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biodiversity data

Lists of Species Check List 12(1): 1839, 10 February 2016  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.1.1839
ISSN 1809-127X  © 2016 Check List and Authors

Species richness and conservation status of medium and

large terrestrial mammals from four Sky Islands in Sonora,
northwestern Mexico
Helí Coronel-Arellano1, Nalleli E. Lara-Díaz1, Rosa E. Jiménez-Maldonado2 and Carlos A. López-González1*

1 Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Laboratorio de Zoología, Santa Rosa Jauregui, Querétaro, México,
C.P. 76230
2 Reserva Forestal Nacional y Refugio de Fauna Silvestre Ajos Bavispe, Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, Cananea,
Sonora, México, C.P. 84620
* Corresponding author. E-mail: cats4mex@gmail.com

Abstract: We present the first systematic checklist of two introduced species in the state. Subsequently, Caire
medium and large terrestrial mammals on four mountain (1978) published the most comprehensive work on
ranges known as Sky Islands, in northeastern Sonora, mammal fauna in Sonora, reporting 120 wild species
Mexico. We used camera traps for recording mammals, and two introduced species based on field surveys and
with which we documented 25 wild species. Two of the examination of approximately 13,000 specimens from
native species are in the IUCN Red List and four are scientific collections. By consulting various publications
threatened at the national level. We did not document and biological collections, Ramírez-Pulido et al. (1986)
seven wild species with potential distribution at study reported 127 species with geographical distribution in
sites, probably due to limited availability of habitat and/ the state of Sonora.
or local extirpation of species. The importance of this Caire (1997) summarized and updated his previous
work is that we generated an inventory of medium and work, and reported 124 species of mammals, of which
large mammals in an area considered poorly studied and three were introduced rodents, eight domestic species
highly diverse. and 28 species were of potential distribution in Sonora,
despite a lack of verified records.
Key words: The Apache Highlands; mammals; The latest review of the mammals in Sonora was by
inventory; camera traps Castillo-Gámez et al. (2010), who reported 126 species of
land mammals, with most species belonging to Rodentia
and Carnivora. This list excludes species endemic to
INTRODUCTION the islands of the Gulf of California and considers only
The state of Sonora in northwestern Mexico has those species with at least one specimen deposited in a
extensive topographical and climatic variability, as well biological collection. The authors documented 30 species
as different types of vegetation and soil, which combined under conservation status by Mexican laws.
enable the occurrence of a relatively large number of Previous knowledge indicates that the northeastern
species of mammals (Caire 1978), making it the eighth region of the state is home to the greatest number of
state with most species in Mexico (Castillo-Gámez et mammalian species (Caire 1978), still maintaining
al. 2010). Estimated species richness in the state has one of the largest most comprehensive assemblages
changed over time due to the increasing collection of at a national and international level including species
wild specimens, changes in taxonomic nomenclature, with large body size (>20 kg, Morrison et al. 2007).
and whether or not potentially occurring species and However, there is an evident need to explore the region
introduced species are included in species counts (Burt which covers the state boundary between Sonora and
1938; Ramírez-Pulido et al. 1986; Caire 1997; Castillo- Chihuahua due to the lack of systematic inventories
Gámez et al. 2010). of mammalian species (Marshall et al. 2004; Castillo-
One of the first studies to accumulate information Gámez et al. 2010).
about the richness of mammal species in Sonora was Information gaps in the northeastern region of
written by Burt (1938), who reported 139 native and the state of Sonora include data on the presence,

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 Coronel-Arellano et al. | Mammals of northeast Sonora, Mexico

distribution, ecology of populations and communities, as the Apache Highlands (Marshall et al. 2004) were
making conservation status uncertain for most species surveyed (Figure 1; Table 1). Three of the study sites fell
(Marshall et al. 2004). Advances in research on the within two polygons of the protected area known as
assemblage of mammals have been held back because Reserva Forestal Nacional y Refugio de Fauna Silvestre
of lack of information on which to base management Ajos-Bavispe (RFyRFS Ajos-Bavispe).
or conservation plans. The aim of this paper is thus to
update the inventory of species of medium and large land Data collection
mammals, based on fieldwork in four mountain ranges We documented species of terrestrial mammals
known as Sky Islands in northeastern Sonora, Mexico. using motion-activated camera traps (Table 2), which
were placed on paths identified as wildlife travel routes
MATERIALS AND METHODS (Monterroso 2013; Si et al. 2014). The spatial separation
Study site between each camera was of approximately 1 km, varying
Fieldwork was carried out in the northeastern area from 0.6 to 1.2 km due to the roughness of terrain in
of Sonora state, Mexico, in 2009. Seven sites located in each sampled area. In order to have a representation of
four Sky Island mountain ranges in the region known the different dietary guilds (omnivores, herbivores and

