r.

ZiZiSvili

agronomiis safuZvlebi

`teqnikuri universiteti”
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

r. ZiZiSvili

agronomiis safuZvlebi

damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2009
 agronomia (berZnuli sityvaa, agros-mindori, nomos-kanoni) - esaa mecnierebis kom-
pleqsi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa movla-moyvanis Teoriisa da praqtikis Sesaxeb.
igi kompleqsuri sagania, romelSic gaerTianebulia agronomiuli mecnie-rebis yvela
dargi: niadagTmcodneoba, miwaTmoqmedeba, memcenareoba, agroqimia, seleqcia-meTes-
leoba, sasoflo-sameurneo fitopaTologia, sasoflo-sameurneo entomologia, agro-
meteorologia da sxv.
miwaTmoqmedeba _ agronomiis is nawilia, romelic Seiswavlis sasoflo-sameur-
neo kulturaTa moyvanis zogad meTodebs, principebs, miwis racionaluri gamoye-nebis
wesebs da niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebis gzebs. memcenareoba mecnierebaa mindvris
kulturebis Sesaxeb, romelic Seiswavlis maTi formebis saxesxvaobas, biologiur
Taviseburebebs, garemo pirobebisadmi maT damokidebulebas.
ukanasknel wlebSi aSS-sa da dasavleT evropis ganviTarebul qveynebSi minera-
luri sasuqebis da pesticidebis maRali dozebis gamoyenebiT miaRwies sasoflo-
sameurneo kulturaTa mosavlianobis 1,5-2 jer zrdas, magram es dakavSirebuli iyo
did materialur danaxarjebsa da ekologiuri wonasworobis darRvevasTan. Taname-
drove msoflios rig-qveynebSi miwaTmoqmedebas warmarTaven mineraluri sasuqebisa da
mcenareTa dacvis qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebis gareSe, agreTve teqnikis gansaz-
Rvruli, SezRuduli gamoyenebiT_mimarTaven e.w biologiur (orga-nul) miwaTmoqmede-
bas. aRniSnuli mimarTulebis ZiriTadi safuZvelia miwaTmoqme-debaSi Teslbrunvebis,
maRalxarisxiani organuli sasuqis gamoyeneba, mavneblebis da daavadebebis winaaRmdeg
biologiuri da agroteqnikuri brZolis RonisZiebebis gatareba.
holandiaSi, inglisSi, germaniaSi da mTel rig sxva qveynebSi, arseboben iseTi
fermeruli meurneobebi, romlebic mTlianad organuli miwaTmoqmdebis sistemiT
muSaoben, sadac mcire mosavlianobiT Rebuloben ekologiurad sufTa produqts, ro-
melic samomxmareblo bazarze maRal fasebSi iyideba. mecnierTa didi nawili miiCnevs,
rom dReisaTvis da samomavlod miwaTmoqmedebis sistemam unda Seasrulos sami Ziri-
Tadi moTxovna: moaxdinos bunebrivi resursebis SenarCuneba, Seqmnas eko-logiurad
usafrTxo, sufTa produqcia da daakmayofilos sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebze
mosaxleobis mzardi moTxovnileba.
adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba uxsovari droidan daukavSirda mcenaresa da
cxovels, memcenareobasa da mecxoveleobas, rogorc miwaTmoqmedebis umTavres da
ZiriTad dargebs. pirobebis regulireba, romelebic mcenareTa produqtiulobas gan-
sazRvraven, yovelTvis iyo sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis mwarmoeblis umTav-resi
zrunvis sagani.
ukanasknel wlebSi qveynis agrarul politikaSi didi cvlilebebi moxda. miwis
didi nawili saxelmwifo sakuTrebidan gadavida kerZo seqtorSi, amitom mosaxle-obis
sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebiT momaragebac kerZo mflobelis movaleobad iqca.
aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia daisva sakiTxi soflad fermeruli meurneo-bebis mo-
sawyobad. aseTi tipis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli piri ki farTo profilis specialisti
unda iyos, Tanabrad flobdes agraruli dargis yvela im sferos, romelsac am sagnis
swavleba iTvaliswinebs. A
saxelmZRvanelo ,,agronomiis safuZvlebi’’ gankuTvnilia umaRlesi da umaRlesi
profesiuli ganaTlebis studentTaTvis, garda amisa igi did samsaxurs gauwevs
aramarto momaval fermerebs, aramed agronomiis dargiT dainteresebul yvela pirs.

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-764-7
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi
formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis
werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

 Sesavali

agronomia (berZnuli sityvaa, agros-mindori, nomos-kanoni) - esaa mecnierebis kom-

pleqsi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa movla-moyvanis Teoriisa da praqtikis
Sesaxeb. igi kompleqsuri sagania, romelSic gaerTianebulia agronomiuli mecnie-
rebis yvela dargi: niadagTmcodneoba, miwaTmoqmedeba, memcenareoba, agroqimia,
seleqcia-meTesleoba, sasoflo-sameurneo fitopaTologia, sasoflo-sameurneo
entomologia, agrometeorologia da sxv.
miwaTmoqmedeba - agronomiis is nawilia, romelic Seiswavlis sasoflo-sameur-
neo kulturaTa moyvanis zogad meTodebs, principebs, miwis racionaluri gamoye-
nebis wesebs da niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebis gzebs. memcenareoba mecnierebaa
mindvris kulturebis Sesaxeb, romelic Seiswavlis maTi formebis saxesxvaobas,
biologiur Taviseburebebs, garemo pirobebisadmi maT damokidebulebas.
ukanasknel wlebSi aSS-sa da dasavleT evropis ganviTarebul qveynebSi minera-
luri sasuqebis da pesticidebis maRali dozebis gamoyenebiT miaRwies sasoflo-
sameurneo kulturaTa mosavlianobis 1,5-2 jer zrdas, magram es dakavSirebuli
iyo did materialur danaxarjebsa da ekologiuri wonasworobis darRvevasTan.
Tanamedrove msoflios rig-qveynebSi miwaTmoqmedebas warmarTaven mineraluri
sasuqebisa da mcenareTa dacvis qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebis gareSe, agreTve
teqnikis gansazRvruli, SezRuduli gamoyenebiT_mimarTaven e.w biologiur (orga-
nul) miwaTmoqmedebas. aRniSnuli mimarTulebis ZiriTadi safuZvelia miwaTmoqme-
debaSi Teslbrunvebis, maRalxarisxiani organuli sasuqis gamoyeneba, mavneblebis
da daavadebebis winaaRmdeg biologiuri da agroteqnikuri brZolis RonisZiebebis
gatareba.
holandiaSi, inglisSi, germaniaSi da mTel rig sxva qveynebSi, arseboben iseTi
fermeruli meurneobebi, romlebic mTlianad organuli miwaTmoqmdebis sistemiT
muSaoben, sadac mcire mosavlianobiT Rebuloben ekologiurad sufTa produqts,
romelic samomxmareblo bazarze maRal fasebSi iyideba. mecnierTa didi nawili
miiCnevs, rom dReisaTvis da samomavlod miwaTmoqmedebis sistemam unda Seasrulos
sami ZiriTadi moTxovna: moaxdinos bunebrivi resursebis SenarCuneba, Seqmnas eko-
logiurad usafrTxo, sufTa produqcia da daakmayofilos sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebze mosaxleobis mzardi moTxovnileba.
adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba uxsovari droidan daukavSirda mcenaresa da
cxovels, memcenareobasa da mecxoveleobas, rogorc miwaTmoqmedebis umTavres da
ZiriTad dargebs. pirobebis regulireba, romelebic mcenareTa produqtiulobas
gansazRvraven, yovelTvis iyo sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis mwarmoeblis umTav-
resi zrunvis sagani.
ukanasknel wlebSi qveynis agrarul politikaSi didi cvlilebebi moxda. miwis
didi nawili saxelmwifo sakuTrebidan gadavida kerZo seqtorSi, amitom mosaxle-
obis sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebiT momaragebac kerZo mflobelis movaleobad
iqca. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia daisva sakiTxi soflad fermeruli meurneo-
bebis mosawyobad. aseTi tipis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli piri ki farTo profilis
specialisti unda iyos, Tanabrad flobdes agraruli dargis yvela im sferos,
romelsac am sagnis swavleba iTvaliswinebs. A
saxelmZRvanelo ,,agronomiis safuZvlebi’’ gankuTvnilia umaRlesi da umaRlesi
profesiuli ganaTlebis studentTaTvis, garda amisa igi did samsaxurs gauwevs
aramarto momaval fermerebs, aramed agronomiis dargiT dainteresebul yvela
pirs.

3
 nawili I
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa maRali mosavlis miRebis
Teoriuli safuZvlebi
T a v i I

mcenareTa botanika da fiziologia

mwvane mcenareTa roli bunebasa da soflis meurneobis warmoebaSi

mwvane mcenareebi dedamiwaze sicocxlis udides wyaros warmoadgenen.

mcenareTa ujredebi Seicaven didi raodenobiT mwvane pigmentebs – qloro-
filis marcvlebs, romlebSic mimdinareobs urTulesi bioqimiuri procesi
– fotosinTezi.
fotosinTezis dros mcenareTa ujredebi haeridan STanTqaven naxSiror-
Jangs, fesvebis saSualebiT wyals da masSi gaxsnil mineralur nivTiere-
bebs da mzis sxivuri energiis gamoyenebiT warmoqmnian organul nivTiere-
bebs – cilebs, cximebs, naxSirwylebs, atmosferoSi gamoyofen Jangbads.
warmoqmnili organuli nivTiereba da Jangbadi aucilebeli sasicocxlo
wyaroa mcenareebis, adamianebisa da cxovelebisaTvis. adamiani dRe-RameSi
STanTqavs 500 l Jangbads. imisaTvis, rom erTi adamiani 1 wlis ganmavlo-
baSi dakmayofildes JangbadiT sakmarisia 10-12 saSualo xnovanebis xis
funqcionireba.
yoveldRiurad fotosinTezis Sedegad mcenareuli samyaro iTvisebs 170
miliard tona naxSirorJangs, azots, fosfors, gogirds, kalciums, kaliums
da sxva elementebs. energetikuli nedleulis udidesi maragi naxSiris, nav-
Tobis, torfis, gazis saxiT agreTve warmoadgens organul nivTierebebs,
romlebic am gziT Seiqmna Soreul geologiur epoqebSi. adamiani uxsovari
droidan dRemde mcenares iyenebs sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT: sakvebad, tansa-
cmlisaTvis, wamlisaTvis, sawvavisaTvis da sxv.
adamiani bunebaSi poulobs axal sasargeblo mcenareebs da Semdeg gada-
rCevisa da seleqciis gziT qmnis sxvadasxva saukeTeso kulturuli mcena-
reebis (marcvlovnebi, parkosnebi, zeTovani, teqnikuri, samkurnalo da sxv.)
formebs da jiSebs.
bunebaSi cnobili 250 aTasi yvavilovani mcenaridan 150 000 adamians moh-
yavs, romelTaganac bevri ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaa. cnobi-
lia kulturuli mcenareebis aTasobiT Zvirfasi jiSi, magaliTad: karto-
filis 2000-mde, xorblis 3000-mde, vazis 5000-mde jiSi da a. S.

mcenareuli ujredis agebulebis Taviseburebani

ujredi aqtiuri biologiuri erTeulia, romelSic mimdinareobs yvela

ZiriTadi sasicocxlo procesi: kveba, sunTqva, zrda, gamravleba da nivTi-
erebaTa cvlis procesi.
yvela cocxali organizmi Sedgeba ujredebisagan. erTujrediani organi-
zmebi, rogorc TviT saxelwodeba gviCvenebs, Sedgeba erTi ujredisagan, xo-
lo mravalujrediani _ mravali ujredisagan, romelTa ricxvi SeiZleba
iyos ramodenime milioni da miliardic ki.
mcenareuli ujredis ZiriTadi elementebia: citoplazma, birTvi, garsi.
mcenareuli ujredi citoplazmisa da birTvis garda, Seicavs Semdeg struq-

4
turul elementebs: endoplazmuri bade, plastidebi, goljis kompleqsi,
mitoqondriebi, ribosomebi, lizosomebi, qromosomebi.
mcenareuli ujredi formis mixedviT iyofa or tipad: parenqimuli da
prozenqimuli. pirveli tipis ujredSi samive ganzomileba (sigrZe, sigane,
simaRle) TiTqmis Tanabaria. prozenqimuli ujredebi mogrZoa da aqvT wve-
tebiani boloebi.
mcenareuli ujredebi sididiT mravalferovania da maTi zoma cvaleba-
dobs ultramikroskopuli sidididan _ ramdenime santimetramde. yvelaze
patara ujredebi aqvT baqteriebs, romelTa sidide ganisazRvreba milimet-
ris meaTasedi nawiliT_mikronebiT.

Uujreduli organelebi

citoplazma. citoplazma anu protoplazma naxevradTxevadi, uferuli,

blanti, labiseburi nivTierebaa, waagavs kvecxis cilas. Sedgeba ori feni-
sagan: Sinagani endoplazmisa da garegani eqtoplazmisagan. citoplazmis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedian organoidebi da CanarTebi. citoplazmis organoi-
debia: endoplazmuri bade, goljis kompleqsi, lizosomebi, citosomebi,
sferosomebi, ribosomebi, mitoqondriebi, plastidebi.
mcenareuli ujredis citoplazma Seicavs 75-85% wyals; 10-20% cilas; 2-
3% lipidebs, 1% araorganul nivTierebebs.
citoplazmis umniSvnelovanes organul nivTierebebs warmoadgenen cile-
bi. araorganuli nivTierebebidan citoplazmaSi gvxvdeba kalciumi, fosfo-
ri, kaliumi da gogirdi.
endoplazmuri bade. endoplazmuri bade warmoadgens ujredis SigniTa
arxebis sistemas. arCeven endoplazmuri badis or tips: granulovans da
gluvs.
granulovani endoplazmuri bade monawileobas Rebulobs fermentebisa
da cilebis sinTezSi. gluvi endoplazmuri bade monawileobs sinTezSi,
segregaciasa da ujredSi lipidebisa da glikogenis gadaadgilebaSi.
goljis kompleqsi. goljis kompleqsi warmoadgens ujredSigniTa mem-
branis sistemas, romelic monawileobs ujredSi mimdinare yvela sekreto-
rul procesebSi.
ribosomebi. organelebs, romelebic faraven endoplazmuri badis membra-
nis zedapirs, ribosoma ewodeba. ribosomebSi mimdinareobs cilis sinTezi.
mitoqondriebi. mitoqondriebi granulovani da Zafisebri warmonaqmnebia,
romelebic axasiaTebs yvela mcenarisa da cxovelis citoplazmas.
mitoqondriebis forma da sidide mravalgvaria, TviT erTi ujredis Sig-
niTac ki erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian. xSirad maT aqvT granulisebri, Cxi-
risebri, marcvlisebri da Zafisebri forma.
mitoqondriebis sigrZe meryeobs 0,5-dan 5,7 mikronis farglebSi. Seicaven
cilebs, lipidebs, sunTqvis fermentebs. mitoqondriebis funqciaa atf-is
sinTezi.
plastidebi. mwvane mcenareTa ujredebis mudmivi ujreduli organelebi
plastidebia. sokoebs, baqteriebs da agreTve lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebs
plastidebi ara aqvT.
farulTeslian mcenareTa foTlis ujredSi plastidebis raodenoba cva-
lebadobs 20-dan 100-mde. maTi sidide meryeobs 3-dan 10 mikronamde. feradi
plastidebi Seicaven pigmentebs. magaliTad, qloroplastebSi gvxvdeba:

5
qlorofili, qsantofili da karotini; qromoplastebSi_likopini, qsanto-
fili da karotini.
l e i k o p l a s t e b i ufero plastidebia, romlebic monawileoben
Saqrebidan saxameblis sinTezSi.
q l o r o p l a s t e b i (mwvane plastidebi) sinaTlis energiis
monawileobiT ujredSi axorcieleben naxSirwylebis pirvelad sinTezs.
qloroplastebis mwvane Sefervas ganapirobebs masSi qlorofilis Semcve-
loba.
qromosomebi. qromosomebi birTvis mudmivi da aucilebeli komponentebia.
yvela saxeobis ujredSi qromosomebis ricxvi gansazRvrulia. ujredSi
qromosomebis erTobliobas qromosomebis anawyobs uwodeben. organizmebSi
asxvaveben ori tipis anawyobs _ haploidurs da diploidurs. arasasqeso
(somaturi) ujredebSi qromosomebis ricxvi diploiduria (ormagi) aRi-
niSneba ,,2n“. sasqeso ujredebSi ki haploiduri (erTmagi) aRniSneba ,,n-iT“.
TiToeuli qromosoma Sedgeba ori qromatidisagan, qromonemis, qromome-
ris da centromerisagan.
birTvi. birTvi mcenareuli da cxoveluri ujredis mudmivi da aucile-
beli nawilia. mas memkvidreobis gadacemaSi da ujredSi cilebis sinTezis
stimulaciaSi wamyvani roli miekuTvneba. birTvis forma sxvadasxva ujred-
Si cvalebadia. Cveulebriv, birTvi sferosebri warmonaqmnia, romelic gare-
moculia citoplazmiT. birTvis forma, araiSviaTad, Seesabameba ujredis
formas. mcenareuli ujredis birTvi mcire zomisaa. umaRles mcenareTa bi-
rTvis diametri saSualod meryeobs 10-30 mikrons Soris, xolo umdables
mcenareebSi birTvi mniSvnelovnad pataraa. birTvis sidide mudmivi araa da
is icvleba garemo pirobebis Sesabamisad, fiziologiuri mdgomareobiT,
ujredis asakiT, kvebiT da a. S.
mcenareTa ujredi xSir SemTxvevaSi erTbirTviania, magram umdables mce-
nareebSi SeiZleba arsebobdes ujredebi, sadac Warbobs orbirTvianoba da
mravalbirTvianoba.
mcenareuli da cxoveluri ujredis birTvi Seicavs cilebs, nukleinis
mJavebs, lipidebs, fermentebs. garda amisa, masSi aRmoCenili iqna sxvadasxva
mineraluri marilebi (umetesad fosfori, kalciumi da magniumi).
birTvis SedgenilobaSi Sedis martivi da rTuli cilebi. birTvis Ziri-
Tad qimiur komponents warmoadgens dnm.
b i r T v a k e b i ewodeba wvril, xSirad burTisebr, anda elifsur
warmonaqmnebs, romlebic imyofebian birTvis saerTo masaSi da birTvis niv-
Tierebebisagan gansxvavdebian Tavisi fizikur-qimiuri TaviseburebebiT.
birTvSi birTvakebis ricxvi meryeobs erTidan samamde. is ujredSi rnm sin-
Tezis erT-erT ZiriTadi adgilia.

ujredis dayofa

arsebobs ujredis dayofis sami ZiriTadi wesi: amitozi, mitozi da

meiozi.
amitozi - birTvis pirdapir dayofas amitozi ewodeba, romlis drosac
mimdinareobs misi gagrZeleba da SemdgomSi or nawilad dayofa. am dros
dayofis TiTistara ar warmoiqmneba da birTvis garsi ar iSleba.
mitozi - mitozi birTvisa da ujredis dayofis ZiriTadi xerxia. igi
erTujredian organizmebSi uzrunvelyofs gamravlebas, xolo mravalujre-

6
dianebSi_zrdasa da ganviTarebas. mitozi mimdinareobs arasasqeso, somatur
ujredebSi. dayofas win uZRvis mosamzadebeli periodi, interfaza.
mitozi Sedgeba 4 fazisagan: profaza, metafaza, anafaza, telofaza.
mitozuri dayofisas adgili aqvs qromosomebis ricxvis gaormagebas da
SemdgomSi or Svileul ujredSi maT Tanabar ganawilebas.
meiozi - meiozi ujredis dayofis gansakuTrebuli tipia, romelic
mimdinareobs sasqeso ujredebSi, gametebSi. meiozis dros mimdinareobs
qromosomebis ricxvis reduqcia (orjer Semcireba).
meiozi Sedgeba erTimeoris Tanmimdevari ori dayofisagan: reduqciuli,
romelsac Tan sdevs qromosomebis ricxvis orjer Semcireba da ekvaciuri,
romelic aseve mimdinareobs, rogorc Cveulebrivi mitozi. meiozuri dayo-
fisas miiReba oTxi ujredi qromosomebis ganaxevrebuli ricxviT.

mcenareuli qsovilebi

mcenareTa mravalferovneba mcenareuli samyaros xangrZlivi evoluciis

Sedegia. mravalujrediani umaRlesi mcenareebis gverdiT, arseboben umda-
blesi, erTujrediani, Talusovani mcenareebic.
erTujredianebSi yvela sasicocxlo procesi sruldeba erTi ujredis
mier, mravalujredian mcenareebSi ki warmoiSva uamravi gansxvavebuli fun-
qciebis Semsrulebeli ujredebi. moxda am ujredebis diferenciacia, speci-
alizacia, Camoyalibda gansazRvruli jgufebi anu sistemebi, romlebic
mcenareul organizmSi asruleben specifikur, fiziologiur funqciebs. am
sistemebs qsovilebi ewodeba.
arCeven Semdegi saxis qsovilebs: warmomSobi, mfaravi, gamtari, ZiriTadi,
meqanikuri, gamomyofi da sarZeveebi.
warmomSobi qsovilebi – meristemebi. warmomSobi qsovilebis ujredebi
formiTa da zomiT erTgvarovania. formiT parenqimuli, mravalwaxnagiani,
wvrili, Txelgarsiani, mTlianad amovsebuli citoplazmiT, uferuli, msxvi-
li birTviT, ar aqvT vakuoli da ujredSorisebi. warmomSobi qsovilebis
ujredebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa – dayofa, ris Sedegadac warmoiqmneba
axali ujredebi.
mcenareSi ganlagebis mixedviT arCeven Semdegi saxis meristemas: kenwru-
li, gverdiTi, CamatebiTi da bazaluri.
kenwruli meristema ganlagebulia Rerosa da fesvis wveroSi, xels uw-
yobs Reros zrdas simaRleSi da fesvis zrdas siRrmeSi.
gverdiTi meristema xels uwyobs fesvis zrdas sisqeSi.
CamatebiTi meristema ganlagebulia ylortis TiToeuli muxlis Tavze.
aseT mcenareebs axasiaTebT swrafi zrda (mag. xorbali, bambuki da sxv.).
bazaluri meristema ganlagebulia foTlis fuZeSi xels uwyobs foTlis
zrdas.
mfaravi qsovilebi. mcenaris organoebi dafarulia mfaravi qsoviliT.
isini icaven SigniT arsebul qsovilebs araxelsayreli garemo pirobebis
fizikuri da meqanikuri zemoqmedebisagan, sicxisa da sicivisagan, gamo-
Srobisa da mikroorganizmebis SeWrisagan.
epidermisi anu kani. foTlis epidermisi _ damcvel funqciasTan erTad
gazTa cvlis regulacias axdens, misi funqciaa wylis aorTqlebis – trans-
piraciis regulacia.

7
b u s u s e b i. bevr mcenares epidermisis zedapirze uviTardeba sxvada-
sxvanairi bususebi, gamonazardebi, sawovrebi, qerqlebi. bususebis xSiri
fena mcenares icavs gadaxurebisa da zedmeti aorTqlebisagan.
kKu t i k u l a. epidermisis ujredebis garegani kedlebi iJRinTeba
cvilisebri nivTierebebiT – kutiniT, isini icaven mcenares zedmeti aor-
Tqlebisagan, mikrobebis SeWrisagan.
e p i b l e m a. fesvis wveri dafarulia pirveladi mfaravi qsoviliT –
epiblemiT. epiblema niadagidan iwovs wyals.
pPe r i d e r m a anu k o r p i s qsovili. epidermisi merqnian mcenareebSi
swrafad icvleba meoradi mfaravi qsoviliT – korpiT, isini Reros zeda-
pirze qmnian sqel safarvels, ar atareben gazebs, siTxeebsa da mikroorga-
nizmebs.
ZiriTadi qsovili, parenqima da misi tipebi - mcenareTa organoebis
ZiriTadi masa Sedgeba cocxali, nivTierebaTa cvlis aqtiuri unaris mqone
parenqimuli ujredebisagan. am ujredebis masa garedan dafarulia mfaravi
qsoviliT, gars ertymis gamtar da meqanikur qsovilebs. isini monawileobas
Rebuloben sakveb nivTierebaTa gatarebaSi.
meqanikuri qsovilebi - simtkicis mqone ujredebis mqone jgufebi, rom-
lebic qmnian mcenaris sxvadasxva organoebisaTvis meqanikur sayrdens, gaer-
Tianebulia meqanikur qsovilebSi. es qsovilebi mcenares aZleven saSuale-
bas winaaRmdegoba gauwion meqanikur moqmedebas: qars, wvimas, Tovlis dawo-
las. meqanikur qsovilebs ekuTvnian: kolenqima, sklerenqima da sklereidebi.
kK o l e n q i m a pirveladi warmoSobis meqanikuri qsovilia. Sedgeba
cocxali ujredebisagan. kolenqimis uredebSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs nivTi-
erebaTa cvlis reaqciebi. kolenqima mniSvnelovani qsovilia balaxovani
mcenareebis RerosTvis. marcvelovanebis muxlebSi arsebuli kolenqima, ro-
melic muxlebSia ganlagebuli mcenares Cawolisagan icavs.
s k l e r e n q i m a – gvxvdeba yvela organoSi: fesvSi, ReroSi, fo-
TolSi, nayofSi, yvavilSi.
s k l e r e i d e b i amagreben faSar parenqimas, mag. nayofebi – msxali,
komSi, vaSli.
gamtari qsovilebi. gamtari qsovilis saSualebiT mcenareSi wyalSi
gaxsnili sxvadasxva sakvebi moZraobs. gamtari qsovilebis ujredebs aqvT
WurWlebis da milebis forma, romlebic erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian da qmnian
mcenaris WurWlovan sistemas.
qQ s i l e m a. qsilemis ZiriTadi masa Sedgeba gaxevebuli elementebisagan-
WurWlebisa da meqanikuri boWkoebisagan. qsilemis elementebi monawileobas
iReben Saqrebis moZraobaSi. Mmag. gazafxulze xis gadanaWerze gamoiyofa
xis wveni, amazea dafuZnebuli Saqrebis miReba zogierTi mcenaris Rerodan
(Saqris nekerCxali), `mcenaris tirili~ (vazi).
t r a q e i d e b i. erTiani wagrZelebuli ujredebia wawvetebuli
boloTi, romelTa ganivebi qmnian irib tixrebs. arCeven traqeidebis or
tips: WurWliseburs _ msxvili forebiT da boWkosebrs mcire _ forebiT.
traqeidebi warmoiSoba prokambialuri konebidan mcocavi zrdis dros.
t r a q e e b i da W u r W l e b i yalibdebian fesvisa da Reros
kambialuri ujredebisagan. zrdis procesSi es ujredebi swrafad ganicdian
wagrZelebas da iwyeben wylis da masSi gaxsnili mineraluri marilebis
gadatanas.
gamomyofi qsovilebi. nivTierebaTa cvlis procesSi ujredebSi grovdeba
zogierTi nivTiereba, romelic zrdisa da ganviTarebis procesSi mcenaris

8
mier ar gamoiyeneba. isini nivTierebaTa cvlis produqtebia, romlebic gamo-
iyofa gamomyofi qsovilebiT.
gamomyofi qsovilebi or jgufad iyofian: Sinagani da garegani sekreciis
gamomyofi qsovilebi.
garegani sekreciis gamomyof qsovilebs miekuTvnebian yvavilis, yvavil-
gareSe saneqtre jirkvlebi, bususebi da garegani sekreciis jirkvlebi.
Sinagani sekreciis gamomyof qsovilebs miekuTvneba gamomyofi savalebi,
isini didi zomis parenqimuli ujredebia, amovsebuli sxvadasxva sekreciiT.

mcenareTa organoebi, maTi funqciebi da agebuleba

mcenareebi rTuli cocxali organizmebia, romelTac gaaCniaT urTierT-

dakavSirebuli da SeTanxmebulad moqmedi organoebi. mcenaris organo
mcenaris gansazRvruli nawilia, romelsac axasiaTebs Taviseburi agebu-
leba da asrulebs gansazRvrul funqcias.
funqciebis mixedviT arCeven: vegetaciur da generaciul organoebs. vege-
taciuri organoebis meSveobiT xorciledeba mcenaris kveba da ganpirobe-
bulia mcenaris individualuri sicocxle. vegetaciuri organoebia: fesvi,
Rero, foToli da maTi saxecvlilebebi.
generaciuli organoebia: yvavili, nayofi da Tesli. am organoebis saSua-
lebiT mimdinareobs mcenaris sqesobrivi gamravleba.
fesvi mcenaris ZiriTadi vegetaciuri organoa, romelic Casaxulia Tes-
lis CanasaxSi. fesvis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa mcenaris damagreba niadagSi,
niadagidan wylisa da masSi gaxsnili mineraluri marilebis Sewova, sama-
rago nivTierebaTa warmoqmna da dagroveba. fesvis saxecvlilebebs iyeneben
sakvebad.
mcenaris fesvebi gamoyofen niadagSi organul mJaveebs – ZmarmJavas da
WianWvelmJavas, romlebic Slian niadagis mkvriv nawilebs da fesvs niadag-
Si uadvileben moZraobas. fesvis mier gamoyofili sxvadasxva organuli ni-
vTierebebi xels uwyoben niadagSi mikroorganizmebis ganviTarebas. maT moq-
medebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs mcenaris kvebisaTvis.
warmoSobis mixedviT arsebobs sami tipis fesvi: mTavari, gverdiTi da
damatebiTi.
Teslis gaRivebisas Canasaxovani fesvakisagan viTardeba mTavari fesvi.
mTavari fesvis gverdebze warmoiqmneba gverdiTi fesvebi, romlebic itote-
bian da warmoqmnian meore, mesame da a.S. rigis gverdiT fesvebs.
mTavari da gverdiTi fesvebis garda mcenareebs uviTardebaT damatebiTi
fesvebi. damatebiTi fesvebi arasodes fesvebze ar viTardebian, isini mce-
naris miwiszeda organoebis warmoSobis arian. damatebiTi fesvebi agebule-
biT da funqciiT TiTqmis ar gansxvavdebian mTavari da gverdiTi fesvebi-
sagan. damatebiTi fesvebi xSirad uviTardebaT bolqvian mcenareebs, romle-
bic Reros miwisqveSa saxecvlilebebs warmoadgenen. foTliseburi warmo-
Sobis damatebiTi fesvebis meSveobiT, mcenare ufro Zlier fesviandeba
niadagSi.
arsebobs Semdegi saxis fesvTa sistema: mTavarRerZa, funja da Zafnairi.
mTavarRerZa fesvTa sistema damaxasiaTebelia orlebniani mcenareebisa-
Tvis da ufro kargad aris gamosaxuli xe-mcenareebSi.
funja fesvebi mogvagoneben funjs. isini ZiriTadad uviTardebaT erT-
lebnian mcenareebs.

9
 Zafnairi fesvebi damaxasiaTebelia erTwliani balaxovani mcenareebisa-
Tvis.
fesvis saxecvlilebebia: masazrdoebeli fesvebi, misakidi fesvebi,
misawovrebi, sahaero, sasunTqi da sabjeni fesvebi.
masazrdoebeli fesvebi damaxasiaTebelia orwliani mcenareebisaTvis,
rogorebicaa: Warxali, boloki, stafilo.
misakidi fesvebi – misakidi fesvebi ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia tropi-
kuli mcenareebisaTvis. mag. liana mcenareebi.
misawovrebi – mcenareebs, romlebsac ar uviTardebaT namdvili fesvebi,
warmoqmnili aqvT misawovrebi, riTac isini iwoven sakvebs im mcenareebi-
sagan, romlebzec saxldebian. aseT mcenareebs paraziti mcenareebi ewodeba.
paraziti mcenareebia: abreSuma, kelaptara da naxevrad paraziti mcenare
fiTri.
sahaero fesvebi – sahaero damatebiTi fesvebi uviTardebaT tropikul
mcenareebs: lianebs da epifitebs. epifitebi saxldebian sxvadasxva mcena-
reTa Reroebze. isini damoukideblad ikvebebian, vinaidan uviTardebaT haer-
Si Camokidebuli fesvebi da foTlebi. sahaero fesvebi atmosferodan isru-
taven wyals, xolo foTlebSi mimdinareobs fotosinTezi. sahaero fesvebi
damaxasiaTebelia jadvarisebrTa, mananasebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi-
saTvis.
sasunTqi fesvebi _ sasunTqi fesvebi uviTardebaT mcenareebs, romlebic
izrdebian daWaobebul adgilebSi. eseni, ZiriTadad tropikuli mcenareebia.
mag. Waobis kviparosi.
sabjeni fesvebi _ damatebiTi fesvebis saxiT bevr tropikul mcenares
uviTardeba sabjeni fesvebi. sabjeni fesvebi uviTardeba siminds. maTi sa-
SualebiT mcenare ufro kargad aris damagrebuli niadagSi.
mikoriza _ xSirad mcenaris fesvebze saxldebian sokoebi, baqteriebi da
ewevian Tanacxovrebas, anu simbiozs. mcenaris fesvebisa da sokoebis sim-
biozs _ mikoriza ewodeba. mcenareebisa da sokoebis hifebi, am SemTxvevaSi
asruleben fesvis bususebis funqcias, awvdian mcenares wyals da masSi
gaxsnil mineralur marilebs. Tavis mxvriv ki, mcenare awvdis sokos orga-
nul nivTierebebs.
Rero _ mcenaris erT-erTi miwiszeda vegetaciuri nawilia. misi ZiriTadi
daniSnulebaa sakvebi nivTierebebis tranportireba. Rero atarebs wyals da
masSi gaxsnil mineralur marilebs, romelsac fesvi bususebis saSualebiT
iTvisebs niadagidan. Rero vegetaciuri gamravlebis organos warmoadgens
(ylorti, kalmebi). zogierTi mcenaris ReroSi (gorgli) grovdeba sakvebi
nivTierebebis maragi, ris gamoc mas sakvebad iyeneben.
Rerosa da ylortis morfologia. umravles xe-mcenareebs, buCqebs,
mravalwlian da erTwlian balaxovan mcenareebs uviTardebaT swormdgomi
Rero. magram bunebaSi gvxvdeba iseTi mcenareebic, romlebsac uviTardebaT
mxoxavi, mwoliare, mcocavi da mxviara Rero. aseTi tipis Rero damaxasiaTe-
belia liana mcenarebisaTvis.
mcenareebis umravlesobas uviTardeba cilindruli formis Rero (vaS-
li, muxa, vardi, aryi da sxv.), xSirad gvxvdeba waxnagovani, samwaxnagovani
(islisebrTa ojaxi), oTxwaxnagovani (kaktusebi) Rero. zogierTi mcenaris
Rero brtyelia (dedinacvlis ena).
dautotav Reros kvirtebiTa da foTlebiT ylorti ewodeba. ylorti
Sedgeba muxlebisagan da muxlTaSorisebisagan. ylortis im nawils, sadac
foToli da kvirti zis, muxli ewodeba, xolo or muxls Soris manZili

10
muxlTaSorisia. ylorti ori saxisaa _ savegetacio da sanayofe. savegeta-
cio ylortebs wagrZelebuli muxlTaSorisebi uviTardebaT, aseT ylorteb-
ze ZiriTadad foTlebi da kvirtebi viTardebian. sanayofe ylortebs uvi-
TardebaT damoklebuli muxlTSorisebi da zogjer imdenad damoklebuli,
rom muxli muxlze zis. sanayofe ylortebze, rogorc saxelwodeba gvi-
Cvenebs, nayofi viTardeba (vaSli, msxali).
Reros saxecvlileba. miwiszeda Reros saxecvlilebebs miekuTvneba
ekali, ulvaSi da pwkali.
miwisqveSa Reros saxecvlilebebia: fesura, tuberi (gorgli) da bolqvi.
ekali - Reroseuli warmoSobisaa Tu is foTlis ubeSi zis. eklebis saSua-
lebiT mcenare Tavs icavs mwerebisagan da cxovelebisagan mag. panta, maJa-
lo, kuneli da sxv.
ulvaSi - xSirad mcenareebs an muxlTaSorisebs uviTardebaT, riTac isini
emagrebian sayrdens. damoklebuli muxlTSorisebidan uviTardebaT ulvaSi,
xolo dagrZelebuli warmoSobs pwkals. pwkali uviTardebaT vazisebrTa,
gogrisebrTa da zogierT vardisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebs. mag. mar-
wyvi, kitri da sxv.
fesura - garegnulad da funqciebiT fesvs waagavs, magram morfologiuri
da anatomiuri agebulebiT Reroseuli warmoSobisaa. fesuras daniSnulebaa
samarago nivTierebebis dagroveba, vegetaciuri gamravleba da uaryofiT
pirobebTan Segueba. fesura damaxasiaTebelia ilisebrTa, marcvlovanTa da
zambaxisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebisaTvis.
gorgli anu tuberi - warmoadgens gamsxvilebul ylorts. tuberi SeiZleba
iyos miwiszeda da miwisqveSa. miwiszeda tuberi warmoiqmneba mTavari Reros
gamsxvilebis Sedegad. mag. kolrabi, an gverdiTi totebisagan (tropikuli
jadvari).
miwisqveSa tuberis kargi magaliTia kartofili, yoCivarda, miwavaSla da
sxv.
bolqvi - mravali mcenare iviTarebs saxecvlilebas bolqvebis saxiT. bol-
qvi ZiriTadad uviTardebaT erTlebnian balaxovan mcenareebs. bolqvi mce-
naris vegetatiuri gamravlebis organoa, zogjer ki masSi grovdeba sama-
rago nivTiereba.
kvirti damoklebuli ylortis Canasaxia, kvirtebi gansxvavdebian garega-
ni da Sinagani agebulebiT: warmoSobiT, zomiT, formiT, ganlagebiT da
fiziologiurad. kvirti SeiZleba iyos savegetacio, romlisganac SefoT-
lili ylorti viTardeba. sayvavile, romlebic yvavilebs qmnian da Sere-
uli, romelic foTlebsa da yvavilebis Canasaxs warmoadgens. arseboben
Cekia kvirtebi, romlebic vegetaciur gamravlebas uwyoben xels. arCeven ag-
reTve mZinara, mozamTre da damatebiT kvirtebs.
kvirtebs, romlebic zamTarSi ar viTardebian da isveneben, mozamTre kvi-
rtebs uwodeben. ylortze ganlagebis mixedviT arCeven kenwrul da gverdiT
kvirtebs.
foToli – foTolSi xorcieldeba sami sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis pro-
cesi: fotosinTezi, transpiracia da gazTa cvla (sunTqva).
foToli Sedgeba sami nawilisagan: foTlis firfitis, yunwisa da Tana-
foTlebisagan.
formis mixedviT foToli SeiZleba iyos nemsisebri anu wiwvi (fiWvi,
naZvi, kedari da sxv.), xazura (xorbali); lancetisebri (tirifi); mogrZo
elifsuri (wyavi); momrgvalo (verxvi); kvercxisebri (wifeli); gulisebri

11
(cacxvi); Tirkmlisebri (iudas xe); isrisebri (isara); farisebri (dedoflis
yvavili); SuSisebri (Rolo) da sxv.
foTlis zoma sigrZiT da siganiT ramdenime milimetriT ganisazRvreba,
zogierTis, ki ramdenime metrs aRwevs. yvelaze didi zomis foTlebi aqvs
amazonkis palma - rafias, romlis sigrZe 20-22 metria, xolo sigane 12
metri.
foTlis daZarRvis Semdegi tipebia cnobili: badisebri, frTisebri,
TaTisebri, paraleluri, rkalisebri, farisebri da sxv.
arsebobs martivi da rTuli foTlis saxeebi. martivi foToli ewodeba
iseT foTols, romelsac yunwze erTi firfita uviTardeba. rTuli foTo-
li ewodeba iseT foTols, romelic mTavar yunwze ramdenime firfitas ivi-
Tarebs.
foTlis saxecvlilebaa ekali (kowaxuri, xurtkmeli da sxv.) ulvaSi
(barda, yanis matkvarcana, ekalRiWa).
yvavili - yvavili damoklebul da zrdaSezRudul ylorts warmoadgens.
yvavilis Semoklebul da gamsxvilebul Reros yvavilsajdomi ewodeba, xo-
lo yvavilsajdomis qvemoT mdebare Reros nawils_yvavilis yunwi. yvavil-
sajdomi sami saxisaa: brtyeli, (yvavilebis umravlesobas axasiaTebs) amo-
zneqili (baia da magnolia), Cazneqili (askili).
jami - yvavilis gareTa wyeba foTlebia, romelic gvirgvinTan erTad orpir
yvavilsafars qmnis, romlis daniSnulebaa gauSleli yvavilis Siga Sedare-
biT nazi nawilebis dacva.
gvirgvini - jamTan erTad yvavilsafars qmnis. Ggvirgvini umetesad sxvadsxva
zomis da Seferilobisaa. gvirgvinis foTlebi jamis foTolakebTan Seda-
rebiT nazia da Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: qveda Seviwrovebuli nawilisagan,
romelsac frCxili ewodeba da romliTac emagreba yvavilsajdoms da zeda
SedarebiT gafarToebuli nawilisagan, romelsac firfita ewodeba.
yvavilis sqesianoba da saxlianoba - orsqesiani ewodeba yvavils, rode-
sac mcenaris erT yvavilSi mtvriana da butko viTardeba. Tu yvavilSi mar-
to mtvriana an marto butkoa, maSin yvavili erTsqesiania (Sesabamisad mam-
robiTi an mdedrobiTi). Tu erTsqesiani mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi yvavile-
bi erT mcenareze arian ganlagebuli, maT erTsaxliani mcenareebi ewode-
baT. zogjer calsqesiani mcenareebis mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi yvavilebi
sxvadasxva mcenareze viTardebian, maSin aseTi mcenareebi orsaxliania.
arsebobs Semdegi tipis yvaviledebi: mtevani, TavTavi, taro, fari, qolga,
Tavaki da kalaTa.
mtevani – iseTi yvaviledia, romlis dagrZelebul mTavar RerZze
Tanabari sigrZis yunwze TiTo yvavili zis (eklis xe, mocxari, kowaxuri,
SroSana). Tu dagrZelebul yunwze yvavilebi uyunwod zis, maSin yvavileds
TavTavi ewodeba (mravalZarRva). TavTavs miagavs taro, mxolod am ukanas-
knelis mTavari RerZi gamsxvilebulia da masze wriulad sxedan uyunwo
yvavilebi (laqaSi, niuka, simindi). xSirad mTavari wveros RerZTan TiTqmis
erT simaRleze ganlagebulia sxvadasxva sirgZis yunwiani yvavilebi. is,
rom qveda yvavilebi grZelyunwiania, xolo zeda yvavilebis yunwebi Tanda-
TanobiT mokldeba, aseT yvavileds fari ewodeba (vaSli, msxali, qliavi,
kuneli). Tu yvaviledSi yvavilebi Tanabari sigrZis yunwiania da erTi wer-
tilidan gamodian, maSin yvaviledi qolgaa (Sindi, xaxvi, furisula da sxv.).
zogjer damoklebuli mTavari RerZis wverze jgufebad ganlagebulia uyun-
wo yvavilebi, aseT yvaviledebs Tavaki ewodeba (samyura, cxratyava, goqSo,
folio). Tu gabrtyelebul, erT mTlian yvavilsajdomze mWidro jgufebad

12
uyunwo yvavilebi sxedan, maT kalaTa ewodeba da damaxasiaTebelia rTul-
yvavilovani ojaxis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. rTuli qolga yvaviledi axa-
siaTebs stafilos, rTuli fari _ Zaxvels, didgulas da sxv.
sagvela anu rTuli mtevani axasiaTebs simindis mamrobiT yvavileds, vazs,
iasamans, Svrias da sxv.
Tesli - Tesli aris ganayofierebis Semdeg ganviTarebuli Teslkvirti,
romelSic moTavsebulia Canasaxi da misi sakvebi nivTiereba. Tesli garedan
dafarulia kaniT. Tesli xan SiSvelia, xan mravali gamonazardiT aris da-
faruli (bewviani, lorwovani, webovani, an xorciani).
nayofi - nayofi aris ganayofierebis Sedegad ganviTarebuli saxecvlili
butko. ganayofierebis Semdeg naskvidan viTardeba nayofi, xolo Teslkvir-
ti gadaiqceva Teslad. nayofi warmoadgens Teslis safars da gamavrcele-
bel mowyobilobas. nayofi, naskvis garda, yvavilis sxva nawilebisagan war-
moiqmneba (yvavilsajdomi, yvavilsafari, butkos dingi, sveti, mtvriana da
sxva. rodesac nayofis SeqmnaSi marto naskvi iRebs monawileobas, aseTi na-
yofi namdvili nayofia. Tu naskvTan erTad nayofis warmoqmnaSi yvavilis
sxva nawilebic iReben monawileobas, maSin viTardeba crunayofi. (marwyvi,
askili, vaSli, msxali). Tu yvavilSi erTi butkoa da misgan mxolod erTi
nayofi warmoiqmneba, mas martivi nayofi ewodeba. rodesac yvavilSi ram-
denime butkoa da TiToeuli butkodan TiTo nayofi viTardeba, maSin rTu-
li da nakrebi nayofi iqmneba.
nayofsafaris mixedviT nayofi SeiZleba iyos: wvniani anu xorcovani da
mSrali.
wvniani nayofebidan gamoirCeva kenkra da kurkiana nayofis tipebi. kenkra
mravalTesliani, iSviaTad erTTesliani, wvniani an xorcovani nayofia. ken-
kra zeda an qveda naskvisagan warmoiqmneba, nayofi Txeli kaniTaa dafaru-
li (kowaxuri, xurtkmeli, vazi, mocvi, pamidori, satacuri da sxv). tipiuri
kenkra nayofidan calkea gamoyofili kenkras msgavsi nayofebi, vaSlura,
romelTac nayofsafris SigniTa nawili, gansakuTrebiT rbilobi xorcovnia
da cru nayofs warmoadgens (vaSli, msxali, komSi da sxv.). gorgula, rode-
sac nayofis kani gamagrebulia, misi xorciani nawili ki naskvis kedlebis
Siga Sreebidan viTardeba (gogra, nesvi, sazamTro, kitri da sxv.). kurkiana
ufro xSirad erTTesliani nayofia, xandaxan mravalTesliani. kurkianas
nayofsafari Cveulebriv xorcovania, iSviaTad mSrali. erTTesliani kur-
kiana nayofebis magaliTebia: qliavi, bali, alubali, tyemali, gargari, We-
rami, atami, zeTisxili da sxv.).
mSrali nayofebi – nayofs, romelsac nayofsafari gaxevebuli an tyavi-
sebri aqvs da wvens ar Seicavs, mSrali nayofi ewodeba. mSrali nayofebi
or jgufad iyofa: mSrali TviTxsnadi da mSrali TviTuxsnadi.
mSrali TviTxsnadia nayofi, romlis nayofsafari momwifebisas ixsneba
da Sig arsebuli Tesli gadmoibneva. mSrali TviTxsnadi nayofebia: foTlu-
ras parki, Woti da kolofi.
kolofi iseTi nayofia, romlis SeqmnaSi ori an ramdenime nayofis fo-
Toli monawileobs.
mSrali uxsnadi nayofebia: kakali, Teslura, marcvala da frTiana.
kakluWa _ erTTesliani, nayofsafari tyavisebri. kakluWa nayofebi tu-
Cosan da laSqarasebrTa ojaxis mcenarebs uviTrdebaT.
Teslura ori nayofis foTlisagan Semdgari, erTTesliani, mSrali, uxs-
nadi nayofia (rTulyvavilovnebi, vardisebrni).

