;
ePsKs;s rpWFlYk;/ 6 kPl;lh; ePsKs;s
bgU';FlYk; nrh;e:J 9.26 r.kP ,lj;ij
Mf;fpukpj;Js;sJ. clypd; rUkj;jpd; 5 kl';F
,J Fly;fs; 70 Mz;Lfspy; 40.04 bkl;hpf; ld;
czit brhpkhdj;jpw;fhf gjg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
vYk;g[fspd; bkhj;j vz;zpf;if 206. bjhil

vYk;g[jhd; kpf ePskhdJ. kpfr;rpwpa vYk;g[
fhjpd; fLg;gf;fk; ,Uf;Fk; vYk;ghFk;. kpf
tYikahdJ fqf;fhiya[k; KH';fhiya[k;
,izf;Fk; vYk;g[/ Rkhh; 1/600 fpnyh
viliaj;jh';Fk; rf;jp ,jw;F cz;L. kdpj
clk;gpy; 639 jirfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. clypd;
240
bkhj;j vilapy; mit 40. g[d;dif g[hpa[k; nghJ

17 jirfs; ,a';Ffpd;wd. nfhgg;gLk;nghJ 42
jirfs; ,a';Ffpd;wd. gpdgFjpapy; ,a';Fk;
jir jhd; kpfg;bghpa jir. xU tpiug;ig
behof;F 2/000 capuqf;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;fpwJ.
xU bgz;zpd; fUg;igapy; mts; thH;ehspy; 400
Kl;ilfs;jhd; cw;gj;jp bra;g;gLfpwJ.
jiyapy; Rkhh; (ruhrhp) xU yl;rj;J

,Ugj;ije;jhapuk; kaph;fs; Kisf;fpd;wd.
jpdrhp 45 kaph;fs; tpGe;JtpLfpd;wd. xt;bthU
kaph;fhYk; jdJ thH;ehspy; 9.14 kP cw;gj;jp
bra;a[k; jpwd;bfhz;lJ. ruhrhp kdpjdpd; 1.85
r.kp.clk;ig 2.72 fpnyh vila[s;s njhy;
\oapUf;fpwJ. ekJ fhJfs; 1/500 btntW
xypfisf; nfl;L czh;e;J bfhs;Sk; jpwd;
bgw;wit. 72.418 fp.kP. beoa euk;g[fs; kzpf;F
360 fp.kP ntfj;jpy; bra;jpfis mDg;g[fpd;wd.
kpf mjpfg;goahd ntfk; 532 fp.kP.
241
ehf;fpy; gj;jhapuj;jpw;Fk; nkw;gl;l czh;r;rp

FkpH;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. thuk; njhWk; mit
jk;ikg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd. kdpjdpd;
ehf;F Rkhh; 500 tpjkhd Ritfis czUk;
jpwd; bfhz;lJ. 2/000 Kjy; 4/000 tiuapyhd
kzj;ij \f;fhy; czu Koa[k;. Rkhh; 10/000
epw';fis gFj;jwpa[k; rf;jp bfhz;lJ.
kdpjdpd; fz;fs; 1.68 fp.kP bjhiytpy; vhpe;J
bfhz;oUf;Fk; xU bkGFth;j;jpiaf; ,jdhy;
fhz Koa[k;. ,ikfs; fz;fis \o \o
jpwf;Fk; neuj;ijf; fzf;fpl;lhy; xU ehspy;
ehk; 30 tpdhofs; FUlh;fshf ,Uf;fpnwhk;.
tapW ehbshd;Wf;F ,uz;L ypl;lh; iQl;nuh

Fnshhph; mkpyj;ij cw;gj;jp bra;fpwJ.
tapw;wpd; cl;gFjp Rthpy; xt;bthU epkplKk;
Ie;J ,yl;rk; bry;fs; g[jpjhf cw;gj;jpahfp
,e;j mkpyk; tapw;Wr; Rtiu mHpj;J tplhjthW
ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd. kdpj clypy;
mjpfg;gug;gpy; gue;Js;sJ njhy;. ruhrhp
242
kdpjdpd; njhiy gug;gp itj;jhy; mJ 2 r.kP

tUk;. \isapd; mog;gFjpapYs;s gpl;a{l;lhp
Rugp kpf Kf;fpakhd cWg;g[/ tsh;r;rp/
,dtpUj;jp/ vd;lhf;hpd/ Rug;gpfspd; bray;ghL
nghd;wtw;iw ,Jnt ftdpf;fpwJ. ,jaKk;
\j;jpug;igfSk; Xa;t[ vLf;fhky;
ciHf;fpd;wd. lhd;rpy;/ mg;bgdof;!; ,uz;Lk;
njitaw;w cWg;g[f;fs;. mit ,y;yhky; ve;j
ghjpg;g[k; ,y;yhky; kdpjdhy; caph; thHKoa[k;.
clk;g[f;F cldo rf;jpia tH';FtJ fy;yPuy;/
,J fpisf;nfh$id nrkpj;J itj;Jf;
bfhz;L/ mij FSnfhrhf khw;wp rf;jp
mspf;fpwJ.
gy;ypd; vdhky; jhd; clk;gpd; kpff;fodkhf

gFjp. jpdrhp ,uz;L ,yl;rk; bry;fs; gpwe;J
mnj vz;zpf;ifapy; ,we;J nghfpd;wd.
njhypd; nky; gFjp 15-30 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw
jd;idg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ. kpf caukhd
gFjpfspy; trpg;gth;fSf;F jhH;e;j gFjpapy;
trpg;gth;fis tpl ,uz;L ypl;lh; ,uj;jk;
243
mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. caph;r;rf;jp clypy;

xG';fhf Xof;bfhz;oUg;gnj ,d;g czh;
thFk;. cly; eykhFk;. mijg; ghJfhf;f
czt[/ ciHg;g[/ cwf;fk;/ Mz;-bgz; cwt[/
vz;zk; ,e;j Ie;J mk;r';fspy; bjhlh;e;j
ftdk; njit. ,it mstpw;F mjpfkhdhYk;
Fiwe;jhYk; Kiw jtwp bfhs;sg;bgw;whYk;
caph; rf;jp/ Xl;lk; ghjpf;fg;gk;. neha;fs;
cz;lhFk;. thuj;jpw;F xUKiwahtJ ,utpy;
czt[ cl;bfhs;shky; ,nyrhfg; gHtif
cz;nlh my;yJ rpwpJ ghy;mUe;jpnah
cw';FtJ neha;fis xU mstpy; jLf;f
cjt[k;. cly; $Puzpf;fj;jf;f mst[ czt[
cz;lhy; mJ ed;ikahFk;. mst[f;F kPwpdhy;
,e;j czt[ cliy $Puzpf;Fk;/ fUtikg;g[
vz;zk;/ bra;if/ nfhs;fspd; r";rhuj;jpy;
mika[k; epiy/ re;jh;g;g nkhjy;/ Mfpa
fhuz';fshy; clypy; ,urhad ntWghLfs;
cz;lhfpd;wd. ,j;jifa ntWghLfshy;
244
clypy; cs;s mq \yf';fs; mjw;F Vw;g

