DECEMBER 2018

QUESTION 3

WRITE SHORT NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING:

a) FLAG CONVENIENCE

The national flags f states which shipping firms register their vessel with reason to maximize benefits
and minimize private costs by avoiding the regulations stated by the origin country of the registered
shipper whether economic regulation or other.

b) PIGGYBACK

Although technically there are differences, most logistics people refers to Trailer on Flat Car (TOFC) and
Container on Flatcar (COFC) as piggyback service. This form of transportation involves the use of a motor
carrier trailer or a container that is placed on a rail flatcar and transported between two or more
terminals.

c) LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY

A limited liability company is the US-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure
that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited
liability of a corporation.

d) PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

A public private partnership is a cooperative arrangement between two or more public and private
sectors, typically of a long-term nature. In other words, it involves government and business that work
together to complete a project and/or to provide services to the population.
QUESTION 4

a) EXPLAIN 4 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN OF A UNIT OF CARRIAGE

The factors to be considered in the design of the unit carriage are operation safety, the design of the
terminal, bulk carrying capacity and durability of goods. Each mode of transport has its own design and
principles to ensure safe operation. For example, a car is designed to operate using four wheels on the
road. On the other hand, it cannot be used on the road because of its shape and the absence of wheels.
The design of the terminal is important as passengers' transport via roads must consider start and stop
points. Existing local terminals fail to take account the needs of disabled passengers. There is plenty of
room for improvement, especially concerning design. Rail transport can only be operated on rail tracks.
Another design principle for rail service that must be taken into consideration is bulk carrying capacity. A
rail coach would include boxcars, tankers, gondolas, hoppers, covered hoppers, flatcars and refrigerated
cars. Due to the high durability of the goods, proper attention should also be given to the way unit of
carriage is designed and allocated to transport the goods accordingly. Many rail transport companies
consider the use of multilevel suspension systems and end of car cushioning device to protect the
goods.

b) DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PASSENGER AND FREIGHT TERMINAL

PASSENGER FREIGHT TERMINAL

Board, get off and transfer without assistance. Must be loaded, unloaded and transferred.
Process information and act on it without Information must be processed through logistic
assistance. managers.
Make choice between transport without Logistic managers meet choices between transport
assistance but often irritationally. mode rationally.
Require travel accommodation related to comfort
Require accommodation related to storage
and safety.
QUESTION 5

a) 5 EXAMPLES OF MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT.

I. Conveyors
II. Cranes and hoists
III. Industrial trucks
IV. Forklift

b) IDENTIFY 3 CAUSES AND TWO EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY THE TRANSPORT
INDUSTRY.

Causes:

I. Tanker accidents.
II. Tank washing.
III. Urban waste.

Effects:

I. Serious damage to the environment.

II. Adverse impact on coastal tourism.
JANUARY 2018

QUESTION 3

a) DISCUSS 3 ADVANTAGES AND 2 DISADVANTAGES OF USING PALLETS.

ADVANTAGES:

I. High space utilization in warehouse.

II. Increase workers productivity and reduce labor cost.
III. Individual packages can be assembled on the plant onto the pallet.

DISADVANTAGES:

I. High cost of wrapping and dissemble.

II. Low standardization and uniformity.

b) DESCRIBE THE CHARACTERISTIC OF PASSENGER TRAFFIC.

Trip purpose. If the purpose of trip is consist of variety of reason, work and school will be known as
essential traffic. If the purpose of trip is travelling for personal, leisure, shopping or visiting friends will
be known as optional traffic. The demand for optional traffic is elastic as they only response to price and
quality service. Next is the distance which means the local area, short, medium or long distance such as
for working, education and vacation. Third is, the subject to class of travel. This is classified into 2
categories, private purpose and business purpose. Private purpose is for those who are interested in
bargain fares as the demand is elastic, while the business purpose is for the company pay as the demand
is inelastic. And lastly is the peak and off peak. This means the heavy traffic concentration on the
following, peak and off peak time, hour, season or festive period.
QUESTION 4

a) 4 REASONS OF REGULATION IN THE TRANSPORT INDUSTRY

I. The basis for operations.

II. Controlling monopolies.
III. Controlling excessive competition.
IV. Controlling the social cost of transport.

b) ILLUSTRATE 3 MAJOR ATTRIBUTES THAT ARE LINKED TO TERMINAL PERFORMANCES.

Location. The key location factors of the transport terminal can clearly focus on large economic activity,
which represents the terminal market area. Custom terminals have certain location restrictions, such as
port and airport locations. New transport terminals tend to be located outside the central area to avoid
high costs and congestion.

Accessibility. Accessibility to other terminals at the local, regional and global scale as well as how well
the terminal is linked to the regional transport system is of importance. For instance, a maritime
terminal has little relevance if it is poorly connected to its market area through an inland transport
system such as rail, road or barge.