13
 marcvala nayofis nayofsafari mWidrodaa Sezrdili TeslTan. marcvala
sami an ramdenime nayofis foTlisganaa ganviTarebuli da erTTesliania
(marcvlovanebi).
frTiana iseTi nayofia, romlis nayofsafari tyavisebri an sifrifani-
sebria, mas nayofsafari frTisebr gamonazardad aqvs qceuli (aryi, Tela,
ifani, nekerCxali da sxv.).

mcenareTa sistematika

farulTeslovan anu yvavilovan mcenareTa jgufi iyofa or klasad:

erTlebnianebi da orlebnianebi. orlebnian mcenareebs axasiaTebT mTavar-
RerZa fesvTa sistema, foTlebis badiseburi daZarRva, maTi Teslis Canasaxi
Seicavs or lebans. erTlebnianebs axasiaTebT funja fesvTa sistema, fo-
Tlebis paraleluri daZarRva, maTi Teslis Canasaxi Seicavs erT lebans.
yvela klasi Sedgeba ojaxebisagan. sxvadasxva ojaxis mcenareebi erTma-
neTisagan gansxvavdebian yvavilis agebulebiT.

mcenareTa gamravleba

gamravleba, anu reproduqcia, aris cocxal organizmTa Tviseba _ warmo-

qmnan Tavisive msgavsi, axali individebi.
gamravlebis tipebi - yvavilovani mcenareebi mravldebian ori gziT:
sqesobrivi da usqeso (vegetaciuri) gziT.
vegetaciuri gamravlebis dros axali Taoba warmoiqmneba dediseuli in-
dividis sxeulis calkeuli nawilisagan. sqesobrivi gamravlebisas axal
Taobas qmnis ori mSobliuri individi. TiToeuli maTgani warmoqmnis sas-
qeso ujredebs_gametebs. ganayofierebis procesSi gametebi erwymian erTma-
neTs da warmoiqmneba zigota.
sqesobrivi gamravlebis gansakuTrebuli formebia: parTenogenezi (gauna-
yofierebeli kvercxujredidan Canasaxis ganviTareba), ginogenezi (kvercx-
ujredis gareSe ganayofiereba) da androgenezi.
vegetatiuri gamravleba - vegetaciuri gamravleba xorcieldeba mcenaris
Semdegi nawilebiT: TalusiT, kvirtiT, bolqviT, fesuriT, fesv-gorgliT,
fesviT, ReroTi, foTliT.
vegetaciuri gamravlebisas savegetacio nawilebi deda organizms Sorde-
bian da Sesaferis pirobebSi moxvedrili, axal mcenared viTardebian. aseT
gamravlebas bunebrivi vegetaciuri gamravleba ewodeba.
fesurebiT vegetaciuri gamravleba axasiaTebT balaxovan mcenareebs.
(SroSana, zambaxi, banani da sxv.).
ylortebiT gamravleba axasiaTebT wylis mcenare lemnas da elodias.
gorglebiT mravldeba kartofili, miwavaSla, Cinuri kartofili da sxv.
bolqvebiT gamravleba damaxasiaTebelia SroSanisebrTa da amaralisebr-
Ta ojaxis mcenareTaTvis, rogorebicaa: xaxvi, niori, yanis niori, sumbuli,
CitisTava, SroSani, TeTryvavila da sxv.
sqesobrivi gamravleba - sqesobrivi gamravlebis procesSi monawileobs
ori individi, romelSic yalibdeba haploiduri qromosomuli kompleqtis
mqone sasqeso ujredebi _ gametebi.
gametebi ori tipisaa: mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi, romelTa SerwymiT mi-
iReba diploiduri zigota _ axali organizmis sawyisi.

14
 sqesobrivi gamravlebis dros mimdinareobs ori sxvadasxva organizmis
genetikuri masalis ganawileba (rekombinacia) STamomavlobaSi.
ganayofierebis process win uswrebs damtverianeba – mtvris gadatana
mtvrianebidan butkoze. Garsebobs damtverianebis Semdegi saxeebi: jvaredini
damtverva, (erTi mcenaris mtvris marcvlebi gadaitaneba aseTive saxeobis
meore mcenaris butkoze mwerebis, qaris an iSviaTad wylis saSualebiT) da
TviTdamtverva.
TviTmtveria mcenareebs miekuTvnebian: lobio, qeri, xorbali, Svria da
sxv.
butkos dingze damtvervisas moxvedrili mtvris marcvali samtvreSive
an uSualod dingze moxvedrisas iyofa generaciul da vegetaciur ujredad
da warmoqmnili samtvre milis gziT Cadis naskvSi, naskvidan ki Teslkvirt-
Si. mtvris milSi generaciuli ujredi iyofa orad da gametas anu spermiebs
warmoSobs, romlebic samtvre miliT Sedian Canasaxis parkSi. erTi spermia
ujredi uerTdeba kvercxujreds da anayofierebs mas, xolo meore spermia
ujredi Cadis Canasaxis parkis centrSi, uerTdeba meoreul birTvs da
xdeba ganayofiereba. ori spermia ujrediT kvercxujredisa da meoreuli
birTvis ganayofierebas, ormagi ganayofiereba ewodeba.
ormagi ganayofierebis Sedegad kvercxujredidan viTardeba Canasaxi, xo-
lo meoreuli (centraluri) birTvidan, samarago nivTierebis damagrovebe-
li qsovili - endospermi. e.i. ganayofierebuli Teslkvirtidan warmoiSoba
Tesli da TeslTan erTad naskvidan_nayofi.

MmcenareTa zrda_ganviTareba

mcenaris yvela vegetaciuri organos ganviTareba xdeba Canasaxidan.

wylis, siTbosa da haeris erToblivi moqmedebiT iwyeba Teslis gaRivebis
procesi. fermentebis moqmedebiT TeslSi arsebuli sakvebi nivTierebani_
saxamebeli, cila da cximebi TandaTanobiT iSleba da gadadis xsnad mdgo-
mareobaSi, iwoveba Canasaxis faris mier da gadaecema Canasaxs. am gziT Cana-
saxi iRebs zrdisaTvis saWiro sakveb masalasa da energias da iwyebs gaRi-
vebas.
Tavdapirvelad aRmonaceni ikvebeba Teslis samarago sakvebi nivTierebiT,
dafesvianebis Semdeg ki sakuTari fesvTa sistemiT niadagidan Seiwovs
wyalsa da masSi gaxsnil mineralur nivTierebas da fotosinTezis xarjze
gardaqmnis mas organul nivTierebad.
mcenaris zrda-ganviTareba ori urTierT mWidrod dakavSirebuli proce-
sia. zrda gulisxmobs mcenaris konkretuli organoebis masisa da mocu-
lobis zrdas, xolo ganviTareba_xarisxobriv cvlilebebs, romelsac Tan
axlavs mcenaris generaciuli organoebis Camoyalibeba, yvaviloba da nayo-
fis Camoyalibeba.
yvela mcenares aqvs ganviTarebis fazebi. magaliTad, TavTaviani pure-
ulisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebis Semdegi fazebi: gaRiveba-aRmo-
ceneba, bartyoba, aRereba, daTavTaveba, yvaviloba da simwife.
mcenaris ganviTarebis fazebze dakvirveba saSualebas iZleva ukeT iqnes
Seswavlili maTi garemo pirobebisadmi damokidebuleba, SeirCes iseTi
agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi, romelebic maRalxarisxovani, ekologiurad
sufTa produqciis warmoebis safuZveli iqneba.

15
 mcenareTa fiziologia

mcenaris arsebobisa da sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli garemo komponente-

bia: mzis sinaTle, siTbo, wyali, niadagis kvebis elementebi, Jangbadi.
swored es faqtorebi moqmedeben mcenaris qsovilebSi mimdinare yvela fi-
ziologiur procesze.
mcenares axasiaTebs cocxali organizmis yvela Tviseba: 1. TviTwarmoqmna
2. energouzrunvelyofa; 3. nivTierebaTa gardaqmna; 4. gaRizianebadoba.
fotosinTezi mwvane mcenareebis mniSvnelovani sasicocxlo funqciaa,
romlis Sedegia organuli nivTierebebis pirveladi sinTezi. igi rTuli,
mravalsafexuriani procesia, romelic xorcieldeba mravali fermentis mo-
qmedebiT. fotozinTezis ganxorcielebisaTvis erTdroulad aucilebelia
sinaTle, siTbo, wyali, haeridan naxSirbadis dioqsidi da niadagis minera-
luri elementebi.
fotozinTezSi monawile pigmentebia: qlorofilebi, karotinoidebi da
fikobilinebi.
qloroplastebis mier STanTqmuli sinaTlis zemoqmedebiT xdeba wylis
molekulis gaxleCa_fotolizi. warmoiqmneba Tavisufali Jangbadi, rome-
lic gamoiyofa garemoSi, naxSirbadi ki uerTdeba naxSirbadis dioqsids,
aRadgens mas da Sedegad miiReba organuli nivTierebebi: naxSirwylebis,
cilebis, mJavebis, vitaminebis, fitohormonebis da sxvaTa saxiT.
organuli nivTierebebis sinTezTan erTad mcenareSi mimdinareobs sawi-
naaRmdego procesi_mcenaris sunTqva.
s u n T q v a aris molekulis ujredSiga Jangvis procesi energiis
gamoyofiT. sunTqva mimdinareobs fermentebis monawileobiT.
mcenareSi fotosintezis ganxorcielebisaTvis umravles sasoflo-same-
urneo kulturebisaTvis minimaluri temperaturaa 0-50. fotosinTezisagan
gansxvavebiT sunTqva, TiTqmis yvela mcenareSi mimdinareobs uaryofiT tem-
peraturaze.
mcenaris damokidebuleba siTbosadmi. siTbo aucilebelia mcenareTa
Teslis gajirjvebis, aRmocenebis da formirebisaTvis.
siTbosadmi damokidebulebis mixedviT sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi
iyofian or ZiriTad jgufad: saSualo ganedis da siTbosmoyvaruli mcena-
reebi.
pirveli jgufis mcenareebi, romlebic Camoyalibdnen saSualo klimatis
pirobebSi (xorbali, qeri, Svria da sxv.) gamoirCevian siTbos mimarT nakle-
bi momTxovnelobiT. maTi Tesli gaRivebas iwyebs 1-50 temperaturaze, yvavi-
loba da Teslis damwifeba SesaZlebelia 10-120. es mcenareebi sicivegamZlea,
maT SeuZliaT minus 6-100 wayinvebsac gauZlon.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi _ brinji, simindi, lobio, kitri, sazamT-
ro, nesvi da sxvebi. siTbos SedarebiT momTxovni arian. Teslis gaRivebi-
saTvis saWiro temperaturaa 8-150, yvaviloba da Teslis damwifeba SesaZle-
belia 15-200_ze. es mcenareebi cudad uZleben sicives.
mcenaris wylis reJimi. mcenaris nedli masis 70-95% wyalia. gaaCnia ra
unikaluri Tvisebebi, wyals pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba aqvs sicocxli-
saTvis. misi raodenobis Semcireba kritikuli donis qveviT, iwvevs anabiozs.
Tesli sicocxlis pirvel niSnebs amJRavnebs maSin, rodesac masSi wylis
Semcveloba 10-14%_iT izrdeba. kidev ufro meti raodenobiT tens moiTxovs
igi gaRivebisaTvis. wylis raodenoba, romelic ixarjeba organuli nivTi-
erebis sinTezze, Seadgens mcenarisaTvis saWiro wylis raodenobis 1%-s;

16
fesvTa sistemis mier Sewovili wylis 9% ixarjeba mcenaris mier sakvebi
elementebis – fosfori, kaliumi, azoti da sxvaTa SeTvisebaze. wylis 90%
orTqldeba foTlebidan qsovilebis gasaciveblad da mcenaris arsebobisa-
Tvis aucilebeli temperaturuli reJimis SesanarCuneblad. mcenaris foT-
lebis zedapiridan wylis aorTqlebis procesi dabla wevs temperaturas
da mcenares icavs gadaxurebisagan.
transpiracia aris mcenaris mier wylis aorTqlebis fiziologiuri pro-
cesi. transpiraciis ZiriTadi organoa foToli. sxvadasxva kulturebis
transpiraciis koeficienti sxvadasxvaa. SedarebiT ekonomiurad xarjaven
wyals sorgo, simindi. am jgufis kulturebis transpiraciis koeficienti
200-300-ia.
gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT wyals gamoiyeneben brinji, baxCeuli
kulturebi da mravalwliani balaxebi. am jgufis mcenareTa mier vegeta-
ciis periodSi gamoyenebuli wylis raodenoba 1 ha_ze saSualod 2-4 a/t. Se-
adgens.
mravalferovan sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebs Soris arseboben saxeo-
bebi da jiSebi, romlebic gamoirCevian maRali gvalvagamZleobis unariT.
gvalvagamZleoba Sedegia maTi Zliri fesvTa sistemisa, romelic Rrmad Ca-
dis niadagis fenaSi, risi saSualebiTac isini ukeTesad gamoiyeneben nia-
dagis tens. garda amisa, gvalvagamZle mcenareebs axasiaTebT mfaravi qso-
vilis gansakuTrebuli agebuleba, romelic xels uSlis wylis zedmeti
raodenobiT aorTqlebas.
mineraluri kveba. Oorganuli nivTierebis Sesaqmnelad da yvela sasico-
cxlo funqciis Sesasruleblad, mcenare SeiTvisebs misTvis saWiro kvebis
elementebs. mcenaris organoebi (fesvi, Rero, foToli da yvavili) Seicaven
80-90% wyals, MmSral nivTierebas, saSualod, 10-20%-s. sxvadasxva mcenares
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva fazebSi mSrali nivTierebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba
sxvadasxva aqvT. ZiriTadi organuli masa Sedgeba: naxSirbadi - 45, wyalbadi –
6,5, Jangbadi – 42, azoti – 1,5.
mcenare ikvebeba ori gziT: sahaero da fesvuri gziT.
mcenaris sahaero kvebas uwodeben mcenaris foTlebis da sxva mwvane
nawilebis mier haeridan naxSirorJangis STanTqmis unars, romelsac mce-
nare fotosinTezis dros iyenebs organuli nivTierebis Sesaqmnelad. haerSi
naxSirorJangis Semcveloba Seadgens 0,03%-s. fesvuri kvebisas, niadagis
xsnaridan, fesvebis saSualebiT mcenare Seiwovs wyals da masSi gaxsnil
mineralur nivTierebebs. wylisagan, romelic Jangbadis ZiriTadi wyaroa da
haeris naxSirbadidan mcenare qmnis naxSirwylebs (Saqari, saxamebeli,
ujredana), romelTa wilad modis mTeli mSrali nivTierebis 90%. cilebis
sinTezisaTvis mcenares esaWiroeba agreTve kaliumi, kalciumi, magniumi,
rkina.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis maRali mosavlianoba miiReba mcenaris
zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli bunebrivi komponentebis (sinaTle, way-
li, siTbo, mineraluri kveba da sxv.) SeTanawyobili urTierTqmedebis Sede-
gad.
mcenaris kvebisaTvis gamoiyeneba Semdegi saxis sasuqebi: azotiani sasu-
qebi: 1. nitratuli sasuqebi (gvarjilebi); 2. amoniumiani sasuqebi; 3. amoni-
umian-nitratuli sasuqebi; 4. Sardovana (karbamidi). fosforiani sasuqebi
iyofa sam jgufad wyalSi xsnadobis mixedviT: 1.xsnadi – martivi super-
fosfati, ormagi superfosfati 2. sust mJavebSi xsnadi-precipitati. 3.
wyalsa da sust mJavebSi cudad xsnadi. kaliumiani sasuqebi: ZiriTadad

17
KCl. organuli sasuqebi: nakeli, torfi, frinvelTa eqskrementebi. mikro-
sasuqebi: niadagis tipis mixedviT mikroelementebis Semcveloba sxvadasxvaa.
spilenZi arasakmarisadaa torfnarebSi, molibdeni - mJave niadagebSi, bo-
ri_wiTelmiwebSi, manganumi, rkina, TuTia – karbonatul niadagebze. am nia-
dagebze maTi Setana efeqturia.
baqterialuri sasuqebi: isini inarCuneben niadagis biologiur aqtivobas.
maT miekuTvneba fosfobaqterini, azotogeni, nitrogeni (koJris baqteriebis
Semcveli), silikaturi baqteriebis Semcveli preparatebi.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. rogoria mwvane mcenareTa roli bunebasa da soflis meurneobis warmo-
ebaSi?
2. risgan Sedgeba mcenareuli ujredi?
3. CamoTvaleT mcenaris ZiriTadi organoebi, ra funqciebs asruleben isini?
4. ra aris qsovili, rogori tipis qsovilebisagan Sedgeba yvavilovani mce-
nareebi?
5. mcenareTa gamravlebis tipebi.
6. ujredis dayofis romel ZiriTad tipebs icnobT? daaxasiaTeT isini?
7. raSi mdgomareobs fotosinTezis procesi, sad da rogor mimdinareobs
igi?

T a v i 2

Aagrometeorologiis safuZvlebi

sasoflo-sameurneo mcenareebi zrda-ganviTarebis sxvadasxva fazaSi

urTierTqmedeben bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis mTel kompleqsTan, romel-
Tagan erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi da cvalebadia meteorologiuri faqto-
rebi. am faqtorTa moqmedeba garkveulwilad ganapirobebs mosavlis rao-
denobas, xarisxs da Rirebulebas. amitom sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis
mosavlianobis gadidebisaTvis aucilebelia adamianma SeZlos am faqtore-
bis swori gamoyeneba da atmosferoSi mimdinare rTuli meteorologiuri
movlenebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva.

Aatmosfero, rogorc mcenaris ganviTarebis garemo

atmosfero warmoadgens dedamiwis gazobriv garss, romelic yvela coc-

xali organizmis saarsebo garemod iTvleba. igi Sedgeba sxvadasxva gazis
narevisagan, romelsac haeri ewodeba, sadac umetesad azoti da Jangbadi
Warbobs. mSralsa da sufTa haerSi (atmosferos qveda fenebSi) azotis
moculobiTi raodenoba 78% da metia, xolo Jangbadisa_21%. danarCeni gaze-
bis minarevebze procentuli Semadgenloba erTze naklebia. atmosferos qve-
da, anu ZiriTadi fena iwyeba dedamiwis zedapiridan da 8-10 km-mde vrcel-
deba, igi troposferos saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

Mmeteorologiuri elementebi

A atmosferos mdgomareobas gansazRvravs temperatura, haeris tenianoba da

wneva, qaris mimarTuleba da siCqare, Rrublianoba, naleqebi, mzis radia-

18
ciis intensivoba, niadagis temperatura da teni, atmosferos gamWvirvaloba
da sxv.
haeris wneva – atmosferos erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia. es aris
Zala, romelic awveba haeris svets miwis zedapiridan_atmosferos zeda sa-
zRvramde, gamoisaxeba milimetrebSi an paskalebSi. haeris wnevis gasazomad
iyeneben barometr aneroids.
mzis radiacia energiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaroa. igi Sedgeba 0,2-24 mkm
sigrZis eleqtromagnituri talRebisagan. mcenarisaTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis matarebelia fotosinTezuri aqtivobis energia, anu mzis ra-
diaciis is speqtri, romelic ixarjeba fotosinTezis procesSi. misi inten-
sivoba moqmedebs mcenaris qimiur Sedgenilobasa da sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebis mosavlianobis xarisxze. mag, Saqris Warxlis da yurZnis Saq-
rianoba damokidebulia mziani dReebis raodenobaze.
mzis radiaciis gasazomad iyeneben aqtinometrul xelsawyoebs (aqtino-
metri, pranometri, albedometri da sxv.).
haeris temperatura erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi meteorologiuri ele-
mentia, romelic mcenaris zrda_ganviTarebas gansazRvravs. mzis sxivuri
energiis nawili xmardeba haeris gaTbobas, mcenaris mier wylis aorTqle-
bas, nawili ki gadaecema niadagis Rrma fenebs.
mcenareebSi yvela fiziologiuri procesi garkveul temperaturaze mim-
dinareobs. aRiniSneba mcenaris sunTqvis qveda zRvari (0°), intensiuri sun-
Tqva (36-40°) da sunTqvis temperaturis maqsimumi (50°), romlis zeviT mcenare
wyvets sasicocxlo process.
niadagis temperatura mniSvnelovani faqtoria, romelic moqmedebs mce-
naris zrda-ganviTarebaze. niadagis temperaturis gasazomad gamoiyeneben
vercxliswylian Termometrebs.
soflis meurneobaSi momuSave specialistebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelova-
nia niadagis temperaturis regulirebis sakiTxi, raTa SeZlon mcenaris gan-
viTarebisaTvis optimaluri pirobebis Seqmna. magaliTad, niadagis gafxvi-
ereba amcirebs niadagis temperaturas, naTesebis mosworeba, piriqiT_adi-
debs temperaturas 1-2%-iT. niadagis temperaturis daregulireba SeiZleba
agreTve mulCirebiT (niadagis zedapris dafarva torfiT, moWrili CaliT
da sxv.).
haeris tenianoba did gavlenas axdens mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebaze. ha-
eris tenianobis Semcirebisas da temperaturis momatebisas izrdeba Saqri-
anoba, xorblovnebSi cilebis Semcveloba da sxv. magram am dros izrdeba
wylis aorTqlebis procesic, niadagi swrafad gamoSreba, rasac mivyavarT
mosavlianobis Semcirebamde. haeris tenianoba moqmedebs agreTve mravali
mavnebel-daavadebis gavrcelebaze.
niadagis tenianobis ZiriTad wyaros atmosferuli naleqebi warmoad-
genen. amitom, maTi ganawileba regionebis mixedviT ganapirobebs mcenaris
teniT uzrunvelyofis xarisxs. mcenaris teniT uzrunvelyofa damokidebu-
lia aramarto naleqebis raodenobaze, aramed zedapiris safarze da Tvise-
bebze, romelzec igi modis. mcenareuli safari sakmao raodenobiT akavebs
mosuli wvimis saxiT atmosferul naleqebs, romelic icvleba misi sixSi-
ris mixedviT. Zalian xSiri nargavebi akaveben meti raodenobiT naleqebs.
Tovlis saburveli warmoadgens niadagSi tenis marags da iqceva mcenare-
ebis wyliT momaragebis wyarod. niadagSi tenis maragi damokidebulia nia-
dagis struqturaze, tenis SeTviseba_gamtarianobaze, aeraciaze, tenteva-
dobaze.

19
 soflis meurneobis warmoebisaTvis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba aqvs, mxolod
niadagis tenis im nawils, romelic misawvdomia sasoflo_sameurneo kultu-
rebisaTvis da uzrunvelyofs mosavlis formirebas, romelsac produqtiul
tens uwodeben. mcenareebisaTvis niadagSi arsebuli tenis maragi zogjer
ar aris misawvdomi. am dros garkveuli nawili Sekavebulia niadagis nawi-
lakebis mier ise, rom igi aRemateba mcenaris mier fesvTa Sewovis Zalas da
amitom mcenarisaTvis SeuTvisebelia. niadagis im tenianobas, romlis dro-
sac tenianobis deficiti mcenareTa ujredebSi ver aRsdgeba minimaluri
transpiraciis pirobebSi, Wknobis tenianoba - ,,Wknobis koeficienti” ewo-
deba. Tu niadagis tenis maragi tolia Wknobis koeficientisa, maSin mcena-
res ar SeuZlia normalurad awarmoos zrda-ganviTareba da mosavlis for-
mireba.
soflis meurneobisaTvis saxifaTo meteorologiuri movlenebi -
wayinvebs uwodeben haeris minimaluri temperaturis an niadagis moqmed
zedapirze 0°-mde da dabla dawevas wlis SedarebiT Tbil periodSi (gaza-
fxuli, Semodgoma).
temperaturas, romlis qvemoT vegetaciaSi myofi mcenareebi ziandebian an
iRupebian, kritikuls uwodeben. kritikuli temperaturebi sxvadasxvaa.
mcenareTa dazianebis xarisxi damokidebulia wayinvebis intensiurobasa da
misi moqmedebis xangrZlivobaze.
arsebobs wayinvebis da zamTris yinvebis winaaRmdeg brZolis sxvadasxva
meTodebi, romlebic pirobiTad iyofa or jgufad: I – fizikuri; II –
biologiuri.
gamosxivebis Semcireba – niadagidan da mcenareebidan gamosxiveba SeiZ-
leba Semcirdes kvamlis gamoyenebiT, rac ramdenadme amcirebs wayinvebis
moqmedebas.
namis wertilis aweva – igi SesaZlebelia haeris tenianobis gadidebiT,
rasac aRweven niadagis uxvad morwyviT, romlis dros wylis orTqli kon-
densirdeba da gamoiyofa faruli siTbo. am SemTxvevaSi temperaturam Sei-
Zleba moimatos 1-2°-iT.
haeris gaTboba – haeris gasaTbobad gamoiyeneba Txevadi sawvavebi. misi
efeqtianoba damokidebulia maTburebis raodenobaze. 1 cali maTburi 1
ha_ze iZleva 1°-mde temperaturis efeqts (1-1.5 m simaRleze), xolo 500
cali_3-4°-mde.
haeris fenebis erTmaneTSi Sereva _ efeqturia e.w. saqare danadgari
(,,ventiliatori”), radiaciuli wayinvebis dros, romelsac haeris civi da
Tbili masebi moZraobaSi mohyavs da erTmaneTSi urevs. danadgarma mcena-
reebi SeiZleba daicvas –4, _6°-is dros. ufro dabali temperaturebis dros
mizanSewonilia kompleqsuri RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba – saqare danadga-
rebTan erTad Txevadi sawvavebis maTburebi da sxv.
yinvagamZle jiSebis gamoyvana seleqciuri gziT. seleqcionerebi muSa-
oben mcenareebis iseTi jiSebis gamoyvanaze, romlebic sakmaod yinvagam-
Zleni iqnebian. isini gvian daiwyeben vegetacias wayinvebis Sewyvetis Semdeg
da adre damwifdebian, wayinvebis dawyebamde.
mcenareTa kvebis reJimis regulireba – niadagSi sasuqebis Setana unda
Catardes dadgenil vadebSi, radgan dagvianebis SemTxvevaSi mcenareebma
SeiZleba vegetacia gaagrZelon Semodgomis bolomde da am dros umniSv-
nelo wayinvebic daazianebs.

20
 incireba (waCqmeta) – mas ZiriTadad iyeneben citrusovani kulturebis-
Tvis adre Semodgomaze. kulturas aclian daaxloebiT 10-15 sm sigrZis wve-
roebs, mcenare iZulebulia Sewyvitos zrda da gadavides mosvenebiT
mdgomareobaSi. am dros nazardebi iwrTobian dabal temperaturaze da zam-
Tris yinvebs SedarebiT ukeT itanen.
mcenareebis Stambze miwis Semoyra – es meTodi Zlieri yinvebis SemTxve-
vaSi icavs mcenaris miwiT dafarul nawils. gadarCenili nawilebidan gaza-
fxulze sakmaod Zlieri nazardebi viTardeba.
SefuTva – citrusebis dasacavad farTod iyeneben samfenovani dolban-
diT SefuTvas, Tumca misi efeqti 1.5-2° ar aRemateba. iyeneben agreTve, dol-
bandis Semcvel, uqsovad qsovils–,,citruss”, romelic yinvebis dros dol-
bandTan SedarebiT 2°-iT ufro meti efeqtiT gamoirCeva.
gvalvebi. gvalvebis warmoSobis mizezs, umetes SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens
Zlieri atmosferuli procesebi, romlebsac ganapirobebs CrdiloeTidan an
Crdilo-dasavleTidan civi haeris masebis SemoWra, romelic xorcieldeba
anticiklonebis saxiT da sabolood moaqvs mSrali amindebi. aseT pirobeb-
Si dedamiwis zedapirs Zlierad aTbobs mzis radiacia, romlisganac Tbeba
miwispira haeris fena da mimdinareobs temperaturis mateba. aseTi haeris
pirobebSi intensiurad mimdinareobs niadagis zedapiridan aorTqleba da
mcenareebis maRali transpiracia, romlis Sedegad mokle periodSi ixar-
jeba niadagis teni da misi maragi, atmosferuli naleqebis uqonlobis gamo
igi ar ivseba. am dros mcenareebi ganicdian tenis naklebobas da adgili
aqvs gvalvas.
xorSaki (atmosferuli gvalva) – kompleqsur meteorologiur movlenas
warmoadgens, romelic xasiaTdeba maRali temperaturebiT, haeris dabali
tenianobiTa da Zlieri qariT. aRniSnuli faqtorebi iwvevs mcenareebis
transpiraciis gadidebas, niadagis zedapiridan intensiur aorTqlebas, rac
Zalze uaryofiTad moqmedebs sasoflo_sameurneo kulturebis zrda-ganvi-
Tarebasa da mosavlis formirebaze.
wvima _ wvimas, romelic mokle droSi iZleva didi raodenobiT naleqebs,
uwodeben Tavsxmas. igi xasiaTdeba xangrZlivobiT da intensiurobiT. uxvi
wvimis wylis nakadi ar CaiJoneba niadagSi da swrafad mieqaneba damreci
adgilebisaken, recxavs niadagis zedapiris nayofier fenas, iwvevs erozias,
igi ayovnebs Teslebis aRmocenebas, iwvevs mosavlis danakargs, produqciis
xarisxis gauaresebas da a.S. Tavsxma wvimebiT gamowveuli eroziis sawi-
naaRmdegod, saWiroa niadagis zedapirze mcenareuli safaris Seqmna, gan-
sakuTrebiT eroziasaSiS adgilebSi, terasebis mowyoba da sxva meliora-
ciuli RonisZiebebi.
setyva – misi warmoSoba dakavSirebulia haeris Zlier aRmaval denebTan,
romelic formirdeba da gvevlineba elWeqis xasiaTis Rrublebidan. yvela-
ze meti setyvianoba aRiniSneba mais-ivnisSi. igi gansakuTrebiT saSiSia mce-
nareebis yvavilobisa da nayofebis momwifebis periodSi, roca maT ar Seu-
ZliaT aRidginon dazianebuli organoebi da mogvcen mosavali. setyvis
Rrublebze xelovnuri zemoqmedebis meTodis safuZvels warmoadgens msxvi-
li setyvis warmoqmnis procesis SeCereba. am mizniT setyvis Rrublebis gan-
viTarebis dawyebidan ramdenime wuTis (15-20 wT.) Semdeg, maT esvrian specia-
lur raketebs an qvemexis Wurvebs, romlebsac SeaqvT RrublebSi setyvis
Tavidan acilebis saTanado reagentebi.
amoxuTva – am movlenisagan SeiZleba daziandes saSemodgomo xorbali,
Cais foTlebi, roca isini xangrZlivi drois manZilze imyofebian Rrma

21
Tovlis saburvelis qveS (30 sm da meti). mocemul pirobebSi mcenaris
sicocxlisunarianoba maRali rCeba da igi sunTqvaze xarjavs sakvebi nivTi-
erebebis mniSvnelovan marags, ris gamoc mcenare SeiZleba daiRupos. amo-
xuTvas aCqarebs sokovani daavadeba, romelic amoxuTvis xSiri Tanamgzav-
ria.
lpoba _ saSemodgomo naTesebis amolpoba, nawilobriv an mTlianad,
SesaZlebelia maTi wyliT dafarvis SemTxvevaSi 20 dReze meti periodis
ganmavlobaSi. aseT pirobebSi mcenareebi iRupebian Jangbadis uqonlobisa
da sakvebi nivTierebebis ukmarisobis Sedegad.
amoberva – niadagis forebSi, wylis gayinvis dros, warmoiqmneba yinulis
kristalebi, romlebic xeTqaven da beraven niadags, masTan erTad fesvebi-
anad amoiweva mcenareebic. roca niadagi galRveba, is TandaTan Cajdeba,
xolo mcenareebis nawili mainc amoweuli darCeba niadagidan. yvelaze
intensiurad es procesi mimdinareobs Warbtenian, ustruqturo da gvian
moxnul niadagebze. masTan brZolis RonisZiebas warmoadgens niadagis
drouli damuSaveba, Tesvis Catareba optimalur vadebSi da a.S.
yinulis qerqi – warmoiqmneba zamTarSi haeris temperaturis gaTbobisas,
Tovlis dnobisagan an wvimis Semdeg niadagis zedapirze aRniSnuli faq-
torebis gayinvisas. yinulis qerqis sisqe meryeobs 20-50 mm-mde, zogjer 150
mm-mdec. igi meqanikurad azianebs saSemodgomo naTes kulturebs, xels uw-
yobs niadagis zedapiris amobervas da gayinvas. mis winaaRmdeg brZolis
karg saSualebas warmoadgens zedapirze Tovlis safaris SeCereba.

Aamindi da klimati

klimati warmoadgens mocemul adgilSi amindis mravalwlian reJims an

amindis saSualo mdgomareobas xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi, rome-
lic ganpirobebulia misi geografiuli mdebareobiT.
klimatwarmoqmnis ZiriTadi faqtorebia: mzis radiacia, atmosferuli
cirkulacia, dedamiwis zedapiris safari (mcenareuloba, yinuli, Tovli, da
sxv.), zRvebi, okeaneebi da a.S. klimatis formirebaze garda geografiuli
ganedebisa, saTanado gavlenas axdenen materikebi da okeaneebi, romelTa
gavleniT formirdeba kontinenturi da zRvis tipis klimati. Zlieri kli-
matwarmoqmnis faqtoria mTebi, romlebic qmnian gansakuTrebuli klimatis
tips–mTis klimats.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis maRali mosavlis misaRebad didi mni-
Svneloba eniWeba agrometeorologiuri prognozebis SemuSavebas.

agrometeorologiuri dakvirvebebi

agrometeorologiuri dakvirvebebis Catareba mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi,

SeiZleba daiyos or etapad: wlis Tbil periodSi da civ periodSi
Casatarebel samuSaoebad.
wlis Tbil periodSi, meteorologiur elementebze dakvirvebis para-
lelurad, tardeba fenologiuri dakvirvebebic, anu dakvirvebebi mcenaris
ganviTarebis fazebze. fenologia aris cocxali bunebis sezonuri movle-
nebis Seswavla, anu maTi damokidebulebis reagireba garemo pirobebis
svla-ze.
yoveli mcenare viTardeba gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi, e.i. kvir-
tis gaRivebis dRidan_foTolcvenis dawyebamde, rasac savegetacio periodi

22
ewodeba. savegetacio periodis ganmavlobaSi yovel calke aRebul mcena-
reSi adgili aqvs ganviTarebis gansazRvrul periodebs, romlebsac fazebi
ewodebaT. aRniSnuli fazebi registrirdebian TariRebis mixedviT da mas
fenoTariRi ewodeba.
mniSvnelovania, agreTve mcenaris savegetacio periodis ganmavlobaSi
atmosferos stiqiuri movlenebis aRricxva. esenia: Zlieri qari, xangrZlivi
gvalva, wyaldidoba, setyva, yinvebi da sxva, rac sabolood gamoyenebas
povebs mcenareTa mdgomareobis Sefasebis dasazusteblad. aRniSnuli samu-
Saoebis Catareba mimdinareobs wlebis ganmavlobaSi, raTa dazustdes ama
Tu im mcenaris fazebis ganviTarebis dadgomis saSualo TariRebi. amisa-
Tvis arsebobs sami ZiriTadi piroba: 1. fenologiuri dakvirveba unda
warmoebdes erTsa da imave mcenareze wlebis manZilze; 2. dakvirveba unda
xdebodes erTsa da imave sacdel nakveTze; 3. yovelwliurad fenofaza da
fenomovlena unda iyos aRniSnuli erTi da imave niSnebis mixedviT.
agrometeorologiuri dakvirvebebidan mniSvnelovania, agreTve, naTesebis
mdgomareobis raodenobrivi Sefasebis meTodi, romelic tardeba mcenaris
produqtiul elementebze dakvirvebebis mixedviT.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. CamoTvaleT ZiriTadi meteorologiuri elementebi. aRwereT sasoflo-
sameurneo kulturebis ganviTarebaze maTi gavlena.
2. ra aris amindi da klimati?
3. CamoTvaleT meteorologiuri movlenebi, romlebic uaryofiTad moqmede-
ben sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis ganviTarebaze. daasaxeleT am movlene-
bis uaryofiTi moqmedebis Semcirebis gzebi.

T a v i 3

Mniadagmcodneoba

niadagi da misi nayofiereba

bunebis sawarmoo ZalTa Soris, romelsac kavSiri aqvs miwaTmoqmedebas-

Tan, erT-erTi pirveli da umTavresi adgili miekuTvneba niadags. igi sof-
lis meurneobis ZiriTadi sawarmoo saSualebaa, romelic mcenares amara-
gebs wyliTa da masSi gaxsnili sakvebi elementebiT.
niadagi aris dedamiwis zedafena im siRrmemde, sadamdec aRwevs mcenare-
Ta fesvebis ZiriTadi masa.
mcenaris sasicocxlo miwieri faqtorebiT ama Tu im doniT dakmayofi-
lebis unars niadagis nayofiereba ewodeba. niadagis nayofierebis elemente-
bis gamoyenebiT dedamiwis zedapirze, mwvane mcenaris saSualebiT, warmoebs
mineraluri nivTierebis gadayvana organul nivTierebaSi.
niadagsa da masze mcxovreb mcenareul organizmebs Soris nivTierebaTa
mudmivi cvlaa. mcenare niadagidan iRebs mineralur nivTierebebs, xolo
sikvdilis Semdeg isev ubrundeba organuli nivTierebis saxiT, fesvebis
Rero-foTlebisa da sxva narCenebis gziT. niadagsa da mcenares Soris
nivTierebaTa am mudmiv cvlas nivTierebaTa biologiuri wrebrunva ewodeba.
niadagis organuli nawili warmoiqmneba mcenareuli da cxoveluri or-
ganizmebis daSlisa da niadagTan maTi SeerTebis Sedegad, raSic gansakuT-
rebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mikroorganizmebis cxovelmoqmedebas.