tpiutpy; ntWgLk;. mjd; gadhf clypy;
mtw;wpd; tpfpjhr;rhu';fs; Tlnth/ Fiwanth
,lKz;L. ,f;fhuz';fshy; clypy;
RHd;nwhof; bfhz;oUf;Fk; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk;/
fhw;W ,uj;jk; Mfpa ehy;tifa[k; mtw;wpd;
tpiutpy; Vw;w jhH;t[fisg; bgWk; tpiuthf
xt;bthU mta';f~nla[k; CLUtpr;bry;Yk;
mtw;wpd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[k; cz;lhFk;. ,e;j
jil nehahf czug;gLfpwJ.
ve;j mtaj;jpy; ve;j mst[ ve;j rf;jp Xl;lj;jpy;

jilgLfpwnjh/ mjw;F Vw;g nehapd; tYt[k;/
bgaUk;/ mjw;F fhyKk; eph;zapf;fg;
bgWfpd;wd. neha;fis ePf;fpf;bfhs;Sk; rf;jp
,aw;ifahd clypy; mike;Js;sJ. xj;j
gj;jpak; fhj;J Xa;t[ vLj;Jf; bfhz;lhy;
neha;fs; kpft[k; tpiuthfj; jPh;e;JtpLk;. neha;
fodkhf ,Ue;jhy; jf;f kUe;J tiffis
cgnahfpf;fyhk;. nehaw;w clypy;jhd; mwpt[k;/
jpwd;gl ntiybra;a[k;. ,aw;if ,d;g';fis
245
mDgtpf;f Koa[k;/ vdnt xt;bthUtUk;

nehaw;w thH tHpfz;L epd;W xGfpthH
ntz;Lk;. kdj;J}a;ik/ xG';fhd czt[/
msthd ciHg;g[ ,tw;Wld; Toa thH;f;if
neha;fs; ,y;yh cly; eyj;njhL ,Uf;f
cjt[k;. bghwhik/ rpdk;/ t";rfk;/ ftiy/ fhk
vz;z';fs;/ ,it cly; fhe;j rf;jpapid
mst[f;F kPw mHpj;JtpLk;. jtj;jhYk;
Muha;r;rpahYk; ,e;j czh;r;rpfis khw;wp
tplyhk;. czh;e;njhiu md;g[ Kaw;rp
bra;a[';fs; btw;wp epr;rak;. czt[ cz;lt[ld;
mjpf Xl;lk;/ rthhp/ fod ciHg;g[/ Mz;-bgz;
clYwt[ ,it TlhJ. mLj;jLj;J
,r;bray;fspy; <LgLnthUf;F tapw;Wg; g[z;
cz;lhfptpLk;. mJ Fd;kk; vd;w nehahfptpLk;.
clypypUe;J fHpthfp btspnaWk;

ve;jg;bghUSk; clypd; kPJ j';fhky; ghh;j;Jf;
bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. mit clnd fpUkpfshf
khWk; tha;g;g[ ,Uf;fpdwJ. xU ehisf;F xU
246
KiwahtJ bte;ePhpnyh jz;zPhpnyh Fspf;f

ntz;oaJ mtrpak;. kyge;jk;/ m$Puzk; ,it
Vw;glhky; ghJfhg;gJ cly; eyj;ijg; ngqk;
tHpfspy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. cly; caph;rf;jp/
tpe;J/ ehjk;/ rPtfhe;jk;/ kdk; ,it Ie;Jk;
xUnru ,a';Fk; mikg;g[jhd; kdpj totkhFk;.
nfhof;fzf;fhd rpw;wiufs; nrh;e;J
mLf;fLf;fhf ,a';FtJ ,e;j cly;/ xt;bthU
rpw;wiuf;Fk; ,Ug[wk; fhe;jf; fth;r;rp cz;L.
cly; epiyj;jpUf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; mjpy;

mike;Js;s rpw;wiufspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;/
gSt[f;Fk; Vw;w $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk; njit.
$Ptfhe;jk; vd;gJ caph;r;rf;jp ,a';Ftjhy;
vGk; miyahFk;. xt;bthU caph;j;JfSk;
jd;idj; jhnd kpftpiuthfr; Rw;wpf; bfhz;L
,Ug;gjhy; mjpypUe;J tphpe;J bfhz;nl
,Uf;Fk; miy/ bjhlh;e;J njhd;wpf;
bfhz;oUf;Fk; Xh; clypy; cs;s caph;Jfspd;
vz;zpf;ifF Vw;gl $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk;
epiybgWk;. nghjpa $Ptfhe;jk; ,Uf;Fk;
247
tiuapy;jhd; clypYs;s rpw;wiufspd; mLf;F

Fiuahky; epiyj;J ,Uf;Fk;.
,uj;j Xl;lk;/ fhw;nwhl;lk;/ bts;s Xl;lk;

,k;\d;Wk; rpjwhJ xG';fhf Xo capUf;Fk;
clYf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s Mw;wiy epiyf;fr;
bra;a[k;. vdnt cliyj; jh';f $Ptfhe;jk;
nghjpa mst[ njit. $Pthfhe;jj;ijg; bgUf;f
ntz;Lkhdhy; mjw;F ntz;oa
vz;zpf;fia[s;s caph;j;Jfs;fs; njit.
caph;j;Jspfs; tpe;J ehj jputj;jpd; msita[k;/
jd;ika[k; bghWj;jJ. nghjpast[ tpe;J
(Mz;tpe;J)/ ehjk; (bgz;tpe;J) ,Ue;jhy; jhd;
cliy elj;jg;nghJkhd $Ptfhe;j rf;jpia
cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; mst[f;F clypy; caph; rf;jp
Jfs;fs; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;.
$Ptfhe;j mst[ rhpahf ,Ue;jhjhd; gU

clyhdJ rpw;wiufspd; xG';fhd ,af;fj;jhy;
rPuhf ,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. kdKk; ey;y
Kiwapy; ,a';Fk;. $Ptfhe;jj;jpd; xU gFjp
248
cly; rPw;wiufspd; \yk; clypaf;fkhft[k;

kw;bwhU gFjp \dsapd; rpw;wiufs; \ykhf
kdmiyfshft[k; ,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
cly;/ tpe;J/ caph;rf;jp/ $Ptfhe;jk;/ cly;
kid ,af;fk; vd;w bjhlhpid ed;whf kdjpy;
gjpj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Ie;jpy; xd;W
Fiw ,Ue;jhYk; ,af;f xG';F Fiye;jhYk;/
mJ kw;wtw;iw xt;bthd;whfg; ghjpf;Fk;.
mg;go xd;Wf;bfhd;W Vw;gLk; ,af;fk;
Kuz;ghl;ow;F Vw;g typ/ tpahjp/ kuzk;/ ,it
rk;gtpf;Fk;. jdJ bray;fs; \ykhfnth/
btspg;g[w nkhJjnyh/ nfhs;fspd; fhe;j
miytPr;R \ykhfnth cd;Dila $Ptfhe;jk;
cly; ,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.
czt[/ cwf;fk;/ ciHg;g[/ clYwt[/ vz;zk;