Figure 1. Locations of seven study sites in four Sky Islands at northwestern Mexico.

Table 1. Geographic location and vegetation types of seven study sites of four Sky Islands at northwestern Mexico. Caption: (a) Pinus-Quercus forest, (b)
Quercus sp. forest, (c) Quercus-Pinus forest, (d) natural grassland, (e) mesquite forest, (f ) induced grassland, (g) open lowland forest, (h) Pinus forest (INEGI 2014).

Mean temperature
Site Latitude Longitude Elevation (m) Precipitation (mm) range (°C) Vegetation type
Ajos 30°56′37.6ʺW 109°57′31.5ʺN 1600–2000 400–600 12–14 a, b, c
Tigre 30°33′11.0ʺW 109°10′08.5ʺN 1200–2200 400–600 14–16 b, d
Madera West 29°59′36.2ʺW 109°33′21.2ʺN 1200–2001 400–600 16–20 b, c
Madera East 30°00′53.9ʺW 109°25′42.4ʺN 800–1200 400–600 16–20 d, e, f
Ojos 31°16′42.4ʺW 108°59′56.1ʺN 1400–1600 400–600 14–16 a, d
El Pinito 31°11′23.9ʺW 108°56′06.2ʺN 1600–1800 125–600 14–16 a, g, h
Tápila 31°08′30.1ʺW 108°59′45.9ʺN 1600–1800 400–600 14–16 d, c, g

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 Coronel-Arellano et al. | Mammals of northeast Sonora, Mexico