23
 organuli nawili niadagSi ori saxiT gvxvdeba: mkvdari (mikroorga-
nizmebi, mcenareebi, cxovelebi) da cocxali, romlebic moqmedeben da viTa-
rdebian.
arCeven niadagis orgvar nayofierebas - bunebrivs, romelic warmoiqmneba
da viTardeba bunebriv faqtorTa erToblivi zemoqmedebiT adamianis monawi-
leobis gareSe da _ efeqturs, romelic iqmneba adamianis SromiT da damo-
kidebulia, erTi mxriv, niadagze adamianis sameurneo zemoqmedebis xasiaTsa
da, meore mxriv, mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove doneze.
efeqturi nayofiereba ganisazRvreba mosayvani sasoflo-sameurneo kultu-
rebis mosavlis sididiT.
bunebrivi nayofiereba damokidebulia bunebriv pirobebze (naleqebi, tem-
peratura, qarebi da sxv.), mcenareTa safarze, niadagSi mimdinare fizikur-
qimiur da biologiur procesebze da bunebis Zalebis urTierTqmedebaze.
pirvelyofil da bunebriv nayofierebebTan SeiZleba gavaigivoT poten-
ciuri nayofiereba. adamiani mosavlianobis gazrdis mizniT, zemoqmedebas
axdens niadagze_amuSavebs mas, Seaqvs sasuqi, rwyavs, aSrobs da cvlis mis
bunebriv nayofierebas, potenciuri nayofiereba gadahyavs efeqtian, anu
ekonomikur nayofierebaSi.
niadagis nayofiereba aris niadagis ara myari, aramed mudmivad cvale-
badi Tviseba. misi gaumjobeseba SesaZlebelia niadagis damuSavebis wesebis
gaumjobesebiT, sasuqebis SetaniT, miwaTmoqmedebis progresuli sistemis
danergviT da urTierTSoris dakavSirebuli sxva RonisZiebebis gatarebiT.
mTis qanis mdgomareobis cvalebadoba, daSla da niadagwarmoqmnis pro-
cesebi erTmaneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli. niadagis warmoqmnis sxva-
dasxva pirobebi gansazRravs sxvadasxva tipis niadagebSi fizikuri, qimiuri,
biologiuri da sxva. maCveneblebis sxvaobas. niadagebi erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdebian morfologiuri niSnebiT. niadagis Seferiloba damokidebu-
lia mis qimiur Sedgenilobaze, agreTve, struqturasa da tenianobaze. mag:
kiriT mdidar niadagebs moTeTro an baci Seferiloba aqvT, rkinis JangiT
mdidari niadagi mowiTalo ferisaa, humusiT mdidari niadagi_moSao da a.S.
niadagis meqanikuri Sedgeniloba. gamoyofen niadagis Semdeg jgufebs:
mZime Tixiani, Tixiani, mZime Tixnari, saSualo Tixnari, msubuqi Tixnari,
qviSnari, qviSiani naiadagebi.
niadagis qimiuri Sedgeniloba. niadagSi gvxvdeba mravali elementi,
romelTagan mTavaria: wyalbadi, naxSirbadi, azoti, natriumi, kaliumi, kal-
ciumi, magniumi, rkina, alumini, siliciumi, fosfori, gogirdi, qlori. amaT
garda niadagSi gvxvdeba mikroelementebi: TuTia, manganumi, spilenZi, mo-
libdeni, da sxv.
niadagis koloidebi. koloidebi warmoadgenen webosmagvar nivTierebebs,
romelTa diametri 0,1 mikronisa da 1 milimikronis farglebSi meryeobs.
koloidebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebidan mTavaria koagulacia (aWra),
adsorbciis unari, gajirjveba da sxv.
niadagis STanTqmis unarianoba. niadagis Tviseba Seakavos xsnaridan mas-
Si gaxsnili nivTiereba, aris niadagis STanTqmiTi unarianoba.
niadagSi meqanikuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT arCeven xirxats da wvril-
miwa nawilakebs. xirxats miekuTvneba nawilakebi, romelTa diametri 1 mm-ze
metia, xolo wvrilmiwa agregatebs iseTi, romelTa diametri 1 mm-ze nakle-
bia. sxvadasxva meqanikuri Sedgenilobis niadagebi sxvadasxva TvisebiT xa-
siaTdebian. magaliTad, Tixiani niadagebi Zneli dasamuSavebelia, Tixnari
da silnari niadagebi ki piriqiT, SedarebiT advili. amitom, Tixnar nia-

24
dagebs - mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobis niadagebs uwodeben, xolo silnars
msubuqi Sedgenilobisas.
Tixnari niadagebi wyals zeda fenebidan qveviT Znelad atareben, silna-
ri da qviSnari niadagebi advilad. xirxatiani niadagebi swrafad da metad
Tbebian, vidre Tixa niadagebi. amitom, xirxatian, qviSian niadagebs Tbil
niadagebs uwodeben, xolo Tixians_civs.
Tixian niadagebSi Setanili sasuqebi ufro daculia gamorecxvisagan,
vidre silnari niadagebi. amis mizeziT silnar niadagebSi sasuqebis sruli
normiT erTianad Setanas eridebian da sasuqebi wiladobrivad SeaqvT.
wyals niadagisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. wyalze damokidebulia
niadagis fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebi. niadagSi wyali gvxvdeba sxvadasxva
formiT: orTqlisebri, higroskopuli, apkisebri, kapilaruli, gravitaci-
uli, magari da qimiurad SekavSirebuli.
mcenaris zrda_ganviTarebisaTvis, baqteriebis cxovelmyofelobisaTvis
da niadagSi mimdinare qimiuri da biologiuri procesebisaTvis, niadagis
haers didi mniSvneloba aqvs. niadagis haeri da wyali mis forebSia moTav-
sebuli, erTis gazrda meoris Semcirebas iwvevs. niadagis Tvisebebis mixe-
dviT forebSi cvalebadia rogorc haeris, ise wylis raodenoba. niadagis
unars gaataros Tavis masaSi haeri, haergamtaroba anu haeracia ewodeba.
niadagis siTbos MmTavar wyaros warmoadgens mzis energia. siTbur re-
Jims didi mniSvneloba aqvs, niadagSi qimiuri da biologiuri procesebis
mimdinareobisaTvis. siTbos im raodenobas, romelic saWiroa niadagis masis
an moculobis erTeulis gasaTbobad, niadagis Tbotevadobas uwodeben. nia-
dagis Tbotevadobaze gavlenas axdens niadagis meqanikuri da qimiuri Sed-
geniloba, feri, reliefis forma, tenianoba da sxv. niadagis siTbur reJim-
ze didadaa damokidebuli kulturul mcenareTa zrda-ganviTareba. saSemod-
gomo kulturaTa naTesebSi siTbos reJimis gasaumjobeseblad iyeneben
Tovlmelioracias. amasTan, mniSvnelovania mindorsacavi tyis zolebis mow-
yoba.
klimati. klimati niadagTwarmoqmnis procesebze axdens gavlenas. klima-
tTan aris dakavSirebuli niadagSi tenisa da siTbos miwodeba, xolo isini
Tavis mxriv gansazRvraven mcenareulobis xasiaTs da niadagSi mimdinare
mikrobiologiuri procesebis intensivobas.
klimati did gavlenas axdens niadagSi qimiur, fizikur da fizikur-qi-
miur procesebze. erT SemTxvevaSi aZlierebs maT, meoreSi_anelebs.
mcenareuloba da cocxali organizmebi. mcenareuloba da cocxali orga-
nizmebi niadagwarmoqmnis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. masTan dakavSirebulia
niadagis zeda fenebSi kvebis elementebis dagroveba, agreTve humusis_niada-
gis nayofierebis mTavari wyaros warmoqmna.
niadagTwarmoqmnaSi mniSvnelovani roli ekuTvniT cxovelur organizmeb-
sac: umartivesebs, uxerxemloebsa da mTxrel xerxemlianebs. uxerxemloebi-
dan yvelaze met gavlenas axdenen Wiayelebi, romlebic TavianT organizmSi
10 tonamde niadagis masas atareben TiToeul heqtarze. amitom Wiayelebi
niadagis nayofierebis erT-erTi biologiuri maCvenebelia; xerxemliani cxo-
velebi (Txunelebi, Triebi, zazunebi, miwis kurdRlebi, memindvriebi) Txri-
an soroebs, ureven organul nivTierebebs mineralurSi, SesamCnevad amaRle-
ben niadagis, wylis da haeris gamtarianobas, rac xels uwyobs mcenareuli
narCenebis xrwnas.
reliefi _ arCeven makro da mikro reliefs. makroreliefi adgilis
vrceli teritoriis saerTo saxes warmoadgens, zogjer mniSvnelovani ver-

25
tikaluri ryevadobiT. mikroreliefi ki mcire nakveTebis zedapiris formaa
Tavisi uswormasworobiTa da simaRlis cvalebadobiT.
formis mixedviT ZiriTadad ganasxvaveben vake da mTian reliefs.
niadagis xnovaneba. periods, niadagis warmoqmnis dawyebidan_Tanamedro-
veobamde, niadagis xnovaneba ewodeba. maTi warmoqmna zogan adre daiwyo,
zogan gvian. rogorc wesi, Savmiwebi ufro xnovanebi arian, isini gamyinva-
rebis periodidan viTardebian.
adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis roli niadagTwarmoqmnis procesSi.
miwaTmoqmedeba warmoiSva uxsovari droidan, roca adamianebi mcenareebis
Segrovebidan maT gamravlebaze gadavidnen. am droidan niadagi gaxda Sro-
mis obieqti da warmoebis ZiriTadi saSualeba. niadagze adamianis sawarmoo
zemoqmedebis gzebi da saSualebebi uaRresad mravalgvaria. niadagis meli-
oracia, meqanikuri damuSaveba, ganoyiereba, mindorsacavi tyis zolebis mo-
wyoba da sxva iseTi RonisZiebebia, romlebsac SeuZliaT Secvalon niadagT-
warmomqmneli procesebi da niadagis Tvisebebi. niadagze adamianis dadebiTi
moqmedebasTan erTad zogjer adgili aqvs uaryofiT gavlenas, romelsac is
xSirad Tavisdauneburad an windauxedaobiT akeTebs, mag, tyeebis gaCexva,
tyeebSi xanZris gaCena, niadagebis moxvna ferdobis daqanebis mimarTulebiT
da sxv. mTian adgilebSi iwveven eroziuli procesebis ganviTarebas,
niadaguri safaris Camorecxvas, hidrologiuri reJimis gauaresebas, vake
adgilebis daWaobebas da sxv.
niadagis Sedgeniloba da Tvisebebi, klasifikacia meqanikuri Sedgenilo-
bis mixedviT. niadagi Sedgeba myari, Txieri da airovani fazisagan. niadagis
myari (magari) faza sxvadasxva zomis nawilakebisagan anu meqanikuri ele-
mentebisagan Sedgeba.
niadags aqvs xvedriTi masa, moculobiTi masa, axasiaTebs forianoba, we-
bovneba, plastikuroba, gajirjveba da dajdoma, simwife, niadagis bmuloba
(simagre), xvedriTi winaRobva.
niadagis xvedriTi masa.Nniadagis magari fazis xvedriTi wona aris gar-
kveuli moculobis (1sm3 forebis CauTvlelad) absoluturad mSrali nia-
dagis wona Sefardebuli imave moculobis wylis wonasTan.
niadagis moculobiTi masa. Nniadagis moculobiTi masa aris garkveuli
moculobis (1sm3), dauSleli fenebis haermSrali niadagis wona Sefardebu-
li imave moculobis wylis wonasTan.
niadagis forianoba.Nniadagis forianoba ewodeba garkveuli moculobis
niadagSi arsebul erTad aRebul yovelgvar forebs, Sualedebsa da Rru
adgilebs.
niadagis webovnebis Tviseba. webovnebas uwodeben niadagis nawilakebis
Tvisebas garkveuli tenianobis pirobebSi miewebos erTmaneTs da gareSe
sxeuls.
gajirjveba da dajdoma. niadagis unars, datenianebisas gadiddes mocu-
lobaSi, gajirjveba ewodeba.
roca niadagi moculobaSi iklebs es mis dajdomas niSnavs, romelic
wylis aorTqlebiTa da advilad xsnadi marilebis mocilebiT aris gamowve-
uli. gajirjvebasa da dajdomasTan dakavSirebuli moculobis cvlilebebi-
sas niadagis zedapiri skdeba (napraldeba), xels uwyobs wylis dakargvas
da mcenareTa fesvTa sistemis dawydomas, es ki Zalian cudad aisaxeba sa-
soflo_sameurneo kulturaTa mosavlianobaze.

26
 plastikuroba. plastikuroba ewodeba niadagis unarianobas, ganicados
deformireba garegani meqanikuri zemoqmedebiT erTianobis daunawevrianeb-
lad da SeinarCunos mocemuli forma. niadagis plastikuroba damokidebu-
lia meqanikur, mineralogiur, qimiur Sedgenilobaze da gamovlindeba teni-
anobis gansazRvrul diapazonebSi.
niadagebis klasifikacia plastikurobis mixedviT
klasi niadagebi plastikurobis
ricxvi
I maRalplastikurebi (Tixebi) 17
II plastikurebi (Tixnarebi) 17-7
III sustad plastikurebi (qviSnarebi) 7-0
IV araplastikurebi (qviSebi) 0

niadagis simwife. niadagis simwife aris misi dasamuSaveblad mzadyofna.

mdgomareoba, roca niadagi advilad muSavdeba gamwevi Zalis minimaluri
daxarjviT da kargad ifSvneba koStebad.
niadagis bmuloba (simagre). niadagis bmuloba misi myari fazis SeWidu-
lobis xarisxs gamosaxavs, e.i. gviCvenebs niadagis simagris xarisxs. niada-
gis bmuloba, agronomiuli TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa. igi gav-
lenas axdens niadagis weviT winaRobasa da mcenaris dasafesvianeblad sa-
Wiro Zalis raodenobaze.
xvedriTi winaRoba. xvedriTi winaRoba aris Zala, romelic ixarjeba
beltis mosaWrelad, mis gadasabruneblad da samuSao organoebze xaxunis
gadasalaxavad. niadagis kuTri winaRoba meqanikur Sedgenilobaze, fizikur-
qimiur Taviseburebasa da tentevadobaze damokidebulebiT Seadgens 0,2-1,2
kg/sm2-s.
niadagis struqtura da misi simkvrive. niadagis unars _ daiSalos sxva-
dasxva zomisa da formis agregatebad _ niadagis struqturianoba ewodeba.
niadagis struqturaze damokidebulia mcenareTa zrdisa da ganviTarebis
periodSi maqsimaluri uzrunvelyofa sakvebi nivTierebebiTa da haeriT.
struqturuli niadagi yovelTvis ukeT awvdis mcenares sakveb nivTierebas,
vidre gamtverebuli, naleqebsac ufro metad nTqavs da inarCunebs, arakapi-
laruli forebis sakmao raodenobas Seicavs da amis gamo haeraciac ukeTe-
si aqvs.
niadagis wylieri Tvisebebi. wyals niadagisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba
aqvs. wyalze damokidebulia niadagis fizikur_meqanikuri Tvisebebi, rogo-
rebicaa: bmuloba, plastikuroba da simkvrive.
niadagSi wyali sxvadasxva formiT gvxvdeba. esenia: orTqlisebri, higro-
skopuli, apkisebri, kapilaruli, gravitaciuli, magari da qimiurad Sekav-
Sirebuli.
higroskopuli wyali STanTqmulia niadagis nawilakebis mier, mas mcena-
re iyenebs. apkisebri wyali warmoadgens niadagis nawilakebze Semokrul
Txel apks, romelic SeboWilia molekularuli SeWidulobis ZaliT. kapi-
laruli wyali niadagis simZimis ZaliT moZraobs da kapilarul wyalTan
erTad mcenaris kvebis ZiriTadi mommaragebelia. magari wyali niadagSi
gvxvdeba yinulis saxiT. qimiurad SekavSirebuli wyali Sedis niadagis mi-
neralebsa da marilebSi.
niadagis tentevadoba ewodeba mis unars, miiRos da daakavos wylis gar-
kveuli raodenoba.

27
 arCeven niadagis tenianobis sam saxes: udides anu srul tentevadobas,
SefardebiTs anu kapilarul tentevadobas da umcires anu absolutur
tentevadobas.
niadagis wylis formebi niadagis wylis Semdegi kategoriebi arsebobs:
kristalizebuli, magari, orTqliseburi, mWidrodbmuli, faSaradbmuli da
Tavisufali.
wyali niadagSi moipoveba misTvis damaxasiaTebel samive fizikur mdgo-
mareobaSi_TxevadSi, orTqlisebrSi da myarSi. aqedan mcenarisaTvis misawv-
domia mxolod Txevadi wyali.
niadaguri haeri. niadagi, rogorc foriani sxeuli, yovelTvis Seicavs
haers. niadagSi haeri gvxvdeba samgvarad: Tavisufal, adsorbciul, xsnad
mdgomareobaSi.
niadagis haeris Sedgeniloba n.s. sokolovis mixedviT

niadagis haeris Sedgenilobis ukiduresi avtorebi da

saSualo farglebi dakvirvebis
nakveTis xasiaTi Sedgeniloba %-obiT adgili
O CO2 O CO2
nakeliT - - 18,6-19,0 0,3-2,7 mosolovi
ganoyierebuli aneuli t.s.s.
unakelo aneuli - - 16,8-19,2 9,5-2,6 sacdeli
mdelo - - 11,5-16,2 1,6-2,1 mindori
ganoyierebuli

qviSnari 20,6 0,16 20,4-20,8 0.05-0.30 liau

xnuli

Tixnari 20,6 0,25 20,0-20,9 0,07-0,55 (germania)

daWaobebuli 20,0 0,65 19,2-20,5 0,28-1,40

kartofili 19,8-21,0
(nakeliT ganoyiereb.) 20,3 0,61 0,09-0,94
qviSnarze inglisi
Ggaunoyiereb. xnuli 20,4 0,2 18,0-22,3 0,1-1,4
nakeliT 20,3 0,4 15,7-21,2 0,3-3,2
gaunoyierebeli xnuli
saZovari 18,4 0,6 16,7-20,5 0,3-3,3

niadaguri haeri atmosferuli haerisagan gansxvavdeba. niadagis haeri

naxSirorJangs bevrad meti raodenobiT Seicavs, vidre atmosferuli, Jang-
badi ki niadagis haerSi mcirea. mcenaris zrda_ganviTarebisaTvis, baqteri-
ebis cxovelmyofelobisaTvis da niadagSi mimdinare qimiuri da biologi-
uri procesebisaTvis, niadagis haers didi mniSvneloba aqvs. niadagis haeris
da atmosferos haeris Sedgeniloba gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, atmosfe-
ros haeri Seicavs 79,07% azots, 20,96% Jangbads da 0,03% naxSirorJangs,
niadagis haeri ki Seicavs 79% azots, 20,3% Jangbads, 0,15-0,6% naxSiror-
Jangs.
niadagis Tburi Tvisebebi. mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebis, agreTve niadag-
warmoqmnis procesisaTvis, siTbo mniSvnelovani faqtoria. niadagis siTbos
mTavar wyaros warmoadgens mzis energia. niadagis siTbur reJimze didadaa
damokidebuli kulturul mcenareTa zrda_ganviTareba.
niadagis STanTqmiTi unarianoba. niadagis mier Txier an gazisebr mdgo-
mareobaSi myofi sxvadasxva SenaerTis STanTqmas_STanTqmis unarianobas
uwodeben. igi miwaTmoqmedebaSi did rols asrulebs. STanTqmiTi unaria-

28
noba ganapirobebs sxvadasxva xsnadi SenaerTebis Sekavebas, maT Soris fe-
svuri kvebis mniSvnelovan elementebs. arCeven STanTqmiTi unarianobis xuT
saxes: biologiurs, meqanikurs, qimiurs, fizikur _ qimiurs da fizikurs.
niadagis reaqcia. niadagis reaqcia udides gavlenas axdens mcenaris
zrda-ganviTarebasa da mikroorganizmebis cxovelmyoflobaze. arian mcena-
reebi, romlebic tute reaqcias ver itanen – iRupebian da, piriqiT_tute
reaqciis pirobebTan Seguebul mcenareebs uWirT mJave reaqciis niadagSi
ganviTareba.
niadagis reaqcia dakavSirebulia niadagwarmoqmnis procesTan. agronomi-
ul mecnierebas niadagebis reaqciis regulirebis mZlavri saSualebani gaa-
Cnia mJave reaqciis niadagebis mokirianebisa da tute reaqciis niadagebis
SemJavebis RonisZiebaTa saxiT.
organuli nawili. niadagis organuli nawili warmoiqmneba mcenareuli
da cxoveluri organizmebis daSlisa da niadagTan maTi SeerTebis Sedegad,
raSic gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mikroorganizmebis cxovelmoqmede-
bas. organuli nawili niadagSi ori saxiT gvxvdeba_mkvdari da cocxali
saxiT, romlebic moqmedeben da viTardebian.
mikroorganizmebis moqmedeba mimdinareobs aerobul (Jangbadovan) an ana-
erobul (uJangbado) pirobebSi.
aerobul pirobebSi mimdinare mikrobiologiuri procesis Sedegad nia-
dagis organuli nawili ganicdis srul mineralizacias, romlis Sedegad
miiReba daJanguli myari martivi naerTebi. anaerobuli mikrobiologiuri
procesis Sedegad ki miiReba dauJangavi naerTebi. garda am procesebisa, nia-
dagSi mimdinareobs uaRresad didi mniSvnelobis procesi_humifikacia, ris
Sedegadac niadagSi arsebuli, organuli nivTierebebis nawili mikroorga-
nizmebis moqmedebiT gardaiqmneba humusad. humusis niadagTan SeerTebas
humifikacias uwodeben.
organul nivTierebebs mcenare ver iyenebs, igi unda daiSalos martiv
mineralur nivTierebad. im process, rodesac organuli nivTiereba bolom-
de daiSleba, organuli nivTierebis mineralizacia ewodeba.
humusi warmoadgens niadagis metad rTul nawils, organul_mineralur
kompleqss. humusi niadagSi udidesi mniSvnelobisaa mcenareTa kvebis saqme-
Si. humusiT mdidari struqturiani niadagi maRali mosavlis miRebis rea-
luri garantiaa.
humusis agronomiuli mniSvneloba metad didia. marTalia mcenare uSua-
lod humusiT ar ikvebeba, magram igi sakveb nivTierebaTa ZiriTadi wyaroa.
niadagis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da kvebis reJimi. niadagSi sakvebi nivTi-
erebebi imyofeba wyalSi xsnad da uxsnad mdgomareobaSi. kvebis elementebis
umetesoba niadagSi moipoveba wyalSi Znelad xsnadi organuli da minera-
luri SenaerTebis saxiT.
mikroorganizmebis meSveobiT xdeba sakvebi nivTierebebis mcenarisaTvis
SesaTvisebel mdgomareobaSi gadayvana. biologiuri da qimiuri procesebis
urTierTmoqmedebis Sedegad, niadagis wyalSi uxsnadi SenaerTebi gadadian
xsnad_SesaTvisebel mdgomareobaSi. am process SeiZleba xeli SevuwyoT
niadagis wesieri damuSavebiT, Teslbrunvebis SemoRebiT, organul-minera-
luri sasuqebis SetaniT, mJave niadagebis mokirianebiT, damlaSebuli niada-
gebis moTabaSirebiT da wylis reJimis gaumjobesebiT.
mcenaris kvebis umTavresi elementebi: azoti, fosfori, kaliumi, kalci-
umi, magniumi, gogirdi, bori, rkina da sxva niadagSi sxvadasxvagvar mdgo-
mareobaSi gvxvdebian.

29
 azoti. azoti Sedis yvela martivi da rTuli cilebis, nukleinmJavebis,
qlorofilis, vitaminebis, fermentebis, alkaloidebis da sxva organuli
SenaerTebis SemadgenlobaSi. am elementis simciris dros ferxdeba da knin-
deba mcenaris miwiszeda organoebisa da fesvTa sistemis zrda-ganviTareba.
azotiT Warbi kveba xels uwyobs mZlavri savegetacio masis warmoqmnas,
mkveTrad mcirdeba reproduqciuli organoebis Casaxva, ganviTareba da
nayofmsxmoiaroba.
fosfori. fosfori monawileobs fotosinTezis, sunTqvis duRilis, gam-
ravlebis, nivTierebaTa cvlis, naxSirwylebisa da cilebis warmoqmnis da-
Slis da sxva procesebSi. is Sedis protoplazmis birTvis, hormonebis,
vitaminebis, fermentebis, nukleinmJavebis, fosfatidebis da sxva organuli
SenaerTebis SemadgenlobaSi. am elementis simcire aferxebs da akninebs
mcenaris miwiszeda organoebisa da fesvTa sistemis zrda_ganviTarebas.
fosforiT Warbi kvebisas Cqardeba mcenaris ganviTarebis fazebis gavla,
foTlebi naadrevad Wkneba da xmeba, adre mTavrdeba vegetacia.
kaliumi. kaliumi did rols asrulebs mcenareSi adenozintrifosfatis
warmoqmnaSi, romelic energiiT amaragebs fotosinTezis, Saqrebisa da ci-
lebis sinTezis procesebs. is aaqtiurebs fermentebs, aregulirebs bageebis
gaxsnas da daxurvas, adidebs azotiani sasuqebis efeqturobas. am elemen-
tis simciris dros muxruWdeba ujredis dayofa, zrda da gaWimva, ferxde-
ba mcenaris zrda_ganviTareba, mcirdeba mosavlianoba da sokovani daavade-
baTa mimarT gamZleoba.
kaliumis siWarbis simptomebi simciris analogiuria da iwvevs ,,kideebis
sidamwvres”.
kalciumi. kalciumi marTalia ar Sedis qlorofilis SemadgenlobaSi,
magram did rols asrulebs fotosinTeszis, nivTierebaTa cvlis, naxSir-
wylebis gadanacvlebis, azotovani SenaerTebis gardaqmnaSi da sokovani
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleobis gadidebaSi. misi simciris dros ziandeba
fesvebisa da miwiszeda organoebis zrdis wertilebi da kvirtebi.
kalciumis siWarbe iwvevs mcenaris naadrevad daberebas.
magniumi. magniumi Sedis qlorofilis SedgenilobaSi. aaqtiurebs fer-
mentebisa da askorbinmJavas warmoqmnis process, monawileobs Jangva-aRdge-
niT procesebSi. xels uwyobs fosforis SeTvisebas, dadebiT gavlenas ax-
dens nayofwarmoqmnisa da maT momwifebaze. am elementis simcire iwvevs
qlorozs, romlis drosac mcenaris qveda foTlebis ZarRvTSorisebi iRe-
ben aWrelebul_Ria mwvane, Ria YyviTel, narinjisfer an wiTel Sefervas da
foTlis firfita zemoTa mxares exveva. xangrZlivi SimSilis dros qloro-
ziT daavadebuli ubnebi xmeba, imtvreva da foTlebi cviva.
magniumiT Warbi kvebisas ferxdeba mcenareSi kalciumisa da kaliumis
Sesvla.
gogirdi. gogirdi Sedis yvela cilis, zogierTi aminomJavis, mcenareuli
zeTebis, vitaminebis SedgenilobaSi. monawileobs Jangva-aRdgeniT proceseb-
Si. azotovan naxSirwylovan cvlaSi, sunTqvisa da cximebis cvlis proces-
Si. mcenareze gogirdis simciris simptomebi Zalian waagavs azotis SimSi-
lis niSnebs.
bori. bori did gavlenas axdens naxSirwylovan, cilovan da nukleinovan
cvlaze. misi simciris dros irRveva sinTezuri da naxSirwylebis gadanac-
vlebis, reproduqciuli organoebis warmoqmnisa da ganayofierebis proce-
sebi, mcirdeba nayofmsxmoiaroba.

30
 boris siWarbe apirobebs maxinji TavTavebis, taroebisa da nayofebis
warmoqmnas.
rkina. rkina monawileobs qlorofilis sinTezSi, sunTqvisa da nivTiere-
baTa cvlis procesebSi. Sedis Jangva_aRdgeniTi fermentebis Semadgenlo-
baSi. am elementis simciris dros adgili aqvs qlorofilis warmoqmnis
darRvevas, ris gamoc foTlebi kargaven mwvane Seferilobas da viTardeba
qlorozi.
saqarTvelos niadagebi

saqarTvelo xasiaTdeba didi niadaguri siWreliT. saqarTvelos niadage-

bis ZiriTadi tipebia:

1 mTa_mdelos kordiani 13 yviTelmiwa_ewer lebiani

2 mTa_mdelos kordian-karbonatuli 14 wiTelmiwa tipiuri, wiTelmiwa gaewe-

rebuli, wiTelmiwa_ewer lebiani.
3 mTa_mdelos kordiani Savmiwebi 15 mineralur Waobiani dalamian Waobiani
4 mTa_mdelos torfiani da lebiani 16 mdelos Waobiani
5 mTis Savmiwisebrni 17 yavisferi da renZino yavisferi
6 mTis Savmiwa 18 ruxi yavisferi
7 mTa_tye mdelos 19 gajiani
8 yomrali tipiuri 20 mdelos ruxi yavisferi
9 renZino yomrali 21 baris Savmiwebi
10 yviTeli yomrali 22 bicobi, bicis kompleqsi
11 neSompala karbonatuli 23 aluviuri niadagebi
12 yviTelmiwa, yviTelmiwa_eweri

T. uruSaZis monacemebiT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia niadagis Semdegi

ZiriTadi tipebi: mTa_mdelos kordiani, mTa-mdelos kordian-karbonatuli,
mTa_mdelos kordiani Savmiwebi, mTa_mdelos torfiani da lebiani, mTis
Savmiwisebrni, mTis Savmiwa, mTa_tye mdelos, yomrali tipiuri, renZino

31
yomrali, yviTeli yomrali, neSompala karbonatuli, yviTelmiwa, yviTel-
miwa_eweri, yviTelmiwa_ewer lebiani, wiTelmiwa tipiuri, wiTelmiwa gaewe-
rebuli, wiTelmiwa_ewer lebiani, mineralur Waobiani da lamian Waobiani,
mdelos Waobiani, yavisferi da renZino yavisferi, ruxi yavisferi, gajiani
mdelos ruxi yavisferi, baris Savmiwebi, bicobi, bicis kompleqsi, aluviuri
niadagebi.
dasavleT saqarTvelo. dasavleT saqarTvelos niadagebis olqi: 1.
dablobis Waobiani da eweri niadagebis zona; 2. gorakiani mTiswinebis
wiTelmiwa da yviTelmiwa niadagebis zona; 3. mTa-tyeTa niadagebis zona; 4.
mTa-mdeloTa niadagebis zona.
dablobis Waobiani da eweri niadagebis zona. am zonaSi niadagebis daWa-
obeba gamowveulia Warbi atmosferuli naleqebiT, vake reliefiT, alag-
alag gruntis wylebiT, niadagebis mZime meqanikuri SedgenilobiT da
ustruqturobiT. Waobis niadagebidan aq gavrcelebulia Waobiani, torfiani,
Waobislamiani da mdelos Waobiani niadagebi.
dasavleT saqarTvelos subtropikuli zonis Waobiani niadagebis saxal-
xo-sameurneo mniSvneloba metad didia. subtropikuli klimati da miwebis
melioracia, romelic didi masStabiT iqna ganxorcielebuli kolxeTis
dablobze, farTo SesaZleblobas qmnis subtropikuli meurneobis ganviTa-
rebisaTvis. amasTan, farTodaa ganviTarebuli erTwliani kulturebi da
mecxoveleoba. Waobis torfiani niadagebi daSrobas ar eqvemdebarebian da
gamoyenebulia organuli da organul-mineraluri sasuqebis dasamzadeb-
lad.
gorakiani mTiswinebis wiTelmiwa da yviTelmiwa niadagebis zona.
wiTelmiwa niadagebi gavrcelebulia borcvian-gorakiani reliefis pirobeb-
Si, zRvis donidan 50-300 metris simaRleze.
wiTelmiwebi, meqanikuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT, umetesad mZime Tixnar
da Tixebs warmoadgenen. axasiaTebT struqturuli agregatebis simtkice da
mJave reaqcia (-5,2-5,5) da maTi zeda horizonti sakmaod mdidaria humusiT (6-
-8). wiTelmiwebs da yviTelmiwebs didi sasoflo-sameurneo mniSvneloba
aqvT. am niadagebze kargad xaroben subtropikuli kulturebi, citrusebi,
eTerzeTebi, Tambaqo, da sxv.
mTa-tyeTa niadagebis zona. mTa_tyeTa zonisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tyis
yomrali niadagebi. tyis yomrali niadagebi gamoirCevian sakmaod didi sis-
qiT, Tixnari da Tixa meqanikuri SedgenilobiT, kargad gamosaxuli humu-
siani horizontiT. humusis Semcveloba 8-10, zogjer 15-20%-mde aRwevs; am
niadagebs susti mJave reaqcia aqvT.
tyis yomrali niadagebis didi masivi tyeebis qveS imyofeba. magram mTa
tyis zonis qveda sartyelSi, zRvis donidan 900 metris simaRleze, gamoyene-
bulia miwaTmoqmedebaSi.
mTa-mdeloTa niadagebis zona. am zonaSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia
neSompala–karbonatuli niadagebi.
neSompala-karbonatuli niadagebi Cveulebriv mdidaria humusiT, romlis
raodenoba zogan 10% aRwevs, magram iq, sadac eroziis procesi gaZli-
erebiT mimdinareobs, niadagebi mcire sisqiT da humusis bevrad naklebi
raodenobiT xasiaTdebian, romlis Semcveloba zeda horizontSi 3%-s ar
aRemateba.
meqanikuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT neSompala-karbonatuli niadagebi ume-
tesad mZime Tixnarebs da Tixebs warmoadgenen. aqvT kargi struqtura, ris

32
gamoc miuxedavad mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobisa, es niadagebi dadebiTi
fizikuri da wylovani TvisebebiT gamoirCevian.
neSompala-karbonatuli niadagebi farTod gamoiyeneba mravalwliani
kulturebis gasaSeneblad. Tumca, aseTi tipis niadagebze aucilebelia ero-
zia sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gatareba, rogorebicaa melioraciuli da
agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi.
S a v m i w e b i sakmaodaa gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSi, rogorc
aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
Savmiwa niadagebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia humusovani horizontis didi
sisqe da humusis didi Semcveloba.
Savmiwa niadagebi sakmaod mdidaria karbonatebiT. Savmiwa niadagebi xasi-
aTdebian STanTqmis didi tevadobiT. Savmiwa niadagebi umTavresad Tixa da
Tixnari meqanikuri Sedgenilobisaa. Savmiwebs aqvs kargi struqtura, ris
gamoc miuxedavad mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobisa, es niadagebi dadebiTi fi-
zikuri da wylovani TvisebebiT gamoirCevian.
Savmiwa niadagebi maRali nayofierebiT xasiaTdebian da intensiurad
arian gamoyenebuli mravalwliani kulturebisa da sxvadasxva sasoflo_
sameurneo mindvris kulturebis mosayvanad.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gamoyofilia
niadagebis 4 zona.
1. velebis Savmiwa, wabla da naxevrad udabnos ruxi-mura niadagebis
zona;
2. vakeTa da mTiswinebis gardamavali saxis tye-velisa da tyis
niadagebis zona;
3. mTa-tyeTa niadagebis zona;
4. mTa-mdeloTa niadagebis zona;
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Savmiwa, wabla, ruxi-mura niadagebis zona.
wabla niadagebi Tavisi SeferilobiT emsgavsebian mwife wablis fers, ami-
tom miiRes aseTi saxelwodeba. wabla niadagebi ufro Raribia humusiT,
vidre Savmiwa niadagebi. humusis Sedgenilobis mixedviT es niadagebi iyo-
fian Ria da muqwabla niadagebad. ukanaskneli ufro mdidaria humusiT da
warmoadgens gardamaval stadias Savmiwa da wabla niadagebs Soris.
wabla niadagebis meqanikuri Sedgeniloba saSualo Tixnaria. es niada-
gebi, umTavresad, SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas marcvleuli kulturebis
dasaTesad.
r u x i – m u r a niadagebi wabla niadagebisagan gansxvavdeba humusis
ufro mcire SemcvelobiT da amitomac maT Ria Seferva axasiaTebT. ruxi
mura niadagebi tenis naklebobas ganicdian, amitom, pirvel rigSi auci-
lebelia mowesrigdes niadagis tenis sakiTxi. morwyvasTan erTad saWiroa
organul_mineraluri sasuqebis Setana.
d a m l a S e b u l i niadagebi. damlaSebis xarisxis mixedviT niada-
gebi iyofa damlaSebul, sustad damlaSebul, saSualod, Zlier damlaSe-
bul da bicobad, rasac safuZvlad udevs niadagSi advilad xsnadi marile-
bisa da qloris Semcveloba. rac ufro naklebia niadagSi advilad xsnadi
marilebis raodenoba, miT ukeTesia niadagis agronomiuli Rirebuleba da
piriqiT_rac metia marilTa raodenoba miT naklebi Rirebulebisaa niadagi.
aluviuri niadagebi anu meres niadagebs saqarTvelos dablob zonaSi
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. meres uwodeben xeobis im farTobs, romelic
periodulad ifareba wyaldidobis dros mdinaris kalapotidan gadmosuli
wyliT. es niadagebi gavrcelebulia rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT

33
saqarTveloSi mdinareebis da Senakadebis sanapiroebze. aseTi tipis niada-
gebs, qimiuri da meqanikuri Sedgenilobisa da sxva Tvisebebis mixedviT,
didi mravalgvaroba axasiaTebT.
dasavleT saqarTvelos aluviur niadagebs daWaobeba axasiaTebT, xolo
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos stepuri nawilis amave niadagebs_zogjer susti
damlaSeba.
aluviuri niadagebi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba marcvlovani da bostneuli
kulturebisaTvis, qarTlis raionebSi_Saqris Warxlisa da xexilisaTvis.
vakeTa da mTiswinebis gardamavali saxis tye-velisa da tyis niadagebis
zona. am zonas miekuTvnebian aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vakeebisa da mTiswi-
nebis didi nawili_Sua qarTlis bari, mosazRvre kavkasiis mTiswinebi, Tria-
leTisa da somxeTis mTebis mTiswinebi, kaxeTisa da gare kaxeTis mTis-
winebi, alaznis vake.
alaznis velis orive napirze farTod misdeven rogorc marcvleulis,
ise vazis, Tambaqos da sxva kulturebis warmoebas.
mTa-tyeTa niadagebis zona. mTa-tyeTa niadagebs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTian nawilSi mniSvnelovani farTobi ukavia.
yvelaze meti mTa-mdeloTa niadagebis xvedriTi wili modis qarTlis,
TianeTis, kaxeTisa da kavkasionis sxva qedebze, samxreT mTianeTSi, Triale-
Tsa da mTebze.
tyisa da tye-veliani zonebis gardamaval nawilSi umTavresad gavrcele-
bulia tyis yavisferi niadagebi.
tyis zolis qvemo nawilSi, riye-veliani zonis sazRvrebze, gavrcelebu-
lia tyis yavisferi niadagebi _ Sida qarTlSi, Tbilisis midamoebSi, gare
da Siga kaxeTis, TeTrwyaroSi, bolnisis, dmanisisa da sxva raionebSi.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTa-mdeloTa niadagebis zona. mTa-mdeloTa
niadagebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia Sida qarTlis, duSe-
Tis, yazbegis, TianeTis, Telavis raionebSi, kaxeTis kavkasionis maRalmTian
zonaSi.
samxreT saqarTvelo. samxreT saqarTvelos niadagur olqs axasiaTebs
mniSvnelovani sxvadasxvaobani da niadagebis garkveuli zonaluri gavrce-
lebebi, romelic akad m. abaSvilis mier daraionebulia Semdegi sqemiT:
1. samxreT saqarTvelos (axalcixis, qvabulis) vakeTa da mTiswinebis garda-
mavali saxis (ruxi yavisferi) da tyis yavisferi niadagebis zona;
2. mTa-tyeTa niadagebis zona;
3. samxreT saqarTvelos vulkanuri zegnebis, mTis Savmiwebisa da mdeloTa
niadagebis zona;
4. mTa-mdeloTa niadagebis zona.
samxreT saqarTvelos (axalcixis, qvabulis) vakeTa da mTiswinebis
gardamavali saxis (ruxi yavisferi) da tyis yavisferi niadagebis zona.
zonis niadagur safars gardamavali tye-velis saxe aqvs. qvabobis mTiswi-
nebSi da vakeze umetesad gavrcelebulia gardamavali saxis ruxi-yavisferi
da tyis yavisferi niadagebi.
aRniSnuli zona mTlianad gamoiyeneba marcvleulis, xexilis, kartofi-
lisa da bostneulis sawarmoeblad.
samxreT saqarTvelos mTa-tyeTa niadagebis zona. aRniSnul zonaSi gav-
rcelebulia didi raodenobiT qviSa, qvebi, mergelebi, vulkanuri qane-
bi_andezitebisa da bazaltebis saxiT. tyis SedgenilobaSi ZiriTadad war-
modgenilia_naZvi, fiWvi, soWi.

34
 samxreT saqarTvelos mTis Savmiwebis zona. samxreT saqarTveloSi Sav-
miwebi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia zegnebis vakeebze. Savmiwa niadagebi, umTa-
vresad Tixa da Tixnari, meqanikuri Sedgenilobisaa. Savmiwebs aqvT kargi
struqtura, ris gamoc miuxedavad mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobisa, es niada-
gebi dadebiTi fizikuri da wylovani TvisebebiT gamoirCevian da ZiriTadad
gamoiyenebian marcvleuli kulturebisa da sakvebi balaxebis mosayvanad.
samxreT saqarTvelos mTa-mdeloTa niadagebis zona. mTa-mdeloTa niada-
gebi samxreT saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani raodenobiTaa gavrcelebuli.
am niadagebs aqvT saSualo sisqe, mZime Tixiani Sedgeniloba, kargad ga-
moxatuli struqtura da humusis didi Semcveloba. mcire sisqis niadagebi
ZiriTadad saTib-saZovradaa gamoyenebuli.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. ra aris niadagi? niadagis nayofierebis saxeebi?
2. CamoTvaleT ZiriTadi niadagwarmomqmneli faqtorebi.
3. CamoTvaleT is cocxali organizmebi, romlebic monawileoben niadag-
warmomqmnel procesebSi.
4. rogoria niadagis meqanikuri Sedgeniloba da fizikuri Tvisebebi?
5. daasaxeleT saqarTvelos ZiriTadi niadagebi?
6. ra saxis reliefi arsebobs?
7. ras ewodeba niadagis xnovaneba?
8. rogoria adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis roli niadagwarmoqmnis pro-
cesSi?
9. daasaxeleT niadagis Sedgeniloba da Tvisebebi. niadagis klasifikacia
meqanikuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT.
10. ras ewodeba niadagis xvedriTi masa, niadagis moculobiTi masa, niadagis
forianoba?
11. ra aris niadagis webovneba, niadagis simwife, niadagis bmuloba (simagre),
xvedriTi winaRobva?
12. rogoria niadagis struqtura da misi simkvrive?
13. daasaxeleT niadagis wylis formebi.
14. rogoria mcenaris moTxovnileba wyalze?
15. ras ewodeba niadaguri haeri?
16. risgan Sedgeba niadagis organuli nawili?
17 rogoria niadagis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da kvebis reJimi?