,e;j Ie;J tifapy; myl;rpak; kpjkp";rpa
cgnahfk;/ Kuz;ghlw;w cgnahfk;/ ,tw;why;
cly; ,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. ,J jd;Dila
bray; \ykhf tUk; tpist[. jl;g btg;g Vw;w
jhH:t[ kw;Wk; jw;bray; tpgj;Jf;fshy; Vw;gLk;
249
Miamlf wmuI ish;lf wiyswmufUlf DgfwmufUlf Miam

Miamlf Miamlf is;plf
Fog;g';fs;/ nfhs;fs; r";rhuj;jpy; md;ik
nrik/ xd;nwhL xd;W neh;gLjy;/ uhrpkhw;wk;
Mfpa fhuz';fs; xt;bthhpd; gpwe;jehs; nfhs;
epiyf;F vw;g $Ptfhe;jk; Vw;w jhH:tiljy;
,g;go mndf mk;r';fshy; FHg;gk; tUk;.
ve;j tpjj;jpy; cly; eyk; FHg;gk; mile;jhYk;/

jhnd mjidr; rhpgLj;jp cliy eykhf;fp
bfhs;fpd;w ,aw;if tpahjp clypnyna
xt;bthUtUf;Fk; Xust[ mike; jpUf;fpwJ.
,jid FHg;gj;ij jh';fpf; bfhs;Sk; ,aw;if
epajp MFk;. ,aw;if epajp mikj;j mst[w;Fk;
nkyhf FHg;gk; kPwpdhy;jhd; mJ cly;
,af;fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;. ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLk;bghGJ/
kdpjd; jd;Dila Kaw;rpapdhy; clw;gapw;rp/
kdg;gapw;rp/ czt[ Kiw \yk; cly ;eyj;ijf;
fhj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;.
250
1 maka;blajhf 12 8 4
ehMlfehaK
2 wmatfwha[sI D;kfk 16 8 8
ehmfM
3 ngjfJlf ehaK 20 10 10
4 jxo eidu 24 12 12
5 mbfdgpsuf 36 24 12
6 Dt_fJlf ehaK 48 30 18
7 eijlapf CGlf ehaK 56 28 28
8 lakafjysglf rGlf ehaK 64 24 40
nalf Miamsjfjsoft cmfmaoK namskfKia;_fjysof

i[spaj H:idlplf WofOlf Sgkfksuf
kdupsof nG hajkfksuf jkfkasjf ejauf ehau
M[skfK haklf id; wmofT FdokfK Dgusof
haj_fjusUlf hs;eimskfK hsofH nams i[spaj 12
F_fJulf nqgfmspsuf nams i[spaj wiysep
wmufUjstK. lqbfGlf cmfM Dyfey S{jfjsoft
ehaK 8 F_fJulf Dyfey hs;eimsjjf stK. 4
F_fJulf cmfM is;plf AjstK. Shfhxpaj
251
wkagafnfK wmpufhgfG nlK Dgdu

SpjfJjstK.2
MiamlaoK Ekaik V: namskfKia;kfksof
culf 12 F_fJu nqgfmspsuf wiusepTlf. ltft
namspsuf 1 MiamkfkstfJ eluf nqgfms DbfgajaK.
loskof Miamsjfjsoft cmfM 12 F_fJulf
nqgfmspajs 8 F_fJulf Dyfey wmofT 4
F_fJulf is;plajstK. Ajei Miamkfdk
is;plf wmpfpaluf S:hfhksof culf Dguf
lgfGlf iusdl whTiKlgfGlufualuf
FdokfK mskfKjfjYlf wmpfjsoft, rGjsoft
iufuhlf loskOjfJ DbfgajstK WofT
jbfgtsnfkiafjyf mskfkafjyf.
Miamlf Whfhx wmuiajstK Wofhdk
jq[fjbfgiaT rtsPyfyoaf. eltfjbfg
ish;hfhx MiamlaoK is;plf AjstK. Ajei
kaof ia;kfkstfJ V: ldtepa S;bfG
Ldtepa wlyo is;klf S:jfjsoftoaf.
lakafjdyjf rGlf ehaK 15 nagfjYjfJ V:
2
V: F_fJulf WofhK 1 inch jfJ mllf
252
Ldt rGiK msthfH. wlKiaj Sosdlpajhf

ehMiK, lsk ndg ehaoft h[jfj_fjdy
EtfhGkfksjf wjayfy eibfGlf.
nqaf, wn:hfH, jatfT, Ajaplf, ^ls Snfk
h]fm^kkf kkfKilao losk Dgusuf Miamlf
Wnfkkf kkfKikfksuf VGjstK Wofhdk Miamlf
cjfjsuf VGidk dikfek wkasnfK
wjayfyualf.eltfjbfg ish;hfhx 2 lbs
en;kfksuf Vifwia: js[dljysuf eltf rtsphx
Fnfknfkkf kkfKikfksuf wkag_fjs Vifwia:
FBjfrTjysUlf <qijanfk mjfksdp lsys;mf
wmpfjsyK. MiamlaoK eltfjbfg ish;hfhx
maspaj Spjfjlf ndg whtftauf kaof maq;lf
Ae;ajfjsplaj S:jfJlf. Ajei epajsjYlf
‘aosjYlf Miamkfdk jibskfK kojfJkf kaeo
Miam Vgfgkfdk maspaj Vgfgjf jtfTjf
wjabfhafjyf. 2 lbs en;kfksuf lats lats
ndgwhTlf MiamlaoK 2 lbs em;kfksTfJyf
h’fm^kkf kkfKikfksuf wmpufhGlf jau en;kfdk
mskfkafjyf Wkfkdo Kufusplajjf
jbjfjsgfGyfyaafjyf Wofhdk WbfVlf ehaK
Fiafjyf ljkfKilf FyisgfGjf rt LxpakK
WofT wkasjstK. ]aosjYlf mskfkafjYlf djpsuf
Caf kbfglf dikfksLhfhaafjyf. FkaiK dj
253
SFjfjao jsmfMhfhJkspsuf dikfKjf wjabfG

