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Supreme Court Decisions

THIRD DIVISION

October 4, 2017

G.R. No. 200026

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES , Plaintiff-Appellee

vs.
ARMANDO DELECTOR, Accused-Appellant

DECISION

BERSAMIN, J.:

This case involves a brother fatally shooting his own brother. In his defense, the accused pleaded accident as an
exempting circumstance. The trial and intermediate appellate courts rejected his plea and found him guilty of murder
qualified by treachery. Hence, he has come to us to air his final appeal for absolution.

The Case

Under review is the decision promulgated on September 22, 2006,1 whereby the Court of Appeals (CA) affirmed the
decision rendered on March 17, 2003 by the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 41, in Gandara, Samar convicting
the accused of murder for the killing of the late Vicente Delector, and penalizing him with reclusion perpetua, with
modification by increasing moral damages to ₱50,000.00.2

Antecedents

At about 6:00 o'clock in the afternoon of August 8, 1997, the late Vicente Delector was talking with his brother,
Antolin, near his residence in Barangay Diaz in Gandara, Samar when the accused, another brother, shot him twice.
Vicente was rushed to the Gandara District Hospital where he was attended to by Dr. Leonida Taningco, but he was
later on transferred to the Samar Provincial Hospital where he succumbed to his gunshot wounds at about 1:00 a.m.
of the next day.3

Vicente's son, Amel, identified his uncle, the accused, as his father's assailant. Amel attested that the accused had
fired his gun at his father from their mother's house,4 and had hit his father who was then talking with Antolin.
Corroborating Amel's identification was Raymond Reyes, who had happened to be along after having come from his
school. Raymond also said that Vicente had been only conversing with Antolin when the accused shot him twice.5

On October 2, 1997, the Office of the Provincial Prosecutor of Samar charged the accused with murder in the RTC
through the following information, viz.:

That on or about the 8th day of August, 1997, at about 6:00 o'clock in the afternoon, at Barangay Diaz,
Municipality of Gandara, Province of Samar, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable
Court, the above-named accused, with deliberate intent to kill, with treachery and evident
premeditation, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously attack, assault and shoot one
VICENTE DELECTOR alias TINGTING with the use of a firearm (revolver), which the accused had
/
 conveniently provided himself for the purpose, thereby inflicting upon the latter mortal wounds on the
different parts of his body, which caused the untimely death of said Vicente Delector.

CONTRARY TO LAW.6

In his defense, the accused insisted during the trial that the shooting of Vicente had been by accident. His own son
corroborated his insistence. According to them, Vicente had gone to their house looking for him, but he had earlier
left to go to their mother's house nearby in order to avoid a confrontation with Vicente; however, Vicente followed
him to their mother's house and dared him to come out, compelling Antolin to intervene and attempt to pacify
Vicente. Instead, Vicente attacked Antolin, which forced the accused to go out of their mother's house. Seeing
Vicente to be carrying his gun, he tried to wrest the gun from Vicente, and they then grappled with each other for
control of the gun. At that point, the gun accidentally fired, and Vicente was hit.7

Ruling of the RTC

After trial, the RTC rendered its decision,8 finding the accused guilty of murder, and disposing:

WHEREFORE, accused Armando Delector is hereby found GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the
crime of Murder and is hereby meted a penalty of RECLUSION PERPETUA.

Accused shall likewise indemnify the heirs of Vicente Delector the sum of Php50,000.00, actual
damages of Phpl2,000.00, moral damages of Php30,000.00 and costs.

In line with Section 5, Rule 114 of the Rules on Criminal Procedure, the Warden of the Sub-Provincial
Jail, Calbayog City, is hereby directed to immediately transmit the living body of the accused Armando
Delector to the New Bilibid Prison at Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila where he may remain to be
detained. The accused shall be credited for the period he was under preventive detention provided he
has previously expressed his written conformity to comply with the discipline, rules and regulations by
the detention center, otherwise he shall be entitled to only 4/5 thereof pursuant to Article 29 of the
Revised Penal Code, as amended.

SO ORDERED.9

Decision of the CA

Aggrieved, the accused appealed, contending that:

THAT THE LOWER COURT ERRED GIVING FULL FAITH AND CEREDENCE TO THE
TESTIMONIES OF THE PROSECUTION WITNESSES; and

II

THAT THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN FINDING THE ACCUSEDAPPELLANT GUILTY BEYOND
REASONABLE DOUBT OF THE CRIME OF MURDER.