T a v i 4

miwaTmoqmedeba

miwaTmoqmedebis mecnieruli safuZvlebi

miwaTmoqmedebis, rogorc soflis meurneobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi dargis

amocanaa mosaxleoba uzrunvelyos kvebis produqtebiT da mrewvelobisa-
Tvis awarmoos nedleuli. amasTan Seqmnas sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis
saxelmwifo sarezervo fondi.
miwaTmoqmedebis mizania sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis movla_moyvanis
iseTi teqnologiis SemuSaveba, romelic uzrunvelyofs erTeul farTobze
maRali mosavlis miRebas naklebi danaxarjebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, pirve-
li rigis amocanaa naTesebis swori struqturis Sedgena, organuli da mine-

35
raluri sasuqebis gegmazomieri gamoyeneba, sarevelebis winaaRmdeg brZolis
meTodebis SemuSaveba, perspeqtiuli uxvmosavliani jiSebisa da hibridebis
warmoebaSi danergva, calkeuli kulturis Sesabamisad agroteqnikur Roni-
sZiebaTa sistemis Tanmimdevruli da swori ganxorcieleba.
mcenaris sasicocxlo faqtorebi. mcenaris normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis
aucilebelia Semdegi sasicocxlo faqtorebi: sinaTle, siTbo, haeri, wyali
da sakvebi nivTierebebi. aRniSnuli faqtorebi iyofa or jgufad: kosmosuri
- sinaTle da siTbo da miwieri - haeri, wyali da sakvebi nivTierebebi.
mcenaris sasicocxlo faqtorebis Tanabari mniSvnelobisa da Seucvle-
lobis kanoni. am kanonis mTavari arsi aris is, rom mcenaris arcerTi
sasicocxlo faqtori ar SeiZleba Seicvalos sxva faqtorebiT. mag, rac ar
unda didi raodenobiT sasuqi SevitanoT niadagSi, igi ver aanazRaurebs
niadagis tenis deficits. ar SeiZleba fosfori Seicvalos kaliumiT an
azotiT. mcenaris cxovrebaSi TiToeuli maTgani asrulebs fiziologiur
funqcias.
minimumis, optimumis da maqsimumis kanoni. am kanonis ZaliT sasoflo-
sameurneo kulturebis done ganisazRvreba im elementebiT, romelebic mini-
mumSi imyofeba. ukanaskneli ar iZleva saSualebas mcenaris produqtiulo-
bis asamaRleblad srulyofilad iqnes gamoyenebuli sxva optimalurad an
maqsimalurad warmodgenili faqtorebi. mag, Tu azotis raodenoba niadagSi
TiToeul heqtarze sakmarisia vTqvaT, 20c mosavlisaTvis, xolo fosforisa
da kaliumis maragi eyofa 80c-s, mosavali sul erTia mainc 20c-is far-
glebSi iqneba. maRali mosavlis miReba mxolod yvela faqtoris optima-
luri uzrunvelyofisas SeiZleba.
sinaTle da misi regulireba. sinaTlisadmi damokidebulebis mixedviT
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi iyofa sam jgufad: sinaTlis moyvarul, na-
xevrad Crdilis amtan da Crdilis amtan mcenareebad. aqedan gamomdinare
zogierTi mcenare normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis grZel dRes saWiroebs,
zogi ki piriqiT. grZeli dRis mcenareebia: xorbali, qeri, kombosto da sxv.
mokle dRis mcenareebia: simindi, lobio, soia, bamba, fetvi da sxv.
siTbos reJimi da regulireba. soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebul kultu-
rebs siTbosadmi sxvadasxva damokidebuleba aqvT. amitom, aRmocenebidan
vegetaciis bolomde aqtiur temperaturaTa jami mkveTrad gansxvavebuli
aqvT. mag. xorblisaTvis aqtiur temperaturaTa jami Seadgens 1600-32000,
WvavisaTvis_1700-21000, kartofilisaTvis_1300-30000 da a. S. siTbosadmi damo-
kidebulebis mixedviT kulturebi iyofa sam jgufad: dabali temperaturis
amtani (Wvavi, qeri, xorbali, ionja); zomieri temperaturis momTxovni (kar-
tofili, Warxali, mzesumzira, cercvi); siTbos moyvaruli (simindi, brinji,
lobio).
niadagis haeri da misi regulireba. haeri mcenaris ganviTarebisaTvis
erT-erTi aucilebeli elementia. maszea damokidebuli fesvTa sistemis gan-
viTareba da mikroorganizmebis normaluri funqcionireba. mcenareTa moT-
xovnileba haeris mimarT gansxvavebulia. haeris meti moTxovnilebiT gamo-
irCevian: Svria, qeri, mzesumzira, kartofili, parkosani kulturebi. nakle-
bad momTxovnia brinji.
niadagis wylis reJimi da regulireba. wyali mcenaris normaluri ganvi-
TarebisaTvis erT-erTi aucilebeli sasicocxlo komponentia, romelic
xels uwyobs ujredebis turgoris SenarCunebas, fotosintezs, sakvebi niv-
Tierebebis SeTvisebas da mcenareSi maT gadaadgilebas. mcenaris mier
wylis aorTqlebis unari icavs mas gadaxurebisagan.

36
 mcenaris mier fesvebis saSualebiT Sewovili wylis mxolod mcire nawi-
li_0,2% ixarjeba organuli nivTierebis Seqmnaze, danarCen 99,8%-s mcenare
aorTqlebs haerSi. wylis im raodenobas, romelsac mcenare aorTqlebs
mSrali nivTierebis Sesaqmnelad, transpiraciis koeficienti ewodeba, xo-
lo mSrali nivTierebis raodenoba (woniT erTeulebSi), romelic warmoiq-
mneba wylis erTeulis aorTqlebiT, aris transpiraciis produqtiuloba.
transpiraciis koeficienti gamoxatavs mcenaris moTxovnilebas wyalze,
magram mcenaris Tvisebebze da agreTve garemo pirobebze damokidebiT, misi
odenoba metad cvalebadia. masze moqmedebs mcenaris saxeoba, jiSi, asaki,
xolo garemo pirobebidan_haeris fardobiTi tenianoba, qari, niadagis teni-
anoba, misi xsnaris osmosuri wneva, niadagis struqtura, sakveb nivTiere-
baTa Semcveloba.
savegetacio periodis ganmavlobaSi mcenaris moTxovnileba wyalze icv-
leba_minimaluria Teslis gaRivebis dros, Semdeg matulobs da maqsimums
aRwevs yvavilobis an yvavilobiswina fazaSi, bolos isev TandaTan mcir-
deba. zrda_ganviTarebis im fazas, roca mcenares wylis maqsimaluri rao-
denoba esaWiroeba da gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea wylis danaklisis mi-
marT, kritikuli periodi ewodeba.

sarevela mcenareebi da maT winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebebi

sarevela ewodeba TavisTavad mozard balaxeul mcenareebs, romlebic

asarevlianeben sxvadasxva sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebs. maT didi zianis
motana SeuZliaT. sarevela kulturul mcenareebs ecileba wylis, sakvebi
nivTierebebisa da mzis sxivuri energiis SeTvisebaSi. mravali sarevela
Rero-foTlebiT exveva kulturul mcenares da iwvevs mis Cawolas.
dasarevlianebuli mindvris kulturebis mosavlis aReba gaZnelebulia _
isini exvevian kombainis mbrunav nawilebs da xSirad azianeben maT.
sarevela mcenareTa Tesli atenianebs marcvleuli kulturebis mosa-
vals, ris gamoc gaZnelebulia maTi Senaxva-daxarisxeba. mravali sarevela
Seicavs momwamlav nivTierebas da Tu isini moxvdnen adamianis an cxovelis
sakvebSi, wamlaven maT. zogierTi sarevela rZes da rZisgan miRebul produ-
qciis xarisxs dabla swevs_aZlevs cud sunsa da gemos.
sarevela mcenareebi xels uwyoben sxvadasxva mavneblebisa da daavadebe-
bis gamravlebas. sarevelebis gamo yovelwliurad ikargeba mTeli mosavlis
1/4 dan ½1/2 nawili. sarevelebi arTmeven kulturul mcenareebs sinaTles,
siTbos, tens, sakveb nivTierebebs. mag: dasarevlianebuli mindvrebidan sare-
velebs gamoaqvT (kg/ha): azoti_60-140%, fosfori_20-30%, kaliumi_100-140%.
msoflios miwaTmoqmedeba sarevelebisagan yovelwliurad 65 milion to-
na marcvals kargavs.
sarevela mcenareebis biologiuri Taviseburebani. sarevela mcenareebs
axasiaTebT Semdegi biologiuri Taviseburebani:
1. naklebi momTxovneloba garemo pirobebisadmi kulturul mcenareebTan
SedarebiT, meti gvalvagamZleoba da zamTargamZleoba.
2. maRali nayofianoba. sarevelaTa es maCvenebeli aRemateba kulturuli
mcenareebis maCvenebels. mag: bolokas mcenare iZleba 12 aTasamde Tesls,
mindvris nari 19 aTass, jijilaya 500 aTasamde da a.S.
3. Teslis aRmocenebis unarianobis xangrZlivoba. sarevelebis aRmoucene-
beli Teslebi aRmocenebis unars didi xnis ganmavlobaSi inarCuneben. mag:

37
mindvris mdogvi 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi, mindvris nari_20, nacarqaTama_38,
jijilaya_40, xvarTqla_50 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
4. aRmocenebis uTanabroba, rac Zlier aZnelebs maTTan brZolas.
5. teritoriaze gavrceleba. sarevelebi ZiriTadad vrceldeba TeslebiT da
iSviaTad_vegetaciuri organoebiT. momwifebuli Teslebi ifanteba qaris
saSualebiT, Tibvisas, momwifebuli nayofis skdomisas da masis gadaadgile-
bis dros.
sarevela mcenareTa klasifikacia. rogorc aRmosavleT ise dasavleT
saqarTveloSi sarevela mcenareTa Sedgeniloba metad mravalferovania.
kolxeTis dablobis sarevela mcenareTa Sedgenilobis Seswavlam gviCvena,
rom aq farTodaa gavrcelebuli maTi 200 saxeoba. mindvris kulturebs uf-
ro metad vnebs Semdegi sarevelebi: mamula, Salafa, glerta, qasra, mxoxavi
Wanga, walika, xvarTqla, mindvris nari, eweris gvimra, babuawvera, vardkaWa-
Wa, burCxa, tyis Wortana, mwyerfexa, Zurwebi, yanis Wleqi, cxenis kuda, jij-
laya, wiwmatela, JunJruki, abreSuma, nacarqaTama, danduri, bambukis balaxi,
Roris birka, lakartia, ambrozia da sxv.
gansakuTrebul interess iwveen saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli sakaranti-
no sarevela mcenareebi: avSanfoTliani ambrozia, samnakvTiani ambrozia, ka-
rolinis ZaRlyurZena, mwara, abreSuma da sxv.
kvebis wesis, sicocxlis xangrZlivobisa da gamravlebis Taviseburebebis
mixedviT_sarevela mcenareebi dayofilia ramdenime jgufad: efemerebi (Jun-
Jruki); sagazafxuloebi; adreuli sagazafxuloebi (matitela, mindvris
mdogvi, TaTruli wiwibura, nacarqaTama, Svriukebi, RvarZla, yanis Wleqi,
boloka da sxv.); sagviano sagazafxuloebi (jijilaya, Zurwa, ZaRlyurZena,
danduri); mozamTre sarevelebi (lurji RiRilo, gongola, mwyemsis CanTa,
gvirila da sxv.); saSemodgomo sarevelebi (maxobeli, Wvavisebri Svriela,
cercvelebi, Wiota da sxv.); orwliani sarevelebi (konio,Llencofa, ZiZo,
RiRilo, daTvis sosko, feriscvala da sxv.); mravalwliani sarevela
mcenareebi; fesuriani sarevelebi (glerta, Svita, salafa, lakartia, qasra,
leli, mamula da sxv.); fesvnayariani sarevelebi (mindvris nari, RiWa,
xvarTqla, mwara, Roris qada da sxv.); bolqviani da tuberiani sarevelebi
(Rimi, yanis nemsiwvera, yanis niori, ZaRlniora, Telo, xmala, WinWara da
sxv.); mxoxavi sarevelebi (oSoSa, marwyva balaxa, niaxura da sxv.); mTavar-
fesviani sarevelebi (samkurnalo babuawvera, mamula, vardkaWkaWa, laSqara,
gvirila, kurdRlis frCxila da sxv.); funjfesviani sarevelebi (mraval-
ZarRva, lomis kbila da sxv.); paraziti sarevelebi (maT Soris Reros para-
ziti abreSuma da sxv; fesvis paraziti (kelaptarebi).
sarevela mcenareebi da maT winaaRmdeg brZolis saSualebebi. sasoflo_
sameurneo kulturaTa naTesebis da nargavebis dasarevlianebasTan sabrZo-
lvelad mimarTaven garkveul RonisZiebaTa kompleqs.
sarevela mcenareTa winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebebi iyofa or jgufad:
gamafrTxilebeli da mospobiT brZolis RonisZiebebi.
gamafrTxilebeli RonisZiebebi:
s a T e s I m a s a l I s g a w m e n d a sarevelebisagan.
sarevelebisgan gawmendili da kargad daxarisxebuli Tesli daTesili unda
iqnas racionaluri normiT, optimalur vadebSi, Tesvis progresuli wesiT.
amiT mivaRwevT imas, rom ates farTobze kulturis TeslTan erTad veRar
Seereva sarevela mcenareTa Tesli; kultura mTlianad aavsebs naTes far-
Tobs da Tavisufali adgili aRar darCeba sarevelebisaTvis; optimalur va-

38
 sarevela mcenareebi

39
daSi daTesili kultura kargad ganviTardeba da TviT CaaxSobs sarevela
mcenareebs.
g z i s p i r e b i s, R o b i s Z i r e b i s a da sxva msgavsi
adgilebis wesrigSi moyvana-gawmenda sarevelebisagan. gzispirebis, RobisZi-
rebisa da sxva msgavsi adgilebi sistematurad unda iTibebodes, raTa sare-
velebs ganviTarebis saSualeba ar mieceT.
n a k e l i s s w o r i Senaxva. zogierT sarevela mcenareTa Tesli
saqonlis kuWnawlavSi gavlis Semdeg inarCunebs aRmocenebis unars, nake-
lis gadawvis procesSi ki SesaZlebelia yvela sarevela mcenaris Teslma
dakargos aRmocenebis unari, radgan nakelis biologiuri wvis procesSi
gamoiyofa temperatura, romelic spobs sarevela mcenareTa Teslebs. nake-
li unda inaxebodes specialur sanakele ormoebSi (garkveuli drois gan-
mavlobaSi) mis srul gadawvamde.
k a r a n t i n i orgvaria: Siga da gare. Siga karantini gzas uxSobs
raionidan-raionSi, regionidan-regionSi, qveynidan-qveyanaSi sarevelebis ga-
datanas da maT gamravlebas. sagareo karantinis amocanaa, ar dauSvas sa-
zRvargareTidan saTesle masalis, nergebisa da sxva masalebis Semotanis
dros sarevela mcenareTa Semoyoleba. sakarantino RonisZiebebia: sakaran-
tino sarevelebiT dasarevlianebuli saTesle masalis saTesad gamoyenebisa
da gatanis akrZalva, saTesle masalis partia, romlis gawmenda-gasufTaveba
ar xerxdeba sakarantino sarevelebisagan, unda moispos (daifqvas an daiw-
vas); sakarantino sarevelebiT dasarevlianebuli kerebi saswrafod unda ga-
nadgurdes; manqana-iaraRebi, tara, romlebic gamoyenebuli iyo sakarantino
sarevelebiT dasarevlianebuli saTesle masalis gawmendis an gadazidvisa-
Tvis, guldasmiT unda gaiwmindos; narCenebi, romlebic gamoiyo sakaranti-
no sarevelebiT dasarevlianebuli saTesle masalis gawmendis dros, unda
daiwvas.
sakarantino sarevelebad miCneulia: ambrozia, mwara, Salafa, abreSumas
yvela saxeoba, tyis Wortana, lakartia, ekliani ZaRlyurZena, mrgvali Ta-
vnaskva, sqelnayofa sofora, mrgvali ciperusi, mawaqi, jijilayisebri aksi-
risi.
gamafrTxilebeli zomebi winaaRmdegobas uweven sarevelebis Semotanasa
da gamravlebas mindvrebze. aseT RonisZiebebs miekuTvnebian: TeslbrunvaSi
kulturaTa swori morigeoba, saTesle masalis guldasmiT gawmenda, Tesvis
optimaluri normebis, vadebisa da wesebis dacva, daraionebuli jiSebis
gamoyeneba, sarevelebis Tavis droze ganadgureba, mosavlis Tavis droze
da maRalxarisxovnad aReba, cxovelTa kveba dafqul mcenareTa anarCene-
biT, niadagis ganoyierebis mizniT mxolod gadamwvari nakelis gamoyeneba,
sarevelebis sawinaaRmdego karantinis dacva.
sarevelebis mospobiTi RonisZiebebi mimarTulia uSualod sarevelebis,
maTi Teslebis da vegetaciuri nawilebis meqanikuri, biologiuri da qimiu-
ri saSualebebiT mospobisaken.
agroteqnikur-meqanikuri wesiT sarevelebi ispoba niadagdamamuSavebeli
manqanebisa da iaraRebis samuSao organoebiT. biologiuri wesiT sarevele-
bis mospoba gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens garemos pesticidebiT dabin-
Zurebis problemasTan dakavSirebiT. kulturul mcenareTa Tvisebebisa da
sarevelebis saxeobrivi Sedgenilobis mixedviT iyeneben ramdenime xerxs.
mwerebis da nematodebis gamoyeneba. mwaras dasaTrgunad iyeneben mwaras
nematodas, RiWasi-foTWamias mweris matlebs, jvarosanTa_rafsis mxerxavas,

40
xvarTqlebis_cxvirgrZelebs. mzesumziras naTesebSi buzi kelaptaras mcena-
reze sdebs kvercxs da 70%-mde amcirebs mis saTesle produqtiulobas.
avSanfoTliani ambroziis winaaRmdeg – ambroziis xvatars.
fitopaTogenuri mikroorganizmebi azianeben sarevelebis vegetaciur da
generaciul organoebs. soko pucinisa da Jangas sporebi mkveTrad amcireben
fotosinTezur funqcionirebas da iwveven TviT mindvris naris daRupvas.
alternariozis sokos sporebi, xdebian ra abreSumas Reroebze, swrafad
Rivdebian, mravldebian da ori kviris ganmavlobaSi klaven mcenare para-
zits. mwaras winaaRmdeg iyeneben mwaras Jangas.

sarevela mcenareebis winaaRmdeg brZolis qimiuri RonisZiebebi

saToxni kulturebis dacva sarevelebisagan agroteqnikur-meqanikuri

wesiT. am wesiT sarevelebi ispoba niadagis damamuSavebeli manqanebisa da
iaraRebis samuSao organoebiT. dasarevlianebul nakveTze kulturul mce-
nareTagan Tavisufal periodSi xdeba sarevelaTa provokaciuli aRmoceneba
da Semdeg maTi Caxvna niadagSi.
sarevela mcenareTa mospobis es wesi gamoiyeneba niadagis Tesvis wina da
Tesvis Semdgomi damuSavebis dros.
fesurebis gamofitvis meTodi. fesurebis gamofitvis meTodis dros
xdeba niadagis zedapirze gamoCenili fesvnayariani sarevelebis rozetebis
mravaljeradi moWra (mindvris nari, Roris qada, RiWa, mwara, xvarTqla da
sxv.) amasTan, Cqardeba kvirtebis gaRviZeba da axali wamonazardis war-
moqmna. erTdroulad swrafad ixarjeba sakvebi elementebis maragi, rac
sarevelebis gamofitvas da daRupvas iwvevs. fesurebis amoxuTvas iyeneben
mxoxavi Wangis, glertas, Svitasa da sxvaTa gamravlebis vegetaciuri orga-
noebis mosaspobad, Rrmad-kvlis fskerze Caxvnis gziT. am SemTxvevaSi nia-
dags jvaredinad amuSaveben diskosebri iaraRebiT fesvebis ZiriTadi masis
ganlagebis siRrmeze ( 10-12 sm).
vegetaciuri masis daqucmacebis Sedegad swrafad iRviZeben ,,miZinebuli”
kvirtebi. wamonazardis gakeTebisTanave unda moxdes maTi Caxvna winmxvne-
liani guTniT.
fesurebis gaxmoba. gvalvian periodSi xvnisas fesuras aSroben mzeze,
damuSavebis specialuri xerxebiT. isini amoaqvT niadagis zedapirTan ax-
los, sadac 15-20 dRis Semdeg fesura xmeba da ispoba.
mospobiTi RonisZiebebidan mniSvnelovania niadagis damuSavebis swori
sistemis ganxorcieleba_nawverlis gonivruli damuSaveba, kulturuli
xvna, mzralad xvnis, Tesviswina damuSavebis droulad Sesruleba, Tesl-
brunvebis SemoReba da sxva.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos Teslbrunvis mniSvneloba sarevelaTa
winaaRmdeg brZolis saqmeSi, radgan kulturaTa swori morigeobis dros
ispoba mravali sarevela.
sarevela mcenareTa winaaRmdeg brZolis qimiur meTods mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravs mospobiT RonisZiebebs Soris. sarevela mcenareTa mosas-
pobad gamoyenebul qimiur nivTierebebs herbicidebi ewodeba. herbicidi
warmodgeba laTinuri sityvebidan_herba-balaxi, caedre-mokvla, e.i. balaxis
mokvla.
herbicidebi iyofa or ZiriTad jgufad: 1) mTliani moqmedebis_spoben
yvela saxis mcenares da 2) SerCeviTi moqmedebis_momakvdineblad moqmedeben

41
mcenaris erT romelime jgufze, magaliTad orleblianebze an piriqiT erT-
leblianebze.
mcenareze moqmedebis xasiaTis mixedviT SerCeviTi da mTliani moqmedebis
herbicidebi iyofian or jgufad: sistemur an mcenareSi gadanacvlebad da
kontaqtur herbicidebad.
sistemuri moqmedebis herbicidebi mgrZnobiare mcenaris foTlebze, fes-
vebze moxvedrisas SeiWrebian qsovilis SigniT da maTi gadanacvleba mce-
naris organizmSi xdeba WurWelgamtari sistemis meSveobiT. sistemuri moq-
medebis herbicidebi Tavis mxriv iyofian or jgufad: niadagSi Sesatani her-
bicidebi, romelTa mcenareSi SeRweva xdeba fesvTa sistemis meSveobiT da
miwiszeda nawilebze Sesatani herbicidebi, romlebic mcenaris organizmSi
xvdeba ZiriTadad foTlebis meSveobiT.
pirveli jgufis herbicidebis Setana xdeba niadagSi Tesvamde, Tesviswina
damuSavebisas an Tesvis Semdeg, aRmocenebamde 2-3 dRiT adre.
kontaqturi moqmedebis herbicidebiT ziandeba foTlis an Reros is nawi-
lebi, romlebsac uSualod Seexeba herbicidis xsnari.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. daasaxeleT mcenaris sasicocxlo faqtorebi.
2. raSi mdgomareobs mcenaris sasicocxlo faqtorebis Tanabari mniSvne-
lobisa da Seucvlelobis kanoni?
3. raSi mdgomareobs minimumis, optimumis da maqsimumis kanoni?
4. ra aris sarevela mcenareebi? maTi biologiuri Taviseburebebi.
5. daasaxeleT sarevelebis agrobiologiuri jgufebi.
6. daasaxeleT sarevela mcenareebis winaaRmdeg brZolis saSualebebi.
7. daasaxeleT sarevela mcenareebis winaaRmdeg brZolis qimiuri RonisZie-
bebi

niadagis damuSaveba
niadagis damuSavebis sistema. niadagis damuSavebis xerxebi da amocanebi.
niadagis meqanikuri damuSaveba sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa movla-moyva-
nis erT-erTi ZiriTadi agroteqnikuri RonisZiebaa.
kargad da Rrmad damuSavebuli niadagi xels uwyobs sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebis mZlavri fesvTa sistemis ganviTarebas, ris saSualebiTac isini
advilad iTviseben wyals da sakveb nivTierebebs.
niadagis damuSavebis ZiriTadi amocanebia: saxnavi fenis agebulebisa da
niadagis struqturuli mdgomareobis Secvla xelSemwyobi siTbos, haerisa
da tenis reJimebis Sesaqmnelad; kvebis elementebis wrebrunvis gaZliereba,
maTi amoReba niadagis Rrma fenidan mikrobiologiuri procesebis zemo-
qmedebis saWiro mimarTulebiT wasamarTad, sarevelebTan brZola; Tesle-
bis provokaciuli gaRivebisa da aRmonacenis mospoba; fesvebisa da fesvis
amonayrebis moWra; fesurebis zedapirze amotana; mcenareuli narCenebisa da
sasuqebis Tanabari ganawileba da saxnav fenaSi CakeTeba; sasoflo-same-
urneo kulturebis mavnebel-daavadebaTa gamomwvevTa mospoba mcenareul
anarCenebSi an niadagis zeda fenebSi; qarismieri da wylismieri eroziis
winaaRmdeg brZola; gaewerebuli da damarilebuli niadagebis gaumjobese-
ba; niadagis dasaTesad momzadeba da kulturul mcenareTa movliTi samu-
Saoebis Catareba.
niadagis damuSaveba pirobiTad sam jgufad iyofa:
1. ZiriTadi damuSaveba

42
 2. Tesviswina damuSaveba
3. naTesis movlis sistema.
ZiriTadi damuSaveba. ewodeba winamorbedi kulturis mosavlis aRebis
Semdeg niadagis srul siRrmeze xvnas, romelic tardeba guTnebiT, Rrma
gamafxvierebliT. niadagis mosaxnavad iyeneben sxvadasxva tipis guTans.

niadagis winmxvnelis gareSe moxvna niadagis winmxvneliani guTniT xvna

amJamad farTod gavrcelebulia e.w. kulturuli guTnebi. maT kulturu-

li frTis garda aqvT winmxvnelic.
xvnis simwife. xvnis Catareba yovelTvis ar SeiZleba, niadagi ixvneba
maSin, roca is ,,simwifeSia”. xvniswina simwifis dros niadagSi teni 50-60%
unda iyos.
xvnis siRrme. xvnis siRrme damokidebulia niadagis tipze, saxnavi fenis
siRrmesa da dasaTes kulturaze. niadagis normaluri moxvnis siRrmed iT-
vleba 20-22sm; 30-35sm siRrmeze moxvna iTvleba yvelaze karg siRrmed, aseT
siRrmeze moxvnisas neSompaliani horizonti moeqceva 30-35sm siRrmeze. xo-
lo amaze Rrmad moxnuls, plantaJi qvia.
xvnis wesi. xvnis ramdenime wesi arsebobs: 1. kvalsaqcevebad xvna; 2. figu-
ruli xvna; 3. martivi (calmxrivi) xvna.
kvalsaqcevebad xvnis dros mosaxnavi farTobi iyofa saqcevebad. saqcevis
sigrZe nakveTis sigrZis toli unda iyos, sigane guTnis modebis ganis mixe-
dviT unda ganisazRvros. saqcevis TavSi da boloSi toveben agregatis
mosabrunebel zols, romelic ixvneba saqcevebis xvnis damTavrebis Semdeg
xvnis perpendikularuli mimarTulebiT. kvalsaqcevi ixvneba naRarad da na-
zurgad. nazurgad ixvneba pirveli da mesame kvalsaqcevi, naRarad ki_meore
da meoTxe. momdevno wels ar SeiZleba naRari moixvnas naRarad, nazurgi ki
nazurgad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi nakveTis zedapiri talRisebr formas
iRebs da masze teqnikiT muSaoba gaZneldeba.
figuruli xvna. araswori konfiguraciis mqone nakveTze awarmoeben figu-
rul xvnas. figuruli xvnis dros guTani sistematurad CarTulia. aseTi
wesiT moxvnis dros rCeba gadaubrunebeli beltebi, razedac rCeba sareve-
lebi. amJamad saqarTveloSi figurul xvnas ar mimarTaven.
martivi (calmxrivi) xvnis dros belti brundeba erTi mimarTulebiT-
marjvniv, xolo meore mimarTulebis dros_marcxniv. aseTi wesiT mxolod
ferdobebs xnaven.
niadagis ufrTo guTniT damuSaveba. ufrTo guTniT moxvnis SemTxvevaSi
niadagis zedapirze rCeba rogorc mcenareTa anarCenebi, ise sarevela mce-
nareTa Teslebi, mavnebelebi da daavadebebis gamomwvevi organizmebi. am Sem-

43
TxvevaSi xdeba niadagis zeda nawilSi organuli nivTierebis dagroveba
mcenareTa anarCenebis lpobis Sedegad. ar xdeba niadagis zeda da qveda fe-
nis erTmaneTTan Sereva. ufrTo guTniT niadags xnaven gvalvian adgilebSi.
aseTi wesiT niadagis damuSaveba xels uwyobs SromiTi danaxarjebisa da
produqciis TviTRirebulebis Semcirebas.
niadagis brtylad mWrelebiT damuSaveba. niadagis brtylad mWrelebiT
damuSavebisas iyeneben specialur brtyladmWrel, Rrmad gamafxvierebel ia-
raRebs. es iaraRebi niadagis zedapirze toveben mcenareTa anarCenebis 70-
81% da afxviereben niadags 30sm siRrmeze. zedapirze darCenili mcenareTa
anarCenebi xels uwyoben qaris siCqaris Senelebas, Tovlis dagrovebas da
rac mTavaria_amcireben eroziul procesebs. niadagis aseTi wesiT damuSa-
vebas mimarTaven qarismieri eroziis adgilebSi. brtyladmWrelebiT damu-
Savebisas xelsayreli pirobebi eqmneba sarevela mcenareebis gamravlebas,
amitom, aucilebelia am wesiT damuSavebisas sarevelebis winaaRmdeg herbi-
cidebis gamoyeneba.
xvna da mis mimarT wayenebuli ZiriTadi agroteqnikuri moTxovnebi.
kultu-rul mcenareTa maRali mosavlis misaRebad niadagis damuSaveba unda
tardebodes maRal agroteqnikur fonze. am samuSaoTa Sesrulebisas agro-
teqnikur moTxovnaTa darRveva, mcenareTa zrda ganviTarebis pirobebis ga-
uaresebas iwvevs, riTac mcirdeba sasoflo_sameurneo kulturaTa mosav-
lianoba.
xvnis ZiriTadi agroteqnikuri moTxovnebia:
1. beltis sruli gadabruneba da daSla; mcenareuli narCenebis, kordis,
sarevelebis, sasuqebis srulad CakeTebis da saerTod winamorbedi kultu-
rebis narCenebis CakeTebis xarisxi. niadagis moxvna wvimis dros dauSvebe-
lia. gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas dasaTesi kulturis Tavisebureba, amin-
dis pirobebi;
2. xvna unda tardebodes agroteqnikurad Sesaferis vadasa da siRrmeze,
Cveulebriv aranakleb 22sm siRrmeze;
3. xvna unda tardebodes uxarvezod, guTnis yvela korpusi Tanabari sigrZi-
sa da siganis swor kvals unda avlebdes. xvnis damTavrebisTanave kvlis
Tavi da bolo unda moixnas.
4. xnulis siRrme da Txemianoba Tanabari unda iyos. xvnis siRrmis gadaxra
dasaSvebia mxolod 1 sm-is farglebSi.
niadagis damuSavebis specialuri wesebi. niadagis damuSavebis specialur
wesebs miekuTvneba: plantaJi, fenobrivi moxvna, frezva da sxv. plantaJs
mimarTaven nargaobisaTvis niadagis pirveladi damuSavebis dros, magali-
Tad: vazis, xexilis, citrusebis, Txilis, kivis da sxva mravalwliani kul-
turebis plantaciis gasaSeneblad. plantaJis wesiT niadagis moxvna SeiZ-
leba 40-100sm siRrmeze. plantaJi saWiroa imisaTvis rom Seiqmnas Rrmad gaf-
xvierebuli niadagis fena, raTa niadagis damuSavebis am wesma xeli Seuwyos
mravalwliani kulturebis fesvTa sistemas Rrmad, laRad ganviTarebas da
wyliTa da sakvebiT uzrunvelyofas.
plantaJis wesiT SeiZleba damuSavdes mindvris kulturebisaTvis niada-
gebi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac niadagi sarevela mcenareebiT Zlier iqneba
dasarevlianebuli, xolo danarCen SemTxvevaSi mindvris kulturebisaTvis
aseTi wesiT niadagis damuSaveba ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli ar aris.
niadagis fenobrivi wesiT damuSaveba. niadagis humusovani fenis simci-
ris, an qveda horizontSi mavne Carecxili nivTierebebis Semcvelobis Se-
mTxvevaSi, saplantaJo xvna SeuZlebelia. am SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven niadagis

44
fenobriv damuSavebas. amasTan niadagis wylis Jonvadobis gasaZliereblad
da eroziuli procesebis Sesamci-
reblad mimarTaven fenobriv damu-
Savebas mcire daqanebis ferdobeb-
zec.
frezva. frezebiT niadagis gaf-
xvierebas frezvas uwodeben. am Sem-
TxvevaSi SesaZlebelia niadagi gaf-
xvierdes 20-25sm siRrmeze. Tu fre-
zireba normalurad Catarda. maSin
ar aris saWiro niadagis Tesviswina
damuSaveba sxva xerxebiT. frezvas
farTod iyeneben kolxeTis dablob-
ze mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobis
niadagebze.
niadagis freziT damuSaveba
niadagis zedapiruli damuSavebis wesebi da iaraRebi. niadagis zedapi-
ruli damuSaveba miznad isaxavs niadagis qerqis mospobas, xnulis gafxvi-
erebas, gatkepnili fenis gafxvierebas, sarevelebis moWras, Teslis CaTes-
vis siRrmemde niadagis gafxvierebas. niadagis zedapiruli gafxvierebis si-
Rrme Seadgens 10-12 sm-s.
niadagis zedapirul damuSavebaSi Sedis: aoSva, kultivacia, farcxva,
moSleifeba, motkepna, nawverlis aCeCva.
a C e C v a moxvnis win, mosavlis aRebisTanave tardeba. aCeCva tardeba
diskoebiani iaraRebiT. aCeCvis Sedegad xelsayreli pirobebi iqmneba sare-
vela mcenareTa Teslebs aRmocenebisaTvis. aCeCvis Semdeg aRmocenebuli sa-
revelebis mospoba SeiZleba niadagSi CaxvniT, an Sesabamisi herbicidebis
gamo-yenebiT.
a o S v i s dros, aCeCvisgan gansxvavebiT xdeba xnulis gafxviereba, ane-
ulis drogamoSvebiT gafxviereba, xnulSi gaCenili gamkvrivebuli masis ga-
fxviereba, sarevelebis moWra. aoSvis dros, roca sarevelebi mcire raode-
nobiTaa gamkvrivebuli, goroxovani zedapiris gasafxviereblad gamoiyeneba
diskoebiani farcxi. taniani saoSebi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca xnu-
lis zedapiri daSlilia da sarevelebi momravlebulia.

k u l t i v a c i a tardeba ga-
fxvierebuli fenis gadmoubruneblad. misi
mizania niadagis gafxviereba, sarevelebis
moWra. kultivacia tardeba xnulSi da na-
Tesebis mwkrivTSorisebSi. xnulis SemTxve-
vaSi kultivaciis mizania 5-15sm siRrmeze
gafxviereba beltis gadaubruneblad, xo-
lo mwkrivTSorisebSi kultivaciis mizania
niadagis gafxviereba da sarevelebis mo-
Wra, mineraluri sasuqebis CakeTeba.
sur. traqtori kultivatoriT f a r c x v i s SemTxvevaSi beltis
gadaubruneblad xdeba niadagisa da naTesebis gafxviereba. am SemTxvevaSi
niadagis gafxvierebasTan erTad, iWreba sarevelebi da wydeba qveda da
zeda fenas Soris kapilaruli kavSiri, rac amcirebs aorTqlebas.

45
 d a S l e i f e b i s (mosworebis) dros xdeba xnulis zedapiris
mosworeba. daSleifebas axdenen adre gazafxulze dafarcxvamde. daSle-
ifebas atareben Sleif farcxebiT.
m o t k e p n a (gabekva). motkepnis dros xdeba niadagis gamkvriveba, be-
ltis daSla da zedapiris mosworeba. motkepnis dros xdeba Teslisa da ni-
adagis erTmaneTTan SekavSireba da iqmneba xelsayreli pirobebi Teslis
Tanabari aRmonacenis misaRebad.
motkepnas axdenen specialuri satkepnebiT. arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis sa-
tkepnebi. esenia: 1. cilindruli gluvzedapiriani; 2. rgolebiani; 3. dezebi-
ani; 4. Wdeuli sagoravebi.
m i w i s S e m o y r a. miwis Semoyra xdeba ZiriTadad saToxni kultu-
rebis naTesebSi, romlis mizania sarevelebis moWra, niadagis gafxviereba.
miwis Semoyris Sedegad kartofils gamoaqvs damatebiTi wamonazardebi,
romelzec warmoiqmneba tuberebi da izrdeba misi mosavali. miwis Semoy-
ris SemTxvevaSi siminds gamoaqvs damatebiTi sahaero fesvebi, riTac ukeT
magrdeba niadagSi da iZens met simagres da romelic kulturas qaris dros
waqcevisgan icavs.
d i s k o e b i a n i f a r c x e b i karg Sedegs iZleva gakordebu-
li, yamiri da nawverlis SemTxvevaSi. ustruqturo, mZime Tixa niadagebis
dasafarcxad.
r o t a c i u l i f a r c x i a n u T o x i warmoadgens kulti-
vatorebsa da farcxebs Soris gardamaval iaraRs, igi saukeTeso saSuale-
baa niadagis zedapiris gasafxviereblad.
niadagis damuSavebis sistemebi. mcenareTa zrda_ganviTarebisaTvis xel-
sayreli pirobebis Seqmnis mizniT Catarebuli niadagis damuSavebis sistema
gulisxmobs urTierT dakavSirebul agroteqnikuri xerxebis garkveul er-
Tobliobasa da Tanmimdevrobas.
niadagis damuSavebis sistema ar aris mudmivi, masSi cvlilebebis Setana
xdeba sxvadasxva zonaSi niadagur_klimaturi pirobebis, mosayvani kultu-
ris biologiuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. niadagis damuSavebis si-
stemas yofen Semdeg jgufebad: 1. niadagis mzralad anu sagazafxulo kul-
turebisaTvis damuSavebis sistema; 2. niadagis damuSavebis sistema saSemo-
dgomo kulturebisaTvis; 3. niadagis Tesviswina da Tesvis Semdgomi damuSa-
vebis sistema. 4. niadagis aneulad damuSavebis sistema; 5. yamiri miwebis da-
muSavebis sistema; 6. buCqnarebis da daWaobebuli niadagebis damuSavebis
sistema da sxv.
arsebobs niadagis mzralad damuSavebis ramdenime saxe: 1) nawverlis da-
muSavebis sistema; 2) saToxni kulturebisagan ganTavisuflebuli nakveTis
damuSavebis sistema; 3) kordis damuSavebis sistema.
nawverlis damuSavebis sistema. nawverali aris narCeni TavTaviani kul-
turebis mosavlis aRebis Semdeg. nawverlis damuSavebas mzralad damuSave-
basac uwodeben. misi mizania niadagis zedapiris gafxviereba, mosuli nale-
qebis srulyofilad STanTqma, niadagis wylisa da sakvebis reJimis regu-
lireba, niadagis dasarevlianebisa da mavnebel_daavadebebis kerebis mospo-
ba. gvalvian da urwyav raionebSi aCeCva dadebiT Sedegs ar iZleva, radga-
nac winamorbedi kulturis aRebis Semdeg Zalian gamomSralia da sareve-
lebis Teslebi ar Rivdeba. aseT pirobebSi aCeCvis Semdeg niadagi unda
moirwyas. aCeCvidan 2-3 kviris Semdeg niadagi ixvneba winmxvneliani guTniT,
22-25sm siRrmeze. ferdobebis damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi xvna daqanebis gardi-

46
gardmo mimarTulebiT tardeba, raTa niadagi dacul iqnas eroziuli pro-
cesebisagan.
saToxni kulturebisagan ganTavisuflebuli nakveTis mzralad damuSave-
bis sistema. saToxni kulturebi SedarebiT gvian anTavisufleben nakveTs,
isini niadags fxviers da naklebad dasarevlianebuls toveben. amitom, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, moxvnis nacvlad, SeiZleba CavataroT aoSva 10-12 sm, an beltis
gadaubruneblad xvna.
saToxni kulturebis Semdeg Tu kvlav saToxni kulturebis Tesvaa gaTva-
liswinebuli, maSin aucilebelia niadagis Rrmad damuSaveba.
Warbtenian raionebSi saToxni kulturebis Semdeg mizanSewonilia niada-
gis damuSaveba gadavitanoT gazafxulisaTvis. aseTi pirobebia kolxeTis
dablobze, sadac uxvnaleqianobisa da gruntis wylis niadagis zedapirTan
siaxloves dgomis gamo SeiZleba daWaobebas hqondes adgili.
kordis damuSavebis sistema. mravalwliani balaxebis mkvdari da cocxa-
li narCenebiT daqselil zeda fenas kords uwodeben. kordisTvis damaxasi-
aTebelia niadagis didi simkvrive. miT ufro mkvrivia igi, rac ufro didi
xnis mouxnavia.
ganasxvaveben bunebriv da xelovnur kords: bunebrivi kordi yalibdeba
velurad mozardi balaxeuli mcenareebis dgomis Sedegad, xolo xelovnu-
ria kordi, roca iTeseba mravalwliani balaxebi 2 da meti wlis ganmavlo-
baSi.
yamiri da nasveni miwebis damuSavebis sistema. mravalwliani balaxebiT
umetesad dafarul, auTvisebel, mouxnav miwis nakveTs yamiri ewodeba, xo-
lo iseTi miwis nakveTs, romelic damuSavebis Semdeg xangrZlivi droiT mi-
tovebul iqna, nasvens uwodeben. yamiri da nasveni miwebi xasiaTdebian maRa-
li nayofierebiT, aqedan gamomdinare maT aTvisebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
yamiri da nasveni miwebi unda moixnas aucileblad winmxvneliani guTnebiT,
belti kargad unda CakeTdes niadagSi, es SesaZlebelia mxolod Rrma
xvniT. kordis Cveulebrivi xvna 25-30sm-ia. Tu nakveTi Zlier dasarevliane-
bulia mravalwliani fesuriani sarevelebiT, maSin jer diskoebiani far-
cxiT unda daifarcxos da Semdeg unda moixnas.
swori agroteqnikis pirobebSi yamiri da nasveni miwebi didxans inarCu-
neben maRal nayofierebas.
niadagis aneulad damuSavebis sistema. aneuls uwodeben gansazRvruli
drois ganmavlobaSi dauTesavad datovebul nakveTs, romelic dasvenebis
periodSi sistematurad muSavdeba, raTa gaumjobesdes misi nayofiereba,
ukeT momaragdes wyliT da sakvebi nivTierebiT. damuSavebis sistema gan-
sxvavebulia imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli winamorbedis Semdeg unda daiTe-
sos esa TuU is saSemodgomo kultura. aneulebi or gjufad iyofian: sufTa
da moTesil aneulebad.
niadagis aneulad damuSaveba. rodesac nakveTi savegetacio periodis gan-
mavlobaSi Tavisufalia mosayvani kulturisagan, xolo niadagi aris damu-
Savebuli, fxvieri da sarevelebisagan sufTa aneuls uwodeben. aseT nakveT-
ze wlis ganmavlobaSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis miReba ar xdeba.
sufTa aneuls yofen Semdeg saxeebad: a) saSemodgomo anu Savi aneuli; b)
sagazafxulo anu adreuli aneuli; g) sagviano aneuli; d) kulisebiani ane-
uli.
nawverlis winaswari aCeCvis Semdeg, saSemodgomo aneulisaTvis, Semodgo-
maze warmoebs ZiriTadi xvna, xolo momavali wlis Semodgomamde mindori
,,gadaSavebulia”, amitomac miiRo Savi aneulis saxelwodeba.