DgfjaafnfK S:hfhaafjyf. Fnfk kbfgkfkstfJ
whpaf iamsjfejauf WofhK. MiamlaoK Cg
eibfxp kkfKikfksuf Cgisufdu Woftauf
Miamkfdk maspao cjfJkf Kia;kfksuf
Cgdihfhktfjaj hpofhGkfKlf ejauaJlf.
ejagfjysof m’fma;kfkstfJ Etfh losk Dguf
Sp_fKjstK WofT FtsnfK FktfJ Etftatf ehauf
mlfLdg Dhdu Whfhx haKjajfj eibfGlf
WofT Ftsispuf aqkspaj wmaofoaafjyf mskfkafjyf.
254
vaspjf JGlfhkfksof ejagfjyf ^lspsof enaf

ejagfxuf jksPlf en;el Fnfkjf ejagfjysof
whpaseuep ia; nagfjyf whpaf Dyfyo WofT
lbs lbs wmifiapf, wiyfys, ispa[of ispa[of mos ltft
Lkuf id; ‘]apsT Hkof, (iyafhsdt) (ekpfhsdt) nagfjyf
ks_fjyf
4
hs;ks Flaiadm, hs;kdlPlf, hs;ks whyafbls, FGkfk naYlf jadu 4 Lkuf 6 id; iukfksuf
ladu 6 iuK SgK SgK iuK iuK
4
S;I 10 iuK SgK SgK iuK iuK
8
VgeibfGlf

4
255
haafkfekalf. Vifwia: naYlf Vifwia:

ejagfjyf jksPlf jkspaoK loskdoPlf
SpjfJjstK Fkoaeu kaof epajsjyf Miamkfdk
vasp Dkplf wkag_fjiktfJ S;bfG lbs
em;kfkstfJ Lof Miamkfdk latfts wjaGkfK mas
wmpfiaafjyf. Ldtpaj MiamlaoK
jq[fjbfgish;hfhx wkag_fjeibfGlf. Fgfgidb
jqe[ wjaGjfjhfhgfGyfyK.
1. Dkfk;apblf jaulf FkaiK dk laklf
Lkuf ekjspofT jadu 4 Lkuf 6 id;
Sgjdu (mnfks; jdu) Cgfg eibfGlf.
2. kgfmsbapblf Ax Lkuf ekks jadu 4
Lkuf 6 id; hs_fjdu (vasp jdu) Cgfg
eibfGlf.
3. ispa[jfjs[dlpofT ia; Miam Vhfhkfdk
hasemakdo wmpfPlf nayf. Ajei 4 Lkuf
6 lbs hasemaksjfj eibfGlf.
4. iyafhsdt, hs;kdl, Kisksdp, ks:ksdp,
Sgjdu DkskfK Cg eibfGlf.
5. ekpfhsdt, hs;kdl, Kisksdp, ks:ksdp
jysuf vaspjdu DkskfK VgeibfGlf.
256
1 ]apstfT js[dl SgK namspsuf Miamlf Vxoauf mys, S:luf DbfgaJlf

2 ks_fjgf js[dl iuk namspsuf Miamlf Vxoauf mys, MtftkfkaafjfJ ejG
DbfgaJlf
3 wmifiapff js[dl SgK namspsuf Miamlf Vxoauf M;lf, iqbfmbfdg, maI
Lkusp DbfgaJlf
4 Hkof js[dl iuK namspsuf Miamlf Vxoauf kduius, kq_fJjyff
DbfgaJlf
5 iyafhsdt ispa[jf js[dl SgK namspsuf ekjenapf DbfgaJlf
Miamlf Vxoauf
6 wiyfys js[dl iuk namspsuf Miamlf Vxoauf jbf, jaK enapf DbfgaJlf
7 mosjf js[dl SgK namspsuf Miamlf Vxoauf <bfbs DbfgaJlf
eltfjbfg Fgfgidopsofhx maljafjyf

kofOdgp cmfdm Spjfjhf h[j eibfGlf.
ejagfjysof jksafiqmfMjfJlf losk Dguf
ApjfjkfkstfJlf cmfMjf jatftsof wkagafehaG
Dgusuf wmpufhaGjyf ndgwhTjsofto. Ajei
ejagfjysof jkskf kofdljfJ Etfh Miamkfdk
Spjfjhf h[jsoiafjyf nqbfgjaulf
Ae;ajfjsplaj ia[fiaafjyf. Sdijyf mskfkafjyf
Ftsispuf aqkspajjf jbfGhsxkfk Dbfdljyf.
eltfJtshfhsgfg Fgfgidohfhx cmfmaoK ]apsT,
wmifiapf, mos, iuK nakspsUlf wyfys, ks_fjyf,
257
Hkof SgK namspsUlf Vg eibfGlf. iyafhsdt

ispa[jf js[dl SgK namspsUlf ekpfhsdt
ispa[jfjs[dl iuK namspsulf Miamlf Vg
eibfGlf. Snfk Vgfglf Fksjadu 4 Lkuf 6.10
lbsjfJuf Sp_fj eibfGlf. emakdo wmpfK
haafjfj eibfxp en;Llf FKei.kiataj
Miamlf VGikauf DbfgaJlf isdyI wmifiapf,
mos, ]apsT cofTlf wihfh Aksjfjlf Fyfys iqms
Dgdu SpjfJjsoftK. FkOdgp
Spjfjkfkstfejtfthfhx jadu 4 lbsjfJ iuK
namspsuf wihfhlao cmfmjf jatfT ngjfJlf.
laThgfG ngjfJlaoauf eltfjbfg isdyIjyf
EtfhGlf. Fekehauf wiyfys, ks_fjyf, Hkof
cofTlf kgfhjf ejagfjyf.
kgfh Aksjfjlf ngjfJlf nayf Wofhkauf SgK

namspsuf Spufhajei ngjfJlf. lats ngnfkauf
lattsjf wjayfy eibfGlf WofT rtsoaf. Fek
ehau iyafhsdt ispa[of kgfhlf SgK namspsUlf
ekpfhsdt ispa[osuf wihfhlf iuK namspsUlf
Miamlf ndg wht eibfGlf WofT rtsoaafjyf.
loskof Miamsjfjsoft cmfM 12 F_fJulf nqgfmspajs
8 F_fjulf Dyfey wmofT 4 F_fJulf
258
is;plajstK. Ajei Miamkfdk is;plf