Nonetheless, the CA affirmed the conviction for murder subject to an increase of the moral damages to
₱50,000.00,10 to wit:

WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing premises, judgment is hereby rendered by us DENYING the
appeal filed in this case and AFFIRMING the decision of the lower court in Criminal Case No. 3403
with the MODIFICATION that the award of moral damages is increased to ₱50,000.00.

SO ORDERED.

The CA opined that the exempting circumstance of accident was highly improbable, stating:

Indeed, given the circumstances surrounding the death of the victim, it is highly improbable that the
same was due to an accident. It is unlikely that the accused-appellant would purposely set out and
grapple with the victim who, if he is to be believed, was already armed with a gun while he (accused-
appellant) was totally unarmed. Such actuation is utterly inconsistent with the ordinary and normal
behavior of one who is facing imminent danger to one's life, considering the primary instinct of self-
preservation. But then, even granting that the accused-appellant merely acted in defense of his other /
 brother, Antolin, his failure to help or show concern to the victim, who was also his brother, casts
serious doubts to his defense of accident.

Furthermore, a revolver, the gun involved in this case, is not one that is prone to accidental firing
because of the nature of its mechanism. Considerable pressure on the trigger must have been applied
for it to have fired.11

Hence, this appeal, in which the accused insists that:

THE COURT A QUO GRAVELY ERRED IN GIVING FULL FAITH AND CREDENCE TO THE
TESTIMONIES OF THE PROSECUTION WITNESSES. 1âwphi1

II

THE COURT A QUO GRAVELY ERRED IN FINDING THE ACCUSED-APPELLANT GUILTY BEYOND
REASONABLE DOUBT OF THE CRIME OF MURDER.12

On its part, the State, through the Office of the Solicitor General, submitted its appellee’s brief maintaining that the
evidence of guilt was sufficient, but recommending that the crime for which the accused should be held guilty of was
homicide, not murder, considering that the records did not support the holding that he had deliberately and
consciously adopted a method of attack that would insure the death of the victim; and that evident premeditation
was not also shown to be attendant.13

Ruling of the Court

We affirm the decision of the CA that accident could not be appreciated in favor of the accused, but we must find
and declare that, indeed, the crime committed was homicide, not murder.

To start with, the lower courts did not err in giving more credence to the testimonies of the Prosecution's witnesses
instead of to the testimony of the accused and his son. Arnel and Raymond positively identified the accused as the
assailant. Their identification constituted direct evidence of the commission of the crime, and was fully corroborated
by the recollection of a disinterested witness in the person of Dr. Taningco, the attending physician of the victim at
the Gandara District Hospital, to the effect that the victim had declared to the police investigator interviewing him
that it was the accused who had shot him.14 The testimonies of Raymond and Dr. Taningco are preferred to the self-
serving and exculpatory declarations of the accused and his son.

The factual findings of the RTC are accorded the highest degree of respect, especially if, as now, the CA adopted
and confirmed them. Unlike the appellate courts, including ours, the trial judge had the unique firsthand opportunity
to observe the demeanor and conduct of the witnesses when they testified at the trial, which were factors in the
proper appreciation of evidence of past events. Such factual findings should be final and conclusive on appeal
unless there is a demonstrable error in appreciation, or a misapprehension of the facts.15

Secondly, the RTC and the CA both observed that the exempting circumstance of accident was highly improbable
because the accused grappled with the victim for control of the gun. We see no reason to overturn the observations
of the lower courts.

Article 12, paragraph 4, of the Revised Penal Code exempts from criminal liability "(a)ny person who, while
performing a lawful act with due care, causes an injury by mere accident without fault or intention of causing it." The
elements of this exempting circumstance are, therefore, that the accused: (1) is performing a lawful act; (2) with due
care; (3) causes injury to another by mere accident; and (4) without fault or intention of causing it.

Accident could not be appreciated herein as an exempting circumstance simply because the accused did not
establish that he had acted with due care, and without fault or intention of causing the injuries to the victim. The gun
was a revolver that would not fire unless there was considerable pressure applied on its trigger, or its hammer was
pulled back and released. The assertion of accident could have been accorded greater credence had there been
only a single shot fired, for such a happenstance could have been attributed to the unintentional pulling of the
hammer during the forceful grappling for control of the gun. Yet, the revolver fired twice, which we think eliminated
accident. Verily, the CA itself pointedly debunked the story of the accused as to how the accident had occurred by
characterizing such story not only incomprehensible but also contrary to human experience and behavior.16 We
adopt and reiterate the following observations by the CA:

... had the accused really been grappling and twisting the victim's right hand which was holding a gun,
the latter would not have sustained the wounds. It was improbable that the gun would fire not only once
/
 but twice and both times hitting the victim, had its trigger not been pulled. Further, the location of the
gunshot wounds belies and negate(d) accused (appellant's) claim of accident.