47
 saadreo aneulis efeqturoba mkveTrad izrdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Semo-
dgomaze CavatarebT aCeCvas, xolo gazafxulze droulad movxnavT. xvna
warmoebs winmxvneliani guTniT, erTdroulad atareben farcxvasac. sare-
velebis gamoCenisTanave atareben aoSvas diskoebiani saoSiT ivnisis dasa-
wyisSi atareben Rrma xvnas guTniT, e.i. beltis gadaubruneblad 40-50 sm–is
siRrmeze, farcxviT, zafxulis ganmavlobaSi sarevelebis ganviTarebis mixe-
dviT, xolo ramodenime aoSvas awarmoeben diskoebiani saoSebiT. agvistoSi
tardeba meore Rrma xvna imave siRrmeze (40-50sm), isev ufrTo guTniT,
oRond pirveli xvnis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, sarevelebis gamoCenis
SemTxvevaSi Tesvis win niadagi unda damuSavdes TaTebiani ,,zigzagebiani”
farcxiT da iTeseba sagazafxulo kultura_Semdeg, 3-4 wlis ganmavlobaSi
nakveTi ar ixvneba, sagazafxulo kulturis mosavlis aRebis Semdeg 7-8sm
siRemeze tardeba 1-2 dadiskoeba, gazafxulze nakveTi daifarcxeba da dai-
Teseba.
saadreo aneulis moxvnis vadebi adgilobrivi pirobebis mixedviT cvale-
badobs. saukeTesod iTvleba xvna april–maisSi, an araugvianes ivnisis pir-
veli dekadisa. adreul aneulebze organuli sasuqi SeaqvT ZiriTadi xvnis
win, an momdevno gadaxvnis win. xnulis Semdgomi damuSaveba zafxulisa da
Semodgomis ganmavlobaSi imave wesiT da imave vadebSi tardeba, rogorc
Savi aneulis damuSavebisas.
kulisebiani aneuli. sufTa aneulis saxesxvaobas kulisebiani aneuli
warmoadgens im gansxvavebiT, rom Semodgomaze moxnul mindorze gaza-
fxul-zafxulSi kulisebad zol-zolad iTeseba maRalReroiani mcenareebi,
Tovlis dagrovebis, yinvisa da qarisagan saSemodgomo naTesis dacvis miz-
niT.
kulisebiani aneulis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa maRalReroiani mcenareebis
Tesvis saSualebiT mindvrebze Tovlis Sekaveba da niadagSi tenis maragis
gadideba. amitom_kulisebian aneulebs iyeneben mSral raionebSi, sadac mci-
reTovliani mkacri da masTan qariani zamTari icis tenianobis gadidebis
garda, aseTi aneuli Tovlis saburvelis gadidebis gamo, xels uwyobs tem-
peraturuli reJimis gaumjobesebas da saSemodgomo kulturebis ukeT gamo-
zamTrebas.
sakulise kulturebis mosavlis aRebis Semdeg Reroebs ar Wrian, aramed
ise toveben Tovlis Sesakaveblad, gazafxulze ki qarebis periodis gavlis
Semdeg Wrian da gamoaqvT nakveTidan.
moTesili aneulebi. sufTa aneulebis agroteqnikuri mniSvneloba nia-
dagis nayofierebis gadidebis saqmeSi, gansakuTrebiT sarevelebTan brZo-
laSi, metad didia, magram ekonomikurad igi misaRebia mxolod mSral rai-
onebSi, sadac naleqebis wliuri raodenoba mcirea da maRali mosavlis mi-
Rebas ver uzrunvelyofs. sufTa aneulze ori wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod
erTi mosavlis miReba SeiZleba. aneulze daTesili kultura mokle vege-
taciisa unda iyos, raTa mosavlis aRebis Semdeg droulad da xarisxianad
damuSavdes niadagi saSemodgomo kulturis TesvisaTvis. garda amisa, mosa-
Tesi kultura niadags ar unda fitavdes wyliTa da sakvebiT, did gavlenas
unda axdendes Tavisi biologiuri TaviseburebebiT da agroteqnikiT niada-
gis nayofierebis gadidebaze. aseTebia erTwliani parkosani kulturebi
(cercvela, culispira, barda, ospi, xanduri da sxv.), saToxni kulturebi
(kartofili, sasilose simindi, sakvebi baRCeulebi, saTesle Zirxvenebis me-
ore wlis nargavebi da sxv.), kargia agreTve samarcvle parkosnebi (lobio,
barda, soia da sxv.).

48
 sideraluri aneuli. sideraluri aneuli sakmaod gavrcelebuli saxea.
sideraluri aneulis mindorze daTesili parkosani kulturebis (xanWkola,
barda, culispira, soia, cercvela, Citifexa, ZiZo da sxv.). sideratebis
gamoyenebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs agroteqnikur RonisZiebaTa
sistemaSi, rogorc maRalefeqtur, iafsa da advilad gasatarebel Ronis-
Ziebas.
sideratebiT moTesili aneulebi xels uwyoben mindvrebis sarevela mce-
nareTagan gawmendas, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom kargad ganviTarebuli si-
deratebiT niadagis zedapiri mTlianad ifareba (iCrdileba) mwvane masiT da
iwvevs sarevelebis CaxSobas. sideratebad iyeneben rogorc parkosan, ise
marcvlovan kulturebs da xSirad maT narevsac, magram umTavresi mni-
Svneloba mainc parkosan mcenareebs ekuTvniT. parkosnebs unari SeswevT ko-
Jris baqteriebis saSualebiT gamoiyenon atmosferos Tavisufali azoti da
amgvarad gaamdidron niadagi am mniSvnelovani da ZiriTadi sakvebi ele-
mentiT. sideratebis CaxvniT niadags vamdidrebT organuli nivTierebiT da
azotiT, ris safuZvelzec umjobesdeba niadagis fizikur-qimiuri da mikro-
biologiuri procesebi. sasideratod gamosayenebeli mcenareebi Rrmad ivi-
Tareben fesvTa sistemebs, afxviereben niadagis qveda fenebs, amoaqvT iqedan
mcenareTaTvis aucilebeli sakvebi nivTierebani, xolo zogierTi Znelad
xsnadi nivTiereba advilad SesaTvisebeli xdeba momdevno kulturebisa-
Tvis.
niadagis Tesviswina damuSavebis sistema

niadagis Tesviswina damuSavebaSi igulisxmeba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT

Sesrulebuli damuSavebis wesebis erToblioba niadagis dasaTesad mosamza-
deblad. igi (kultivacia, dadiskoeba, farcxva) unda Catardes mxolod
daTesvis dRes, rac adidebs kulturis konkurentunarianobas sarevelebTan
SedarebiT. Tu erTmaneTs daSordeba Tesviswina damuSaveba da Tesva, maSin
sarevelebi adre aRmocendebian, vidre mosayvani kulturebi da ganviTarde-
bian maTze ukeTesad. Tu Tesviswina kultivaciis Semdeg wvimis an sxva mize-
zis gamo SeuZlebelia Tesvis Catareba, aucilebelia ganmeordes Tesviswina
damuSaveba. Tesviswina damuSavebis dros ar aris rekomendebuli niadagis
gadabruneba.
Tesviswina damuSaveba sagazafxulo kulturebisaTvis unda daiwyos adre
gazafxulze farcxvis CatarebiT msubuq niadagebze da kultivacia-far-
cxviT mZime niadagebze.
niadagis Tesvis Semdgomi damuSavebis sistema. niadagis Tesvis Semdgomi
damuSavebis amocanaa _Seqmnas mcenareTa aRmocenebisa da maTi Semdgomi gan-
viTarebis optimaluri pirobebi; uzrunvelyos mcenareTa saWiro sixSire;
daicvas niadagis wyali aorTqlebisagan; gaaumjobesos niadagis haeracia da
masTan dakavSirebuli sasargeblo mikroorganizmebis cxovelmoqmedeba; mo-
spos sarevela mcenareebi.
niadagis Tesvis Semdgomi damuSavebis ZiriTadi RonisZiebebia: motkepna,
farcxva, mwkrivTSorisebis damuSaveba da miwis Semoyra.
motkepna tardeba Teslisa da niadagis zedapiris mosasworeblad da qve-
da fenebSi tenis SesanarCuneblad. motkepna unda Catardes saSemodgomo da
sagazafxulo kulturebis TesvasTan erTad, an umal, Tesvis Semdeg.
farcxva uzrunvelyofs niadagis zedapiris gafxvierebas, niadagis zeda-
piris mosworebas da nawilobriv sarevelebis mospobas.

49
 niadagis zedapirze warmoqmnili qerqis daSlis mizniT, aRmocenebamde
mindori unda daifarcxos kbilebiani farcxiT, mcenareTa aRmonacenSi ki
niadagis dasamuSaveblad gamoiyeneba rotaciuli maToxari, romelic afxvi-
erebs niadags da kulturul mcenareebs ar azianebs. saSemodgomo TavTa-
viani pureuli ifarcxeba gazafxulze_bartyobis fazaSi. rodesac mcenare-
ebi kargadaa momagrebuli, gamoiyeneba rotaciuli maToxi an kbilebiani
farcxi.
saToxni kulturebi ifarcxeba aRmocenebamde da aRmocenebis Semdeg. Cve-
ulebrivi kbilebiani farcxebi gamoiyeneba aRmocenebamde niadagis dasa-
farcxavad iseT kulturebSi, romelebic Rrmad_8-10sm siRrmeze iTeseba (si-
mindi, kartofili da sxv.), zereled saTesi kulturebis aRmocenebamde
dafarcxvisaTvis gamoiyeneba moklekbilebiani msubuqi farcxebi.
dafarcxvis saSualebiT xdeba saToxni kulturebis gameCxereba da six-
Siris regulireba.
saToxn kulturebSi niadagis damuSavebis ZiriTadi xerxia mwkrivTSo-
risebis kultivacia. mcenareTa vegetaciis dros, mwkrivTSorisebis damuSa-
vebis siRrme da ricxvi damokidebulia kulturis biologiur Tavisebure-
bebze, naTesebis dasarevlianebaze, niadagze da amindis pirobebze.
miwis Semoyra uzrunvelyofs niadagis ukeTesad gaTbobas da Warbi tenis
dawretas, xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis mcenarisaTvis misawvdomi sakvebi niv-
Tierebebis dagrovebisaTvis. miwis Semoyras iyeneben kartofilis kultu-
raSi. damuSavebis es wesi aumjobesebs tuberebis warmoqmnis pirobebs. si-
mindSi, mzesumziraSi, pamidorSi_xels uwyobs fesvTa sistemis ganviTa-
rebas. gvalvian raionebSi mizanSewonili araa miwis Semoyra, radganac ama-
orTqlebeli zedapiris gazrdis gamo teni didi raodenobiT ikargeba. gva-
lvian raionebSi miwis Semoyra unda Seicvalos Cveulebrivi gafxvierebiT.

saxnavi miwebis eroziisagan dacvis agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi

niadagis erozia ewodeba misi zedapiruli yvelaze nayofieri fenisa da

misi qveda qanebis daSlis process nadnobi da naleqebis wylebiT
(wylismieri erozia) an qaris ZaliT (qarismieri erozia).
eroziis Sedegad daSlil niadagebs erodirebuls uwodeben. bunebrivi
mcenareulobis mier 2,5 sm-is daSlili humusovani fenis aRsadgenad sa-
Wiroa 300-1000 weliwadi. eroziuli procesebi warmoiqmneba da mimdinareobs
miwis araswori eqspluataciis, agroteqnikis Sablonuri gamoyenebis, nad-
nobi da naleqebis wylis araregulirebiT, tyis nargaobis daucvelobiT, mi-
ndorsacavi tyis zolebis araswori gaadgilebiT.
niadagebis eroziis saxeebi. niadagis eroziis yvela formas yofen Semdeg
saxeebad:
geologiuri erozia, romelic vlindeba bunebriv pirobebSi da mimdi-
nareobs Senelebulad, vidre yalibdeba TviT niadagis profili.
anTropogenuli erozia aris araracionaluri sameurneo saqmianobis Se-
degi. igi mimdinareobs ufro intensiurad, vidre niadagwarmomqmneli pro-
cesi.
wylismieri erozia – SeiniSneba yvelgan, sadac adgili aqvs wylis zeda-
pirul moZraobas. gansakuTrebiT rTuli reliefis mqone farTobebze. mas
adgili aqvs, rogorc dasavleT ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da serio-
zul zians ayenebs bunebasa da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebas. arCeven
wylismieri eroziis Semdeg formebs: wveTovans, sibrtyiTs, xazovans (siRr-

50
miTs) da irigaciuls. wveTovani erozia – gamoxatavs wveTebis moqmedebas
niadagze. niadagebis agregatebi iSleba wvimis wveTebis dartymis Sedegad.
wveTovani eroziis Sedegad niadagis forebi ixSoba wvril-wvrili nawila-
kebiT, mcirdeba wylis gamtarianoba, Zlierdeba zedapiruli dineba da nia-
dagis Camorecxva. sibrtyiTi erozia niadagis Tanabari Camorecxvis Sedegia.
nadnobi da wvimis wylis wvrili nakadebiT. xazovani erozia niadags Slis
siRrmeze. am saxis erozias iwvevs nadnobi da naleqebis wylebi.
geologiuri erozia

anTropogenuri
erozia wylismieri erozia wveTovani erozia

xazovani (siRrmiTi)
sibrtyiTi erozia erozia irigaciuli erozia

qarismieri
erozia

mtvriani
qariSxali

yoveldRiuri
(adgilobrivi) erozia

irigaciuli erozia. mimdinare da sarwyavi wylebiT niadagebi irecxebian.

sarwyav wyals sistematiurad gamoaqvs mindvrebidan niadagis nawilakebi,
risTvisac mas irigaciuli ewodeba. igi ZiriTadad warmoebs araswori
rwyvis Sedegad. qarismier erozias metnaklebi raodenobiT, adgili aqvs
TiTqmis yvelgan, gansakuTrebiT velian da gvalvian miwaTmoqmedebis piro-
bebSi. mtvriani qariSxali qarismieri eroziis saxea. am dros niadagi iSle-
ba da deflacias ganicdis. qars, niadagis humusovan fenasTan erTad miaqvs
kulturaTa da sarevela mcenareTa Teslebi da aRmonaceni. am saxis erozi-
as gansakuTrebiT didi ziani moaqvs maSin roca mindvrebi Zalze gamomSra-
lia da balaxebiT ar aris dafaruli.
yoveldRiuri (adgilobrivi) erozia. yoveldRiuri erozia, rogorc mtv-
ris qariSxali Slis niadags da Rupavs kulturul mcenareTa naTesebs.
niadagis erozia sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa mosavals Zlier amci-
rebs. niadagis erozirebaze yvelaze metad reagirebs Saqris Warxali, mze-
sumzira, saSemodgomo xorbali, simindi da sxv. yvelaze naklebad reagi-
rebs _ saSemodgomo Svria, saS. Wvavi da mravalwliani balaxi. sustad ero-
direbul miwebze mosavali mcirdeba 5-10%-iT, saSualo Camorecxilze _ 15-
40%-iT da Zlier Camorecxilze _ 25-55%-iT.
niadagis wylismieri erozia da masTan brZola. ZiriTadi bunebrivi faq-
torebi, romelzedac damokidebulia erozia _ klimati da reliefia.
wylismieri eroziis sawinaaRmdegod iyeneben _ niadagis damuSavebis di-
ferencirebul sistemas, konkretuli pirobebis-mosuli naleqebis, niadagis
tipis, mindvris reliefis da mcenareuli safaris gaTvaliswinebiT.
wylismieri eroziis adgilebSi Teslbrunvebis mindvrebs aTavseben ise,
rom TiToeuli maTganis grZeli mxare mdebareobdes daqanebis gardigard-

51
mod, rac saSualebas iZleva damuSavdes niadagi daqanebis gardigardmo,
niadagis Camorecxvis aRsakveTad.
Cveulebriv, damrec ferdobebze (1,0-1,50) mcired erodirebul miwebze nia-
dags xnaven daqanebis gardigardmod, xolo rTuli reliefis pirobebSi_
horizontalebis mixedviT an nakveTs hyofen nawilebad da ToToeuli maT-
ganisaTvis axorcieleben eroziis sawinaaRmdego xvnas daqanebis mimarTule-
bisa da xarisxis Sesabamisad.
agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi. eroziis sawinaaRmdego agroteqnikur Roni-
sZiebebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, radaganac isini ufro xelmi-
sawvdomia da SeiZleba Catardes sxvadasxva sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoeb-
Tan erTad sistematurad. eroziis sawinaaRmdego niadagis damuSavebis
RonisZiebebSi Sedis:
moxvna

niadagis zoluri
konturuli gafxviereba
xvna

niadagis damuSaveba. niadagis eroziis winaaRmdeg didi mniSvneloba aqvs

niadagis damuSavebis sworad SerCeul sistemas. moxvna tardeba ferdobe-
bze gardigardmo 25-27sm siRrmeze. konturuli xvna xSirad tardeba sxva-
dasxva mxares daferdebul adgilebSi.
niadagis zoluri gafxviereba. wylismieri eroziis ZiriTadi mizezi
wylis balansis darRvevaa mosuli atmosferul naleqebsa da niadagis mier
STanTqmul raodenobas Soris. yvelaze meti Camonadeni iq aris, sadac nia-
dagis wyalgamtaroba ferdobze minimaluria. wyalgamtarobis gadidebis
paralelurad wylis zedapirulad moZravi nakadi mcirdeba. am Tavisebu-
rebas yovelTvis iTvaliswineben ferdobi adgilebis xvnis wesis SerCevis
dros.
20–mde daqanebis ferdobebze kokispiruli wvimebis Camonadenis dasakaveb-
lad, erTi Rrma xvna sakmarisi ar aris. am SemTxvevaSi damatebiT qmnian
wylis dasakavebel mikroreliefs.
eroziis winaaRmdeg wylis dasakavebeli mikroreliefs warmoadgens

Txemebiani gardigardmo
moxvna

safexurebiani da niadagisa da aneulebis dabudneba, danapraleba da

safexurebian Txemebiani xvna wyvetili daRarva kvlebis gakeTeba

Txemebiani gardigardmo moxvna sruldeba Cveulebrivi guTniT, erTi

frTis 40-40 sm-iT dagrZelebiT. aseTi frTa belts agdebs wina gavlilze
da warmoqmnis 12-16 sm-is simaRlis Txems (bazos). tovebs ra Ria kvlebs,
bazoebi da kvlebi qmnian mniSvnelovan tevadobebs wylisaTvis. damuSaveba
efeqturia erTmxrian daqanebul, 50 –mde daxrilobis ferdobebze.
safexurebiani da safexurebian-Txemebiani xvna tardeba sxvadasxva siRr-
meze. aseTi wesiT xvnas atareben imitom, rom zedapirulia, dafarulia (xnu-
lis Siga) Camonadeni. amisaTvis iyeneben Cveulebriv guTans ori gadidebuli

52
dgariT, erTis gamoSvebiT. iqmneba kvlis safexurianoba, romelic akavebs
niadagqveSa CamonadeniT. imisaTvis, raTa ar moxdes naklebnayofieri fenis
gadabruneba niadagis zedapirze, gagrZelebul dgarian korpusze aSeneben
Semoklebul (SemoWril) frTebs. aseT xvnas uwodeben safexurebian-Txe-
movans, ramdenadac niadagis zedapiri xdeba Txemovani, warmoiqmneba kvlebi
da bazoebi. aseT xvnas iyeneben martiv, erTmxriv daqanebul ferdobebze.
niadagisa da aneulebis wyvetili daRarvisaTvis iyeneben kvlis mwyvetebs,
wyvetil daRarvas akeTeben 5-100 daqanebis ferdobebze. dabudnavebas, dana-
pralebas da daRruebas akeTeben specialuri iaraRebiT. niadagis dana-
pralebis SemTxvevaSi 40-50sm siRrmeze nadnobi wylis zedapiruli dinebis
mniSvnelovani nawili gadahyavs niadagSiga fenaSi da amdidrebs qveda fe-
nebs sakvebi elementebiT. amasTan, is xels ar uSlis nakveTis Semdgom meqa-
nizebuli wesiT damuSavebas. aseTi wesiT damuSavebas iyeneben mravalwlian
balaxebsa da saSemodgomo kulturaTa naTesebSi.
wylismieri eroziis sawinaaRmdegod arsebobs sxva mravali wesi da me-
Todi, romelic konkretuli pirobebisaTvis unda SeirCes.
qarismieri erozia da masTan brZolis RonisZiebebi. qarismieri erozia,
iseve rogorc wylismieri, did zians ayenebs soflis meurneobas, gansakuT--
rebiT karbonatul Savmiwebs da wabla niadagebs, agreTve msubuqi Sedgeni-
lobis niadagebsa da sxva tipis niadagebs.
qarismieri erozia iyofa or jgufad: mtvriani anu Savi qariSxali da
yoveldRiuri erozia. qarismieri erozia saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad gvxvdeba
zamTarSi. qarismieri eroziis sawinaaRmdegod iyeneben niadagis damuSavebas
brtylad mWreli tipis iaraRebiT. amasTan, saWiroa niadagdamcavi Tesl-
brunvebis SemoReba.
irigaciuli eroziis Taviseburebani. irigaciuli erozia sarwyavi wylis
mieraa gamowveuli. saqarTveloSi irigaciuli erozia gvxvdeba ZiriTadad
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, iq, sadac sarwyavi sistema arasworadaa gamoye-
nebuli.
irigaciuli eroziis mosaspobad mimarTaven Semdeg RonisZiebebs:
- sarwyavi kvlebis daWras yvelaze mcire daxrilobis mixedviT 10-12sm
siRrmeze;
- 2-60 ferdobis daxrilobis ferdobebze kvlebis sigrZe unda iyos 150-
200m-mde da morwyva warmoebs 0,1-0,05l/wm-Si;
- ferdobebze morwyva dawvimebiT unda warmoebdes. Camorecxil miwebze
25-40%-iT unda gadiddes mineraluri sasuqis dozebi, xolo organuli sasu-
qi Setanil unda iqnas 30-40t/ha-ze.

Teslbrunva

sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisa da aneulebis mecnierulad dasabuTe-

bul morigeobas drosa da sivrceSi (mindvrebze), Teslbrunva ewodeba. misi
ZiriTadi amocanebia: niadagis nayofierebis gadideba da kvebis elementebis
racionaluri gamoyeneba, mosavlis gazrda da memcenareobis produqciis
xarisxis amaRleba, mindvrebis dasarevlianebisa da mcenareebis mavneble-
biTa da daavadebebiT dazianebis Semcireba, qarismieri da wylismieri ero-
ziisagan uaryofiTi gavlenis Tavidan acileba.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisa da aneulebis droSi morigeobiT Camo-
naTvals, Teslbrunvis sqemas uwodeben.

53
 esa Tu is kultura, xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi moiyvaneba erTi
da imave mindorze, mas uwodeben ucvlel kulturas. Tu es kultura meur-
neobaSi erTaderTia _ monokulturas uwodeben. erT da imave mindorze ara-
umetes rva wlis ganmavlobaSi zedized mosayvan kulturas _ ganmeorebiT
kulturas uwodeben.
praqtikiT damtkicebulia kulturaTa zedized Tesvis uaryofiTi Sede-
gebi, Teslbrunvis aucilebel moTxovnas warmoadgens maTi morigeoba.
periods, romlis ganmavlobaSi kulturebi da aneulebi gaivlian mori-
geobas yovel mindorze Teslbrunvis sqemiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanmim-
devrobiT, Teslbrunvis rotacia ewodeba, xolo kulturaTa da aneulis
gaadgilebis gegmas mindvrebisa da wlebis mixedviT mocemul periodSi _
sarotacio cxrili.

kulturaTa morigeobis mecnieruli safuZvlebi.

akad. prianiSnikovma gamoyo oTxi umTavresi mizezi, romlebic iwveven

sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosavlis amaRlebas maTi Teslbrunvis
swori morigeobis dros: qimiuri, fizikuri, biologiuri da ekonomikuri.
qimiuri mizezebi. sxvadasxva mcenare sxvadasxva odenobis sakveb nivTi-
erebebs moiTxovs. zogierTs, mag. marcvlovanebs meti azoti da fosfori
esaWiroebaT, sxvebs ki (magaliTad kartofils, Saqris Warxals, boWkovan
kulturebs) _ SedarebiT meti kaliumi. iseTi mcenareebi, rogorebicaa par-
kosani balaxebi: barda, lobio da sxv. samarcvle parkosnebi, iTviseben bevr
kaliumsa da fosfors, imave dros fesurebze ganviTarebuli koJris baqte-
riebis saSualebiT haeridan afiqsireben da amdidreben niadags azotiT.
marcvleuli kulturebis morigeoba saToxnebTan da parkosnebTan gamo-
ricxavs niadagis calmxriv gaRaribebas sakvebi nivTierebebiT. normaluri
mosavlis dros erTwliani parkosani kulturebi (lobio, barda, cercvela)
niadagSi agroveben 50-70 kg ha-ze met azots, xolo mravalwliani parkosani
balaxebi (ionja, samyura, esparceti) _ 120-150 kg da mets.
kulturaTa morigeoba aucilebelia im TvalsazrisiTac, rom niadagidan
gamotanili sakvebi nivTierebebi, sxvadasxva kulturis mier sxvadasxvana-
iria da damokidebulia sanawveralo anarCenebis raodenobaze. yvelaze met
sanawveralo anarCens iZleva mravalwliani parkosani da marcvlovani bala-
xebi; saSualos _ marcvlovani kulturebi da yvelaze mcires _ kartofili
da Saqris Warxali.
TeslbrunvaSi kulturaTa swori morigeoba saSualebas iZleva aramarto
Tavidan aviciloT niadagis calmxrivi gaRaribeba, aramed efeqtianad gamo-
viyenoT kvebis elementebis maragi.
fizikuri mizezebi. TeslbrunvaSi kulturaTa swori morigeoba xelSem-
wyobad moqmedebs niadagis struqturaze, saxnavi fenis sifxviereze, mis hae-
rovan da wylis reJimze, niadagis simtkiceze da mocemuli fenis Senebaze.
amasTan, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvT mravalwlian balaxebs. mzesum-
zira, Saqris Warxali, sudanuras balaxi Zlier aSroben niadags. amitom,
maT Semdeg, ar SeiZleba moTavsdes wylisadmi gadidebuli moTxovnis mqone
kulturebi.
mindvris ZiriTadi kulturebi, klebadi unarianobiT, SeiZleba ganlag-
des Semdegi rigiT: mravalwliani balaxebi-erTwlian parkosan-marcvlovan-
Ta narevebi-saSemodgomoebi-simindi-sagazafxulo marcvlovnebi, kartofili
da Zirxvenebi.

54
 biologiuri mizezebi. kulturaTa morigeoba sxvadasxvanairad moqmedebs
sarevelebis, mavneblebisa da daavadebebis ganviTarebaze. amitom, mori-
geobis dawesebiT SesaZlebelia mizanmimarTulad daigegmos maTTan brZo-
lis strategia. farTofoTlovani, maRalReroiani (simindi, mzesumzira), Cr-
dilavs ra niadags, Zlier Trgunavs sarevelebs, vidre viwrofoTlovani _
(Svria, qeri, fetvi), xolo swrafmozardi saSemodgomo Wvavi da xorbali-
advilad, vidre sagazafxulo xorbali da fetvi. saToxnebis mwkrivTSori-
sebis damuSavebiT moyvanisas, sarevelaTa ganadgurebis pirobebi umjobes-
deba marcvleulisa da sxva kulturebis mTlian naTesebTan SedarebiT.
ekonomikuri mizezebi. kulturaTa morigeoba mizanSewonilia Sromisa da
teqnikuri saSualebebis racionaluri gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiTac. amasTan,
masSi unda iyos sxvadasxva vadaSi dasaTesi da asaRebi kulturebi da ji-
Sebi. es ki uzrunvelyofs mindvris samuSaos optimalur vadebSi da maRali
xarisxiT Catarebas, minimaluri danaxarjebiT maqsimalurad stabiluri mo-
savlis miRebas.
ZiriTad kulturaTa winamorbedebi

aneulebi da sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi, maTi moyvanis wesebi mni-

Svnelovan gavlenas axdenen niadagis Tvisebebze, rac arsebiTad aisaxeba
momdevno kulturaTa mosavlianobaze. am gavlenis xarisxis mixedviT yvela
winamorbeds yofen saukeTeso, karg, damakmayofileblad da aerTianeben Sem-
deg jgufebSi: 1. sufTa da dakavebuli aneulebi; 2. mravalwliani balaxebi;
3. samarcvle parkosnebi; 4. saToxnebi; 5. teqnikuri arasaToxnebi; 6. saSe-
modgomo marcvlovnebi; 7. sagazafxulo marcvlovnebi; 8. erTwliani bala-
xebi.
sufTa aneulebs miekuTvneba Savi, adreuli da kulisebiani aneulebi. su-
fTa aneuls uwodeben savegetacio periodis ganmavlobaSi sasoflo-sameur-
neo kulturis moyvanisagan Tavisufal mindors. igi uzrunvelyofs wylisa
da sakvebi nivTierebebis dagrovebas, ukeTes fitosanitarul pirobebs Sem-
deg mosayvani kulturisTvis.
Savi aneuli aris sufTa aneuli, romlis damuSaveba iwyeba wina wels,
winamorbedi kulturis mosavlis aRebisTanave.
adreuli aneuli aris igive sufTa aneuli, romlis damuSaveba iwyeba ara
wina wlis Semodgomaze (drois ukmarisobis gamo), aramed gazafxulze.
kulisebian aneuls uwodeben agreTve sufTa aneuls, romelzec Tesaven
maRalReroian mcenareebs (siminds, mzesumziras da sxv.) kulisebiani (zole-
bis) saxiT. kulisebis amocanaa Tovlis dagroveba da saSemodgomo pureu-
lis naTesebisa da niadagis dacva araxelsayreli (ZiriTadad eroziuli)
procesebisagan.
dakavebul aneuls uwodeben mcenareebiT dakavebul aneuls, romlebic
Cveulebrivze adre aTavisufleben mindors mosavlis masisagan niadagis da-
samuSaveblad da momdevno kulturis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis ukeTesi piro-
bebis mosamzadeblad.
aneulis damkavebeli kulturis Tesvis wesis mixedviT, arseboben dakave-
buli aneulebi: mTlianad moTesili, saToxni da sideraluri.
mTlianad moTesil aneulSi dakavebul kulturad iyeneben mTlianad mo-
saTes mcenareebs (marcvleuls, parkosnebs, erTwlian da mravalwlian ba-
laxebs, cercvelas, barda-Svriis narevs).
saToxn kulturebiT dakavebul aneulSi damkavebel kulturas (adreuli
kartofili, simindi sasilosed, da sxv.). Tesaven 45-60-70sm mwkrivT-

55
SorisebiT da MmTeli vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi atareben mwkrivTSorisebis
movlas.
sideraluri dakavebuli aneuli ewodeba mcenareebiT dakavebul aneuls,
romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia niadagSi Casaxnavad mwvane sasuqis saxiT. Zi-
riTadad sasideracio kulturas warmoadgens xanWkola. am mizniT iyeneben
agreTve Citifexas, ZiZos da sxv.
mravalwliani parkosani balaxebi. samyura, ionja, esparceti da maTi na-
revebi marcvlovan (timoTelasTan, SvrielasTan, koindarTan) balaxebTan
niadags amdidreben azotiT da organuli nivTierebebiT, aumjobeseben mis
struqturas. amitom tenian raionebsa da sarwyavebSi isini saukeTeso wina-
morbedebia saSemodgomo xorblis, selis, fetvis da brinjisaTvis. dade-
biTad moqmedeben ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, magram ramdenadac mraval-
wliani balaxebi Zlierad aSroben niadags, maTi gavlena, rogorc winamor-
bedisa, gvalvian pirobebSi didi ar aris.
saToxni kulturebi. Warxali, simindi, kartofili da mzesumzira wmenden
niadags sarevelebisagan mwkrivTSorisebis damuSavebisas, amaRleben niada-
gis mikrobiologiur aqtivobas. maTgan gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva sasilose
simindi.
samarcvle parkosani kulturebi saukeTeso winamorbedebia yvela sagaza-
fxulo da saSemodgomo kulturebisaTvis. saSemodgomo xorblisaTvis gan-
sakuTrebiT kargad gamoavlina Tavi lobiom da bardam.
ganoyierebuli sufTa aneulis da mravalwliani parkosani kulturebis
Semdeg Tavis mxriv kargi winamorbedebia Saqris Warxali da kartofili.
erTwliani sakvebi balaxebi. am saxis balaxebs aRebuls mwvane sakvebad,
Tivad da silosad iyeneben uwinares yovlisa saSemodgomo kulturebis
winamorbedad.
Sualeduri kulturebi TeslbrunvaSi. Sualeduri kulturebi ewodeba im
kulturebs, romlebic moiyvaneba TeslbrunvaSi ZiriTadi naTesebisagan
Tavisufal periodSi. maT ZiriTadad iyeneben cxovelebis sakvebad (mwvane
sakvebi, senaJi, silosi, balaxis fqvili, agreTve rogorc mwvane sasuqi).
Sualeduri naTesebi miwaTmoqmedebis intensifikaciis umniSvnelovanesi
faqtoria. isini saSualebas iZlevian srulad iqnes gamoyenebuli miwa.
adideben sakvebis warmoebas da aumjobeseben maT xarisxs. es kulturebi
asruleben sanitarul rols sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis sarevelebTan,
avadmyofobebTan da mavneblebTan brZolaSi, riTac asusteben kulturaTa
maRali koncentraciis araxelSemwyob Semdgom moqmedebas specializebul
TeslbrunvaSi. niadags amdidreben organuli nivTierebebiT, xolo parko-
snebi _ azotiTac. icaven niadags wylismieri da qarismieri eroziisagan,
aumjobeseben mis struqturas da mTlianad xels uwyoben nayofierebis
amaRlebas. sarwyav miwaTmoqmedebaSi isini amcireben niadagis damlaSebas.
swrafad mozardi Sualeduri kulturebi, uzrunvelyofen ra ReroTa xSir
dgomas, arsebiTad Trgunaven sarevelebs.
yvela Sualeduri kultura movla-moyvanisa da vadis mixedviT iyofa
saSemodgomo, sanawveralo, saganaTibo da SesaTes kulturebad.
saSemodgomo Sualeduri kulturebi iTeseba zafxulis bolos safar-
qveS, an ZiriTadi kulturis Semdeg da aiReba gazafxulze. maTi aRebis
Semdeg iTeseba Teslbrunvis ZiriTadi kultura. aseT kulturebad mohyavT
saSemodgomo Wvavi, saSemodgomo xorbali, tritikale, saSemodgomo qeri,
mozamTre Svria, saSemodgomo cercvela, mozamTre barda, saSemodgomo raf-

56
si. isini gvaZleven yvelaze adreul mwvane masas da arsebiTad avseben sakve-
bis deficits am vadaSi.
sanawveralo Sualedur kulturebad iwodeba ZiriTadi kulturis aRebis
Semdeg naTesi kulturebi zafxul-Semodgomis darCenili savegetacio peri-
odis gamosayeneblad. maTTvis saWiroa sul cota 65-70 uyinvo dRe, aqtiur
temperaturaTa jami aranakleb 1000-isa (C) da naleqebi (urwyavebSi) ara-
nakleb 100 mm-isa. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli reputaciiT sargebloben:
simindi, mzesumzira, erTwliani balaxebi, rafsi da sxva. swrafad mozardi
kul-turebi.
saganaTibo kulturebi. saganaTibo Sualeduri naTesebi ewodeba Ziri-
Tadi kulturis mwvane sakvebad, senaJad, silosad an Tivad aRebis Semdeg
imave wels naTes kulturebs (saSemodgomo Wvavis, erTwliani kulturebis
Semdeg da sxva. naTesebs). sanawveralo naTesebisgan isini gamoirCevian
ufro adreul periodSi TesviT. saganaTibo kulturebad ZiriTadad iyeneben
igive sanawveralo saTes kulturebs.
SesaTesi Sualeduri kulturebi iTeseba gazafxulze, ZiriTadi kultu-
rebis safarqveS. am mizniT iyeneben: Citifexas, saSemodgomo da sagaza-
fxulo cercvelas, erTwlian koindars, bardas, xanWkolas, samyuras, espar-
cets, ZiZosa da sxv.

Teslbrunvebis klasifikacia

Teslbrunvis tipebi. Tanamedrove klasifikaciiT gamoyofilia Tesl-

brunvebis sami tipi: mindvris, sakvebi da specialuri.
mindvris Teslbrunvebi. mindvris Teslbrunvebs miekuTvneba iseTi Tesl-
brunvebi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia marcvlisa da teqnikuri kulture-
bis sawarmoeblad.
sakvebi Teslbrunvebi aris iseTi Teslbrunvebi, romlebic gaTvaliswi-
nebulia sakvebis sawarmoeblad, sakvebi kulturebis ama Tu im jgufebis
siWarbeze damokidebulebiT.
specialuri Teslbrunvebi gamoiyeneba erTi an ramdenime Zvirfasi kul-
turis mosayvanad, romlebic gansakuTrebulad nayofier niadagebs moiTxo-
ven. magaliTad, bostneuli kulturebi, Tambaqo da sxv.
Teslbrunvis saxeebi. sul gamoyofen Teslbrunvebis cxra saxes:
1. marcvlovan aneuliani Teslbrunvebi – Teslbrunva, romelSic marcvle-
ulis naTesebTan morigeobs sufTa aneuli da marcvleuli kulturebi
ikaveben Teslbrunvis umetes nawils. yvelaze tipiuria morigeoba: 1 sufTa
aneuli; 2. saSemodgomo xorbali; 3. qeri.
aseTi Teslbrunva rekomendebulia gvalvian raionebSi.
2. marcvlovan aneuliani saToxni Teslbrunva aris iseTi morigeoba, ro-
melSic marcvlovani kulturebi icvleba sufTa aneuliT da saToxni kul-
turiT, marcvlovani kulturebi ki TeslbrunvaSi ikaveben misi farTobis
50%-ze mets.
3. sideralur TeslbrunvaSi erT an or mindorze moiyvaneba sasideracio
kultura (mag. xanWkola an barda) mwvane sasuqad Casaxnavad.
4. marcvlovan-balaxovan TeslbrunvaSi farTobis umetesi nawili ukavia
marcvlovan da ara saToxn teqnikur kulturebs, xolo danarCeni farTo-
bebi dakavebuli aqvT mravalwlian balaxebs.

57
5. balaxovan TeslbrunvaSi farTobis naxevarze meti eTmoba mravalwlian
balaxebs. danarCen farTobs ikaveben marcvleuli kulturebi. erTwliani
balaxebi, teqnikuri kulturebi.
6. balaxovan saToxnian TeslbrunvaSi saToxni kulturebis mindvrebs ena-
cvleba mravalwliani balaxebi, romlebic ikaveben or an met mindors.
7. marcvlovan-balxovan, saToxnian an nayofcvliT TeslbrunvaSi farTobis
naxevarze naklebi eTmoba marcvlovan kulturebs, xolo farTobis meore
naxevarze moiyvaneba saToxni da parkosani kulturebi.
8. marcvlovan saToxnian Teslbrunva, sadac marcvlovnebis naTesebi icv-
leba saToxni kulturebiT da marcvlovnebs ukaviaT farTobis naxevarze
meti.
9. saToxni Teslbrunva, sadac saToxni kulturebisaTvis gamoyofilia naxe-
varze meti farTobi. sufTa aneulebi am TeslbrunvaSi ar aris, xolo sa-
Toxnebi iTeseba ganmeorebiT an sxva saToxnebis Semdeg:L
s a k v e b i T e s l b r u n v e b i umetes SemTxvevaSi gaTva-
liswinebulia wvniani da uxeSi sakvebis sawarmoeblad, arCeven fermispira
da saTib _ saZovrian Teslbrunvebs.
f e r m i s p i r a Teslbrunva gaTvaliswinebulia wvniani da mwvane
sakvebis sawarmoeblad. Seicavs marcvlovan-balaxovan-saToxnian (nayof-
cvliTi), saToxn da balaxovan-saToxnian Teslbrunvebs.
s a T i b s a Z o v r i a n i Teslbrunva Seicavs balax _ mindvrian
(maT Soris niadagdamcav) Teslbrunvebs. farTobis did nawils iyeneben
mravalwliani balaxebis qveS.
s p e c i a l u r i T e s l b r u n v e b i gaTvaliswinebulia
kulturebisaTvis, romlebic movla-moyvanisaTvis moiTxoven specialur
agroteqnikas. specialur TeslbrunvebSi Sedian marcvlovan-balaxovani
(maT Soris brinjiani), balaxovan _ saToxniani (maT Soris bostneulis,
baR-Ceulis, Tambaqos da sxv.) niadagdamcavi Teslbrunvebi.

miwaTmoqmedebis sistemebi

miwaTmoqmedebis sistema, Tanamedrove gagebiT, aris agroteqnikuri, meli-

oraciuli da organizaciuli RonisZiebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
kompleqsi, mimarTulia miwis efeqturi gamoyenebis, niadagis nayofierebis
SenarCunebisa da amaRlebis, sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis maRali da mya-
ri mosavlis miRebisaken.
miwaTmoqmedebis sistemis umTavresi niSania _ niadagis nayofierebis ama-
Rlebisa da gamoyenebis wesi.
istoriuli ganviTarebis periodSi icvleboda miwaTmoqmedebis sisteme-
bic, romlebic daiwyo primitiuli sistemidan, Semdeg eqstensiuri, garda-
mavali da gaxda intensiuri.
primitiuli sistemebi. maT miekuTvneba axoian-cecxlovani, tyevelian-yami-
riani da nasveniani sistemebi. am sistemis dros niadagis nayofierebis aRd-
gena xdeboda bunebrivad, adamianis Carevis gareSe, romelsac xangrZlivi
dro sWirdeboda.
axoian-cecxlovani sistema. axali farTobebis asaTviseblad swvavdnen
bunebriv tyis mcenareulobas, da maTgan ganTavisuflebul farTobebze Te-
savdnen sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebs.