wmpfpaluf S:hfhksof culf Dguf lgfGlf
iusdl whTiKlgfGlufualuf FdokfK
mskfKjfjYlf wmpfjsoft rGjsoft iufuhlf
loskOjfJ DbfgajstK WofT jbfgtsnfkiafjyf
mskfkafjyf. Miamlf Whfhx wmuiajstK Wofhdk
jq[fjbfgiaT rtsPyfyoaf. eltfjbfg ish;hfhx
MiamlaoK is;plf AjstK. Ajei kaof
ia;kfkstfJ V: ldtepa S;bfG Ldtepa
wmyo is;klf S:jfjsoftoaf. lakafjdyjf rGlf
ehaK 15 nagfjYjfJ V: Ldt rGiK msthfH.
wmKiaj Sosdlpajhf ehMiK lsk ndg ehaoft
h[jfh_fjdy EtfhGkfksjf wjayfy eibfGlf. nqaf,
wn:hfH, jatfT, Ajaplf, ^ls Snfk h]fm^kkf
kkfKilao losk Dgusuf Miamlf Wnfkkf
kkfKikfksuf VGjstK Wofhdk Miamlf cjfjsuf
VGidk dikfek wkasnfK wjayfyualf.
cjfJkf Kia;kfksof eltfhJksdpmf Fjfos

maafnfk Miamlf Cxoauf
cjfJkf kbfcof Wksaf Htlaj Cxoauf jatfT
cjfjsof naofJ HtLlf jdunfK Ajaplf
259
Cxoauf
cjfjsof Miamlf en;ajmf wmoftauf lbf
cjfjsof Miamlf jq[ajmf wmoftauf nqaf

lbf, nqaf kkfKilf Dujspuf isija;lf Wofhkauf FK Ktit SpUjfJ WGkfKjf wjayfyhfhg
lagfgaK. Fjfos nufisdo kqisdo S;bfdgPlf ma:lf. ltftdi Wufualf Ktit Spuf
260
15 kspaolf
epajkfksuf kspaolf WohfhGiK E[aiK
nsdupaJlf. Fgfga_fj epajlf Wofjst
WgfGidjpao epajkfksuf AtaiK nsdu
jgnfK E[aiK nsduep kspaolf AJlf.
DbafIjfJlf S;kfk CgfgkfkstfJlf wn:_fjsp
wkagafHbfG. Ajei S;bfGlf mq;aj
dikfks:jfj eibfGlf. Foftaglf Dt_fjs
261
W{nfkK Lkuf S;I Dt_fJlf id; hufeiT

mlfhi_fjdy, hs;mfmdojdy, ejah kah
DbafIjdy loskof mnfksjfjstaof. Fiof
mnfksjfjsoft Vifwia: wmpufhagfGjfJ Etfh
Dbafiauf S;kfk Vgfglf laThgfG
wmpufhGlf. DbafIlf, S;kfk CgfgLlf,
S;bfgtjf junfK wmpuf hGjsofto WofT.
S;kfk Cgfglf laThgfG wmpuf hGikauf
Dgusuf huisdyIjyf EtfhGjsofto.
nlK Dgusof Vifwia: FBjfjYjfJlf
FBjfrgfgkfkstfJlf Mkfkjf jatfT Woft mkfK
kaof Dps;atftdukf k:jstK. nalf MiamsjfJlf
ehaK Miamjf jatfT S;kfkkfksuf junfK nlK
Dgusof Wufua DThfHjfjYjfJlf
FBkfks;yfjYjfJlf iusdldpjf wjaGjfjstK.
laThgfg S;kfk Cgfglf ndg whTlaoauf
Dgusof Dyf DThfHjYjfJ S;kfk Cgfglf
maspao Ldtpsuf hapak hJks h{kdgnfK
DhadkjYjfJ AyajstK.
Snfk S;kfk Cgfglf masi; ndg whTiktfJ
losk ia[fjfdjpsuf Vifwia:i:lf jadu,
ladu kspaolf wmpfp eibfGlf WofT
262
maofeyaafjyf rTjsoftoaf. kspaolf wmpfPlf

ehaK Wnfkisk DbafIlf Sufualuf
S:jfjstwha{K Miamjf jatfT mq;aj
Sp_fJjstK. Miamlf mq;aj Sp_fJikof culf
Mkfkjf jatfT S;kfkkfksuf junfK Dgusof Dyf
DThfHjfjYjfJ Vifwia: FBjf
rTjYjfJlf FK Dpsaf Atftdukf k:jstK.
Fkoauf Dguf Ae;ajfjsplf whTjstK.
kspaokfksof culf lolaoK Atftduhf
whTjstK. kspaolf wmpfPlf ehaK lolaoK
Wnfkisk muoLlsufualuf H:ilkfks Wofjst
Sgkfksuf JispdikfKhf h[Jjsetalf. lolf
Jisikauf cdy Kzpfdlpajs eh;atftduhf
whTkstK. Wnfk hs;mfmdopaoaUlf Wusksuf
lolaoK isdg jbfGisGlf Atftuf FktfJ
jsdgjfjstK. mstsK en;lf Dofoshfhaj
jibsjfJlf ehaK lolf JisjstK. FK JisPlf
kofdl nljfJ FtsPlf Atftdukfk:jstK.
Ajei kspaolf WofhK Foftag ia[fjfdjpsuf
ekdipao VofT.
Snfk kspaokfdk Wnfk en;kfksuf wmpfiK?
Wufeua:lf ejgfjsoft ejyfisep. en;lf
jsdgkfk ehawkufualf wmpfpualf WoftaUlf,
263
Fksjadu vasp DkpkfkstfJ LofHlf, FkaiK

4 lbs Lkuf 6 lbsjfJ LofHlf, ladu 6 lbs
Lkuf 8 lbs idt wmpfiK msthfhaJlf.
Eof Fksjadu kspaolf wmpfp eibfGlf
Woftauf S;I L{iKlf Dt_fjs Fksjadu
vaspjf jksafjyf Hu:lf en;kfksuf Vemaof
lbfgukfksus:nfK FtfHklao jatfT iqMlf. FK
DgUjfJ Fyhfhasp Atftdujf wjaGjfJlf.
Fkoauf kaof Fksjadu kspaolf wmpfP_fjyf
WofT maofetafjyf rTjsoftoaf. Sdkep
iyfyuaaf S;alus_fj Fxjyaaf rTlf ehaK
FLkjf jatfT WofT rTiaaf. maofetafjyf
rTlf ehaK,
mqafwhTlf Fnaks msiajlhfhxep
enafwhT nskfp nspllf Haseiaaf
jks;iof W{Lof jxdj <nfwko
lkswht W{nfK lejmdo nsdokfek
-nspl Fjiuf
eltf jbfg hagfxof wha:yaiK FOksoLlf
kspaolf wmpfhiafjyf vasp DkpkfkstfJ LofH
<nfK jxdj Lof W[eibfGlf. FkaiK vasp
264
DkpkfkstfJ LofH 2 lbs wn;kfkstfJ LofH