Also, the Court finds incredible [the] accused (appellant's) allegation that he did not know that the
victim was hit. He admitted there were two gun reports. The natural tendency of (a) man in his situation
would (be to) investigate what was hit. He surely must have known his brother was hit as he even said
he let go of the gun. Then he said his brother went home so he also went home. It is odd that he did
not attempt to help or show concern for the victim, his brother, had his intention (been) really merely to
pacify.17

We reiterate that issues concerning the credibility of the witnesses and their account of the events are best resolved
by the trial court whose calibration of testimonies, and assessment of and conclusion about their testimonies are
generally given conclusive effect. This settled rule acknowledges that, indeed, the trial court had the unique
opportunity to observe the demeanor and conduct of the witnesses, and is thus in the best position to discern
whether they were telling or distorting the truth.18

Nonetheless, the Court cannot uphold the judgments of the CA and the RTC and convict the accused for murder. A
reading of the information indicates that murder had not been charged against him. The allegation of the information
that:-

x x x the above-named accused, with deliberate intent to kill, with treachery and evident premeditation,
did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously attack, assault and shoot one VICENTE
DELECTOR alias TING TING with the use of a firearm (revolver), which the accused had conveniently
provided himself for the purpose, thereby inflicting upon the latter mortal wounds on the different parts
of his body, which caused the untimely death of said Vicente Delector.

did not sufficiently aver acts constituting either or both treachery and evident premeditation. The usage of the terms
treachery and evident premeditation, without anything more, did not suffice considering that such terms were in the
nature of conclusions of law, not factual averments.

The sufficiency of the information is to be judged by the rule under which the information against the accused was
filed. In this case, that rule was Section 9, Rule 110 of the 1985 Rules on Criminal Procedure, which provided thusly:

Section 9. Cause of accusation. - The acts or om1ss1ons complained of as constituting the offense
must be stated in ordinary and concise language without repetition, not necessarily in the terms of the
statute defining the offense, but in such form as is sufficient to enable a person of common
understanding to know what offense is intended to be charged, and enable the court to pronounce
proper judgment. (8)

Section 9 required that the acts or omissions complained of as constituting the offense must be stated "in ordinary
and concise language without repetition, not necessarily in the terms of the statute defining the offense." As such,
the nature and character of the crime charged are determined not by the specification of the provision of the law
alleged to have been violated but by the facts alleged in the indictment, that is, the actual recital of the facts as
alleged in the body of the information, and not the caption or preamble of the information or complaint nor the
specification of the provision of law alleged to have been violated, they being conclusions of law.19 The facts alleged
in the body of the information, not the technical name given by the prosecutor appearing in the title of the
information, determine the character of the crime.20

To enable "a person of common understanding to know what offense is intended to be charged," as Section 9
further required, the courts should be mindful that the accused should be presumed innocent of wrongdoing, and
was thus completely unaware of having done anything wrong in relation to the accusation. The information must
then sufficiently give him or her the knowledge of what he or she allegedly committed. To achieve this, the courts
should assiduously take note of what Justice Moreland appropriately suggested in United States v. Lim San,21and
enforce compliance therewith by the State, to wit:

xxxx Notwithstanding apparent contradiction between caption and body, we believe that we ought to
say and hold that the characterization of the crime by the fiscal in the caption of the information is
immaterial and purposeless, and that the facts stated in the body of the pleading must determine the
crime of which the defendant stands charged and for which he must be tried. The establishment of this
doctrine is permitted by the Code of Criminal Procedure, and is thoroughly in accord with common
sense and with the requirements of plain justice.

xxxx

/
 From a legal point of view, and in a very real sense, it is of no concern to the accused what is the
technical name of the crime of which he stands charged. It in no way aids him in a defense on the
merits. xxx. That to which his attention should be directed, and in which he, above all things else,
should be most interested, are the facts alleged. The real question is not did he commit a crime given
in the law some technical and specific name, but did he perform the acts alleged in the body of the
information in the manner therein set forth. If he did, it is of no consequence to him, either as a matter
of procedure or of substantive right, how the law denominates the crime which those acts constitute.
The designation of the crime by name in the caption of the information from the facts alleged in the
body of that pleading is a conclusion of law made by the fiscal. In the designation of the crime the
accused never has a real interest until the trial has ended. For his full and complete defense he need
not know the name of the crime at all. It is of no consequence whatever for the protection of his
substantial rights. The real and important question to him is, "Did you perform the acts alleged in the
manner alleged?" If he performed the acts alleged, in the manner stated, the law determines what the
name of the crime is and fixes the penalty therefor. It is the province of the court alone to say what the
crime is or what it is named. x x x.