58
 tyeveliani sistema. droebiT mitovebuli saxnavi miwebi tyed iqceoda,
romelsac Cexavdnen, asufTavebdnen da saTesad iyenebdnen. ase TandaTanobiT
axoian-cecxlovani sistema tyemindvrian sistemad gadaiqca.
yamiriani da nasveniani sistema. velian raionebSi, Savmiwa, wabla niada-
gebze, romelebic balaxovani mcenareulobiT iyo dakavebuli, saxnavad
iTvisebdnen. aRniSnulma ki xeli Seuwyo miwaTmoqmedebis yamiriani da nasve-
niani sistemis Camoyalibebas. magram erTwliani kulturebis ganmeorebiT
Tesvisas adgili hqonda maTi mosavlis TandaTanobiT Semcirebas, ris gamoc
toveb-dnen mindors da iTvisebdnen axal yamirs. nasvenad datovebul min-
dvrebs 15-20 wlis Semdeg ubrundebodnen da amuSavebdnen sxvadasxva kultu-
rebis dasaTesad.
miwaTmoqmedebis eqstensiuri sistemebi. miwebis moxvnasTan erTad miwaT-
moqmedebis primitiuli sistemebis adgils nel-nela ikavebda marcvlovan-
aneuliani sistema.
miwaTmoqmedebis intensiuri sistemebi. miwaTmoqmedebis intensiuri sis-
temisaTvis tipiurad iTvleba inglisSi damuSavebuli norfoklis Tesl-
brunva: 1. samyura; 2. saSemodgomoebi; 3. saToxnebi; 4. sagazafxuloebi SeTe-
sviT.
Tanamedrove intensiuri miwaTmoqmedebis sistemaSi xorcieldeba saso-
flo-sameurneo samuSaoTa kompleqsuri meqanizacia da eleqtrifikacia, ris
gamoc matulobs Sromis nayofiereba da mcirdeba produqciis erTeulze
daxarjuli Sromis raodenoba, ufro metic, samuSaoTa kompleqsuri meqani-
zacia saSualebas iZleva farTobis erTeulze SevamciroT Sromis danaxar-
jebi.
miwaTmoqmedebis sistemebis istoriuli ganviTarebis sqema

miwaTmoqmedebis Mmiwis gamoyenebis wesi Nniadagis

sistema nayofierebis
amaRlebis wesi
primitiuli: yamiria- damuSavebaSia saxnavad vargisi miwebis mcire adamianis Caure-
ni, nasveniani, axoian- nawili. naTesebSi sWarbobs marcvleuli. vlad mimdinare
cecxlovani, tye-min- bunebrivi pro-
dvriani cesebi.

eqstensiuri: aneulia- naTesebis qveS moqceulia saxnavi miwebis naxe- adamianis mier
ni mravalmindvrian- varze meti, sWarbobs marcvlovani an mraval- marTuli bune-
balaxovani wliani balaxebi. sufTa aneulebis qveS moqce- brivi procesebi.
ulia miwebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba.
gardamavali:gaumjobe- damuSavebaSia saxnavad vargisi miwebi, naTe- adamianis gadi-
sebuli marcvlovani sebSi sWarbobs marcvlovanebi SeTanawyobili debuli zemoq-
balaxmindvriani mravalwlian balaxebTan an saToxnebTan da medeba, bunebri-
sufTa aneulebTan. vi faqtorebis
gamoyenebiT
intensiuri:nayofcvli- TiTqmis yvela saxnavi miwa dakavebulia naTe- adamianis aqti-
Ti, samrewvelo-saqar- sebiT. naTesi farTobi xSirad aWarbebs sax- uri zemoqmedeba
xno navis farTobs. Warbad aris warmodgenili sa- xorcieldeba
Toxni kulturebi. samrewvelo
manqana-meqaniz-
mebiT.

intensiuri miwaTmoqmedebis sistemas axasiaTebs Semdegi ZiriTadi niS-

nebi:

59
1. maRali kategoriis sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis (saxnavi, mravalwliani
nargavebi) farTobis zrda, gamousadegari da dabali kategoriis miwebis
(erodirebuli farTobebi, xevebi, buCqnari, dabalnayofieri saZovrebi,
daWaobebuli miwebi) farTobis Semcirebis xarjze.
2. soflis meurneobis calkeuli dargebis Sefardeba adgilobriv bunebriv-
ekonomikur pirobebTan, sasoflo-sameurneo teritoriis swori organizacia.
3. saxnavi miwebis sruli da maRalefeqtiani gamoyeneba Teslbrunvis far-
glebSi, naTesebis swori struqtura, farTobis erTeulze maqsimaluri pro-
duqciis uzrunvelyofa Sromisa da materialuri saxsrebis umciresi dana-
xarjebiT; sxvadasxva Sualeduri (sanawveralo, saSemodgomo, SeTesili da
sxv.) da produqciis erTeulze Sromis danaxarjebis sistematuri Semcireba.
4. niadagis nayofierebisa da ekologiuri pirobebis sistemuri gaumjobeseba
(qarsafari da mindorsacavi zolebis gaSeneba, mzardi qimizacia da ero-
ziis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gatareba, irigacia, niadagis damuSavebis
sistemis saerTo gaumjobeseba da sxv.).

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. daasaxeleT niadagis damuSavebis xerxebi da amocanebi.
2. ra amocanebi ekisreba niadagis damuSavebas?
3. xvna da masze wayenebuli ZiriTadi agroteqnikuri moTxovnebi.
3. ra teqnologiuri procesebi sruldeba niadagis damuSavebis dros?
4. rogoria niadagis damuSavebis specialuri wesebi?
4. daasaxeleT niadagis damuSavebis sistemebi.
5. Teslbrunvebis daniSnuleba. Teslbrunvebis klasifikacia.
6. ra aris miwaTmoqmedebis sistemebi da rogori meTodologiuri princi-
pebiT xelmZRvaneloben miwaTmoqmedebis sistemebis proeqtirebisas?

T a v i 5
sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis melioracia
miwebis melioracia. wylis reJimi da mcenareTa produqtiuloba
morwyvis pirobebSi. morwyva saWiroa im raionebSi, sadac meti sinaTle da
siTboa. aq niadagis nayofiereba sakmaod didia, magram mcenare ver iyenebs
am pirobebs Tavisi zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis.
sxvadasxva sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi wylis erTnairi moTxovnile-
biT ar xasiTdebian. niadagis maRaltenianobas moiTxoven brinji, bostne-
uli kulturebi, mdelos balaxebi. pureulebisaTvis SedarebiT didi tenia-
noba ar aris saWiro.
mcenareTa mier wylis xarjvis kritikuli periodebi. mcenares wyali
sWirdeba Teslis gaRivebidan _ nayofis momwifebamde.
wylis simcire mcenaris ganviTarebis mTel periodSi mkveTrad amcirebs
kulturis mosavlianobas. mcenareTa cxovrebaSi gamoiyofa SedarebiT mok-
le periodi, romlis drosac tenis nakleboba gansakuTrebiT mkacrad iw-
vevs mosavlis Semcirebas, am periodSi teniT sakmao uzrunvelyofa ki ma-
Ral mosavals iZleva. mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebis am periods kritikuli
periodi ewodeba. sxvadasxva mcenares es periodi sxvadasxva aqvs.
niadagis wyali da wylieri Tvisebebi. niadagSi wylis Sewova, naleqebi-
dan iqneba es Tu sarwyavi wilidan, damokidebulia niadagis forebze. Tu
niadagis wvril forian niadagSi (ustruqturo) wyali Znelad iJoneba,

60
xolo msxvilforianSi wyali (struqturiani) advilad SeiJoneba da simZimis
ZaliT swrafad xdeba misi moZraoba zemodan qvemoT.
niadagis mdgomareobas, rodesac yvela fori amovsebulia wyliT, sruli
tentevadoba ewodeba (st). es iangariSeba %-iT an milimetrobiT absolutu-
rad mSral niadagSi.
wylis udidesi raodenoba, romelic Sekavebulia niadagis qvemo fenaSi
CauSveblad, zRvruli tentevadoba ewodeba (zt), romelic damokidebulia
aramarto niadagis Tvisebebze, aramed gruntis wylis doneze.
niadagis Tvisebas, gasces wylis nawili dinebis gziT simZlavris moqme-
debis ZaliT zemodan qvemo fenebSi, wyalgacema ewodeba (wg).
niadags, misi formebis xasiaTisa da meqanikuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT,
aqvs agreTve wyalamowvevis unarianoba (wa).
gruntis wylis siaxlovem niadagis zedapirTan SeiZleba gamoiwvios nia-
dagis daWaobeba da damlaSeba. amitom, aseTi niadagebi frTxilad unda mo-
irwyas ( rwyvis normebis Semcireba da sxv.).
mcenareTa mier wylis xarjva. agronomiuli mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT,
niadagSi wyali imyofeba Tavisufali, bmuli da orTqlisebri formebiT. Ta-
visufal wyals, romelic msxvil forebSia, ewodeba gravitaciuli wyali,
igi mcenarisaTvis ufro xelmiswvdomia.
wyali, romelic niadagis wvril forebSi, anu kapilarebSia, kapilaruli
wyali ewodeba da igi yvelaze metad xelmisawvdomia mcenarisaTvis. or-
Tqlisebr wyals mcenare ver iyenebs, magram is SeiZleba iyos wylis sxva
formebis wyaro, romelTac mcenare iyenebs (rodesac is gadadis Txier
formebSi). orTqlisebri wyali moTavsebulia haerTan erTad niadagis
msxvil arakapilarul forebSi, haeri am dros orTqliT maZRaria.
im fenas, sadac gavrcelebulia mcenaris wvrili, bususa Semwovi fes-
vebis 90%, mdidaria sakvebi elementebiT, wyliT da dasaxlebulia sasa-
rgeblo mikroorganizmebiT, aqtiuri fena ewodeba.
niadagis aqtiuri fena icvleba mcenaris ganviTarebis fazebis mixedviT.
fena zeda nawilSi teniandeba savegetacio rwyviT, xolo qvemo nawilSi
teniandeba savegetacio morwyvamde Catarebuli samarago rwyvis xarjze.
Cveulebriv, mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebis periods, vegetaciis vadebs sam
periodad yofen: 1. dasawyisi, kritikul periodamde; 2. kritikuli; 3. zrda-
ganviTarebis dasasruli. wylis is raodenoba, romliTac mcenare kmayo-
fildeba mTeli vegetaciis periodSi sarwyavi wyliT, sarwyavi norma ewo-
deba. sarwyavi wyali avsebs wylis im danakliss, romelic saWiroa kul-
turuli mcenaris normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis.
rwyvis specializacia sameurneo daniSnulebis mixedviT rwyvis wesebi,
maTi agroteqnikuri Sefaseba. sameurneo daniSnulebis mixedviT rwyva Sei-
Zleba iyos: 1. samarago; 2. xvniswina; 3. gamorecxviTi anu niadag-gamwmendi; 4.
Tesviswina an dargviswina; 5. damatebiTi Tesvis an dargvis Semdeg damate-
biT; 6. savegetacio da sxv.
1. samarago rwyva warmoebs sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis Tesvamde an
mravalwliani kulturis aqtiuri vegetaciis Sewyvetis Semdeg samarago
rwyvis daniSnulebaa gaadidos tenis maragi niadagis fesvTa sistemis gav-
rcelebis fenaSi mcenareTa savegetacio periodisaTvis. samarago rwyva mi-
zanSewonilia Catardes iq, sadac Semodgoma-zamTris periodSi arasakmao
naleqia. samarago rwyva Zalian mniSvnelovania sagazafxulo adreul da im
kulturebisaTvis, romelTa fesvTa sistema Rrmad viTardeba niadagSi: si-
mindi, pamidori, Warxali, ionja, xexili da sxv.

61
 2. xvniswina rwyvas zogjer mimarTaven maSin, rodesac xvnamde gamom-
Sralia niadagis saxnavi fena. misi mizania daatenianos niadagi da Seqmnas
xelsayreli pirobebi xarisxovani xvnisaTvis. xvniswina rwyvis norma Sei-
Zleba gadiddes, raTa Seasrulos samarago rwyvis funqciebic.
3. Tesviswina an dargviswina rwyvis amocanaa, daatenianos niadagis sax-
navi da qvesaxnavi fena da miRebul iqnes Tanabari aRmonaceni, xeli Seu-
wyos dargul CiTils wyliT sargeblobisaTvis. Tesviswina rwyvis norma
didi ar aris, is unda Seesabamebodes mcenaris biologiur Tvisebebs (Tes-
lis CaTesvis siRrmes).
4. damatebiTi rwyva tardeba Tesvis an dargvis Semdeg 20-30sm siRrmeze
drouli da Tanabari aRmonacenis misaRebad an bostneuli kulturebis
darguli CiTilebis meti raodenobiT gasaxareblad.
5. gamorecxvis an niadagTgasufTavebis rwyvas iyeneben niadagSi xsnadi
mavne marilebis (NaCL, NaCO3, Na2SO4,) gamosarecxad. Mmas sadrenaJo rwyvasac
uwodeben.
6. savegetacio rwyvas atareben mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebis (vegetaciis)
periodSi, raTa mcenare uzrunvelyofil iqnes saWiro wylis moTxovnile-
biT aRmocenebidan nayofis mocemamde.
7. damatebiTi gamokvebis rwyvas iyeneben naTes-nargavebis vegetaciis peri-
odSi. damatebiTi gamokvebis dros Sesatanad gankuTvnili sasuqebi, ume-
tesad mineraluri, jer moibneva naTesSi niadagis zedapirze mwkrivTSori-
sebis kultivaciis win da Semdeg mohyveba rwyva. sasuqebis Sesatani norma
SeiZleba gaixsnas wyalSi saTanado koncentraciiT (0,2-0,3) da Semdeg speci-
aluri gamomkvebi manqaniT, rwyvis saxiT Setanil iqnes niadagSi (es xdeba
ufro metad urwyav nakveTebze).
8. gamagrilebeli rwyva tardeba dawvimebiT, romlis mTavari amocanaa
masSi gafantuli wylis Sxefebis saSualebiT win aRudges haeris gavlenas.
es rwyva adidebs haeris absolutur tenianobas da amcirebs haeris tenia-
nobas.
9. saprovokacio rwyva tardeba xvnis win. morwyvis Sedegad teniandeba
niadagis is fena sadac sarevelebis Teslebia. niadagis datenianebis Sede-
gad xdeba maTi aRmoceneba, romlebsac Semdeg spoben niadagSi CaxvniT.

rwyvis wesebi, maTi agroteqnikuri Sefaseba

Tanamedrove sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis pirobebSi ZiriTadad rwyvis sami

wesia miTebuli

rwyvis wesebi

zedapiruli rwyva-sarwyavi dawvimebiTi rwyva-spe- qveniadaguri rwyva niadagis

wyali TviTdinebiT nawil- cialuri dasawvimi apa- gansazRvrul siRrmeSi (40-60
deba niadagis zedapirze ratiT wvimis-magvarad sm) Cayrilia naCvretebiani mi-
da STainTqmeba niadagis wylis SxefiT svel- lebi da niadagis am siRrmis
fenebSi deba mosarwyavi far- datenianeba xdeba naCvretebi-
Tobi. dan gamosuli wylis saSual.

62
1. zedapiruli rwyva. rwyvis teqnikisa da niadagSi wylis Sesvlis xasiaTis
mixedviT arCeven zedapiruli rwyvis Semdeg saxeebs: rwyvas kvlebSi, zo-
lebSi da datborviT.
kvlebSi rwyvis teqnikis Taviseburebaa is, rom kvalSi uSveben wyals da
misi moZraobis dros teniandeba mcenaris fesvTa sistemis gavrcelebis
niadagis fena. am SemTxvevaSi teniandeba kvlebSorisi farTobi. wylis Se-
Jonva gverdiTi filtraciiT xdeba.
kvlebSi rwyvas iyeneben saToxni kulturebisaTvis da agreTve mraval-
wliani xexilovani kulturebisaTvis. rwyvas kvlebSi miSvebiT atareben mo-
sarwyavi farTobis 0,002 metri daxrilobis pirobebSi. kvlebi gahyavT
saToxni kulturebis mwkrivTSorisebSi niadagis bunebrivi daxrilobis
mimarTulebiT, kvlebis siRrme 8-25 sm-ia, wyali Tavisuflad midis kvlebSi
da Tanabrad teniandeba.
sasoflo_sameurneo kulturebis Tesva-moyvana limanuri rwyvis pirobeb-
Si. limanuri (limani_zRvis yure) rwyva datborebiT rwyvis yvelaze marti-
vi saxea. dasatboreblad iyeneben gazafxulze Tovlis dnobis, wvimebisa da
adgilobrivi mindvrebis wylebs (wyaldnobis dros). mcire drois manZilze,
Sromis mcire danaxarjebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba moirwyos didi farTobebi
da amitom es rwyva metad iafi RonisZiebaa.
limanuri rwyva mxolod gazafxulze tardeba erTxel da isic, rogorc
samarago rwyva. rwyva araxangrZlivia. mSral velebSi limanuri rwyvis
Sedegad xelsayreli pirobebi iqmneba bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebis produq-
tiulobis gadidebisaTvis. Tovlis nadnobi wylisa da wvimis wylis Sesa-
kaveblad buldozeriT Txrian ormoebs da Sig agroveben wyals. aseT lima-
nebze niadagi 50-60 sm siRrmemde teniandeba, balaxnari umjobesdeba da
saTib-saZovari aRidgens produqtiulobas.
msubuq qviSnar niadagebze, romlebic wylis SeJonvis maRali koeficien-
tiT da tenis Sekavebis dabali unarianobiT xasiaTdebian, limanur rwyvas
ar urCeven. ar SeiZleba agreTve limanuri rwyva moewyos bicob (mlaSob)
niadagebze mineraluri gruntis siaxlovis gamo, radgan gruntis wylis
amoweva gamoiwvevs limanis ufro metad damlaSebas.
limanuri rwyvis dros sarwyavi normebi damokidebulia agreTve niadagis
wylier-fizikur Tvisebebze. gamlRvali niadagis 2,1-1,5 fenis gatenianebi-
saTvis saWiroa ara umetes 3-5 dRisa. bunebriv limanebze datboreba SeiZle-
ba gaxangrZlivdes didxans, Tu balaxSi Warbobs datborebisadmi gamZle
mravalwliani marcvlovani balaxebi (ufxo Svriela, Wanga, melakuda,
wivana). zogjer adre gazafxulze (martSi) zogierTi marcvlovani balaxi
civi wyliT datborebas uZlebs mxolod 18 dRes, Semdeg ki ganmeorebiT
SedarebiT Tbili wyliT datborebas _ 14 dRemde, xangrZliv datborebas
SedarebiT ver itans. mravalwliani parkosani balaxebi (ionja, Citifexa),
10-12 dRis ganmavlobaSi datborebis dros iRupebian.
saxnav limanebze sagazafxulo kulturebis agroteqnikis Taviseburebe-
bis mixedviT, niadagi ixvneba mzralad, winamorbedis Sesabamisad, sxvada-
sxva siRrmeze. mravalwliani balaxebis kords an nasvens xnaven winmxvneli-
ani guTniT 28-30 sm siRrmeze, xolo sxva erTwliani kulturebis Semdeg ara
nakleb 25 sm-isa; mzralad damuSaveba sarevelebis mospobis saukeTeso
saSualebaa.
limanebze niadagis fenebis gayinvis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa Ca-
tardes Tovlis Sekaveba da mindorsacavi tyis zolebis gaSeneba, rac xels

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Seuwyobs niadagSi wylis droul SeJonvas da gazafxulze Tesviswina samu-
Saoebis daubrkolebriv Catarebas.
gazafxulze, rogorc ki xelsayreli pirobebi dadgeba, dasaTesi kul-
turis biologiis gaTvaliswinebiT, atareben kultivacias dafarcxviT 8-
10sm siRrmeze, xolo TavTaviani marcvlovani kulturebis, sakvebi bala-
xebis, Saqris Warxlis da sxv., kultivacias atareben Tanmiyolebuli far-
cxviT 6-8sm siRrmeze. mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, is rom wylisagan ganTa-
visuflebuli niadagi xasiaTdeba niadagis damuSavebis mcire xnis simwifiT,
Tu am vadas erTi dRiTac ki gadavacilebT, niadagi mkvrivdeba, veRar eqve-
mdebareba damuSavebis teqnologiur procesebs da veRar xerxdeba misi
xarisxianad gafxviereba da TesvisaTvis momzadeba. Llimanebze Tesvis norma
maRalia. limanebze sxvadasxva kulturebis Tesvis norma, mag. TavTaviani
kulturebis dadgenili norma 20-30%-iT unda gadiddes. safari kulturis
SemTxvevaSi ki mcirdeba, raTa ar moxdes mravalwliani balaxebis CaxSoba.
limanebze Tesvis Semdeg aucilebelia motkepna. maRali mosavlis misa-
Rebad limanebze aucilebelia sasuqebis gamoyeneba ZiriTadi xvnis win da
gamokvebis saxiT.
Llimanuri morwyvis reJimi. limanuri rwyvis dros gamoiyofa niadagis
datenianebis sami faza:
pirvel fazaSi wyali avsebs gayinul niadagSi arsebul napralebs da si-
carieleebs da Semdeg iwyebs dagrovebas niadagis zedapirze. am fazis xan-
grZlivoba 1-2 dRe-Ramea.
meore fazaSi wyali grovdeba da dgas niadagis zedapirze niadagis
srul galxobamde. Aam dros wylis fenis sisqe maqsimums aRwevs, Semdeg ki
TandaTan mcirdeba niadagis galxobasTan erTad. am fazis xangrZlioba
damokidebulia niadagis galxobis siCqareze.
mesame fazaSi mimdinareobs niadagis siRrmeSi wylis CaJonva. am fazis
xangrZlivoba damokidebulia datenianebuli fenis wyalgamtarunarianobaze.
Txelwylian limanebSi dagrovili wylis niadagSi CaJonva 5-7 dRes
grZeldeba da atenianebs mas 1,5-2 m siRrmeze.
Rrma wylian limanebSi sarwyavi norma da gatenianebis fenis siRrme
ganisazRvreba wylis dgomis xangrZlivobiT. Nniadagis mier saWiro wylis
miRebis Semdeg, darCenili wyali gadaiSveba limanidan.
Cveulebrivi niadagis 1-1,5 m siRrmeze teniandeba 3-5 dRes. datborebis
dros gatenianebis normas sazRvraven 2500-3000 m3 wyliT 1 heqtarze.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis Tesva-moyvana Camonadeni wylebiT rwyvis
pirobebSi. sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis Camonadeni wyliT rwyva cno-
bilia germaniaSi, inglisSi, safrangeTSi, avstraliaSi, indoeTSi da sxva
qveynebSi.
Camonadeni wylebi Seicavs mcenarisaTvis saWiro sakvebi elementebis did
raodenobas _ azots, fosfors, kaliums. sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis am
wyliT morwyva mcenarisaTvis erTdroulad wyliTa da sakvebiT uzrun-
velyofa-morwyva-ganoyierebaa.
am wesiT morwyvis safuZvelia, is rom niadags aqvs Tviseba Seakavos Ta-
vis masaSi is WuWyi, rac wyalSia, maT Soris mavne nivTierebanic da imave
dros diddeba misi nayofierebac.
Camonadeni wyliT morwyvis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom rwyva
xdeba mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi qalaqebis axlo _ guberniebSi specialu-
rad gamoyenebul nakveTebze, romlebsac ,,samiwaTmoqmedo sarwyav mindvrebs”
uwodeben. Camonadeni wyali, romelic modis qalaqis sakanalizacio qse-

64
lidan, winaswar iwmindeba-sufTavdeba meqanikurad badeebis, qviSa Semkave-
blis saSualebiT msxvili da wvrili minarevebisagan, QWiis kvercxebisa-
ganac ki da sxv. gasufTavebis Semdeg wyali bunebrivi dawoliT an satumbi
sadguris saSualebiT daxuruli milgamyvaniT miewodeba mindors.
sayofacxovrebo Camonadeni wylis qimiuri Sedgeniloba icvleba wlis
sezonebis mixedviT. amitom, maTi sworad gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, saWi-
roa sistematurad gaukeTdes analizi, radgan Camonaden wyalSi SeiZleba
Seerios mrewvelobis anarCeni wyali, romelSic sasargeblo nivTierebebTan
erTad SesaZlebelia iyos mavne nivTierebanic.
Camonaden wyals asufTaveben filtraciiT. mindvrebze, saleqavebSi aCere-
ben Camonadeni wylis mudmiv fenas, fskerze rCeba naleqi, wyali ki iwmin-
deba da grovdeba Rrma arxebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gawmendis procesis dros
Camonadeni wyali kargavs mcenaris sakvebi nivTierebis mniSvnelovan rao-
denobas.
naleqebisgan ganTavisuflebuli Camonadeni wyali, rogorc wesi, daxu-
ruli milgamyvanebiT miemarTeba mosarwyav nakveTebze.
saleqavebidan amoRebul danaleqs iyeneben nakelTan an torfTan Sere-
viT kompostebis dasamzadeblad.
amJamad muSavdeba Camonadeni wylis biologiuri da qimiuri gawmendis me-
Todebi. Semodgomaze da zamTarSi SeiZleba morwyva Catardes gauwmendavi
Camonadeni wyliT.
Camonadeni wyliT morwyvis dros SeiZleba niadagi damlaSdes. am Sem-
TxvevaSi Rrma xvna unda Catardes 40-45sm-is siRrmeze, romelic asrulebs
meliorirebis rols. moxnul fenaSi mcirdeba qlorisa da natriumis rao-
denoba da matulobs kalciumis Semcveloba.
zamTarSi Camonadeni wyliT rwyvas atareben Rrma kvlebsa da zolebSi.
gazafxulze atareben gadaxvnas an kultivacias 10-12sm siRrmeze dafar-
cxviT. gadaxvnas atareben Camonadeni wylis danaleqis Casaxnavad niadagSi.
amis Semdeg mindors farcxaven da tkepnian, Tu niadagi ar aris Zalian
teniani.
Camonadeni wyliT sarwyav nakveTze ukeTesia saToxni kulturebi daiTe-
sos (dairgos) kvadratul-budobrivad, rac aadvilebs morwyvis Semdgomi
gafxvierebis srulyofil Catarebas da sarevelebTan brZolas. maT mosas-
pobad iyeneben agreTve qimiur saSualebebs ise, rogorc Cveulebriv sarwyav
miwebze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Camonadeni wyali Seicavs mcenarisaTvis saWiro
sakveb elementebs, sarwyav mindvrebze mizanSewonilia gamoyenebul iqnes,
rogorc mineraluri, ise organuli sasuqebi. maTi Setanis dozebis dros
mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli Camonaden wyalSi sakvebi elementebis
Semcveloba. Camonadeni wyliT morwyvis dros mosavlis mateba 10% naklebi
SeiZleba iyos, vidre mdinaris wyliT morwyvis dros. baqteriuli sasuqebis
gamoyenebis dros ki mosavlis mateba Camonadeni wyliT morwyvis dros 20%-
iT metia, vidre mdinaris wyliT morwyvis dros.
kulturaTa sarwyavi norma unda gaviangariSoT ama Tu im kulturis
moTxovnilebis mixedviT azotze. sarwyav wyalSi azotis Semcveloba ar
unda aRematebodes masze mcenaris moTxovnilebas (100-150kg 1 ha-ze). masTan
optimaluri sarwyavi norma gamoiyeneba arasavegetacio (Semodgoma-zamTris)
da savegetacio rwyvebis saxiT. savegetacio rwyvis norma ar unda iyos
niadagis wyalSemkrebis unarianobaze meti 1-1,5 m fenaSi.

65
 Camonadeni wyliT rwyvis dros kulturebis umetesi nawilisaTvis
rwyvis ukeTesi wesi kvlebSi rwyvaa.
dawvimebiTi morwyva. dawvimebiTi rwyva imiT gansxvavdeba zedapiruli
rwyvisagan, rom dawvimebiT rwyvas atareben ara niadagis zedapirze wylis
moZraobiT, aramed specialuri manqanebidan danadgarebiT, romlebic daka-
vSirebulia sarwyavi wylis wyarosTan (mdinare, Wa, arxi) da axdenen wvimis
msgavsad wylis gadaadgilebas mosarwyav farTobze. xelovnuri dawvimeba
bunebrivi wvimis saxiT atenianebs niadags da morwyvis procesic meqanize-
bulia.
dawvimebiTi rwyva erTgvari upiratesobiT sargeblobs zedapirul
rwyvasTan SedarebiT:
1. dawvimebis dros saWiro ar aris wvrili sarwyavi qselis mowyoba
(sarwyavi kvlebi, zolebi, gamyvani kvlebi);
2. dawvimebiTi rwyvis dros saWiro ar aris farTobze Tvalyuris dev-
neba;
3. mosarwyav farTobze mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba mosworeba-moSandakebis
samuSaoebis Catareba;
4. SesaZlebeli xdeba niadagis damuSavebisa da mindvris sxva samu-
Saoebis Catareba meqanizaciis saSualebiT;
5. izrdeba rwyvaze momuSaveebis Sromis nayofiereba;
6. dawvimebiTi rwyvis dros xdeba mcenaris Camorecxva mtvrisagan, mavne
sokoebisa da mavneblebisagan;
7. teniandeba aramarto niadagi, aramed TviT mcenarec da miwispira
haeris fenac. Amis Sedegad SuadRis sicxeebis dros izrdeba haeris tenia-
noba, mcirdeba aorTqleba da haeris temperatura;
8. dawvimebiTi rwyva 300-400 m3/ha normiT amave dros warmoadgens gamag-
rilebel rwyvas;
9. dawvimebis dros SeiZleba Catardes mcenareTa fesvgareSe kveba da
agreTve Sxamqimikatebis Sesxureba (dasawvim aparatze mikeTebuli specia-
luri agregatiT);
10. dawvimebiTi rwyva xels uwyobs niadagis aerobuli mikrobiologiuri
procesebis ganviTarebas, kerZod, nitrifikacias;
11. dadebiTad moqmedebs agreTve fiziologiur procesebze: swrafad
xdeba foTlebis turgoris aRdgena, matulobs bageebis gaxsna da atom-
sferos azotis STanTqma, asimilaciis intensiuroba;
12. daproeqtebuli mosavlis miRebaze ufro naklebi wyali ixarjeba,
vidre zedapiruli rwyvis dros.
dawvimebiTi morwyvis zogierTi wesi xasiaTdeba zogierTi naklovani mxa-
riTac: qaris dros aRiniSneba rwyvis uTanabroba, qaris (wamSi 2m) siswra-
fis dros aRiniSneba rwyvis uTanabroba, qaris siswrafis dros wvimis
Sxefebi gverdebze isxmeba, ixarjeba meqanikuri energia, niadagi teniandeba
mcire siRrmeze, Tumca amis acileba SeiZleba winaswar, niadagis samarago
rwyvis CatarebiT.
dawvimebiTi rwyvis Catarebis xarisxi damokidebulia wvimis intensiuro-
baze da niadagis wyalgamtarobaze. amJamad aqtiurad gamoiyeneba wveTovani
morwyvis wesi. wveTovani morwyvis dros sarwyavi qselis nacvlad iyeneben
mcire diametris milebs (sarwyav milsadenebs), romlebic saSualebas iZle-
va droebiTi sarwyavi kvlebi da zolebi Seicvalos polieTilenis milebiT,
morwyvis procesebi mTlianad gavxadoT meqanizebuli da avtomatizebuli.

66
 Qqveniadagidan rwyva. Qqveniadagidan rwyvis wesis Teoriuli da teqnikur-
ekonomikuri safuZvlebi jerjerobiT sakmaod ar aris damuSavebuli, magram
mas soflis meurneobis intensifikaciisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
qveniadagidan rwyvis dros mcenaris fesvTa sistemis gavrcelebis fena
teniandeba sarwyavi wylis moZraobiT niadagis 40-60sm-is siRrmidan, zeda-
pirisaken wylis miwodeba qvemodan zemoT xorcieldeba sxvadasxva xerxiT,
niadagis 40-45sm-is siRrmeze Cawyobili forebiani milebiT, romlebic keT-
deba specialuri manqaniT 40-50 sm-is siRrmeze.
daSrobiTi melioracia. niadagis daWaobebas iwvevs rogorc zedapiruli,
wyalis didi raodenoba, ise qveniadagis wyali.
zedapiruli wyliT daWaobebas xels uwyobs farTobis umniSvnelo qa-
nobi, zedapiruli wylis neli dena, atmosferuli naleqebis didi raodeno-
ba da mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobis niadagi.
qveniadagis wyali daWaobebas iwvevs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is zedapirTan
axlos mderbareobs an zedapirzedac amodis. aseTi daWaobeba SeuZlebels
qmnis kulturuli mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebas. Tu niadagSi wyali zedapi-
ramde amodis, maSin masSi haeri srulebiT ar aris da cxadia, mcenarec ver
gaizrdeba.
aseTi niadagis gaumjobeseba moiTxovs metad rTul RonisZiebas saTana-
do damSrobi qselis saSualebiT. damSrobi qseli arxTa sxvadasxva sixSi-
riT da sxvadasxva siRrmiT mzaddeba.
msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgenilobis niadagi qveniadagis wyals ufro advi-
lad atarebs. aseT niadagze dasaSrobi qseli naklebi sixSiriT ewyoba, vid-
re mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobis niadagebze, romelic wyals metad Znelad
atarebs.
rac Seexeba zedapirul daWaobebas, aq, piriqiT, sixSire miT ufro metia,
rac ufro msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgenilobisaa niadagi. mZime meqanikuri Sed-
genilobis niadagSi zedapiruli wyali naklebi siCqariT Cadis da amitom
dasaSvebia meti manZilis datoveba dasaSrob arxTa Soris. zedapiruli
wylis mosaSoreblad arc Rrma qselia saWiro, vinaidan man wyali zedapi-
ridan unda miiRos. Cveulebriv aq siRrme 0,5 metrs ar aRemateba.
amrigad, qveniadagidan wyliT daWaobebul farTobebze iyeneben rogorc
Cveulebriv Ria damSrob qsels, ise daxurul qsels.
niadagis qimiuri melioracia. mJave niadagebis qimiuri melioraciisaTvis
awarmoeben mokirianebas, xolo bicobi niadagebisaTvis moTabaSirebas.
mokirianebaSi igulisxmeba niadagSi kiris, dolomitis an kiris Semcve-
li sxva qanebis Setana, romelebic uzrunvelyofs mJave niadagebis ares re-
aqciis ganeitralebas da misi nayofierebis gaumjobesebas.
TabaSiris Setanas bicobi niadagebis qimiuri melioraciisaTvis, moTaba-
Sireba ewodeba. bicob niadagebze urCeven 1-3t TabaSiris Setanas, saSualo
da Rrma bicobebze 3-5t, qlorid sulfatur bicobebze _ 5-8t, sodian bico-
bebze _ 8-10t da meti.

T a v i 6

Aagroqimia

sasoflo _ sameurneo kulturebis mosavlianobis gadidebis agroteqni-

kur RonisZiebaTa kompleqsSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba sasuqe-
bis gamoyenebas. sasuqebis terminebSi igulisxmeba niadagSi organuli da

67
araorganuli warmoebis iseTi nivTierebis Setana, romlebic xels uwyoben
mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebis pirobebs, ris safuZvelzec izrdeba sasoflo-
sameurneo kulturaTa mosavlianoba. sasuqebis gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs
mosavlis namatis 50% miRebas da msoflio mosaxleobis yoveli meoTxe
adamiani am namati produqciiT ikvebeba.
msoflios miwaTmoqmedTa gamocdilebiT damtkicebulia mWidro kavSiri
mosavlis donesa da sasuqebis gamoyenebas Soris.
mineraluri da organuli sasuqebis roli soflis meurneobis inten-
sifik-ciis saqmeSi da maTi erToblivi gamoyenebis upiratesoba. arsebobs
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis ori gza: eqstensiuri da intensiuri. eqs-
tensiuri – farTobebis gadidebis gziT sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis
warmoebis gadidebis SesaZleblobebi Zalze SezRudulia, amasTan, es Ronis-
Zieba moiTxovs didZal danaxarjebs. Tu sasuqebis gamoyenebiT xarjebi 1000
lars Seadgens, axali farTobebis aTvisebisas 5000 laramde izrdeba. eko-
nomikurad ufro gamarTlebulia intensiuri gza, sasuqebis gamoyenebiT,
romlebic saSualebas iZlevian gadides yvela sasoflo-sameurneo kultu-
ris mosavlianoba da Seqmnili Seiqmnas produqtebis sakmarisi maragi.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis yvelaze maRali da xarisxiani mosavali
miiReba mineraluri da organuli sasuqebis erToblivi Setanisas.
calke mineraluri sasuqis Setanisas uaresdeba niadagis fizikuri, fi-
zikur-qimiuri, qimiuri da biologiuri Tvisebebi, uaresdeba struqtura,
wylis da haeraciis reJimi da mcenaris kvebis pirobebic, riTac mcirdeba
gamoyebuli mineraluri sasuqebis efeqturoba. naklebad efeqturia nakelis
calke gamoyenebac, radgan am SemTxvevaSi brundeba mosavliT gamotanili
sakvebi elementebis mxolod nawili, amitom, adgili aqvs niadagis gaRa-
ribebas da mosavlis Semcirebas.
mineraluri da organuli sasuqebis erToblivi gamoyeneba saSualebas iZ-
leva gavadidoT niadagis nayofiereba, uzrunvelvyoT mcenareebi sakvebi
elementebiT mTeli savegetacio periodis ganmavlobaSi, gavzardoT sakvebi
elementebis gamoyenebis koeficientebi da SevamciroT maTi CarecxviTi da
aqrolebiTi danakargebi, gavamdidroT niadagi mikroorganizmebiT da amiT
xeli SevuwyoT masSi arsebuli organuli da mineraluri SenaerTebis daS-
las.
mineraluri da organuli sasuqebi. mineraluri sasuqi ewodeba iseT sasu-
qebs, romlebic mcenarisaTvis saWiro sakveb elementebs Seicaven mineralur
SenaerTebSi. mineralur sasuqebs miekuTvneba azotiani, fosforiani, kaliu-
miani, mikro da kompleqsuri sasuqebi.
organuls miekuTvneba yvela is sasuqi, romelic ama Tu im raodenobiT
Seicavs organul nivTierebas. organuli sasuqebia: nakeli, torfi, mwvane
sasuqi da organuli nivTierebis Semcveli soflis meurneobisa da mrewve-
lobis sxva anarCenebi (geranis, tungis zeTsaxdeli, kofeinis qarxnebis
anarCenebi).
organul-mineralurs ekuTvnian iseTi sasuqebi, romlebic Tavis Sedgeni-
lobaSi Seicaven rogorc organul, ise mineralur nivTierebas. aseTebia:
humatamoniumi, gumafosi, gumatini da sxv.
baqteriuls miekuTvneba is sasuqebi, romlebic Seicaven miwaTmoqmedebi-
saTvis saWiro mikroorganizmeb. aseTebia: nitragini, azotogeni, fosfor-
baqterini da sxv.
sasuqebi niadagsa da mcenareze moqmedebis mixedviT iyofian: 1) pirda-
pir moqmedi da 2) arapirdapir moqmedi.

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 pirdapir moqmedia is sasuqi, romelic SeaqvT niadagSi mcenarisaTvis
saWiro sakvebi nivTierebis raodenobis gadidebis mizniT. aseTebia: azo-
tiani, fosforiani, kaliumiani, mikrosasuqebi da sxv.
arapirdapir moqmedia yvela is sasuqi, romelic SeaqvT niadagSi am ukana-
sknelis fizikur-qimiuri da biologiuri Tvisebebis gaumjobesebis mizniT.
aseTebia: kiri, TabaSiri, gogirdi da baqteriuli sasuqebi.
sakvebi nivTierebis Semcvelobis mixedviT, sasuqebi iyofa agreTve or
jgufad: 1) calmxrivi anu martivi da 2) mravalmxrivi anu rTuli.
calmxrivi sasuqebi Seicaven mcenarisaTvis saWiro mxolod erT ele-
ments. aseTebia: natriumis gvarjila, azotmJava _ amoniumi, qloramoniumi,
su-perfosfati da sxv.
mravalmxriv moqmedi sasuqi ki Seicavs ramdenime sakveb elements, aseTia:
amofosi, nitrofoska, kaliumis gvarjila da sxv.
azotis Semcveli organuli SenaerTebia: cilebi, aminomJavebi, vitaminebi,
fermentebi, alkaloidebi, zrdis stimulatorebi.
uazoto organuli SenaerTebia: naxSirwylebi, cximebi, organuli mJavebi
mTrimlavi nivTierebebi.
mineraluri sasuqebi. mineralur sasuqebs miekuTvneba azotiani, fosfo-
riani, kaliumiani, mikro da kompleqsuri sasuqebi.
azotiani sasuqebi arCeven azotiani sasuqebis oTx formas: nitratuls,
amoniakurs, nitratul-amoniakurs da amidurs.
amoniakuri sasuqebi. maT miekuTvneba amoniumis sulfati, amoniumis qlo-
ridi, Txevadi amoniaki, amoniakis wyali da amikati.
amoniumis sulfati (NH4)2SO4 Seicavs 20-21% azots da 24% gogirds. wyal-
Si kargad xsnadi TeTri an monacrisfro wvril kristaluri fxvnilia. amo-
niumis sulfati kargi fizikuri Tvisebebis mqonea. axasiaTebs susti higro-
skopuloba, igi fiziologiurad mJave sasuqia. erTi da imave nakveTze misi
Setana zedized ar SeiZleba, radgan gamJavebas iwvevs. amoniumis sulfati
pirvel rigSi rekomendebulia, rogorc ZiriTadi ganoyierebis sasuqi.
amoniumis qloridi NH4Cl. Seicavs 24-25% azots da 66% Cl. axasiaTebs amo-
niumis sulfatis analogiuri Tvisebebi. misi gamoyeneba qlorisadmi mgrZno-
biare kulturebis (kartofili, Tambaqo, xaxvi da kombosto) qveS ar aris
mizanSewonili.
uwylo amiaki koncentrirebuli azotiani sasuqia, Seicavs 82,3% azots.
misi warmoeba orjer iafi jdeba, vidre sxva azotiani sasuqebi. misi nakli
is aris, rom gadazidva da Senaxva unda moxdes specialuri WurWlebiT,
romlebic uZleben 20-30 atmosferul wnevas.
amiakuri wyali Seicavs 20-40% azots. misi transportireba da Senaxva
SeiZleba 1-2 atmosferuli wnevis gamZle cisternebiT. amoniakis wyals
mcire dozebiT iyeneben mecxoveleobaSi sakvebis azotiT gasamdidreblad.
amiakati warmoadgens amoniumis gvarjilis wyalxsnars, romelic gaje-
rebulia amoniakiT. Seicavs 30-45% azots. sawyobidan mindorSi amikati ga-
daaqvT specialuri avtocisternebiT.
nitratuli sasuqebi. natriumis gvarjila Seicavs 15-16% azots. TeTri
kristaluri marilia. wyalSi kargad ixsneba. sustad higroskopulia da
fiziologiurad tute azotiani sasuqia. misi sistematuri gamoyeneba erTi
da igive nakveTze ar SeiZleba radgan iwvevs misi fizikuri Tvisebebis
gauaresebas. natriumis gvarjila nadagis mSTanTqav kompleqsSi ar Sekavde-
ba da advilad irecxeba qveda fenebSi. amitom, umjobesia gamoviyenoT gamo-
kvebis saxiT.