W{nfks:jfj eibfGlf WofhkaJlf.
Fksjadu W{nfK kspaolf wmpfikayf Wofo
hpof Woft ejyfisjfJ maofetafjyf
rTikaiK
Hkfks FktfJhf wha:nfKlf wkysiysjfJlf
Mkfk n;lfhsottf TzpfdlPTlf hskf wka[sPlf
kaui[s iak hskfklf kkfk nsdu lofOlsks
jadu is[shfhsof Jblf
-hkaafkfk msnfkalbs
eltf jbfg hagusof isyjfjlaoK, Fksjadu
W{nfK kspaolf wmpfikauf HkfkspaoK
loekaG SdonfK wkysiao nsdu FdgPlf.
Dgusof nax n;lfHjyf Wufualf maspao nsdu
FdgnfK Kpfdl FdgPlf. iaklf, hskfklf,
mseukfKl_fjyf maspao Ldtpsuf wmpufhGlf
WofhkaJlf. hs;h]fmkfksuf Dyfy FdokfK
AtftufjYlf Jisiksof culf eh;atftuaj
lsusafjstK. kspaokfksuf S:idjpaoiafjyf
DbfG. V:idjpsoaf Sufukfksus:nfK wjabfG
kspaolf wmpfiaafjyf. ltfwta: idjpsoaf
epajsjyf.
265
Snfk Sufutkfkaaf kspaokfkstfJlf epajspaf

kspaokfkstfJlf Wofo eiThaG?
Sufutkfkaaf kspaolf
wmpfiK Whfhx?
koshfhgfg Sgkfkseua, Fdtpseua
mnfkxpsufuak Sgkfkseua hkflamoela,
Mjamoela ehagfG FlafnfK S:jfdj
kd;pseu Fl;aK, H;hfhudjpseua FufuK
EkaiK wibfdlpao Kbsepa ehagfG Fkof
lqK Dl; eibfGlf. FlafnfkIgof kojfJ
ehakdo wmpfk J:di ib_fj eibfGlf.
Sdtpatftdu ib_fj eibfGlf. laomqj
i[shaG LxkfK S;bfG jbfjdyPlf
H:ilkfkspsuf wmUkfks ltft Wbfb_fjyf kdg
hgaluf H:I lkfkspsuf haafkfKhf haafkfK h[j
eibfGlf. A;lfh nsdupsuf Dyfyiafjyf
isyjfjsof Mgd;hf haafkfK H:ilkfkspsuf Fnfkmf
Mgaf S:hfhkajhf hauskfK H:ilkfkspsuf
lodkmf wmUkfkualf. SK V:idj.
SofwoaofT nalf isGjsoft Miamkfksof lqK
266
jiolf wmUkfksjf wjabfG S:nfkaUlf Wbfb

Fdujyf kdghGlf. Shfhx SdgisgaK
ksoLlf h[jsjf wjabfG infkauf Wbfb
Fdujyf kajfjaK wlufu wlufu isuJlf.
Eof H:ilkfksdphf haafkfK kspaolf wmpfp
eibfGlf?
Snfk hs;h]fmlaoK kofospjfj M[tfms
wjabfgK. kofospjfj M[tfmspsuf dlphfhJks
Whfwha{Kel jq[f enajfjs QafjfJlf kofdl
Sptfdjpajei S:jfjstK. Dka;blaj
kbfbqaf M[Ujsoft ehaK M[usof dlphfhJks
Dyf S{jfJlf kofdl wjabfgK Wofhdk
Wufeua:lf Ftsiqafjuf. ^ls kofospjfj M[tfms
wjabfgK. Fksuf hstnfk loskOlf M[ofT
wjabfG S:jfjstaof. J[nfdk kapsof
ipstftsus:nfK hstnfkKlf FK hs;h]fm Atftdu
kofOdgp Dmfmnfkdupsof culf QafjfJlf.
hstnfk J[nfdkpsof kduhJkspsuf FdokfK
Sg_fjYlf wjgfxpaj iusdlpaj S:jfJlf
ehaK Dmfmnfkdu hyfylajIlf ls:KiajIlf,
KxhfhKlajIlf S:jfJlf. hs;h]fm Atftdu
J[nfdkpsof Dmfmnfkdu QafjfJlf.
kduhfhJkspao Dmfmnfkdu wjgfxhfhg
267
wjgfxhfhg cjfjsof culf Miamlf ndgwhtfT

hs;h]fm Atftduhf whTlf.
DmfmnfkdujfJlf luiapf S:jfJlf
SgkfkstfJlf, Snfk S;bfGjfJlf Sdghfhgfg
hJkspseu kaof losk Dgdu SpjfJjsoft
Aka;jf mjfj;_fjyf Dyfyo. DmfmnfkdujfJlf
cuaka;kfkstfJlf Sdgep Dyfy Aka;_fjyf
Dgusof maspao nGdlpkfksuf S:jfJlf.
^lspaoK Whfhx ^lkfkspe;dj nGdlp
Qafhauf M[Ujsofteka Fek ehau losk
Dguf wmpuf haGjyf nGdlp Aka;mf
mjfj;kfkauf wmpufhGjsofto. hs;h]fm Atftdu
J[nfdkpaj S:jfJlf ehaK Dmfmnfkdu
js;jsjfjstK. J[nfdk FK iyafnfkIgof
MiamlaoK cjfJkf Kdypsuf jstjskfK Fek
Dmfmnfkdu wmofT M[snfK Dguf L{jfj
h;Ijsoft M{Ldo n;lfH culf
wmpufhGjstK. M{Ldo Wofjst n;lfhaoK
H:ilkfkspsuf S:jfjsoft ja;bkfkauf hs;h]fm
Atftduhf wht M{Ldopsuf lodk dikfK
kspaolf wmpfp eibfGlf WofT rTjsetalf.
loK mskTlf ehaK js;jsjfjsoft hs;h]fm Atftuf
268
msktsisGlf Wofhkauf lolf msktaluf kspaolf