Table 2. Camera traps numbers and survey effort in seven study sites in reported in two literature sources: Caire (1978), Hall
the state of Sonora, Mexico. (1981), and by comparing the observed percentage of
Site No. of camera traps Sampling effort (camera days) species richness, versus the percentage of expected
Ajos 28 1,107 species derived from a richness estimator. The results
Tigre 29 805 from the above comparisons were used to determine
Madera West 28 942
how many species we would expect to detect at the
Madera East 28 817
Ojos 31 930
monitoring sites and as a way of determining whether
El Pinito 27 1,003 the applied method and sampling effort were adequate.
Tápila 25 1,064 The analysis included only the records of wild
mammals, and only those species with adult body
weight exceeding 500 g. We believe that only mammals
carnivores), we placed a combination of food attractants with this minimum weight can be frequently detected
(oats, corn, sardines and vanilla essence) at a distance of and reliably identified using camera traps.
3–5 m in front of each camera trap. In order to obtain expected species richness from
Cameras were attached to trees at a height ranging bibliographic sources, distributional maps by Caire
between 0.5–1 m and oriented in a south to north (1978) and Hall (1981) were used; we assumed a species
direction to avoid being activated by direct sunlight was present if its global distribution range overlapped
(Si et al. 2014; Swan et al. 2014). All cameras were our study area. Because the monitoring focused on
programmed to operate continuously (24 h/day) at one- coniferous forests, including pine, pine-oak forest,
minute intervals, taking three continuous photographs oak-pine forest and low open woodland (INEGI 2014),
(digital images), when they were activated. Two models we excluded species from analyses that do not typically
of digital cameras were used: Wildview Xtreme 2.0® and occur in these habitats. Thus, although their ranges
Wildview Xtreme 5.0® (Wildview, Grand Prairie, USA). overlapped the study area, we excluded Cynomys
At each site where a camera was placed, geographic ludovicianus (Ord, 1815), Vulpes macrotis Merriam, 1888,
coordinates were recorded, using a GPS. Antilocapra americana (Ord, 1815), Bison bison (Linnaeus,
Species identification in camera images was based on 1758), Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 and Lontra
field guides by Kays and Wilson (2002) and Reid (2006), longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) (O’Gara 1978; McGrew 1979;
except for jackrabbits (genus Lepus) for which we relied Meagher 1986; Hoogland 1996; Lavivière 1999; Peek
on expert opinion because the combination of position, 2003). Puma yagouaroundi (É. Geoffory Saint-Hilaire,
light, and definition made species identification of 1803) was excluded because there are no verified records
jackrabbit images difficult. Thus digital images of (collected specimens or photographs) for the state of
jackrabbits were sent to six researchers with experience Sonora (Brown and López-González 2000).
with this taxon, in order to properly identify the In the second comparison, we used the Jackknife 1
species. Subsequently, by majority opinion, a consensus estimator because it has been shown to provide better
was reached and the species name was assigned. The results in relation to other estimators of diversity
nomenclature used throughout the manuscript follows (Tobler et al. 2008). The estimate was calculated using
that of Wilson and Reeder (2005). the EstimateS Version 9.1.0. software (Colwell 2013),
through which a species accumulation curve was
Data analysis generated with 1,000 iterations. For the construction
Sampling effort was calculated by multiplying the of the curve, we used the maximum number of days
total number of cameras placed (n=196), by the number camera traps recorded a species (40 d) as sampling
of days they were operating (1d = 24 hours, Tobler et al. effort and extrapolated to double this maximum (80 d),