69
 amiduri formis azotiani sasuqebi. Sardovana Seicavs 46% azots. TeTri
feris kristaluri, an granulirebuli nivTierebaa, wyalSi kargad ixsneba,
higroskopulia. misi gamoyeneba ZiriTadad gamokvebis drosaa miRebuli.
kalciumis cianamidi Seicavs 19-21% azots. Savi an muqi nacrisferi
fxvnilia. iwvevs Tvalisa da sasunTqi organoebis lorwovani garsis anTe-
bas, Slis kans. fiziologiurad tute marilia. amis gamo misi Setana reko-
mendebulia mJave niadagebze Tesvis wina kultivaciis dros. misi uaryofiTi
Tvisebebi rom Semcirdes, masSi ureven navTis zeTs anda misgan amzadeben
granulirebul sasuqs.
fosforiani sasuqebis gamoyeneba dadebiT gavlenas axdens yvela saso-
flo-sameurneo kulturis mosavlianobaze. misi efeqti gansakuTrebiT didia
azotian sasuqebTan erTad. fosforiani sasuqebi iyofa wyalxsnad, naxevrad
xsnad da Znelad xsnad formebad.
wyalxsnadi fosforiani sasuqebi. superfosfati fosforiani sasuqebis
ZiriTadi warmomadgenelia. ganasxvaveben martiv da ormag superfosfats.
martivi superfosfati Seicavs 16-20% P2O5-s, moruxo-monacrisfro fxvnilia,
aqvs damaxasiaTebeli suni da mJave reaqcia. niadagSi Seitaneba, rogorc
ZiriTad ganoyierebaSi xvnis win, ise Tesvis dros da damatebiT gamokvebaSi.
ormagi superfosfati fosforiT mdidari koncentrirebuli fosforiani
sasuqia. Seicavs 45-50% P2O5; nacrisferi fxvnilia. gamoiyeneba ZiriTad gano-
yierebaSi, Tesvis dros da damatebiT gamokvebaSi.
precipitati. Seicavs 25-35% P2O5; TeTri an Ria nacrisferi, kargi fizi-
kuri Tvisebebis mqone fxvnilia. ar axasiaTebs higroskopuloba da Sebel-
tva. niadags atutianebs. misi Setana SeiZleba mxolod mJave niadagebze Zi-
riTad ganoyierebaSi. gamokvebaSi efeqts ar iZleva.
Tomasis wida Seicavs 7-20% P2O5, muqi ruxi an Savi feris fxvnilia. xasi-
aTdeba simZimiT da kargi fizikuri TvisebebiT. Tomasis widis fosfori
wyalSi uxsnadia, is ixsneba susti koncentraciis mJaveebSi. misi gamoyeneba
umjobesia mJave niadagebze.
fosforitis fqvili Seicavs 18-20% fosfors. wyalSi Znelad xsnadi
fxvnilia. aqvs tute reaqcia. gamoiyeneba mJave niadagebze.
kaliumiani sasuqebi. kaliumi niadagSi SedarebiT meti raodenobiT moi-
poveba, vidre azoti da fosfori, is mcenaris kvebis aucilebeli elementia.
kaliumis qloridi KCL. Seicavs 50-60% K2O; TeTri feris kristaluri
marilia, wyalSi kargad ixsneba, aqvs mJave reaqcia. Seitaneba ZiriTadi
xvnis win.
40% kaliumis marili wyalSi kargad xsnadi narinjisferi an wiTeli
kristaluri marilia, axasiaTebs umniSvnelo higroskopuloba da mJave rea-
qcia. gamoiyeneba ZiriTadi xvnis win.
kaliumis sulfati. kaliumis sulfatis SedgenilobaSi Sedis 48-52% K2O;
TeTri feris wvrilkristaluri nivTierebaa, axasiaTebs kargi fizikuri
Tvisebebi, ar ibelteba. mJave reaqcia aqvs. gamoiyeneba yvela kulturis Zi-
riTad ganoyierebaSi.
nacari. warmoadgens sxvadasxva mcenareul nivTierebaTa dawvis pro-
duqts. nacari erT-erTi Zvirfasi koncentrirebuli mineraluri sasuqia. mis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis kaliumi, fosfori, kiri da zogierTi mikroelementi.
kompleqsuri sasuqebi. kompleqsuri sasuqebi ewodeba iseT sasuqebs,
romelTa SedgenilobaSi Sedis mcenarisaTvis saWiro 2-3 da meti sakvebi
elementi. kompleqsuri sasuqebi iyofa rTul, kombinirebul anu rTul Se-
reul da Sereul sasuqebad.

70
 rTuli sasuqebi Tavis mxriv or jgufad iyofian: 1. ormag rTul da 2)
sam-mag rTul sasuqebad. ormagi rTuli sasuqi Seicavs or sakveb elements,
mag. azotsa da fosfors, azotsa da kaliums an fosforsa da kaliums. ase-
Tebs miekuTvneba amonizirebuli superfosfati, amiakuri superfosfati,
amofosi, diamofosi da sxv.
sammagi rTuli sasuqi ewodeba iseTebs, romlebic Seicaven azots, fos-
fors da kaliums magaliTad nitroamofoska da sxv.
Sereuli sasuqebi. Sereuli sasuqebi ewodeba iseTebs, romlebic miiReba
martivi sasuqebis meqanikuri Serevis gziT. Sereuli sasuqebis momzadebisas
saWiroa daculi iqnes garkveuli pirobebi.
mikrosasuqebi. mikroelementebis Semcvel sasuqebs mikrosasuqebi ewo-
deba. maT miekuTvneba boris, manganumis, TuTiis, spilenZisa da kobaltis
Semcveli sasuqebi.
boriani mikrosasuqebidan soflis meurneobaSi iyeneben: bormJavas,
bormanganumis narCenebs da sxv.
manganumiani mikrosasuqebidan farTod iyeneben: manganumis sulfats,
manganumis qlorids, manganumis gvarjilas da sxv.
TuTiis Semcveli mikrosasuqebidan ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba TuTis sulfa-
ti da TuTis qloridi.
spilenZiani mikrosasuqebidan soflis meurneobaSi ZiriTadad iyeneben:
spilenZis sulfats, spilenZis qlorids, spilenZis gvarjilas da sxv.
mikrosasuqebs iyeneben Sesasxureblad da niadagSi Sesatanad.
organuli sasuqebi. organuli sasuqebis roli didia niadagis nayofiere-
bisa da sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosavlianobis amaRlebaSi. organu-
li sasuqebi Seicaven TiTqmis yvela sakveb elementsa da naxSirorJangs.
organuli sasuqebis SetaniT niadagi mdidrdeba humusiT, umjobesdeba
misi biologiuri, fizikuri, qimiuri da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi, wylisa
da haeraciis reJimi. diddeba STanTqmis tevadoba, fuZeebiT maZRrobis xari-
sxi, buferoba da sxva Tvisebebi fizikuri, fizikur-qimiur da biologiuri
procesebis gaumjobesebaSi.
organul sasuqebs miekuTvneba nakeli, torfi, torfkompostebi, nakelis
wunwuxi da mwvane sasuqebi.
nakeli. nakeli mecxoveleobis anarCenia. is Seicavs mcenarisTvis saWiro
yvela elements. ixrwneba ra niadagSi, nakeli amdidrebs niadags da atmos-
feros naxSiroJangiT, romelic organuli nivTierebis warmoqmnis wyaroa.
nakelis gavleniT izrdeba niadagis wylis Sekavebis unari, misi Tboteva-
doba, umjobesdeba niadagis fizikuri Tvisebebi. msubuqi qviSnari niadagi
misi gavleniT xdeba ufro bmuli, xolo mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobis
Tixnari ufro fxvieri, iolad dasamuSavebeli. gaangariSebulia, rom 40t
nakelis SetaniT niadagSi Sedis 500kg mikroorganizmi, romlebic iwveven
niadagis mikrobiologiuri procesebis gaZlierebas. yoveli tona nakeli
yvela tipis niadagSi 1 centneriT zrdis sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis
mosavals (1 centner mosavalze gadayvaniT). varCevT ori tipis nakels: safe-
nians da usafenos, anu Txevads. cxovelis eqskrementi ki Sedgeba magari
da Txevadi masisagan. cxovelebis saxeobis, sakvebis Sedgenilobis mixed-
viT, icvleba magari da Txevadi gamonayofis Sedgeniloba. miRebuli
nakelis raodenoba erT sul saqonelze icvleba cxovelebis saxeobis
mixedviT.

71
 erT sul saqonelze 1 welSi miRebuli nakelis raodenoba (t)
Bbagaze yofnis dros, cxeni msxvilfexa cxvari Rori
xangrZlivoba (dReebi) saqoneli
220-240 6-7 8-9 0,8-0,8 1,5-2,0
200-220 5-6 7-8 0,7-0,8 1,2-1,5
180-200 4-5 6-7 0,6-0,7 1,0-1,2
180-ze naklebi 3-4 4-5 0,4- 0,5 0,8-1.0

torfi da torfiani kompostebi. torfi aris naxevrad gaxrwnili mcena-

reuli naSTis narevi, romelic grovdeba Warbi tenianobisa da Jangbadis
naklebobis pirobebSi. arCeven maRlobis, dablobis da gardamavali Waobis
torfebs. saSualo maCveneblebiT torfSi Sedis: azoti-1,8-3,0%, fosfori-0,2-
0,5%, kaliumi-0,1-0,3 %, magram ZiriTadad Znelad misawvdom formebSi. masSi
praqtikulad ar aris mikroelementebi. torfis sufTa saxiT gamoyeneba efe-
qturi ar aris, radgan gaweuli xarjebi mis mopovebaze, gadazidvasa da Se-
tanaze, ver nazRaurdeba mosavlis matebiT. amis gamo torfs akomposteben
nakelTan, wunwuxTan, fekalebTan da umateben mineralur da organul sa-
suqebs. nakelTan dakompostebas akeTeben niadagSi Setanamde 2-9 TviT adre.
Setanis dozebi igivea, rac nakelisa, sufTa torfi orjer meti unda Seita-
non.
mwvane sasuqi (sideracia). mwvane sasuqSi nedli mcenareuli masaa, Caxnu-
li niadagSi misi organuli nivTierebiT da azotiT gamdidrebisaTvis. am
mizniT daTesil mcenareebs sideratebi ewodebaT. sideratebad gamoiyeneba
ZiriTadad parkosani mcenareebi, romlebic atmosferos xarjze agroveben
niadagSi 160-300kg azots koJrebSi baqteria rizobiumis meSveobiT. mwvane
sasuqad iyeneben sagazafxulo, saSemodgomo da zamTris sideratebs. mwvane
sasuqebis gamoyenebis oTx formas varCevT: mwvane sasuqis aqvitis _ wamona-
zard formas, mwvane sasuqis Sualed formas da mwvane sasuqis sacelav
formas. mwvane sasuqad daTesil mcenareebs xnaven niadagSi yvavilobis da
mwvane parkebis gamotanis fazaSi, radgan am dros mcenare Seicavs yvelaze
met, misTvis saWiro sakveb elementebs, Tanac warmoqmnili organuli nivTie-
reba, am fazaSi Caxnuli, niadagSi advilad ixrwneba. sideratebis Caxvna
unda moxdes momdevno kulturis Tesvamde 20-30 dRiT adre. mwvane sasuqebis
Caxvnis pirvel wels mcenares SeuZlia SeiTvisos Caxnuli masis 30-40% azo-
ti. erTwlian sideratebs, kargi mosavlis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZliaT niadagSi
daagrovon 160kg azoti, mravalwliani sideratebi ki agroveben 300kg azots.
mwvane sideratebis narCeni azoti agrZelebs moqmedebas momdevno wlebSic.
mwvane sasuqebis organuli nivTiereba aumjobesebs niadagis qimiur, fizi-
kur, fizikur–qimiur da biologiur Tvisebebs. mwvane sasuqebis Caxvnis
dros Semdgomi kulturisaTvis fosforiani da kaliumiani sasuqebis Setana
aucilebelia. mwvane sasuqebis efeqturoba damokidebulia niadagis Tvise-
bebsa da Caxnuli mwvane masis raodenobaze, Caxvnis teqnikasa da vadaze.
mdinaris Slami. saqarTvelos mTel rig mdinareebs moaqvT didi raode-
nobis ativtivebuli organul da mineralur nivTierebaTa nawilakebi. orga-
nuli nivTierebidan wyalSi ativtivebulia sxvadasxva xarisxiT gaxrwnili
mcenareuli produqtebi, xolo mineraluri nivTierebidan ZiTiTadad karbo-
natuli qanebi. mdinaris wyalSi ativtivebuli nawilakebis, Slamis Semcve-
loba wlis ganmavlobaSi 0,15-0,3%-is farglebSi meryeobs. mdinaris SlamSi
saSualod Sedis 0,09-2,16% azoti, 0,15-0,52% fosfori, 0,13-0,94% kaliumi da
6,5% kalciumi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi niadagis mosaSlamvad iyeneben

72
rionis, cxeniswylis, gubiswylis, texuras, sufsis da sxva mdinareebis
Slams. niadagis moSlamvas axdenen rogorc wylis miSvebiT nakveTebze, ise
arxebSi da mdinaris napirebze dagrovili Slamis nakveTebSi SetaniT.
mdinaris Slamis gamoyenebiT mkveTrad diddeba sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebis mosavali. kerZod, simindis mosavali saSualod gaizarda 11,9
centneriT heqtarze. moSlamva SeiZleba mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. igi
niadagis zedapirze unda moibnes rac SeiZleba Tanabrad, amave dros
aucilebelia misi male Caxvna.
vermokompostebi. vermokompostebi iwarmoeba niadagSi arsebuli orga-
nuli anarCenebis WiayelebiT gadamuSavebiT. isini floben saukeTeso makro-
struqturas da mcenareTa SesaTvisebel formaSi Seicaven sakveb elemen-
tebs.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. rogoria mineraluri da organuli sasuqebis roli sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebis mosavlianobis gadidebis saqmeSi?
2. ra saxis sasuqebs icnobT? daaxasiaTeT isini.
3. ra roli akisriaT calkeul sakveb elementebs mcenaris sicocxleSi da
mosavlianobis doneSi?
4. daasaxeleT kompleqsuri sasuqebi da sakveb nivTierebaTa urTierT Sefa-
rdeba maTSi.

T a v i 7

seleqcia-meTesleobis safuZvlebi

maRalmosavliani, garemo pirobebTan kargad Seguebuli sasoflo-sameur-

neo kulturebis jiSebisa da hibridebis Tesva, mosavlianobis gazrdis
saSualebaa.
jiSi aris kulturul mcenareTa jgufi (erToblioba), Seqmnili adamia-
nis mier Tavis ama Tu im moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. misTvis dama-
xasiaTebelia garkveuli memkvidreoba da cvalebadoba, gansakuTrebiT ki
garkveuli biologiuri da sameurneo Tvisebebi, romelTa meoxebiT jiSis
zogierT raionSi SeuZlia mogvces didi raodenobisa da umaRlesi xarisxis
produqcia.
jiSTa kategoriebi. jiSebis Camoyalibebis gzebis mixedviT gamoyofen or
ZiriTad jgufs: adgilobrivi da seleqciuri jiSebi. adgilobrivi jiSebi
Camoyalibebulia xangrZliv istoriul procesSi bunebrivi da xelovnuri
gamorCevis SeTanawyobiT – xalxuri seleqciiT. seleqciuri jiSebi gamoyva-
nilia mizandasaxulad – seleqciuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT. jiSTa gamoyva-
nisa da gamravlebis wesebis mixedviT arCeven: 1. jiSi – populacia; 2. xazo-
vani jiSi; 3. jiSi _ kloni; 4. jiSi hibriduli da 5. mutanturi jiSi.
jiSi - populacia genetikurad gansxvavebul mcenareTa jgufia. igi xSi-
rad botanikurad araerTgvarovania, TavisSi moicavs morfologiurad gan-
sxvavebul erT an ramdenime saxesxvaobas. jiSi – populaciebi iqmneboda da
iqmneba xalxuri seleqciiT, masobrivi gamorCeviT – adgilobrivi, xelov-
nuri Tu bunebrivi SejvarebiT miRebuli masalisagan.
xazovani jiSi warmoSobilia TviTmtveria mcenareTagan individualuri
gamorCeviT. moSenebulia sqesobrivi gamravlebiT – TesliT. misi sawyisia
erTi homozigoturi. Tavisi memkvidreobiT konstanturi mcenare. aseT ji-
Sebs wmindaxazovani jiSebic ewodeba.

73
 jiS-kloni miRebulia vegetaciuri gamravlebiT, misi sawyisi erTi mcena-
rea. jiSebs Soris yvelaze myari tipia.
pirveli Taobis hibridebi. (F1) erTgvarovani jgufia, romelic miRebulia
ori an meti jiSis an incuxtxazebis SejvarebiT.
mcenareTa jiSebis niSan-Tvisebebi. sasoflo-sameurneo mcenareTa sxva-
dasxva kulturis SigniT sxvadasxva jiSi xasiaTdeba Taviseburi morfo-
logiuri da sxva sameurneo niSanTa kompleqsiT.
morfologiuri niSnebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva mcenare da maTi jiSebi ga-
regnulad urTierTmgavsi an gansxvavebulia. igi SeiZleba gairkves Sexedu-
lebiT, gazomviT, awonviT, aTvliT. magaliTad, mcenaris mTliani da misi
sxvadasxva nawilis Seferiloba, Sebusuloba, simaRle, foTlis forma da
zoma, nayofis zoma da forma da a.S. e.i. es aris mcenaris garegnuli niS-
nebi mTlianad da misi calkeuli nawilebi: Rero, yvavili, nayofi da sxv.
biologiuri niSnebi. Sinagani Tvisebaa jiSisa. igi gansazRvravs jiSis
bunebriv Taviseburebas garkveuli reaqciiT upasuxos garemo pirobebs da
am pirobebSi ganiviTaros garkveuli niSnebi da Tvisebebi. am niSanTa kate-
gorias miekuTvneba jiSis fiziologiuri Tviseba – mcenareTa gamZleoba
araxelsayreli pirobebisadmi (zamTargamZleoba, gvalvagamZleoba, daavade-
bebisa da mavneblebisadmi gamZleoba, adreuloba da sxv.).
bioqimiur Tvisebebs miekuTvneba mcenaris jiSSi sasargeblo elementebis
Semcveloba - cilebis, cximebis, Saqris, saxameblis, vitaminebis, kauCukis,
boWkos da a.S.
teqnologiur Tvisebebs miekuTvneba: pureulSi dafqvisa da purcxobis
xarisxi da a.S. sxvadasxva niSani da Tviseba, sameurneo mniSvnelobis Tval-
sazrisiT, gansxvavebulia. zogi maTgani metad mniSvnelovania. magaliTad,
marcvlovnebSi – marcvlis raodenoba, zoma, masa, cilebis Semcveloba da
sxv; zogi ki sameurneod umniSvneloa, rogorc magaliTad TavTavis Seferi-
loba, misi Sebusuloba da sxv.
sameurneo niSnebi – gansazRvravs jiSis sasargeblo produqcias _ ese-
nia: mosavlianoba, marcvlis natura da absoluturi masa, purcxobis xa-
risxi, saxameblis gamosavali da xarisxi (kartofilSi), zeTis gamosavali
da xarisxi (zeTovan kulturebSi), Saqris procenti (Saqris WarxalSi), boW-
kos gamosavali da xarisxi (sarTav kulturebSi) da a.S.
niSnebi pirobiTad SeiZleba dajgufdes odenobrivad da xarisxobrivad.
odenobrivi niSnebi SeiZleba gaizomos, aiwonos, aiTvalos. magaliTad,
simaRle (mcenaris), sigrZe (taros), masa, marcvlis raodenoba taroze, Tav-
TavSi da a.S.
xarisxobrivi iseTi niSnebia, romelTa gamosaxuleba ar eqvemdebareba
zomas, wonas, aTvlas. aseTebia mcenarisa da misi calke nawilebis Seferi-
loba, Sebusuloba, nayofisa da mcenaris sxvadasxva nawilis moyvaniloba,
gemo da a.S.
jiSisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi. Tanamedrove sasoflo-sameurneo war-
moeba udides moTxovnebs uyenebs jiSs. yovelgvar pirobebSi calkeuli ku-
lturis jiSi unda iyos intensiuri tipis da axasiaTebdes:
1. wlebis mixedviT uxvi da myari mosavlianoba unda xasiaTdebodes
maRalproduqtiulobiT; kargad unda aanazRauros damatebiTi dana-
xarjebi Setanil sasuqebze da sxva gamoyenebul agroteqnikur Roni-
sZiebebze;

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 2. araxelsayreli garemo pirobebisadmi gamZleoba (jiSma unda gamoav-
linos gvalvis, dabali temperaturisa da gamozamTrebis araxel-
sayreli pirobebisadmi gamZleoba);
3. daavadebebisa da mavneblebisadmi gamZleoba (Tanamedrove intensiuri
miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis metad aqtualuria daavadebebisa da mavneblebi-
sadmi kompleqsurad gamZle jiSebis miReba);
4. meqanizebuli movla-moyvanisaTvis vargisianoba (jiSebisadmi am moT-
xovnis wayeneba dakavSirebulia sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa mov-
la-moyvanaSi kompleqsuri meqanizaciis gamoyenebasTan);
5. produqciis maRali xarisxi (jiSma unda mogvces maRali xarisxis
produqcia);
6. jiSi unda xasiaTdebodes maRali fotosinTezis unariT;
7. jiSi unda iyos ekologiurad sufTa produqciis momcemi.
didia jiSis mniSvneloba aramarto mosavlianobis gazrdis saqmeSi, ara-
med aranaklebia produqciis xarisxis amaRlebaSic. Saqris Warxlis kultu-
raSi Semotanisas misi Saqrianoba ar aRemateboda 8-10%-s. aswliani seleq-
ciis Sedegad axlandeli ukeTesi jiSebis Saqrianobam 21-24% da zogjer
metsac miaRwia. es jiSebi yoveli heqtaridan 2-6 centnerze met mosavals
iZleva.
sawyisi masala seleqciaSi. saseleqcio sawyis masalad gamoiyeneba: jiS-
populaciebi, sazRvargareTis jiSebi, velurad mozardi formebi.
gamorCevis meTodebi. seleqciur muSaobaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba gamorCevis meTods. gamorCeva emyareba memkvidreobasa da cvaleba-
dobas. bunebaSi gamorCeva mimdinareobs bunebrivi faqtorebiT da xdeba
ZiriTadad kulturaTa Seguebulobis amaRleba, xolo adamiani awarmoebs
gamorCevas Tavisi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.
jiSis misaRebad sagvartomo mcenareTa gamorCeva SeiZleba Catardes sa-
warmoo naTesebSi, saseleqcio sawyisi masalis sanergeebSi, koleqciebSi,
hibridulsa da mutaciur sanergeebSi.
gamorCeva SeiZleba iyos: erTjeradi, orjeradi, mravaljeradi, ganu-
wyveteli.
masobrivi gamorCevis sawyisi xalxur seleqciaSia. misi gamoyenebisas ji-
Sis gasaumjobeseblad an axali jiSis misaRebad xdeba ukeTes mcenareTa
Teslis gaerTianeba.
bostneul kulturebSi gamoyenebulia - 1. masobrivi gamorCeva: a) martivi;
b) gamaumjobesebeli; 2. ojaxuri gamorCeva: a) izolaciis gareSe; b) izo-
laciiT; g) naxevrebis-narCenebis meTodi; d) wyvilTa xazebis an wyvilTa
Sejvarebis.
yvela saxis Sejvareba jvaredinmtveria mcenareebSi SeiZleba Catardes:
erTjeradad, ganmeorebiT an ganuwyveteli saxiT.
jiSis gamaumjobesebeli anu negatiuri masobrivi gamorCeva, yvelaze
martivi variantia. am meTodis gamoyenebisas saTesle daniSnulebis naTesi-
dan masalas unda mocildes jiSisaTvis aratipiuri, sustad ganviTarebu-
li, naklebad produqtiuli, daavadebuli da dazianebuli mcenareebi. dar-
Cenil mcenareTa masalas iReben erTad, saTesled jiSis gasaumjobeseblad.
gamorCevis ufro srulyofili variantia Cveulebrvi masobrivi gamorCe-
va pozitiuri gamorCeva. am gamorCevis dros, pirvel wels saseleqciod
aRebuli sawyisi masala unda daiTesos mocemuli raionisaTvis dadgenil
optimalur vadebSi da dadgenili agroteqnikis pirobebSi. sawyisi masali-
dan farTo masStabiT gamoirCeva elituri mcenareebi, Semdeg gadairCeva

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laboratoriaSi, dawunebuli gamoiTiSeba. gamorCeul mcenareTa mosavali
gaerTiandeba saTesled da Seinaxeba etiketiT. e.i masobrivi gamorCevis
gziT miRebul jiSs sawyiss aZlevs mcenareTa nakrebi.
masobrivi gamorCeva SeiZleba iyos: erTjeradi, mravaljeradi da
ganuwyveteli.

hibridizacia

hibridizacia axali, bunebaSi adre ar arsebul mcenareTa formebis

miRebis mZlavri saSualeba. hibridizaciiT miRebul mcenareTa axali
formebi axali niSnebiTa da TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba.
mcenareTa hibridebis miReba xdeba SejvarebiT. Sejvareba aris ori an
meti gansxvavebuli formis memkvidruli safuZvlis mqone individTa geno-
tipis erT organizmSi gaerTianeba, rac xorcieldeba ganayofierebis Sede-
gad.
sxvadasxva mcenareTa Sejvareba xdeba bunebrivad spontanuri hibridiza-
ciiT da xelovnurad eqsperimentuli hibridizaciiT. spontanuri hibridiza-
cia ZiriTadad jvaredinmtveria mcenareebSi xdeba. TviTtveriebSi ki Seda-
rebiT iSviaTad.
hibridi aris gansxvavebuli memkvidreobis, gansxvavebuli genotipis mqo-
ne formebis Sejavrebis Sedegad miRebuli organizmi, romelic unariania
ganiviTaros orive mwarmoeblis niSnebi da Tvisebebi, agreTve gansxva-
vebuli, Taviseburic.
H hibridizaciis meTodika da teqnika. jvaredinmtveria da TviTmtveria
mcenareTa Sejvarebis teqnika gansxvavebulia. sxvadasxva formaTa Sejvare-
bisas SemoRebulia specialuri aRniSvnebi. Sesajvareblad aRebuli sawyisi
formebi aRiniSneba laTinuri asoTi–P. pirveli iwereba dedamwarmoeblis
saxelwodeba, romlisTvisac miRebulia aRniSvna ,,veneras sarke”, meore
adgilze ki mamamwarmoebelis, romelic aRiniSneba niSniT ,,marsis fari da
Subi”, Sejvareba naCvenebia niSniT ,,X’’. hibridizaciis teqnika iZulebiTi
damtvervis SemTxvevaSi (orsqesiani mcenareebisaTvis) moicavs Semdeg samu-
Saoebs:
1. deda mcenaris momzadeba sakastraciod;
2. kastracia;
3. izolacia;
4. damamtverianeblisagan mtvris marcvlebis Segroveba;
5. mtvris marcvlebis cxovelmyofelobis Semowmeba;
6. damtverva da kvlav izolacia;

Soreuli hibridizacia

gvaris farglebSi daSorebul saxeobaTa an ojaxis SigniT gvarTaSoris

Sejvarebas, Soreuli hibridizacia ewodeba. Soreuli hibridizaciis mni-
Svneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi saSualebas iZleva evoluciis pro-
cesSi daSorebuli formebis niSnebi da Tvisebebi Seerwyas da Seiqmnas
didi mravalferovneba hibridul TaobebSi, romelTa miReba arcerTi sxva
SejvarebiT ar SeiZleba.
seleqciaSi Soreuli hibridizacia pirvelad gamoiyenes dekoratiul da
xexilovan mcenareebSi.

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 faqtorebi, romlebic xels uSlian Soreul hibridizacias, Semdegia: 1.
gamravlebis ciklis daumTxvevloba; 2. cxovelTa erTi saxeobis uunaroba
gamoiwvios sqesobrivi refleqsi sxva saxeobebSi; 3. sasqeso aparatis age-
bulebis daumTxvevloba.
Soreuli hibridizaciisas gvxvdeba siZneleebi.
P pirveli rigis siZnelis - Seujvareblobis mizezia genotipurad daSo-
rebul formaTa kvercxujredisa da spermaujredis genomuri Sedgenilobis,
maTi nivTierebis zomaze meti gansxvavebuloba. sasqeso ujredTa Serwymisas
maTi nivTierebani urTierT SeuTavsebelia, ganayofiereba ar xdeba, e.i ar
miiReba hibriduli Canasaxi.
meore rigis siZnelea Soreul formaTa Sejvarebis Sedegad miRebuli
hibridebis unayofoba. am SemTxvevaSic organizmis SigniT zomaze meti
nairTvisobriobis gamo irRveva nivTierebaTa cvlis normaluri procesi.
winaswar vegetaciurad daaxloebis meTodi. sxvadasxva saxeobebisa da
sxvadasxva gvaris mcenareTa warmomadgenlebis, romlebic Cveulebrivi
wesiT erTmaneTs ar ujvardebian, Seujvareblobis dasaZlevad i. miCurinma
gamoiyena winaswar vegetaciurad daaxloebis meTodi. am mizniT man erT-erT
mSobel formad SearCia axalgazrda hibriduli warmoSobis mcenare, meore
mSoblad - mtkice memkvidreobis mqone xnieri mcenare. Ppirvelis – axal-
gazrda mcenaris kalmebi daamyno meore, xnieri memkvidreobis mqone mce-
naris varjSi. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli memkvidre-
obis mqone sanamyene ikvebeboda da izrdeboda mtkice memkvidreobis mqone
saZiris gavleniT. am gziT moxda daSorebul formaTa genetikuri daa-
xloeba. roca am gziT aRzrdili sanamyene ayvavilda, ganxorcielda saZi-
resTan misi Sejvareba. am wesiT i. miCurinma ganaxorciela atmisa da qli-
avis, msxlisa da Wvavis da sxva formaTa Sejvareba.
Suamavlis meTodi. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac daSorebuli formebi erT-
maneTs ar ujvardebian, magram calkeuli maTgani ujvardeba romelime mesa-
me formas. mag. samxreTuli siTbos moyvaruli atami Cveulebrivi wesiT ar
Seujvarda velur yinvagamZle nuSs. i. miCurinma gamoZebna mesame forma ame-
rikuli veluri davidis atami, romelic Seajvara velur yinvagamZle nuS-
Tan da miiRo hibriduli mcenare, romelsac nuSi Suamavali uwoda. axalma
hibridulma mcenarem veluri nuSidan memkvidreobiT miiRo yinvagamZleobis
unari, xolo amerikuli veluri atmidan ki, kulturul atamTan Sejvarebis
unari. ,,nuSi - Suamavlisa’’ da samxreTuli atmis Sejvareba ganxorcielda.
narevi mtvriT damtvervis meTodi. Soreul formaTa Seujvareblobis da-
Zlevis es meTodi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: dedad SerCeuli mcenaris kastri-
rebuli yvavilis dingi daimtvereba mamad SerCeuli mcenarisa da sxvadasxva
saxeobaTa da jiSTa mtvris marcvlebis nareviT. narevi, mtvriT damtver-
visas, ganxvavebul mcenareTa mtvris marcvlebis erToblivi moqmedebiT, maT
Soris metabolizmis procesiT, aqtiurdeba ganayofierebis fiziologiuri
procesi da xSir SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba Soreul formaTa Sejvareba. es
meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba mindvris kulturaTa seleqciaSi.
dingis stimulireba. Soreuli hibridizaciisas i. miCurini iyenebda din-
gis stimulirebis meTodsac. deda mcenaris kastrirebuli yvavilis dingze
mama mcenaridan mtvris marcvlebTan erTad, gadmohqonda dingis nawilic,
rogorc stimulatori sakuTari mtvris marcvlebisaTvis. deda mcenaris
dingze mamis dingis nivTiereba stimuls aZlevs mama mcenaris mtvris mar-
cvlebs gaRivebisaTvis. gaRivebuli mtvris marcvlebi ki ufro aqtiuria da
ganayofirebac ufro Sedegiania.

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 poliploidia, rogorc Seujvareblobis daZlevis meTodi. ori saxeoba,
Cveulebriv erTmaneTs ar ujvardeba, erT maTgans, romelic qromosomTa
naklebi ricxvis mqonea, uorkeceben maT ricxvs, ris Sedegadac Sejvareba
warmatebiT xorcieldeba.
heterozisi da misi gamoyeneba seleqciaSi. heterozisuli anu hibriduli
Zala zogadbiologiuri movlenaa, rac gamoixateba pirveli Taobis hibri-
debis gazrdil cxovelmyofelobasa da produqtiulobaSi, ukeTes mSobel-
Tan SedarebiT. ukeTes mSobelTan SedarebiT igi SeiZleba gamovlindes sa-
erTod mcenarisa da misi calkeuli organoebis gaZlierebul zrdaSi, ma-
Ral produqtiulobaSi, adreulobaSi, SemguebulobaSi, daavadebaTa da mav-
nebelTa mimarT gamZleobaSi, xarisxobriv maCveneblebSi da a.S. meore da
Semdeg TaobebSi, genebis daTiSvis gamo, heterozisi qreba. amitom, hetero-
ziseuli maRali efeqti pirvel TaobaSive unda iyos gamoyenebuli.
incuxti (inbridingi) mcenareTa seleqciaSi. incuxti jvaredinmtveria
mcenareTa axlo naTesauri moSenebaa, rac xorcieldeba iZulebiTi TviT-
damtverviT. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom xangrZlivi TviTdamtverva aqveiTebs
STamomavlobis cxovelmyofelobas. cxovelmyofelobis dacema meti ZaliT
im mcenareebSi vlindeba, romlebic biologiurad jvaredini damtvervisa-
dmia Seguebuli. jvaredinmtveria mcenareTa incuxtis STamomavlobaSi Sei-
mCneva vegetaciuri da reproduqciuli niSnebis daqveiTeba. incuxti farTod
gamoiyeneba simindis seleqciaSi.
eqsperimentuli mutagenezi da misi gamoyeneba selqciaSi. mutacia aris
cvalebadobis movlena, romelic STamomavlobas gadaecema memkvidreobiT.
mutaciis Sedegad Secvlili forma mutantia, xolo faqtorebi, romlebic
mutaciur cvalebadobas iwveven mutagenuri faqtorebia. mutaciebi, romle-
bic warmoiSoba sasqeso ujredebSi, generaciuli mutaciaa, xolo sxeulis
sxva qsovilebSi warmoqmnili - somaturi. somaturi mutaciis erT-erTi saxe
mcenareSi aris kvirtis mutacia, romelic warmoiSoba Reros zrdis wer-
tilSi - meristemul ujredebSi. vaSlis jiSi, 600 gramiani antonovka, i.
miCurinis mier gamoyvanili iyo kvirtis mutaciidan.
M mutaciebi SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos xelovnuradac - retgenis sxivebis,
gama sxivebis, alfa da beta sxivebis moqmedebiT, radiaqtiuri elementebis
dasxivebiT da sxv. mutaciis Sedegad mcenareze SeiZleba gamovlindes sru-
liad axali, adre ararsebuli sasargeblo niSan-Tvisebebi.

Sidasaxeobrivi hibridizacia

soflis meurneobis warmoebis mier jiSisadmi wayenebulma moTxovnam

seleqcioneri miiyvana im aucileblobamde, rom axali jiSis gamosayvanad
gamoeyenebina hibridizacia. ase warmoiqmna sinTetikuri seleqcia. hibri-
dizacia sxvadasxva formaTa Sejvarebaa, ris Sedegadac erT hibridul
organizmSi SesaZlebeli xdeba ori da meti mSobliuri formis niSnebis da
Tvisebebis Serwyma. hibridizaciis meTodi, sxva seleqciur meTodebs Soris,
yvelaze qmediTi da ZiriTadi meTodia mcenareTa bunebaze zemoqmede-
bisaTvis, maTi memkvidreobis Secvlis, mdidari da mravalferovani sase-
leqcio masalis miRebis, axali jiSebis gamoyvanisa da axali tipis mcena-
reTa Sesaqmnelad. hibridizaciis meTodis gamoyeneba axali jiSebis misa-
Rebad TandaTan farTovdeba da ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens. seleqciis
istoria gviCvenebs, rom is brwyinvale Sedegebi, romlebic seleqciuri
muSaobiT aris miRebuli, hibridizaciis meTodis sxva meTodebTan SeTa-

78
nawyobiT gamoyenebis Sedegia. dReisaTvis seleqcionerTa mier Sidasaxe-
obrivi hibridizaciis gziT miRebulia mravali sasoflo-sameurneo kultu-
ris maRalmosavliani jiSi.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. daasaxeleT jiSTa kategoriebi.
2. ras ewodeba xazovani jiSi, jiS-kloni?
3. ra ZiriTadi niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba mcenareTa jiSebi?
4. jiSisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi.
5. daasaxeleT gamorCevis meTodebi.
6. ra aris hibridizacia, hibridizaciis formebi?

T a v i 8

sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis Tesli da Tesva

Tesli ewodeba mcenaris nawils, romelic gamoiyeneba dasaTesad. Tesli

mcenaris biologiuri da sameurneo Tvisebebis matarebeli organizmia.
amitom, maT xarisxze mniSvnelovan wilad damokidebulia miRebuli mosav-
lis sidide da xarisxi.
arCeven Teslis jiSur, TesviT da mosavlianobiT Tvisebebs. jiSur mem-
kvidreobiT TvisebebSi igulisxmeba maTi kuTvnileba garkveul jiSTan, ji-
Suri siwminde, reproduqcia, tipiuroba (jvaredin damamtverianeblebSi),
romlebic isazRvreba mindvrad aprobaciis Sedegebis mixedviT.
sawarmoo pirobebSi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis maRali mosavlis
miReba SesaZlebelia mxolod daraionebuli, yvelaze ufro Zvirfasi jiSe-
bisa da hibridebis TesviT. droTa ganmavlobaSi gamoyvanili jiSebi da hib-
ridebi uaresdeba, romelic xdeba meqanikuri an biologiuri dasarevlia-
nebis Sedegad, agroteqnikis dabali doniT da a.S. axali jiSebi ramdenime
gadaTesvis Semdeg amcireben TavianT xarisxs, amitom, unda moxdes jiSTa
ganaxleba. maRali TesviTi Rirsebis mqone Tesls elitas uwodeben, xolo
misi Tesvis Sedegad miRebuls - pirvel reproduqcias, ukanasknelis Tesvis
Sedegad miRebuls - meore reproduqcias da a.S.

Teslis xarisxi

Teslis siwmindeSi igulisxmeba ZiriTadi kulturis Teslis masa, gamoxa-

tuli procentobiT. magaliTad, 100g saTesle masalaSi 95g sufTa Teslis
masa Seadgens 95%-s da narCeni 5g –s, procenti iqneba cocxali da mkvdari
minarevebi (miwa, Cala, Tesli, romelsac aRmocenebis unari ara aqvs,
mwerebi, Wuprebi da sxv.).
Tesls Sesabamisi manqanebiT wmenden da axarisxeben saTesle nakveTebidan
- mosavlis aRebisTanave.
Teslis aRmocenebad iTvleba 100 cali Teslidan normalurad gaRivebu-
li Teslis raodenoba, romelic gamoixateba %-iT.
Teslis siwmindesa da aRmocenebazea damokidebuli Teslis sasoflo-
sameurneo vargisianoba.
gaRivebis energia da mindvruli aRmoceneba. pirveli 3-4 dRis ganmavlo-
baSi gaRivebuli Teslebis raodenoba gviCvenebs mocemuli kulturisa da
jiSis Teslis gaRivebis energias (erTdroulobas) procentebSi. maRali

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gaRivebis energiis Tesli ufro Tanabrad aRmocendeba, ukeTesad iyeneben
zrdis faqtorebs, maTi aRmonaceni naklebad iCagreba sarevelebiT, ufro
gamZleni arian araxelSemwyobi pirobebisadmi.
dabali aRmocenebis unariani Tesli, romelsac SenarCunebuli aqvs si-
cocxlisunarianoba, eqvemdebareba Tbili haeriT damuSavebas, magram Tu am
SemTxvevaSic ar miaRwevs aRmocenebis maCvenebeli standartis moTxovnas,
mas iwuneben da sasaqonlo marcvlis kategoriaSi gadayavT.
mindvruli aRmoceneba aris Teslebis raodenoba, romlebic iZlevian
aRmonacens mindorSi, garkveuli procentobiT, daTesili Teslis saerTo
odenobasTan SedarebiT. igi damokidebulia gaRivebis energiaze. laborato-
riul aRmocenebaze, agreTve agroteqnikis doneze, ekologiur pirobebze,
Teslis daavadebis xarisxsa da dazianebaze.
Teslis saTesi Rirseba. saTesle masalis saTes vargisianobaSi igulis-
xmeba sufTa da erTdroulad aRmocenebadi Teslebis raodenoba. saTesi
Rirsebis dasadgenad siwmindis procents amravleben aRmocenebis procent-
ze da warmoebuls yofen 100-ze.
Teslis saTes vargisianobas adgenen mxolod kondiciuri TeslisaTvis.
igi saWiroa Sesworebis Sesatanad ama Tu im kulturis Teslis woniT nor-
maSi.