In People v. Dimaano,22the Court has reiterated the foregoing guideline thuswise:

For complaint or information to be sufficient, it must state the name of the accused; the designation of
the offense given by the statute; the acts or omissions complained of as constituting the offense; the
name of the offended party; the approximate time of the commission of the offense, and the place
wherein the offense was committed. What is controlling is not the title of the complaint, nor the
designation of the offense charged or the particular law or part thereof allegedly violated, these being
mere conclusions of law made by the prosecutor, but the description of the crime charged and the
particular facts therein recited. The acts or omissions complained of must be alleged in such form as is
sufficient to enable a person of common understanding to know what offense is intended to be
charged, and enable the court to pronounce proper judgment. No information for a crime will be
sufficient if it does not accurately and clearly allege the elements of the crime charged. Every element
of the offense must be stated in the information. What facts and circumstances are necessary to be
included therein must be determined by reference to the definitions and essentials of the specified
crimes. The requirement of alleging the elements of a crime in the information is to inform the accused
of the nature of the accusation against him so as to enable him to suitably prepare his defense. The
presumption is that the accused has no independent knowledge of the facts that constitute the offense.
(Bold underscoring supplied for emphasis)

If the standards of sufficiency defined and set by the applicable rule of procedure were not followed, the
consequences would be dire for the State, for the accused could be found and declared guilty only of the crime
properly charged in the information. As declared in People v. Manalili:23

x x x an accused cannot be convicted of an offense, unless it is clearly charged in the complaint or

information. Constitutionally, he has a right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation
against him. To convict him of an offense other than that charged in the complaint or information would
be violative of this constitutional right. Indeed, the accused cannot be convicted of a crime, even if duly
proven, unless it is alleged or necessarily included in the information filed against him.

Article 14, paragraph 16, of the Revised Penal Code states that "[t]here is treachery when the offender commits any
of the crimes against the person, employing means, methods or forms in the execution thereof which tend directly
and specially to insure its execution, without risk to himself arising from the defense which offended party might
make." For treachery to be appreciated, therefore, two elements must concur, namely: (1) that the means of
execution employed gave the person attacked no opportunity to defend himself or herself, or retaliate; and (2) that
the means of execution were deliberately or consciously adopted,24 that is, the means, method or form of execution
must be shown to be deliberated upon or consciously adopted by the offender.25

Treachery, which the CA and the RTC ruled to be attendant, always included basic constitutive elements whose
existence could not be assumed. Yet, the information nowhere made any factual averment about the accused
having deliberately employed means, methods or forms in the execution of the act - setting forth such means,
methods or forms in a manner that would enable a person of common understanding to know what offense was
intended to be charged - that tended directly and specially to insure its execution without risk to the accused arising
from the defense which the offended party might make. To reiterate what was earlier indicated, it was not enough for
the information to merely state treachery as attendant because the term was not a factual averment but a conclusion
of law.

The submission of the Office of the Solicitor General that neither treachery nor evident premeditation had been
established against the accused is also notable. A review reveals that the record did not include any showing of the
/
presence of the elements of either circumstance.

As a consequence, the accused could not be properly convicted of murder, but only of homicide, as defined and
penalized under Article 249, Revised Penal Code, to wit:

Art. 249. Homicide. - Any person who, not falling within the provisions of Article 246, shall kill another
without the attendance of any of the circumstances enumerated in the next preceding article, shall be
deemed guilty of homicide and be punished by reclusion temporal.

The accused is entitled to the benefits under the Indeterminate Sentence Law. Thus, the minimum of his
indeterminate sentence should come from prision mayor, and the maximum from the medium period of reclusion
temporal due to the absence of any modifying circumstance. Accordingly, the indeterminate sentence is nine years
of prision mayor, as the minimum, to 14 years, eight months and one day of reclusion temporal, as the maximum.

Conformably with People v. Jugueta,26the Court grants to the heirs of the late Vicente Delector ₱50,000.00 as civil
indemnity, ₱50,000.00 as moral damages, and ₱25,000.00 as temperate damages (in lieu of actual damages for
burial expenses), plus interest of 6% per annum from the finality of this decision until the full satisfaction.

The records show that the accused was first detained at the SubProvincial Jail in Calbayog City on November 19,
1997,27 and was transferred by the RTC on July 18, 2003 following his conviction for murder to the custody of the
Bureau of Corrections in Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila.28 Under the terms of this decision, the period of his actual
imprisonment has exceeded his maximum sentence, and now warrants his immediate release from his place of
confinement.