Infrastructure. The main function of a terminal is to handle and transship freight or passengers since
modes are physically separated. They have a nominal capacity which is related to the amount of land
they occupy and their level of technological, labor and managerial intensity. Infrastructure
considerations are important as they must accommodate current traffic and anticipate future trends
along with technological and logistical changes. Modern terminal infrastructures consequently require
massive investments and are among the largest structures ever built. Airports, ports and distribution
centers are clearly visible on remote sensing images. A utilization rate of 75 to 80% of design capacity is
considered to be optimal since above this level, congestion starts to rise, undermining the reliability of
the terminal facility. A terminal rarely has a uniform utilization, which is more than often characterized
by periods of high and low activity.
QUESTION 5

a) STATE 2 BENEFITS ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN TRANSPORT.

I. Time savings.
II. Decreasing of probability of congestion occurence.

b) IDENTIFY 5 APPLICATIONS OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM.

I. Traffic CCTV
II. Accident Monitoring System.
III. LED Traffic Lights.
IV. Variable Message Sign.
V. Traffic Jam Sensor.
JUNE 2018

QUESTION 3

a) SHORT NOTES OF:

I. DEMURRAGE- a charge payable to the owner of a chartered ship on failure to load or

discharge the ship within the time agreed.
II. TURNAROUND TIME- In general, turnaround time (TAT) means the amount of time taken to
complete a process or fulfill a request. The concept thus overlaps with lead time and can be
contrasted with cycle time
III. CABOTAGE POLICY- Cabotage policy is a policy that is practiced by many nations worldwide
including developed nations. For some of these nations, it is so strictly implemented that no
foreign-owned vessels are even allowed to operate within their domestic waters.
IV. SAFE ARRIVAL- Safe arrival is applied to all modes of transport and is very important for all
public and private transport users. The policy of safe transportation focuses on the standard of
the operating vehicle, ranging from the design and required safety equipment to the vehicle’s
scheduled maintenance. Loading and unloading, packaging, routing schedules and commodity
identification of the hazardous goods being transported are also monitored by the government
in ensuring safe traveling conditions throughout the process.
QUESTION 4

a) RECOGNIZE 3 CATEGORIES OF TRANSPORTATION SUPPLY.

I. Individual Supply.
II. Private supply.
III. Government supply.

b) 4 ADVANTAGES AND 3 DISADVANTAGES OF WATER TRANSPORT.

Advantages:

I. Less maintenance cost.

II. Cheap.
III. Useful for bulky goods.
IV. Helpful in defence.

Disadvantages:

I. Slow speed.
II. More risky.
QUESTION 5

a) DEFINE THE CONCEPT OF UNIT LOAD.

A unit load combines individual items or items in shipping containers into single "units" that can be
moved easily with a pallet jack or forklift truck.

b) 3 ADVANTAGES AND 2 DISADVANTAGES IN MATERIAL HANDLING.

Advantages:

I. More items can be handled at the same time.

II. Reduce handling cost.
III. Enable use of standardize material handling equipment

Disadvantages:

I. Cost of container.
II. Cost of empty container handling and disposal.
DECEMBER 2019

QUESTION 3

a) 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF PASSENGER TRAFFIC

Trip purpose. If the purpose of trip is consist of variety of reason, work and school will be known as
essential traffic. If the purpose of trip is travelling for personal, leisure, shopping or visiting friends will
be known as optional traffic. The demand for optional traffic is elastic as they only response to price and
quality service. Next is the distance which means the local area, short, medium or long distance such as
for working, education and vacation. Third is, the subject to class of travel. This is classified into 2
categories, private purpose and business purpose. Private purpose is for those who are interested in
bargain fares as the demand is elastic, while the business purpose is for the company pay as the demand
is inelastic. And lastly is the peak and off peak. This means the heavy traffic concentration on the
following, peak and off peak time, hour, season or festive period.

b) 3 ADVANTAGES AND 2 DISADVANTAGES OF RAIL TRANSPORT

Advantages:

I. Suitable for medium and long journey.

II. Fulfills important social roles.
III. Suitable for meeting heavy surges of traffic for special events, morning and evening peak hours.

Disadvantages:

I. High maintenance cost.

II. Not extensive network compare to road.
QUESTION 4

SHORT NOTES:

a) Load Factor

The ratio of the average or actual amount of some quantity and the maximum possible or permissible.
For example, the ratio between the lift and the weight of an aircraft.

b) Peak

The time of the day, season or year when the demand for transportation is greatest.

c) BOOT

BOOT (build, own, operate, transfer) is a public-private partnership (PPP) project model in which a
private organization conducts a large development project under contract to a public-sector partner,
such as a government agency. A BOOT project is often seen as a way to develop a large public
infrastructure project with private funding.

d) Just in Time

Just-in-Time (JIT) logistics operate under the concept of receiving raw materials, products and parts as
they are needed, rather than days or even weeks before. This allows businesses to significantly cut
inventory costs by having fewer unnecessary supplies on hand and far less material to store.
QUESTION 5

a) 5 RIGHTS IN HANDLING MATERIAL.

I. Use the right Method.

II. To provide the Right Amount.
III. On the right Material.
IV. At the right Time.
V. In the right Sequences

b) 3 ADVANTAGES AND 2 DISADVANTAGES OF CONTAINERISATION.

Advantages:

I. Theft and pilferage

II. Better utilization of handling equipment.
III. Little damage on the cargo.

Disadvantages:

I. Not suitable to transport smaller amount of goods.

II. Delay in deliveries.