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One of the biggest problem to a mother is being depressed, worried, andself-concern. Second problem
having a lowered standard of living. The concerns ofbeing a mothers is directly affected their children.
They can't able to provide the careand other necessities of their children as they felt they should. The
study found thatwith women, earning capacity proves to be a direct determinant of happiness andwell-
being.Women who did not reach college and who are in the lowest income groupare approximately
twice as likely to become depressed as the problem of child-raisingas those who are educated and hold
high-paying, professional jobs, blue-collarwomen earning low income are three times more apt to
complain of loweredstandards of living than those in the higher bracket. High wage-earners, on the
otherhand, have a different problem. Almost a third of them claim that their involvementwith members
of the opposite sex is the most trying part of solo parenting.Who are in process of divorce is a one of the
hardest situation to be in.sometimes happening between couple, that concerns most people. Somehow
divorceis hurtful on both partner to those who undergo, the children end up with the greatestamount of
problems. This is a challenge to a child that can develop and not alwaysseen by the naked eye, and do
not always come to the surface right away.

Foreign Studies

According to the

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (2014),

teenagers that is raised by a single-parent or in a blended family are three times morelikely to seek a
psychological help within a given year.These are some of the other outrageous statistics about the effect
of divorce onchildren: According to

Dawson ("Family Structure and Children's Health and Well-being" Journal of Marriage and the Family
(2011),

twenty to thirty-five percent ofchildren who are living with both biological parents are physically
healthy than thos

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experience injury, asthma, headaches and speech defects than those children whoseparents are intact.
According to

Wallerstein ("The Long-Term Effects of Divorce on Children"

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2012),

after six years of parental marriage separation, a study of children revealed that eventhough many
years have passed, these children still feel "lonely, unhappy, anxiousand insecure". According to

McLanahan and Sandefur

("Growing Up With a SingleParent: What Hurts, What Helps" Harvard University Press 1994),

Children whohave divorced parents are approximately two times more expected to drop out of
highschool than those children whose parents are intact. According to

Angel and Worobey ("Single Motherhood and Children'sHealth"),

fifty percent of children with divorced parents are more probable to develophealth problems than
those with intact parents.

Effects on Adult Relationships

Many studies show that family conflict was typically a strong precursor todivorce and lead children from
divorced families to rate their relationships as havinggreater family conflict. Those from intact families
reported more cohesion,expressiveness, sociability, and idealization and less conflict than those from
divorcedfamilies. However, coming from a divorced family did not affect young adults' self-esteem, fear
of intimacy, or relationship satisfaction, but it did affect fears andexpectations for divorce

(Kirk, 2002).

In-depth studies strongly indicate that the attitudes surrounding marriage andsuccess in marriage is
transmitted between generations in divorced families. Men andwomen from divorced families tend to
score significantly lower on several measures ofpsychological well-being and more likely to be divorced
themselves

(Franklin, Janoff-Bulman, & Roberts; 1990).

This trend has the potential to have social impact on ourculture because the evidence suggests that
adult children of divorce have

problems that lead to divorce in their marriages as well, which could lead to aperpetual cycle of this
phenomenon.Perhaps the greatest problem associated with divorce is that it does appearto be a cyclical
phenomenon. An estimated 40% to 50% of children born in the U.S. inthe 1980's experienced parental
divorce

(Fine, Moreland, & Schwebel, 1983

).Women who experience parental divorce have a 60% higher divorce rate than theircounterparts; while
men whose parents divorced have a 35% higher rate of divorcethan men whose parents remained
married

(Glen & Shelton, 1983).

It seems clearthat people from divorced families are more likely to be divorced themselves
andtherefore convey the impression that marital dissolution is more acceptable

. Amato(1987)

states that adult children of divorce feel more pessimistic about their chancesof life-long marriage and
evaluate divorce less negatively than do other young adults.Students experiencing post-divorce conflict
were more likely to haveengaged in premarital sexual intercourse, their satisfaction with their
currentrelationship was lower, and they showed a decline in the parent-child relationship.These adult
children of divorce also expressed more difficulty in finding people withwhom they could establish
relationships

(Morris & West, 2001).

Judith Wallerstein (2004)

has been one of the leading researchers on thephenomenon of divorce and its impact on adult
relationships. Her 25 year longevitystudy seems to strongly indicate that the attitudes surrounding
marriage and successin marriage is transmitted between generations in divorced families.
Interestingly,individuals from the Wallerstein study did not indicate feelings of fear of havingsuccessful
relationships, but felt less optimistic about their chances of having asuccessful marriage. This study was
one of the most in-depth studies ever conductedon adult children of divorce, and illustrates how adult
children of divorce have beenimpacted by the choices of their parents.The effect of parental divorce on
young adults' romantic relationshipdissolution: What makes a difference?It was proposed that parental
divorce does not have a uniform effect on youngadults' romantic relationships and that differential
outcomes depend on how young