wmpfp eibfGlf Wo itfHTkfKjsetalf.
KtI ia[fjfdj
J}a;ikahd thH;f;ifahy; mwpt[ tpsf;fk;
bgw;W mwptpny KGik bgw;wgpd; mjd; \yk;
Md;kh cyFf;F eyk;g[hpa Mh;tk; bfhz;L
jd;id kdpjFy ed;ikf;nf
mh;gzpj;Jf;bfhz;L ,y;ywj;ij tpl;L/ bghUs;
njLjy;/ fhg;ghw;Wjy; vd;fpw mwpit
cjhpj;js;sp mwpit/ jdJ cliy mwtHpapy;
bjhz;Lf;nf gad;gLj;jp jd;Dila grpf;F gpwh;
bfhLj;J thH;fpd;w thH;f;ifna Jwt[
thH;f;ifahFk;. rpwe;j Kiwapy; jd;Dila
Mw;wiy gad;gLj;jp nrit bra;a tha;g;g[k;/
njita[k; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; me;jj; Jwtwnk
kpfr;rpwe;jjhFk;. clYf;F Md;kh moik
ahfhky; Md;kht[f;F cliy fUtpahff;
bfhs;Sk; bjspe;j mwpt[ epiyna cz;ikahd
269
Jwt[ MFk;. Md;khthdJ bjspe;j mwptpny

KGik bgw;w gpd; ,y;ywj;jpypUe;nj Jwt[
epiyapy; thHyhk;. ,d;W gyngh; ,y;ywf;
flikfs; kwe;J/ mwk; gpwH;e;J/ nrhk;gy;
nguhir ,tw;nwhL gpwh; bghUisf;bfhz;L
thH;tJ Jwtwk; vd fUJfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa
,Hp;e;j thH:itj; Jwtwk; vd;W jtwhff; Twp
ek;gp jhk; VkhWtnjhL gpwiua[k; Vkhw;wp;
cyt[fpd;w fhl;rpiaa[k; fhqfpnwhk;.
,d;W Jwtpfs; vd;W btspnawpath;fspy;
bgUk;ghyhdth;fs; mwptpd; epiwt[ bgw;W
Jwtwk; vd;why; vd;d vg;go ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;
vd;fpw ,yf;fzk; bjhpe;J Jwt[ thH;f;iff;F
tutpy;iy. mwpahik/ VH;ik/ ntiyapd;ik/
neha;/ nrhk;ngwpj;jdk;/ nguhir/ btWg;g[
FLk;gr; rz;il/ ,tw;why; ,y;ywj;ij tpl;L
flik kwe;J btspnawpath;fns mjpfkhf
cs;sdh;. NH;epiyf; ifjpfshfp btspnawp
Jwt[ Vw;wth;fSk; cz;L. ,th;fspy; Vnjh xU
270
rpynu ey;y FUehjd; fpilf;fg;bgw;W "hd

ngW bgw;wth;fs;/ kw;w bgUk;ghnyhu; thH;t[
ghHhfp Jd;g[w;W koe;jhh;fs; koe;J bfhz;Lk;
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
kspaokfksof Fimsplf
is]f]ao enajfjsuf
Caf Dgusuf 60 Lkuf 70 ksasufuspof FOjfjyf
DyfygjfjspK. m;amas 63 ksasufuspof WofT
dikfKjf wjayfyualf. kapsof ipstftsuf cofT
lakkfksuf 6.2 ksasufuspof FB
Dtfhkfkspsus:jfJlf. Fhfwha{K Fnfkjf
J[nfdkjfJ DbafI S:jfjaK. VofhK
lakkfksuf J[nfdk L{iyaafmfms FdgnfkIgof
L{dlpao loskOjfJbfgao 60 Lkuf 70
ksasufuspof FBjfjyf wjabfx:jfJlf

63 ksasufuspof WofhK Kufusplao jbjfJ
271
V: FB WofhK 60% Lkuf 90% kbfbq:lf

ltfTlf 90 wiifeiT wha:gfjYlf emafnfK
DyfygjfjspK. Vifwia: FBIlf kofdomf
Mtfts V: haKjahfHjf jimlf Woft
ehaafdijfJyf S:jfjstK. Fnfkjf jimlf
Cytoplasm, Intra Cellular Fluid, ltfTlf Organ Cells
Fdijyauf AokaJlf.
SifiBjfjyf S;bfG idj,
1. wiyfdy FB,
2. msjhfH FB.
Vifwia: FBIlf 40 Lkuf 90 mV janfk mjfks
wjabfGyfyK. V: FBjfrasof 20 Lkuf 30
mV mjfks Jdtnfkauf Fnfk FBisuf ejofmaf
ispaks i; iapfhfHbfG. 90 mV eluf rxoauf
japfmuf, hu D`fb mlfhnfklao ispaksjyf
i;ualf. Ajei nlK FBisof lsof mjfksdp
mq;ao Ldypsuf wmpufhg dijfj
epajamoLlf, kspaoLlf Softspdlpakkapf
S:jfjstK.
272
FB
mq vd;why; Vnjh ,d;W tp";"hdpfs;
fz;Lgpoj;jjy;y. vd;nwh "hdpfshy; myrp
Muhag;gl;lit. mqf;fs; gw;wp itnrrpf
rpj;jhe;jk; KGf;f KGf;f TWfpwJ. mitfs;
me;j VLfs; ,d;W fhyj;jhy; mHpe;J tpl;ld.
mq vd;gJ jj;Jt "hdj;jpy; Kot[f;F
Kothd xU cz;ikiaf; TWtJ. ,e;j
gpug";rk; my;yJ cyfj;jpd; bjhlf;fj;jpd;
mwpa Kaw;rpj;jhy; Kjypy; Koit ehk; bjhpe;J
bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. Kot[ v';nfnah m';nfjhd;
bjhlf;fKk; Muk;gkhFk;. v';nfh btl;l
btspapypUe;J xU E}y; bjhl';Fkhdhy; mjd;
Koitg;goj;Jf; bfhz;L Vwpdhy; mjd;
bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. mJnghy
gpug";rj;jpw;F mHptpida[k;/ Muk;gj;ija[k;
mwpa \d;W epiyahd mst[ nfhiyf;
fz;lhh;fs;. xU th!;Jt[f;F mHpt[ vd;gJ
gFjpfshfg; gphpj;jy;. ,jw;F nky; mHpf;f
273
Koahj epiytiu mHpe;J bfhz;nlnghdhy;