2008; Porfirio et al. 2014). We applied a 24 h interval as an estimate of the number of species that would be
between photographs of the same species to ensure data recorded with increased sampling effort.
independence (Tobler et al. 2008; Porfirio et al. 2014),
and determined the species with the highest and lowest RESULTS
number of independent photographic records. Thus, At the seven monitoring sites, we placed camera traps
we calculated a photographic capture rate (number of at 196 different locations, which together remained
independent photographs of each species divided by the active for 6,668 days (Table 2; Figure 1). We obtained
sampling effort in days), which we used as a measure of a total of 8,243 photographs of terrestrial mammals of
relative abundance (Carbone et al. 2001; Porfirio et al. medium and large size.
2014). We recorded a total of 25 wild species belonging to
We determined the efficiency of sampling to update five orders, 11 families and 21 genera, with the order
the inventory in two ways: by comparing the observed Carnivora having the highest number of species (Table
richness versus species richness of potential occurrence 3; Appendix). Of the species recorded, four are within

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 Coronel-Arellano et al. | Mammals of northeast Sonora, Mexico

Table 3. Species list of medium and large land mammals detected with camera traps in Northeastern Sonora, Mexico. Conservation status according to
IUCN Red List (2014) and Mexican legislation (SEMARNAT 2010). IUCN Categories: (LC) Least Concern, (DD) Data Deficient, (NT) Near Threatened. NOM-
059: (A) Threatened, (P) Endangered. Study sites: Ajos (1), Tigre (2), Madera West (3), Madera East (4), Ojos (5), El Pinito (6), Tápila (7).

Order Family Scientific name Common name IUCN NOM-059 Study site
Didelphimorphia Didelphidae Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792 Virginia Opossum LC 2,3,4,5,6,7
Rodentia Sciuridae Sciurus arizonensis Coues, 1867 Arizona Grey Squirrel DD A 1,2,3
Sciurus nayaritensis J. A. Allen, 1980 Mexican Fox Squirrel LC 2,5,6,7
Otospermophilus variegatus (Erxleben, 1777) Rock Squirrel LC 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Lagomorpha Leporidae Lepus alleni Mearns, 1890 Antelope Jackrabbit LC 4,5
Sylvilagus audubonii (Baird, 1858) Desert Cottontail LC 2,3,4,5,7
Sylvilagus floridanus (J. A. Allen, 1890) Eastern Cottontail LC 1,2,3,5,6,7
Carnivora Felidae Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Ocelot LC P 1
Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777) Bobcat LC 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) Cougar LC 1,2,3,5,6,7
Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) Jaguar NT P 1
Canidae Canis latrans Say, 1823 Coyote LC 2,3,4,5,7
Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber, 1775) Gray Fox LC 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Ursidae Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780 American Black Bear LC 1,2,3,5,6,7
Mustelidae Taxidea taxus (Schreber, 1777) American Badger LC A 4
Mephitidae Conepatus leuconotus (Lichtenstein, 1832) American Hog-nosed Skunk LC 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Mephitis macroura Lichtenstein, 1832 Hooded Skunk LC 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Mephitis mephitis (Schreber, 1776) Striped Skunk LC 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Spilogale gracilis Merriam, 1890 Western Spotted Skunk LC 2,3,4,5,6,7
Procyonidae Bassariscus astutus (Lichtenstein, 1830) Ringtail LC 1,2,3,5,6,7
Nasua narica (Linnaeus, 1766) White-nosed Coati LC 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758) Raccoon LC 2,4,5
Artiodactyla Tayassuidae Pecari tajacu (Linnaeus, 1758) Collared Peccary LC 2,3,4,5,7
Cervidae Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817) Mule Deer LC 5
Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) White-tailed Deer LC 1,2,3,4,5,6,7

