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Barack Hussein Obama II (/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊ

ˈbɑːmə/ ( listen);[1] born August 4, 1961) is an American


politician and attorney who served as the 44th president
of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of
the Democratic Party, Barack Obama was the
first African-American president of the United States. He
previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from
2005 to 2008 and an Illinois state senator from 1997 to
2004.
Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, making him the
first president not born in the contiguous United States.
After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he
worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988,
he enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the
first black person to be president of the Harvard Law
Review. After graduating, he became a civil rights
attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at
the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to
2004. Turning to elective politics, he represented the
13th district from 1997 until 2004 in the Illinois Senate,
when he ran for the U.S. Senate. Obama received
national attention in 2004 with his March Senate primary
win, his well-received July Democratic National
Convention keynote address, and his landslide
November election to the Senate. In 2008, he was
nominated for president a year after his presidential
campaign began, and after close primary
campaigns against Hillary Clinton. Obama
was elected over Republican John McCain and
was inaugurated alongside Joe Biden on January 20,
2009. Nine months later, he was named the 2009 Nobel
Peace Prize laureate.
Obama signed many landmark bills into law during his
first two years in office. The main reforms that were
passed include the Patient Protection and Affordable
Care Act (commonly referred to as the "Affordable Care
Act" or "Obamacare"), the Dodd–Frank Wall Street
Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and the Don't
Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010. The American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief,
Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job
Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus
amidst the Great Recession. After a lengthy debate over
the national debt limit, he signed the Budget Control and
the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, he
increased U.S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced
nuclear weapons with the United States–Russia New
START treaty, and ended military involvement in
the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya,
contributing to the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi. He
also ordered the military operations that resulted in the
deaths of Osama bin Laden and suspected Yemeni Al-
Qaeda operative Anwar al-Awlaki.
After winning re-election by defeating Republican
opponent Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a
second term in 2013. During this term, he promoted
inclusion for LGBT Americans. His administration filed
briefs that urged the Supreme Court to strike
down same-sex marriage bans as unconstitutional
(United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges);
same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide in 2015
after the Court ruled so in Obergefell. He advocated
for gun control in response to the Sandy Hook
Elementary School shooting, indicating support for a ban
on assault weapons, and issued wide-ranging executive
actions concerning global warming and immigration. In
foreign policy, he ordered military intervention in Iraq in
response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011
withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of ending
U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan in 2016,
promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris
Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions
against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine and
again after Russian interference in the 2016 United
States elections, brokered a nuclear deal with Iran,
and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba. Obama
nominated three justices to the Supreme Court: Sonia
Sotomayor and Elena Kagan were confirmed as
justices, while Merrick Garland faced
partisan obstruction and was not confirmed. During his
term in office, America's reputation abroad significantly
impr

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