mqf;fspy; Koa[k;. ,t;thqf;fs;jhd;
cyfpd; xLf;fk;. ,tw;wpypUe;Jjhd; cyfk;
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. Mq bfhs;iffis ntj
fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;j mq g{jpkhd;fs;/
rhd;nwhh;fs; (fp.K.500) Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng
Twpa[s;sdh;. ,tw;iwbay;yhk; ekJ Mfk
E}y;fspy; fhzyhk;. jkpHwp"h;fs; rpj;jh;fs;
Ma;t[j;jpwdhdJ gpug";rj;jpd; \iy
KLf;fisbay;yhk; myrp Ma;t[f; fskhf;fp
mjida[k; RUl;o jdJ Rfj;jpy; itj;Js;s
rpj;jh;fs; mth;fisg; ghuhl;l ekf;F ehtpy;iy.
g[yd;fis btd;W jd;Dila Th;ikahd
Mw;wyhy; gphpf;f Koahj gukqtpy; ,Ue;J
mz;l nguz;l';fs; njhd;wpaij mjd;
mqj;jpwid Ma;e;jth;fs; mwpe;jth;fs;.
fjputd; xypapy; kpd;Dfpd;wd vd;why; mjw;F
vd;d fhuzk;> thdtpy; Fsph;e;J mHfhf fhl;rp
jUfpwJ vd;why; vd;d bghUs;> vd;W
274
Muha;e;jdh;. mjd; tpist[ rpd;d";rpW Jspfs;

,Ue;jhf ntz;Lk; vd;W fz;ldh;. xU
bghUis Jz;oj;Jf; bfhz;nl brd;why;
filrpapy; mjd; epiy gw;wp rpj;jh;fs;
Ma;e;jdh;.
h;laB
Md;kht[k; mjd; Mw;wYk; vz;zpyh nfho
mz;l';fs; nguz;l';fs; ,g;gpug";rk;
njhd;Wtjw;F \y fhuzkhf tps';FtJ/
mog;gilahf ,Ug;gJ/ xU mqrf;jp. mijna
rpj;jh;fs; "hdpfs; gukhq vd;W
brhy;fpwhh;fs;. gukhq vd;gJ gphpf;f Koahj
mq vd;gJ bghUs;. me;jg; gukhqnt gue;J
tphpe;J fplf;fpd;w mz;l/ nguz;l';fis
,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. mijna
gukhj;jkh vd;wdh;. mnj \y mqtpd;
Mw;wnyh xt;bthU $Ptuhrpfspd;
,af;f';fSf;Fk; fhuzkhf tps';Ftjhy;
275
$Pthj;kh vd;wdh;. Mfnt Md;kh vd;gJ

msg;gwpa Mw;wy; kpf;fJ. me;j Mw;wy; ek;kplk;
cs;sJ/ cUtkhw;wJ/ mjd; rf;jpia/
Mw;wiy/ czh;e;jth;fs; kl;Lnk gy;ntW
mw;g[j';fs; epfH;j;j Koa[k;. ek;kplk; cs;s
kfj;Jtk; tha;e;j Mw;wy; kpf;f Md;khtpd;
rf;jpia czh;e;J mij ekf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpf;
bfhs;tJjhd; Md;k"hdkhFk;. Mdhy;
ek;kplk; cs;s Md;khtpd; Mw;wiyg; g[hpe;J
bfhs;shky;/ ek;kplk; cs;s Mw;wiy vg;go
btspf;bfhzh;tJ? vg;go ,af;FtJ?
vdj;bjhpe;J bfhs;shky; thH:f;ifapy; gytpj
my;yy;fSf;F Mshfpnwhk;. ,g;gog;gl;l
my;yy;fspypUe;J tpLjiy bgw Kad;W btw;wp
fz;lth;fs;jhd; "hdpfSk;/ rpj;jh;fSk;.
276
FB h;laB ltfTlf
Dpsaf ekatftlf
Ie;J g{j';fs; xt;bthd;Wf;Fk; vl;L tpjkhd
Fz';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; Nl;rk Fz';fs;
vd;fpw jd;khj;jpiu cz;L. mJnt rg;jk;/
!;ghprk;/ +gk;/ urk;/ fe;jk; vdg;gLk.; ,ijna
Xir/ CW/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; vd;Wk; TWthu;fs;.
,e;j Ik;g{j';fs; vg;go clypy;
bjhHpy;g[hpfpd;wd vd;W Muha[k; nghJ gukhq
vd;fpw Mjpapy; njhd;wpa rptrf;jpapd;
jd;dpaf;f RHw;rpapdhy; mz;l nguz;l';fs;
cUthapd vd;gJ bjupatUk;. ,e;jg;gukhq
vd;gJ Vnjh ,d;W tp";"hdpfs;
fz;Lgpoj;jjy;y. ,J vd;nwh "hdpfshy; myrp
Muhag;gl;lit. mqf;fs; gw;wp itnrrpf
rpj;jhe;jk; KGf;f KGf;f TWfpwJ. me;j
VLfs; ,d;W ,y;iy. fhyj;jhy; mHpe;J tpl;ld.
mq vd;gJ jj;Jt "hdj;jpy; Kot[f;F
277
Kothd xU cz;ikiaf; TWtJ. ,e;j

gpug";rk; my;yJ cyfj;jpd; bjhlf;fj;jpid
mwpa Kaw;rpj;jhy; Kjypy; Koit ehk; bjhpe;J
bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. Kot[ v';nfnah m';nfjhd;
bjhlf;fKk; Muk;gkhFk;. v';nfh btl;l
btspapypUe;J xU E}y; bjh';Fkhdhy; mjd;
Koitg;gpoj;Jf; bfhz;L Vwpdhy; mjd;
bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. mJnghy
gpug";rj;jpw;F mHptpida[k;/ Muk;gj;ija[k;
mwpa \d;W epiyahd mst[ nfhiyf;
fz;lhh;fs;. xU t!;Jt[f;F mHpt[ vd;gJ
gFjpfshfg; gphpj;jy;. ,jw;F nky; gphpf;f
Koahj epiytiu mHpj;Jf; bfhz;nlnghdhy;
Kotpy; mqf;fspy; brd;W Koa[k;.
,t;tqf;fs;jhd; cyfpd; xLf;fk;.
,tw;wpypUe;Jjhd; cyfk; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
g[yd;fis btd;W jd;Dila Th;ikahd
Mw;wyhy; gphpf;f Koahj gukqtpy; ,Ue;J
278
mz;l nguz;l';fs; njhd;wpaij mjd;

mqj;jpwid Ma;e;jth;fs; mwpe;jth;fs;.
fjputd; xypapy; kpd;Dfpd;wd vd;why; mjw;F

vd;d fhuzk;/ thdtpy; Fsph;e;J mHfhf fhl;rp
jUfpwJ vd;why; vd;d fhuzk;/ vd;W
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Published by Sri Agathiar Gnana Peedam

Thooripalam, Kallar 641305

An Agathiyan Production House Publication 2012

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