a risk category in Mexican legislation (NOM-059; rock squirrel Otospermephilus variegatus (Erxleben, 1777)
SEMARNAT 2010) and two within a risk category in the and gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schereber, 1775)
global IUCN Red List (IUCN 2014) (Table 3). (Figure 2). Species with the lowest number of records
Species of wild mammals with the greatest number were the jaguar Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758), ocelot
of independent photographic events were the white- Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) and American badger
tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780), Taxidea taxus (Schreber, 1777) (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Photographic capture rate of 25 medium and large terrestrial mammals (body size >500 g) in northeastern Sonora, Mexico.

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 Coronel-Arellano et al. | Mammals of northeast Sonora, Mexico

Based on the surveys of Caire (1978) and Hall (1981), al. 2012), morphometric measurements of individuals
there were potentially 32 species of medium and killed at different localities (Brown and Lopez-Gonzalez
large sized land mammals at the study area. Having 2001), proposals for reducing predator control on the
documented 25 species, we recorded 78.12% of the part of cattle ranchers (Rosas-Rosas and Valdez 2010),
species reported by these authors. characteristics of livestock depredation sites and habitat
Moreover, comparing the observed species richness where the jaguar has obtained food (Rosas-Rosas et
of wild mammals (25 species) versus the estimated al. 2008; Rosas-Rosas et al. 2010), identification of
richness (Jackknife 1 = 25), we recorded 100% of expected individuals through photographic records (Rosas-Rosas
medium and large mammals in the localities monitored, and Bender 2012; Gutiérrez-González et al. 2012), and
using this sampling method. Based on extrapolation estimated population density (Gutiérrez-González et al.
of the sampling effort (80 d), additional species are 2012).
unlikely to be detected (Figure 3). In the northeastern area of Sonora, published
studies have focused on species such as white-tailed
deer Odocoileus virginianus (Coronel-Arellano et al.
2009; Lara-Díaz et al. 2011) and the black bear Ursus
americanus Pallas, 1780 (Rodriguez-Martínez et al. 2008;
Espinosa-Flores et al. 2012).
Articles published in conference proceedings
have focused on carnivores and contain information
about jaguars (Boyston and López-González 2005;
Avila-Villegas and Lamberton-Moreno 2013), ocelots
(Ávila-Villegas and Lamberton-Moreno 2013), black
bears (Lara-Díaz et al. 2013) and pumas (González-
Bernal et al. 2011). This type of work has also been
done on the beaver Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820 (Pelz-
Serrano et al. 2005) and on the presence of some species
of medium and large mammals (Bermudez-Enriquez
et al. 2013). In general, publications that provide basic
Figure 3. Species accumulation curve of medium and large terrestrial
mammals (body size >500 g) documented with camera traps.
information about the presence and population trends
for most species are lacking for northeastern Sonora.
However the present information suggests that this is
DISCUSSION one of the regions with the highest species richness in
Five articles describing species richness for Sonora Sonora (Caire 1978), and large-bodied mammals that
average of 17.5 (±15.15 S.D.) years between publications, have disappeared from other regions in Mexico still
ranging from eight to 40 years (Burt 1938; Caire 1978; exist in the state (Morrison et al. 2007). Thus surveys
Ramírez-Pulido et al. 1986; Caire 1997; Castillo-Gámez are important here to assess current species richness
et al. 2010). Thus it is apparent that information has not and provide a basis for continued monitoring.
been updated for most species of mammals in the state. We have detected an information gap for virtually
The published studies are based on historical data, which all registered families (i.e., Didelphidae, Sciuridae,
depending on the author may overestimate the presence, Leporidae, Felidae, Canidae, Mustelidae, Mephitidae,
diversity and distribution range of the different species, Procyonidae and Tayassuidae). Many species identified
masking the current situation of mammals in the state. in this study have uncertain conservation status, and
In Sonora, a few species of medium and large- it is likely that this situation is reflected at the regional
sized mammals have been more thoroughly studied, level, particularly for those species classified in some
among them the ocelot, a species for which there risk category, both nationally (SEMARNAT 2010) and
is information about location, type of habitat and internationally (IUCN 2014). For example, the Arizona
potential distribution (López-González et al. 2003). gray squirrel Sciurus arizonensis (Coues, 1867) and
There is a relatively recent record (mid 1970s) for the the American Badger Taxidea taxus are classified as
occurrence of grizzly bear, Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 threatened, but there are no studies in Mexico that allow
(Gallo-Reynoso et al. 2008), a species that has been a more precise evaluation of their conservation status.
extirpated nationwide since about 1959 (Brown 1996). In order to reach a consensus with experts about
The jaguar appears to be the most well-studied mammal the identity of the recorded Lepus, two participants
in the state, with historical (1900-2000) and recent determined two different species in the series of
species records (Brown and López-González 2001; photographic records that were sent to them (i.e., Lepus
Rosas-Rosas and Bender 2012; Gutiérrez-González et alleni Mearns, 1890 and Lepus californicus Gray, 1837),