WHEREFORE, the Court AFFIRMS the decision promulgated on September 22, 2006 of the Court of Appeals
subject to the MODIFICATION that accused ARMANDO DELECTOR is found and pronounced guilty beyond
reasonable doubt of HOMICIDE, and, ACCORDINGLY, sentences him to suffer the indeterminate sentence of NINE
YEARS OF PRIS/ON MAYOR, AS THE MINIMUM, TO 14 YEARS, EIGHT MONTHS AND ONE DAY OF
RECLUSION TEMPORAL, AS THE MAXIMUM; and ORDERS him to pay to the heirs of the late Vicente Delector
₱50,000.00 as civil indemnity, ₱50,000.00 as moral damages, and ₱25,000.00 as temperate damages, plus interest
of 6% per annum from the finality of this decision until the full satisfaction, and the costs of suit.

Considering that accused ARMANDO DELECTOR appears to have been in continuous detention since November
19, 1997, his immediate release from the New Bilibid Prison at Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila is ordered unless
there are other lawful causes warranting his continuing detention.

The Court DIRECTS the Director of the Bureau of Corrections to immediately implement this decision, and to render
a report on his compliance within 10 days from notice.

SO ORDERED.

LUCAS P. BERSAMIN
Associate Justice

WE CONCUR:

PRESBITERO J. VELASCO, JR.

Associate Justice
Chairperson

MARVIC M.V.F. LEONEN SAMUEL R. MARTIRES

Associate Justice Associate Justice

ALEXANDER G. GESMUNDO
Associate Justice

ATTESTATION

I attest that the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in consultation before the case was assigned
to the writer of the opinion of the Court’s Division.

PRESBITERO J. VELASCO, JR.

Associate Justice
Chairperson, Third Division
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 CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to the Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution, and the Division Chairperson’s Attestation, I certify that
the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer
of the opinion of the Court’s Division.

MARIA LOURDES P.A. SERENO

Chief Justice

Footnotes
1
Rollo, pp. 3-1 O; penned by Associate Justice Isaias P. Dicdican and concurred in by Associate Justice
Romeo F. Barza and Associate Justice Priscilla Baltazar-Padilla.
2
CA rollo pp. 19-30; penned by Judge Rosario B. Bandai. 4
3
Rollo, pp. 3-4.
4
TSN, Arnel Delector, August 9, 1999, p. 19.
5
Id. at 14.
6
Rollo, p. 4.
7
TSN, July 11, 2000, pp. 6-10.
8
Supra note 2.
9
CA rollo, pp. 29-30.
10
Supra note 1.
11
Id. at 8-9.
12
Rollo, p. 50.
13
Id. at 88-99.
14
Id. at 7.
15
People v. Tuy, G.R. No. 179476, February 9, 2011, 642 SCRA 534, 537; Garong v. People, G.R. No.
148971, November 29, 2006, 508 SCRA 446, 455; Lubos v. Galupo, G.R. No. 139136, January 16, 2002, 3
73 SCRA 618, 622.
16
Rollo, p. 7.
17
Rollo, pp. 7-8.
18
People v. Lagman, G.R. No. 197807, April 16, 2012, 669 SCRA 512, 525.
19
People v. Diaz, G.R. No. 130210, December 8, 1999, 320SCRA168, 175; Peoplev. Juachon, G.R. No.
111630, December 6, 1999, 319 SCRA 761, 770; People v. Salazar, G.R. No. 99355, August 11, 1997, 277
SCRA67, 88.
20
People v. Escosio, G.R. No. 101742, March 25, 1993, 220 SCRA 475, 488;People v. Mendoza, G.R. No.
67610, July 31, 1989, 175 SCRA 743, 752; People v. Bali-Balita, G.R. No. 134266, September 15, 2000, 340
SCRA 450, 469; Buhat v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 119601, December 17, 1996, 265 SCRA 701, 716-717.
21
17 Phil. 273(1910).
22
G.R. No. 168168, September 14, 2005, 469 SCRA 647, 666-667 (the crimes involved two counts of rape
and one count of attempted rape).
23
G.R. No. 121671, August 14, 1998, 294 SCRA 220, 252.
/
 24
People v. Escarlos, G.R. No. 148912, September 10, 2003, 410 SCRA 463, 480; People v. Hugo, G.R. No.
134604, August 28, 2003, 410 SCRA 62, 80-81.
25
People v. Punzalan, No. L-54562, August 6, 1987, 153 SCRA 1, 9.
26
G..R. No. 202124, April 5, 2016, 788 SCRA 331.
27
CA rollo, p. 32.
28
Id. at 36.

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