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adults perceive their parents' divorce. Using a sample of 571 young adults, structuralequation modeling
suggested that, compared with those from intact families, youngadults whose parents divorced held a
more favorable attitude toward divorce. Apositive attitude toward divorce was associated with lower
commitment to theirromantic relationship, which in turn affected its dissolution. More importantly,
youngadults' perception of parental divorce varied depending on inter-parental conflict andparents'
marital quality before the divorce. The variation in the perception of inter-parental divorce was linked to
relationship dissolution via attitude toward divorce andrelationship commitment.Parental marital
conflict and divorce, parent-child relationships, socialsupport, and relationship anxiety in young
adulthood.Based on research documenting harmful long-term consequences ofparental conflict and
divorce for offspring, relations between recollections of parentalconflict, parental divorce, and social
outcomes in young adulthood were examined. Atotal sample of 566 young adults from divorced and
intact families completedmeasures of parental conflict, quality of parent-adult child relationships,
anxiety inrelationships with others, and perceptions of social support from others. Ashypothesized,
divorce and conflict had significant independent effects on outcomes inyoung adulthood. Effects of
conflict were uniformly negative for quality of parent-childrelationships, perceived social support from
others, and anxiety in personalrelationships.Parental divorce was associated with lower quality father-
childrelationships, yet divorce was associated with significant positive outcomes for qualityof mother-
child relationships, social support, independence facilitated by both parents,and reduced anxiety in
relationships. Importantly, these effects occurred regardless ofparticipant sex, parental remarriage, and
parental socioeconomic status.Parental relationships, autonomy, and identity processes of high
schoolstudentsThere continues to be controversy about whether adolescents' identityformation is
related to their emotional separation from their parents. According to

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Eriksonian and neo-Eriksonian theory (J. E. Marcia, 1980, 1984),

adolescents whoare successful in resolving their identity issues are better able to
emotionallyindividuate from their parents. That is, adolescents have fewer conflicts with parentsas they
become more independent of them. Results of the present study indicate thatadolescent perceptions of
mother's caring behavior, but not father's caring behavior,predicted higher foreclosure identity status
scores among adolescents. In addition, 2dimensions of emotional autonomy (i.e., perceiving parents as
people and parentalde-idealization) best predicted the adolescent identity statuses of moratorium
andforeclosure. Results also indicate that future research may need to establish a bettertheoretical
conceptualization of the constructs of interest in this study and bettermeasures of emotional autonomy
among adolescents.Impact of a broken family on children

"Broken" Homes: The Effect of Divorce on Children

Going through a divorce is a very difficult situation to be in. Usually it is what ishappening between the
parents, that concerns most people. However hurtful divorceis on the couple that is going through it,
the children end up with the greatest amountof problems. These problems that the children develop are
not always obvious, and donotj always come to the surface right away.

"Most often the children responded to the announcement [of thedivorce]

 with apprehensiveness or anger . . . Several children panicked . . . finally, agreat many of the younger
children, about one-third of the entire group, didn't reallybelieve what they had been told. For these
youngsters, the single announcement bythe parents made it easier for them to pretend that the divorce
would soon go awayand to postpone their own response to the frightening changes in their lives"

(Wallerstein 40-41).

Children often try to stop the divorce of their parents, but there are many whoseem to accept it at first.
These who seem to accept it may even tell their parents thatthey are happy about the divorce. This is
not necessarily the case, as one would see ifhe or she spoke with the child for a while. There are many
things that divorce does toa family, and there are many things that is does to the child. These effects are
rarely

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positive, or helpful depending upon the family's prior situation. Divorce has manynegative effects on the
psychological, and social aspects of a child's life.There are many psychological aspects of a child's life
that change when hisor her parents go through a divorce. As previously mentioned by the writer, a
childmay not show initially how he or she feels about the divorce, but the true feelings ofthat child
eventually surface. Joan B. Kelly, in an article for the Journal of the American Academy of Child and
Adolescent Psychiatry says," children incorporaterepertoires of angry, impulsive, and violent behavior
into their own behavior as a resultof observing their parents' responses to frustration and rage". This is
something thatmany children that witness the divorce of their parents go through.The child naturally
looks to his or her parent or parents for the example ofhow to handle certain situations and emotions.
During a divorce there is much angerand aggression that is expressed by one or both parents of that
child. This is nothealthy for the child to witness for several reasons. One of the main reasons is thatthe
child sees this example of aggression that his or her parents are setting, and he orshe begins to react in
the same manner. Anger and aggression tend to become thechild's tools for solving his or her problems.
The child becomes like the parents andcould cause harm to others because of not knowing or
understanding how to controlthese feelings. He or she may often violently lash out at those around him
or her thatcause these feelings to occur."The severity of fighting has been documented in many studies
to havea central role. High-intensity fighting is associated with more insecure attachmentsand anxiety in
infants and toddlers. In older children and adolescents, severity ofconflict had the largest and most
consistent impact on children's adjustment, withintense conflict leading to more externalizing
(disobedience, aggression,delingquency0 and internalizing (depression, anxiety, poor self-esteem)
symptoms inboth boys and girls, compared with children experiencing low-intensity conflict".This leads
to the next psychological effect that divorce has on children.Depression is a major effect that divorce has
on children. This is not necessarilysomething that occurs during the divorce, but has major effects on the
later life of thechild. "A high level of marital conflict experienced during childhood has been linked to
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