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 Coronel-Arellano et al. | Mammals of northeast Sonora, Mexico

whereas four experts identified only one species in the damage to livestock, particularly during periods of
photos, L. alleni. We believe that the species recorded at prolonged drought. Some livestock producers in the
the Ojos site corresponds neither of these two species, region pay between 130–200 United States dollars
but to Lepus callotis Wagler, 1830 as there are over 500 (USD) per male bear and 340 for females (pers. obs.).
records less than 20 km northeast of the sampling We therefore have recommended that black bears be
location (Bednarz and Cook 1984). Additionally, there listed under some threat category at the Mexican Red
are reasonable doubts concerning morphological List of threatened species (Lara-Díaz et al. 2014) and
characteristics to assign our records to either L. that information on their population density should
californicus or L. alleni. L. callotis can be distinguished be generated for other mountainous areas (e.g., Sierra
from L. alleni by it is smaller size, shorter ears and La Madera, Sierra El Tigre).
whitish sides of the body rather than grayish sides (Best Populations of game species such as white-tailed
and Hill 1993a). From L. californicus, L. callotis can be deer Odocoileus virginianus and mule deer Odocoileus
distinguished by it is whitish rather than brownish-gray hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817) are maintained by regional
sides and white-tipped rather than black-tipped ears, the land owners because of the potential economic benefit
pelage of L.callotis is shorter and coarser than that of L. they represent, in contrast to other species (e.g., large
calofornicus. L. callotis also is more buff or fawn colored carnivores). We obtained a large number of photographic
dorsally, the pale-gray rump patch blends into white records of white-tailed deer during monitoring, which
sides, and the upper surface of the tail is black (Best suggests that the conservation status of the species may
and Hill 1993b). The presence of Lepus callotis would be relatively good in the region. In the case of mule deer,
add a threatened species, according to Mexican Red List few records were obtained, probably because monitoring
(SEMARNAT 2010) and the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2014). sites were in marginal habitat for this species, which
Thus, it is necessary to extend the monitoring to other mainly occupies open areas (e.g., grasslands; Mackie
vegetation types, as well as to capture a member of this et al. 2003), in contrast to the white-tailed deer.
group to validate the presence of one or more species. Differential habitat use by deer in the region, as well as
The jaguar and ocelot are endangered in Mexico their abundance must be considered in future studies,
(SEMARNAT 2010) and internationally (IUCN 2014), in order to establish adequate hunting management of
and there are sparse records of these species in the both species.
borderlands region. The current monitoring sites Most species detected were widely distributed habitat
correspond to marginal habitat where no breeding generalists (e.g., Canis latrans, Mephitis macroura) and
populations have been reported (Brown and López- are not included in any official threatened species
González 2001) and records from these locations may list (Caire 1978; Hall 1981; SEMARNAT 2010; IUCN
be individuals in the process of dispersal, particularly in 2014). However the status of the populations of these
the case of jaguars. Jaguar and ocelot records that we mammals, but more studies of these species could help
obtained for this region indicate connectivity still exists inform conservation efforts for other species because of
towards the north end of the state, which is important community effects. For example, it has been observed
in order to be able to establish populations. that the absence of large carnivores causes cascade
Black bears present a special case in Mexico, where effects, modifying the abundance of mesocarnivores,
only populations distributed in the Sierra Madre Oriental prey and plant communities, and it is possible that some
are within a national risk category (SEMARNAT 2010), more sensitive species may eventually disappear locally
not considering the populations which still remain in (Prugh 2009; Ripple et al. 2014).
the Sierra Madre Occidental and which we detected in Through this sampling effort, we recorded 25 species
this study. Our data suggests these other black bear of wild terrestrial mammals, a richness that does not
populations may be in need of protection; we obtained include seven species reported by Caire (1978) and Hall
few photographic records of females with cubs in only (1981). The absence of these may be due to the following
a few localities and records of solitary individuals, but factors: a) the studied habitat covered only marginally
we do not know if these were dispersing individuals or the habitat type preferred by these species b) the
part of the local population. Further black bears have quality and actual amount of habitat are not adequate
been reported in two other mountain ranges (Sierra for them to be present, c) some species may have been
Los Ajos and Sierra San Luis) at lower densities than in extirpated locally, and d) some species have been extinct
the Sierra Madre Oriental and United States (Espinosa- nationwide. However, this study alone was not sufficient
Flores et al. 2012); we can thus assume that there are to determine the reason that we did not detect these
still breeding populations in other mountain ranges, but seven species.
it is likely that in some Sky Islands these are small and One undetected species was the North American
isolated. Likewise, the black bear is a species commonly porcupine Erethizon dorsatum (Linnaeus, 1758), which is
hunted in the region, as it is thought to cause occasional found in riparian vegetation habitats (Woods 1973). In

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 Coronel-Arellano et al. | Mammals of northeast Sonora, Mexico

Mexico, it has been documented in temperate forests, and Goldman, 1929, and Mexican grizzly bear are extinct
thickets of mesquite, and thorn scrub (List et al. 1999). in the country since the mid-1970s, due to the predator
There is a resident population in the Janos-Nuevo extermination campaigns initiated in the United States
Casas Grandes region in the state of Chihuahua (43 km and replicated in Mexico (Brown 1983; Brown 1996).
southeast of monitoring sites, List et al. 1999). Because In Mexico, federal authorities (i.e. Federal Commission
they exist close to the study area, we do not rule out of Natural Protected Areas) have committed resources
their presence at the monitored sites. Despite this, we to determine the conservation status of species
predict a probable decline in the quality and quantity of at risk, however, participation of state and local
suitable habitat for porcupines in the region, which in authorities participate in monitoring and species
combination with anthropogenic activities (Woods 1973) protection is important for successful conservation.
such as hunting (List et al. 1999) may be contributing The reintroduction of the Mexican gray wolf provides an
to its local extirpation (at least at the study sites), example of the need for coordinated protection efforts:
thereby reducing the probability of detecting it. Lack among a family group of five gray wolves released in
of information and shortage of records for porcupines October 2011 and another in March 2012, four were
at the monitored sites makes it difficult to properly poisoned a couple of months after release, one was
determine their conservation status in northeastern poached, and another was declared missing (Lara-Díaz
Sonora. Possibly monitoring with camera traps may et al. 2015).
not be the most appropriate method for detecting the The Sky Islands are located in a region of great mammal
species, and alternative sampling methods are necessary diversity (Caire 1997; Marshall et al. 2004; Morrison
to detect and monitor the species (Griesemer et al. 1998). et al. 2007). We recommend that continuous wildlife
The beaver Castor canadensis was considered to have monitoring, assessment of current distributions and
been extirpated locally, but we expected to record this population density studies are conducted, in order to
species in the Sierra San Luis, specifically at the Ojos site determine the quantity and quality of available habitat.
on the river Cajon Bonito, because their presence has We also suggest the need to assess and identify the
been documented there (Pelz-Serrano et al. 2005). These conservation status of each species, especially for those
authors estimated the presence of five beaver colonies with no available information in Mexico, but which have
in a river stretch of 18.5 km, based on following trails some risk status (e.g., Sciurus arizonensis, Taxidea taxus).
(tracks, droppings, and food caches). However, during Likewise, monitoring needs to be expanded in the Sky
eight years of field exploration (2005-2013) at the study Islands using alternative detection methods, such as
site, we failed to detect either direct or indirect evidence. box trapping or use of guns to collect specimens (Jones
Because beaver habitat is associated with the presence et al. 1996), in order to determine the presence of species
of water bodies and riparian vegetation (Jenkins and that camera traps may miss. Ideally, inventories should
Busher 1979), the habitat may have been degraded at include methods to detect species with small, medium
different monitoring sites, but habitat availability and and large body size, even if the species are not at risk of
quality require evaluation. At the Ojos site, habitat extinction or of hunting interest.
appears adequate for beavers. In the study region, local The species list that we present provides a temporal
people consider beavers a plague, because of damage starting point towards a proposal for comprehensive
caused to the trees that make up the riparian vegetation management and conservation, but extending survey
(Mario Cirett, pers. comm.), so extermination by efforts to include monitoring medium and large
residents coupled with a lack of perennial rivers, may mammals in other types of habitat such as scrub and
have contributed to beaver extirpation at various grassland vegetation could help identify more species
localities. within the region and their conservation needs.
Another species that we did not detect and for which
we believe available habitat is limited is the bighorn ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
sheep Ovis canadensis Shaw, 1804. There is a record of a This work was possible due to economic and logistical
6–8 years old individual in the Ojos locality (Pelz-Serrano support from the following institutions: Fondo
et al. 2006); this sighting was probably an individual who Mexicano para la Conservación de la Naturaleza A. C.
strayed from the population in the Peloncillo Mountains (Mexican Fund for Nature Conservation), Comisión
(McKinney et al. 2003). It is noteworthy that during Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (National
eight years of field surveys at the observed site, a second Commission of Natural Protected Areas) (Program for
record was not made and species monitoring at the Sky priority species – Program for conservation of species at
Island sites has not provided additional reports of the risk), Naturalia A. C. and the Universidad Autónoma de
bighorn sheep. If populations did once exist in the area, Querétaro. The authors would like to thank the director
we consider them to have been locally extirpated. and park rangers of RFyRFS Ajos-Bavispe for help during
Finally, the Mexican wolf, Canis lupus baileyi Nelson field surveys: Mario Cirett Galán, Guadalupe Flores,

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 Coronel-Arellano et al. | Mammals of northeast Sonora, Mexico

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large-and medium-sized terrestrial rainforest mammals. Animal Academic editor: Guilherme Garbino

APPENDIX
Photographic records for the 25 species of wild terrestrial mammals detected in four Sky Islands in northeast Sonora, Mexico.

Figure A1. a) Didelphis virginiana; b) Sciurus arizonensis; c) Sciurus nayaritensis; d) Otospermophilus variegatus; e) Lepus alleni; f ) Sylvilagus audubonii;
g) Sylvilagus floridanus; h) Leopardus pardalis; i) Lynx rufus (continued next page).

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 Coronel-Arellano et al. | Mammals of northeast Sonora, Mexico

Figure A1 (continued). j) Puma concolor; k) Panthera onca; l) Canis latrans; m) Urocyon cinereoar-
genteus; n) Ursus americanus; o) Taxidea taxus; p) Conepatus leuconotus; q) Mephitis macroura; r)
Mephitis mephitis; s) Spilogale gracilis; t) Bassariscus astutus; u) Nasua narica; v) Procyon lotor; w)
Pecari tajacu; x) Odocoileus hemionus; y) Odocoileus virginianus.

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