Teslis xarisxi

siwminde

tenianoba da sijansaRe aRmoceneba

Teslis TesviTi xarisxis

maCveneblebi:
marcvlis natura gaRivebis
energia

gamoTanabrebu-loba 1000 marcvlis masa

Teslis natura aris erTi litri Teslis masa gramebSi. rac ufro metia
Teslis natura, miT metia Teslis xarisxi. Teslis naturas sazRvraven
specialur sasworebze, romelTac purkebs uwodeben. yvelaze ufro gavrce-
lebulia metruli erTlitriani purka.
Teslis sijansaRis gansazRvra. saTesle, sasursaTo da safuraJe marcva-
li unda iyos jansaRi da mavneblebisagan dauzianebeli. Teslis analizis
dros sazRvraven misi avadmyofobiT daavadebis procents (gudafSutiT da
sxva, dazianebiT mavne-kuseburaTi, beRlis cxvirgrZelaTi, tkipebiT da sxv.).
daavadebis SemTxvevaSi dauyovnebliv iReben zomebs maTi gauvneblobisaTvis
(damatebiTi gawmenda, ganiaveba, Sewamvla da sxv.). daavadebuli Teslis da-
Tesva, rogorc wesi, akrZalulia.
Teslis momzadeba dasaTesad. Tesvis win saWiroa saTesle masala mom-
zaddes dasaTesad. Teslis Semowmeba aRmocenebaze saWiroa Catardes im

80
mizniT, raTa gairkves Senaxvis periodSi Teslma xom ar dakarga aRmocene-
bis unari.
sokovani daavadebebis Tavidan asacileblad xdeba Teslis Sewamvla.
Tesls wamlaven SxamqimikatebiT an amuSaveben Termuli wesiT. mokle
vegetaciis periodis raionebSi Teslis Canasaxis dasrulebis Semdeg, Tu
civi amindebi daiWira (gansakuTrebiT es xdeba zafxulis meore naxevarSi),
Tesli Cveulebriv mosvenebis periodSi gadadis. aseTi Tesli sustad an
sruliad ar aRmocendeba, vidre ar gamova mosvenebis mdgomareobidan. amis
dasaCqareblad Tesls atenianeben da 3-5 dRis ganmavlobaSi aTavseben 20-250
–mde gamTbar SenobaSi.
iarovizaciis stadiis gavla moiTxovs temperaturis garkveul pirobebs,
igi iwyeba Teslis gaRivebidan da mimdinareobs norCobis mTel periodSi.
sxvadasxva jiSisa da saxis mcenareebs iarovizaciis gavlisaTvis sxvadasxva
temperaturuli reJimi esaWiroeba. magaliTad, Semodgomaze daTesili saSe-
modgomo xorblisaTvis saWiroa dabali (1-30) temperatura. sakmao xangr-
ZlivobiT, xolo sagazafxulo xorblisaTvis SedarebiT maRali (6-70) da
mokle xniT.
Teslis iarovizacias didi praqtikuli da sawarmoo mniSvneloba aqvs
xanmokle vegetaciis periodis mqone raionebisaTvis, sadac ar aris Sesa-
Zlebloba saSemodgomo xorbali daTeson Semodgomaze. gazafxulze daTe-
svis SemTxvevaSi ki mcenare gadidebuli temperaturis pirobebSi ver gadis
iarovizaciis stadias, mTeli gazafxul-zafxulis ganmavlobaSi izrdeba da
nayofs (marcvals) ar iZleva. Tu saSemodgomo xorblis Tesls gazafxulze
Tesvis win davatenianebT da xangrZlivad movaTavsebT sawyobSi dabali tem-
peraturis pirobebSi, Tesli iwyebs gaRivebas, xelovnurad gadis iaroviza-
ciis stadias da gazafxulze daTesili aseTi Tesli imave zafxuls iZleva
marcvlis mosavals.
Tesva. niadagis Tesviswina damuSavebisa da saTesle masalis momzadebis
Semdeg, TiTqmis erTdroulad iwyeba Tesva. misi Catarebis swor organiza-
ciazea damokidebuli maRali mosavlis miReba.
Tesvis vadebi dadgenilia agrowesebiT ama Tu im niadagur-klimaturi
pirobebisa da dasaTesi kulturis biologiur TaviseburebaTa mixedviT.
Tesva unda tardebodes SemWidroebul da optimalur vadebSi.
Tesvis norma Teslis is woniTi raodenobaa, romelic saWiroa erT
heqtar farTobze dasaTesad. man unda uzrunvelyos mindorze mcenareTa
iseTi sixSire, romlis drosac saukeTeso pirobebi iqmneba Seqmnili mcena-
risaTvis sasicocxlo faqtorebis - tenis, sinaTlis, haeris, sakvebi nivTi-
erebebis gamoyenebisaTvis.
Teslis CaTesvis siRrmes metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs Teslis drouli
da Tanabari aRmocenebisaTvis. Tesvis dros Tesli unda moeqces niadagis
siRrmis iseT fenaSi, sadac tenis, haerisa da siTbos optimaluri pirobebi
iqmneba Teslis gaRiveba - aRmocenebisaTvis. Teslis Zalian mcire siRrmeze
CaTesva xels uSlis misi gaRiveba-aRmocenebis mimdinareobas. pirvel Sem-
TxvevaSi Zneldeba niadagSi haeracia, Tesli xvdeba gaumTbar fenaSi, Rivi
ver aRwevs siRrmidan miwis zedapirze amosvlas. mcire siRrmeze CaTesvis
dros ki Tesli ver Rivdeba arasakmao tenis gamo da advilad ziandeba
frinvelebisgan.
sxvadasxva kultura sxvadasxva siRrmeze iTeseba. magaliTad msxvil-
Tesela kulturaTa Teslebi iTeseba 8-10 sm siRrmeze, xolo wvrilTesela
kulturaTa Teslebi iTeseba 1,5-2 sm siRrmeze.

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 Tesva–dargvis wesebi. maRali da myari mosavlis miRebas ver uzrunvel-
yofs verc nayofieri niadagi, verc drouli Tesva da verc kargi movla, Tu
naTes nargavebSi TiToeul mcenares ar eqneba micemuli niadagis garkveuli
sididis farTobi, romelsac kvebis ares uwodeben. yoveli mcenare Tavisi
normaluri zrda - ganviTarebisaTvis sakveb nivTierebas, wyals, sinaTles
da sxva garemo faqtorebs Rebulobs kvebis aredan.
Tesvis dros an saCiTile kulturebis (kombosto, pamidori, Tambaqo da
sxv.) dargvis dros saWiroa TiToeul mcenares mieces Sesaferisi kvebis
are. imis mixedviT, Tu ra kultura iTeseba, kvebis ares sidide sxvadasxva
iqneba. magaliTad, TavTaviani kulturebisaTvis 25 sm2 –ia, da zogjer metic.
TiToeuli mcenarisaTvis kvebis ares gadidebiT gaizrdeba mosavlianoba,
magram erTeul farTobze mosavali Semcirdeba da, piriqiT, sakvebi ares
SemcirebiT, e.i. xSiri naTesis dros, mosavali farTobze gaizrdeba, magram
TiToeul mcenareze Semcirdeba. farTobze mosavlis zrda garkveuli rao-
denobis Semdeg gaauaresebs produqciis xarisxs, amitom, saWiroa mcenares
mivceT iseTi sakvebi are, romelic uzrunvelyofs maRali da imave dros
kargi xarisxis mosavlis mocemas, gaadvilebs am mcenaris movlas meqa-
nizaciis procesebis gatarebiT.
mobneviT Tesva uZvelesi da primitiuli wesia, igi patara farTobebze
xeliT sruldeba, xolo did farTobebze Seqmnilia specialuri mombnevi
saTesi manqanebi da misive saSualebiT SeiZleba mobneviT daiTesos mcena-
reTa Teslebi.
mobneviT Tesvas bevri uaryofiTi mxare axasiaTebs: Tesli uTanabrod
nawildeba farTobze, araTanabrad ifloba niadagis siRrmeSi, erTeul far-
Tobze 15-20%-iT meti saTesle masala ixarjeba, SeuZlebeli xdeba naTesis
movla meqanizebuli wesiT da yovelive amis gamo izrdeba produqciis
TviTRirebuleba.
mwkrivad Tesva specialur mwkrivSi mTesveli saTesi manqanebiT srulde-
ba. Tesli iTeseba swor da urTierT Tanabrad daSorebul mwkrivebSi, Te-
slis CaTesva xdeba erT siRrmeze da niadagis tenian fenaSi, aRmonaceni
adre da erTdroulad amodis, ukeTesia mwkrivebSi mcenareTa ganaTebisa da
aeraciis pirobebi, gaadvilebulia naTes-nargavebis movlisa da mosavlis
aRebis pirobebi.
mwkrivad Tesvisas arCeven Cveulebriv viwro mwkrivebSi Tesvas, rodesac
yvela mwkrivTSorisi Tanabari manZiliT aris daSorebuli erTimeoresTan,
da jvaredinad Tesvas, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Teslis norma Suaze
iyofa da Cveulebrivi saTesi manqaniT Tesva mimdinareobs ori mimarTule-
biT - gaswvriv da gardigardmo, mwkrivebi erTmaneTs hkveTs da gadajvare-
dinebulia. Tesvis es wesi saSualebas iZleva farTobze ufro Tanabrad
iqnes ganawilebuli mcenareTa raodenoba, xels uwyobs sarevelebis aRmo-
nacenis CaxSobas, naklebad orTqldeba wyali niadagis zedapiridan, umjo-
besdeba mcenaris mier sakvebi nivTierebebis, wylisa da mzis radiaciis
gamoyeneba, mcenareebi erTmaneTs emagreba da ar xdeba yanis Cawola amasTan,
jvaredin Tesvas zogierTi uaryofiTi mxare axasiaTebs: saTesi agregatis
orjer gavlis gamo mwkrivebis gadakveTis adgilas mcenareebi Sejgufebu-
lia, niadagi zedmetad itkepneba da sxv.
Cveulebrivi farTomwkrivebiani wesiT Tesvis dros yvela mwkrivTSori-
sis manZili Tanabaria. am wesiT, rogorc zeviT avRniSneT, iTeseba yvela sa-
Toxni kultura. zogierT viwro mwkrivSi dasaTes kulturas (xaxvi, stafi-
lo, TavTaviani kulturebis da sakvebi balaxebis saTesle nakveTebi), naTe-

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sebis ukeTesi movlisa da sarevelebisagan brZolis RonisZiebebis Catare-
bis gaadvilebis mizniT, Tesaven zoluri anu lentiseburi Tesvis wesiT. am
dros ramdenime mwkrivi (2;3;4) daTesilia erTmaneTTan SemWidroebiT (10-15-
20sm-iT), xolo Semdeg ufro farTo manZiliT (40-50-60sm) aseTi SemWidroe-
buli mwkrivebi daSorebulia erTmaneTisagan.
farTomwkrivuli punqtiruli Tesvis wesi SedarebiT axali SemoRebu-
lia. aseTi Tesvis dros mwkrivTSorisebis manZili diddeba, xolo mwkriveb-
Si mcenareebi ganlagebulia punqtirulad, 23-27sm daSorebiT. Tesvis es we-
si sarevelebis winaaRmdeg brZolis met saSualebas iZleva, ukeTesi piro-
bebi iqmneba kulturul mcenareTa zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis, advildeba naTe-
sis movla, TiTqmis iTiSeba agroteqnikuri samuSaoebidan gamoxSirvis auci-
lebloba da diddeba Sromis nayofiereba.
Tu farTo mwkrivebSi Tesvis dros mcenareebi erTmaneTisagan Tanabari
manZiliT arian daSorebuli, maSin am wess kvadratulad Tesva ewodeba.
budobrivi Tesva igive mwkrivad Tesvaa, im gansxvavebiT, rom iTeseba
jguf-jgufad erT wertilSi (budnaSi) 2-dan 7-8 calamde. Tu budnebi erTi-
meoresagan orive mimarTulebiT Tanabari manZiliTaa daSorebuli, mas
kvadratul-budobrivad Tesva ewodeba.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. Teslis xarisxi, Teslis aRmoceneba.
2. rogor xdeba Teslis momzadeba dasaTesad?
3. rogor xdeba Tesva? Tesvis wesebi, Tesvis norma, Teslis CaTesvis siR-
rme.

T a v i 9

mcenareTa dacva mavnebel-daavadebebisagan

cnobilia, rom msoflioSi yovelwliurad daavadebebisa da mavneblebi-

sagan gamowveuli dazianebis Sedegad ikargeba mosavlis 20-25%. zogierTi
kultura ziandeba 100-ze meti saxeobis mavneblisagan da daavadebis gamom-
wvevebiT.
mcenareTa mavneblebi

mwerebis mier gamowveuli mavneoba sxvadasxvagvaria imis mixedviT, Tu ra

viTarebaSi an pirobebSi arsebobs igi. mniSvneloba aqvs aramarto saxeobas
da mis biologiur Taviseburebebs, aramed gavrcelebasac. Tu mweri mcire
farTobzea gavrcelebuli, mis mier gamowveuli zaralic SedarebiT umni-
Svneloa. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mcenaris ganviTarebis fazas da jiS-
sac.
mavneblis uaryofiTi moqmedebis xarisxze gavlenas axdens meteorolo-
giuri pirobebi: gvalvian periodSi, roca mcenareebi wylis naklebobis gamo
isedac dasustebulebi arian, mwuwnavi mwerebisagan kidev ufro ziandebian.
igive unda iTqvas qerqiWamiebis Sesaxebac.
mcenaris dazianeba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos e.w. pirveladi an meoradi
mavneblis mier. pirveladia mavnebeli, Tu is azianebs sruliad saR, jan-
mrTel mcenares (qerclfrTianebis, xerxiebis matlebi, kaliebi, maxra, Wri-
Winebi da sxv). meoreuli mavneblebi ki saxldebian ama Tu im mizeziT

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dasustebul, dazianebul, daavadebul mcenareze (qerqiWamiebi, xarabuzebis
didi nawili da sxv.).
arCeven agreTve fiziologiur da teqnikur mavneblebs. fiziologiuri
mavneblebi azianeben da anadgureben mcenaris vegetaciur, saasimilacio or-
ganoebs. teqnikuri mavneblebi azianeben magaliTad, avejs da saerTod
mkvdar merqans.
mavneblebi mcenares sxvadasxvanairad azianeben. mRrRnel mavnebels Seu-
Zlia mcenaris calkeuli organoebis an mTlianad ganadgureba, mwuwni mav-
nebeli ki mas asustebs.
fesvis dazianebis dros mavnebelma SeiZleba amoRrRnas fesvis gare Sre
calkeuli moednebis saxiT (RraWa matlebi); maxra fleTavs mTlian fesvs
an anadgurebs kartofilis gorglebsa da Warxlis Zirxvenas da sxv. xvata-
rebis matlebs SeuZliaT aRmonacenisa da norCi mcenaris fesvis yelTan
gadaRrRna; mavTula Wiebis matlebi iWrebian mcenaris fesvSi da misi
guliT ikvebebian; Rerosa da Wiebis matlebi iWrebian mcenaris fesvSi da
misi guliT ikvebebian; Rerosa da totebis dazianebisas SeiZleba kani iyos
garedan moRrRnili (cxvirgrZelebi), masSi iyos gakeTebuli sasvlelebi
(xarabuzebi, maJaura, suniani merqniWamia), gaxvretili iyos qerqi kvercxis
dasadebad (qerqiWamiebi) da sxv.
mravalferovania foTlebisa da mwvane ylortebis dazianeba. erT Sem-
TxvevaSi foToli mTlianad SeWmulia da darCenilia yunwi (peplebis zogi-
erTi saxeobebis ukanaskneli xnovanebis matlebi); zogjer adgili aqvs
daConCxvas, rodesac mavnebeli ikvebeba rbili nawilebiT da tovebs foT-
lis ZarRvebs (vaSlis CrCili), zeda da qveda epidermiss da warmoSobs naR-
mebs (Cais CrCili, Warxlis buzi); xSirad mavnebeli kvercxdebis an kvebis
mizniT foTlebs sigarebad axvevs (msxlis milmxvevi).
zogierTi mwuwni mweris sanerwyve jirkvlebidan gamoyofili nerwyvi iw-
vevs mcenaris reaqcias, rac gamoixateba qsovilis gadaWarbebul zrdaSi da
mcenaris sxvadasxva organoebze warmoiSoba Rududoebi anu galiebi, koJ-
rebi da sxv. koJrebi Cndeba, magaliTad, totebsa da ylortebze (burtyla-
bugri), fesvebze (vazis filoqsera), foTlebze (muxis mekaklura).
mavneblebi iwveven foTlebis daxuWuWebas (bugrebi), feris Secvlas da
sxv. aseTi dazianebis dros adgili aqvs Sesabamis organoebSi anatomiur-
fiziologiur cvlilebebs, bioqimiur gardaqmnebs. garda amisa, mwuwnavi
mwerebi Wrilobebis miyenebiT xels uwyoben mcenareSi baqteriuli, soko-
vani da virusuli daavadebebis gavrcelebas. am mxriv ufro saSiSni arian
bugrebi, WiWinobelebi, Trifsebi da sxv.
generaciuli organoebis dazianeba SeiZleba gamoixatos yvavilebis
mTlian ganadgurebaSi (kolorados xoWo), mtvrianebisa da butkoebis amo-
WmiT (kokriWamia cxvirgrZela), nayofis rbilobisa da namdvili nayofis
daRrRniT, vaSlis nayofWamia, qliavis xerxia) da sxv. dazianebis forma,
Cveulebriv, specifiuria. amitom, mavneblis mravali saxeobis dadgena Sei-
Zleba mis mier dazianebuli mcenaris mixedviT.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa mavneblebi mravalferovania. maT miekuT-
vnebian: fexsaxsrianebi, tkipebi, nematodebi, mRrRnelebi da sxv.
nairWamia mavneblebi. nairWamia mavneblebi ikvebebian mravali saxeobis
veluri da kulturuli mcenareebiT. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia masobrivi
gamravleba. am jgufis mavneblebidan Tavisi mavneblobiT yuradRebas
ipyroben: sworfrTianebi - kaliisebrni), kutkaliisebrni da WriWinasebrni
xeSeSfrTianTa razmidan - namdvili mavTula Wiebi anu tkacunebi, crumav-

84
Tula Wiebi anu Savtanianebi da RraWebi; qerclfrTianTa razmidan - nair-
Wamia xvatarebi, mdelos farvana, simindis farvana da zogierTi sxva.
kaliebis ojaxidan saqarTveloSi yuradRebas ipyrobs ramdenime saxeoba:
aziuri anu gadamfreni kalia, marokouli kalia, namdvili italiuri kalia,
amierkavkasiis italiuri kalia, egvipturi kalia.
kaliebSi gvxvdeba ori biologiuri jgufi _ joguri da arajoguri. jo-
gurs akuTvneben aziur anu gadamfren kalias, arajogurs _ egviptur kali-
as maT Soris gardamavalia italiuri kalia.
aziuri anu gadamfreni kalia. rogorc matlis, ise zrdasrul fazaSi
aziuri kalia RrRniT azianebs mraval mcenares da iwvevs seriozul dana-
kargebs. aziuri kalia zamTrobs kvercxSi embrionis saxiT, parkuWanaSi,
niadagSi. erTi dedali 2–3 parkuWanas warmoqmnis, erT parkuWanaSi SeiZleba
iyos 30-dan 120-mde kvercxi. gazafxulze, daaxloebiT maisSi, iCekebian mat-
lebi. isini intensiurad ikvebebian, rodesac haeris temperatura 20–280 –is
farglebSia. 150–ze qvemoT an 300–ze zemoT temperaturaze isini wyveten
kvebas da TavSesafarSi arian.
kanis oTxjer gamocvlis Semdeg matlebi gadaiqcevian zrdasrul forme-
bad, ikvebebian damatebiT, sqesobrivad mwifdebian, kopulirdebian da deben
kvercxebs. aziur kalias weliwadSi erTi Taoba aqvs.
aziuri kalias winaaRmdeg agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebidan urCeven budo-
bebis ZiriTadi kerebis daSrobas da gakulturebas, sarevelebisagan savar-
gulebis gasufTavebas. gamouyenebelia romelime pesticidiT momzadebuli
misatyuari mimzidveli masala (qato, koptoni, simindi, RerRili da sxva.),
romelsac diliT adre moabneven kaliebis moqmedebis adgilebSi.
inseqticidebidan warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes karate (ek,
50g/l) an konfidori (ek, 200g/l). orive maTgani rekomendebulia vegetaciis
periodSi gamosayeneblad.
kutkaliebis ojaxidan saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia Semdegi mavne saxe-
obebi: mwvane kutkalia, grZelkuda kutkalia, TeTrSubla kutkalia, amier-
kavkasiis ruxi anu laqebiani kutkalia, mavne anu ufrTo kutkalia da sxv.
mwvane kutkalia. kutkaliebi RrRniT anadgureben mcenaris foTlebs da
Reroebs, agreTve norC nayofsac. kutkaliebi zamTars atareben kvercxis fa-
zaSi, niadagSi, kvercxsadebis sigrZis mixedviT 20–34 sm siRrmeze. kvercxebi
niadagSi gafantulia, parkuWanis gareSe. matlebis gamoCeka iwyeba martis
Sua ricxvebidan da grZeldeba aprilis Sua ricxvebamde. matli 5 – 7 jer
icvlis kans, rasac 2–2,5 Tve sWirdeba da warmoiqmneba imago. sqesobrivad
momwifebis Semdeg, kutkaliebi kvercxebs deben rbil, nasven niadagebze. sqe-
sobrivi produqcia 20–50 calia, romlebic SeiZleba mcenareebzec daidos.
weliwadSi isini erT Taobas iZlevian.
saWiroa gamovlindes kutkaliebis kvercxis debis adgilebi da isini ga-
daixsnas matlebis gamoCekamde an gamoCekisas. karg Sedegs iZleva moSxa-
muli misatyuari masalis mobneva nakveTebze dilis an saRamos saaTebSi.
mcenareTa vegetaciis periodSi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes karate (ek,
50 g/l) an konfidori (ek, 200 g/l).
WriWinasebrni. nairWamia mavneblebs Soris yuradRebas ipyroben am qve-
razmis ori ojaxis warmomadgenlebi.
ojaxis WriWinebi. am ojaxSi soflis meurneobis mavneblebi arian: velis
WriWina, Sublzoliani WriWina, mindvris WriWina.

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 Cveulebrivi bostana.axasiaTebs arasruli metamorfozi, azianebs
RrRniT, damzianebeli fazebia matli da imago. garda erTwliani mcenaree-
bisa, SeuZlia seriozuli ziani miayenos xexils sanergeSi.
bostana mezamTreobs niadagSi, umTavresad ufro xnovanebis matlebisa
da axalgazrda imagos fazaSi, sxvadasxva siRrmeze. mavnebeli upiratesobas
aniWebs humusiT mdidar niadagebs. sqesobrivi momwifebis Semdeg igi nia-
dagSi debs kvercxebs aprilidan ivnisamde, 20–300 cals, mis mierve Seko-
wiwebul budeSi.
daaxloebiT sami kviris Semdeg gamoCekili matlebi Tavdapirvelad qori-
oniT ikvebebian, Semdeg ki - organuli nivTierebebiT, mwerebis mat-lebiT,
WiayelebiT da sxv. aqvs erTwliani generacia.
bostanas ricxovnobas nawilobriv aregulireben mweriWamia frinvelebi,
roca wyaldidobisa Tu uxvad morwyvis gamo isini miwis zedapirze amodian.
efeqturia moSxamuli misatyuari masalis gamoyeneba, romelsac umateben 2–
3% mzesumziris zeTs. bostanas winaaRmdeg brZola ukeTesia Catardes date-
svamde an CiTilis dargvamde 2–3 dRiT adre, xolo niadagis damuSavebidan,
arauadres 3 dRisa.
ekologiurad usafrTxoa Semdegi RonisZieba: zafxulis bolos an adre
Semodgomaze nakveTis diagonalze, ramdenime adgilas iReben patara or-
moebs (1m2) erTi baris piris siRrmeze da Cayrian Sig cxenis nakels. cxenis
nakeli cxelia da dasazamTreblad maxrebi swored aq moiyrian Tavs.
yinvian dReebSi isini zemoT unda amoiyaros da diapauzaSi myofi mavne-
blebi advilad gaiyinebian.
razmi xeSeSfrTianebi. mniSvnelovania am razmis Semdegi ojaxebi: nam-
dvili mavTulaWiebi, crumavTulaWiebi da firfitulvaSiani.
ojaxi namdvili mavTulaWiebi anu tkacunebi. am ojaxis warmomadgenle-
bidan soflis meurneobisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT: qarTul tka-
cunas, zolian tkacunas, Sav tkacunas, naTesis tkacunas da sxv. mavneoba
moaqvT ZiriTadad matlebs, romelTac mavTulisebri formis sxeuli aqvT,
isini cxovroben niadagSi, sadac RrRniT anad-gureben daTesil marcvals,
axlad amosul sasoflo-sameurneo mcenareebs, Zirxvenebs, gorglebs, bol-
qvebs, fesvebs, fesvis yels. mavTulaWiebis matle-bis mier warmoSobili
xvrelis gziT iWrebian lpobis gamomwvevi mikro-organizmebi, romlebic maT
gaxrwnas iwveven. isini upiratesobas aniWeben tenian niadagebs, amitom,
ufro metad arian gavrcelebuli dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
sxvadasxva saxeobis mavTulaWia zamTars sxvadasxva fazaSi atarebs.
isini am dros niadagSi SeiZleba Segvxvdnen matlisa da imagos fazaSi. siR-
rme damokidebulia niadagis tipze, humusis Semcvelobaze, gruntis wylebis
siaxloveze. amasTan, gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze matlebi niadagis zeda
fenaSi arian, xolo zafxulSi - maRali temperaturisa da didi gvalvebis
gamo ufro Rrmad Cadian niadagSi da a.S. niadagis 25% tenianobis SemTxve-
vaSi matlebi veRar ikvebebian. zrdasruli matlebi aqve, 10–12sm siR-rmeze
iWupreben. Wupris fazis xangrZlivoba 2–3 kviraa. imago kvercxebs debs
niadagSi jgufjgufad, sul 100-ze met egzemplars. 3–4 weliwadSi isini erT
Taobas iZlevian.
RraWebi. nairWamia RraWebidan sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisaTvis
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT Semdeg saxeobebs: marmara RraWa, maisis RraWa,
simindis funagoria, ivnisis RraWa da sxv.
maisis RraWa. misi matli ikvebeba miwisqveSa organoebiT, xoWo ki ro-
gorc kulturuli, ise tyis mcenareulobis foTlebiT. igi xSirad am mce-

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nareTa srul ganadgurebas iwvevs. RraWebi zamTroben matlisa da imagos
fazaSi, niadagis sxvadasxva siRrmeze. roca haeris temeperatura 120–s as-
cildeba, xoWoebi iwyeben gamofrenas. gazafxulze ikvebebian kvirtebiT,
foTlebiTa da mwvane ylortiT. momwifebis Semdeg xoWo kvercxebs debs
niadagis zeda SreSi 10-15 sm. siRrmeze. garda vertikaluri migraciisa, mat-
lebs axasiaTebT horizontaluri gadaadgilebac, romelic dakavSirebulia
sakvebis mopovebasTan.
brZolis RonisZiebebidan gamoiyeneba rogorc agroteqnikuri, ise qimiuri
meTodebi. matlebis winaaRmdeg mniSvnelovania niadagis Rrmad damuSaveba;
heqsaqloranis gama-izomeris Setana niadagSi aprilis damlevs an maisis
dasawyisSi anu maSin, rodesac maisis RraWas matlebi miwis zeda fenebSi
imyofebian.
imagos winaaRmdeg SeiZleba mcenareebis damuSaveba 0,3%-iani fosfor-
organuli preparatebiT (fozaloni, karbofosi, ddvf da sxv.) niadagis
momsaxureba nematobaqterialuri kompleqsiT (nbk).
razmi qerclfrTianebi. nairWamia qerclfrTianebidan mavneobiT gamoir-
Cevian: mdelos farvana, Semodgomis naTesebis xvatari, xorblis xvatari,
samxreTis anu veluri xvatari, miwis Savi xvatari da sxv.
Semodgomis naTesebis xvatari. qerclfrTianebi msoflioSi TiTqmis yve-
laze metad arian gavrcelebuli. misi mkvebavi mcenareebis saxeobaTa rao-
denoba 50-s aRemateba. misi matlebi aRmonacens gadaRrRnian xolme niadagis
zedapiris doneze, anadgureben axlad daTesil da ukve gaRivebul Teslebs,
gorglebs, Zirxvenebs, bolqvebs, fesvebs anu miwisqveSa yvela organos.
Semodgomis naTesebis xvataris winaaRmdeg brZolis saSualebebia: mzra-
lad xvna; kvercxebis dadebisTanave saToxni kulturebis gaToxna, romlis
drosac iRupeba kvercxSi ganviTarebuli Canasaxi substraqtis gaWknoba-gax-
mobis gamo; daumuSavebel adgilebSi, gzis napirebze yvavilovani sarevele-
bis gaTibva, rac peplebs damatebiTi sakvebis miRebis saSualebas aRar mis-
cems; kvercxdebis miwurulSi kvercxis parazitis_triqogramas gaSveba; Tes-
lis damuSaveba rekomendebuli pesticidebiT da sxv.

mcenareTa daavadebebi
mcenareTa daavadebebs yofen Semdegnairad: abioturi anu aracocxali ga-
remo faqtorebiT gamowveuli daavadebebi (araparazituli, arainfeqciuri
daavadebebi) da bioturi anu cocxali faqtorebiT gamowveuli daavadebebi
(parazituli, infeqciuri daavadebebi).
arainfeqciuri daavadebebi gamowveulia aracocxali garemo faqtorebiT,
romlebic Tavis mxriv xuT jgufad iyofian:
1. araxelsayreli klimaturi pirobebiT (maRali an dabali temperatura,
sinaTlis siWarbe an nakleboba, tenis siWarbe an nakleboba, gvalva, mexi,
qari, setyva da sxv.) gamowveuli daavadebebiT;
2. araxelsayreli niadaguri faqtorebiT gamowveuli daavadebebi;
3. meqanikuri dazianebiT gamowveuli daavadebebi (adamianis an cxovelis
mier mcenarisaTvis miyenebuli meqanikuri dazianeba. qariT, mexiT, setyviT
gamowveuli meqanikuri dazianeba da sxv.);
4. garemos gaWuWyianebiT (qaxnebis da avtomobilebis gamonabolqvebi, wylis
dabinZureba sarecxi saSualebebiTa da qarxnuli narCenebiT, niadagSi an
haerSi gazis gaJonva, ozonis Sris dazianeba, radiaciis zrda da a.S.)
gamowveuli daavadebebi;

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5. pesticidebis (mcenareTa dacvis qimiuri saSualebebi) araswori gamoye-
nebiT (preparatis an misi dozis da an koncentraciis araswori SerCeva)
gamowveuli daavadebebi.
infeqciuri anu parazituli daavadeba. infeqciuri anu parazituli da-
avadeba gamowveulia faqtorebiT, rogorebicaa: sokoebi, baqteriebi, viru-
sebi, mikoplazmebi, yvavilovani parazitebi, (iSviaTad wyalmcenareebi), ro-
melTac paTogenebs (fitopaTogenebs) an parazitebs vuwodebT. am parazite-
bidan yvelaze met daavadebas mcenareze sokoebi iwveven.
parazitizmis evolucia da tipebi. mcenareTa daavadebebis gamomwvev para-
zitebs kvebis mixedviT yofen or jgufad: avtotrofebi da heterotrofebi.
heterotrofebi Tavis mxriv iyofian parazitebad da saprofitebad. arian
obligaturi parazitebi (ikvebebian mxolod da mxolod cocxali ujrede-
biT fakultaturi parazitebi (ikvebebian cocxali ujredebiT, magram Se-
uZliaT gadavidnen mkvdar narCenebzec), obligaturi saprofitebi (ikvebe-
bian mxolod mkvdari mcenareuli narCenebiT), fakultaturi saprofitebi
(ikvebebian mkvdari narCenebiT, magram gadadian cocxal ujredebzec, mag. qe-
cebis gamomwvevebia. mikroorganizmebs, romlebic cocxali ujredebiT ikve-
bebian, axasiaTebT biotrofuli kveba, xolo mikroorganizmebs, romlebic
mkvdari ujredebiT ikvebebian - axasiaTebT nekrotrofuli kveba.
daavadebaTa garegnuli niSnebi anu simptomebi. simptomi aris mcenareTa
daavadebis garegnuli niSani. cnobilia 15 ZiriTadi simptomi, zog simptoms
axlavs qvesimptomic (mag. laqa simptomia, magram arSia - misi qvesimptomi).
es simptomebia: silaqave, – laqa SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva formis (ova-
luri, mrgvali, dakuTxuli, S–eburi da a.S.), zomis (wertiliseburi, 1-2 sm
diametris mqone da sxv.), Sefervis (wiTeli, yavisferi, narinjisferi, yviTe-
li da sxv.). laqebi gansxvavdebian agreTve warmoSobis mixedviT. gvxvdeba
parazituli (parazitebiY gamowveuli) da ara parazituli (araxelsayreli
garemo faqtorebiT gamowveuli) laqebi. araparazituli laqa SiSvelia, pa-
razitul laqaze ki Sesabamisi nayofianoba viTardeba. laqas zogjer ax-
lavs qvesimptomic sxvadasxva feris arSiis saxiT. laqebi SeiZleba ganvi-
Tardes mcenaris nebismier organoze.
2. sidample – es aris bioqimiuri procesi, romelic mimdinareobs wylis
Tanaobisas, amitom, sidample gvxvdeba ZiriTadad wyliTa da sakvebi nivTi-
erebebiT mdidar organoebSi: ZirxvenebSi, tuberebSi, nayofebSi da sxv.
sidample ori saxisaa: sveli da mSrali. sveli sidamplis dros paraziti
Slis ujredis garss, ris Sedegadac wylis nawili gareT gamodis, nawils
ki paraziti SeiTvisebs. am dros dampali zedapiri teniania, svelia. svel
sidamples iwveven baqteriebi, agreTve sokoebis garkveuli jgufi. rac See-
xeba mSral sidamples, am dros paraziti ar Slis ujredis garss. igi misa-
wovrebs CauSvebs ujredSi da ise iRebs wyals da sakveb nivTierebebs,
wylis nawili ki SeumCnevlad orTqldeba ise, rom am dros tenis gamoyofas
ver SevniSnavT. mSrali sidample viTardeba, magaliTad kartofilis fuza-
riozuli sidamplis SemTxvevaSi.
3. organoebis daSla – igi SeiZleba iyos mTliani an nawilobrivi. mTliani
daSla axasiaTebs, magaliTad svel gudafSutas. nawilobrivi daSlis maga-
liTs ki warmoadgens kurkovanTa foTlebis dafarcxaveba anu klastero-
porozi.
4. organoebis feris Secvla – mTliani an nawilobrivi. mTliani Secvlis
SemTxvevaSi mTeli organo icvlis Sefervas. magaliTad vazis qlorozis
dros, romelic niadagSi rkinis naklebobiTaa gamowveuli, foTlebi

88
mTlianad yviTldeba. nawilobrivi feris Secvlis dros organo
nawilobriv icvlis fers da xdeba misi aWreleba, rasac xSirad SevxvdebiT
virusebiT daavadebisas.
5. organoebis progresuli zrda ori gziT mimdinareobs. erT SemTxvevaSi
paraziti iwvevs ujredebis ricxvis matebas. am movlenis hiperplazia
ewodeba. meore SemTxvevaSi ki ujredebi zomaSi matulobs, rasac hiper-
trofias uwodeben. orive SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs korZebis, gamonazardebis
warmoqmnas.
6. fifqi _ axasiaTebT nacrovan da siSavis gamomwvev sokoebs. nacrovani so-
koebis SemTxvevaSi fifqi nacrisferia (vazis nacari, Txilis nacari, atmis
nacari da a.S.), xolo siSavis gamomwvevi sokoebi Savi feris fifqs
iviTareben (am simptoms xSirad SevxvdebiT citrusebze).
7. meWeWi – warmoadgens epidermisis gamonazards. SeiZleba iyos mrgvali,
ovaluri, wagrZelebuli formis, Zafiseburi da sxva. meWeWebs iviTareben
Janga sokoebi, agreTve vaSlis totebis kibos gamowvevi soko da sxv. meWeWi
SeiZleba iyos yviTeli, narinjisferi, yavisferi da a.S.
8. nayofsxeulebi – axasiaTebT mxolod sokoebs. igi SeiZleba iyos mikro-
skopuli da makroskopuli. makroskopuli nayofsxeulebi aqvs, magaliTad
abeda da qudian sokoebs. CanTian sokoebSi ki vxvdebiT mikroskopul
nayofsxeulebs. esenia: kleistokarpiumi, periteciumi, apoteciumi.
9. wvenTa dena anu gomozi – SeWrili mikrobis sapasuxod mcenare warmoqm-
nis antisxeulebs, romlebic ebrZvian SeWril mikrobs. gauvnebelyofil mkv-
dar ujredebs mcenare aRar aCerebs Tavis sxeulSi, epidermisi ixsneba da
es narCenebi, siTxis saxiT gareT gadmoiRvreba. Tavidan siTxe Ria ferisaa,
Txeli, Semdeg ki webovani xdeba, mkvrivdeba da magrdeba. yovelgvari wvenTa
dena ar aris simptomi, (magaliTad vazis tirili, wiwvovnebze fisis dena
da sxv.) magram kurkovnebze webos dena ukve daavadebaze migvaniSnebs.
10. kibo – es aris wyluli anu iara, romlis centri CaRrmavebulia, napire-
bi ki amoweuli. igi SeiZleba iyos parazituli, Ria anu mzardi da arapara-
zituli, daxuruli anu klebadi. pirvels iwveven parazitebi, Wriloba Tan-
daTan izrdeba, gars Semouvlis Reros da axmobs. meore SemTxvevaSi ki
Wriloba viwrovdeba, pirs ikravs da mcenare gadarCeba.
11. qajis cocxi – buCqisebri formis gamonazardia, romelic warmoiqmneba:
a) foTlovnebze mZinara kvirtebis gamoRviZebiT; b) wiwvovnebze muxlebisa
da muxlTaSorisebis damoklebiT. erTi totis nacvlad uamravi wvrili
toti iwyebs ganviTarebas, viTardeba wvrili ususuri ylortebi, SeiZleba
maTze qlorotiuli foTlebic warmoiqmnas, romlebic maleve cviva.
12. Wknoba – SeiZleba gamoiwvios garemo wylis naklebobam an parazitebma.
13. prolifikacia anu simaxinje – am dros organo iviTarebs misTvis ara-
damaxasiaTebel nawilebs. prolifikaciis magaliTia simindis sagvelaze ta-
roebis ganviTareba an piriqiT da nivris kbilis nioris foCze ganviTareba.
14. atrofia anu ganuviTarebloba – xSirad iwveven virusebi. am dros mcena-
re SeiZleba jujad darCes, zrdaSi CamorCes, romelime organo ar ganvi-
Tardes saerTod an sustad ganviTardes. magaliTad pamidoris stolburis
dros foTlebi Zafiseburi, yvavilsafari erTmagia, butkos sveti Semokle-
bulia, mtvrianeba SeiZleba saerTod ar warmoiqmnas.
15. deformacia – formis Secvla SeiZleba ganicados nebismierma organom.
magaliTad atmis foTlebis sixuWuWisas foTlebi daxuWuWebulia, msxlis
qecis dros nayofebi dagverdelavebulia, deformacias zogjer Reroc gani-
cdis da gabrtyeldeba xolme. am movlenas fasciacia ewodeba.

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 sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa zogierTi mavnebel-daavadebebi

90
Warxlis Cveulebrivi rwyili samyuras TesliWamia xexilis mravalfera foTlxvevia

mzesumziras xarabuza
kombostos bugri bardas memarcvlia

kolorados xoWo

Cveulebrivi bostana filoqsera

vaSlis fsila amerikuli TeTri pepela

simindis bugri xorblis savi xerxia

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 baqteriebi. baqteriebi iwveven daaxloebiT 200-ze met ekonomikurad mni-
Svnelovan avadmyofobas mcenareze. mcenaris daavadebis gamomwvev baqteri-
ebs fitopaTogenuri baqteriebi ewodebaT, xolo maT mier gamowveul daava-
debebs - baqteriozebi.
baqteriebi erTujrediani ubirTvo mikroorganizmebia, fitopaTogenur ba-
qteriebs aqvT Cxiris forma (saerTod ki, rogorc cnobilia, SeiZleba iyos
sferuli (kokebi), Cxirisebri an klaknili). Tu Cxiris formis baqteria spo-
ras iviTarebs, mas bacila ewodeba. baqteriebi garsze iviTareben lorwovan
kafsulas. baqteriebi SeiZleba iyos uSolto an Soltiani (1,2 an mraval-
Soltiani).
baqteriebis kveba da sunTqva xorcieldeba fermentebiT. arian aerobuli
(Jangbads saWiroeben) da anaerobuli (uJangbado garemoSi mcxovrebi) baq-
teriebi. isini saWiroeben neitralur an sust tute ph-s. fitopaTogenuri
baqteriebis umetesoba heterotrofulia, dReisaTvis cnobili yvela maTgani
mravldeba xelovnur sakveb arezec.
baqteriebi mcenareSi iWrebian bageebidan, bususebidan an dazianebuli
adgilebidan. ganviTarebas xels uwyobs maRali tenianoba an wylis wveTis
arseboba mcenaris zedapirze. optimaluri temperaturaa 20-250C. isini mcena-
reSi swrafad vrceldebian WurWelboWkovani gzebiT. daavadebis gadatana
SeiZleba moxdes TesliT, sargavi masaliT, niadagiT, mwerebiT, frinvele-
biT, adamianis mier gamoyenebuli manqana-iaraRebiT da sxv. baqteriebis ume-
tesoba mcenareuli narCenebis ganadgurebasTan erTad ispoba, mcire nawili
ki ramdenime wels Zlebs niadagSi.
mcenareTa baqteriuli daavadebebis ZiriTadi simptomebia: nekrozebi (la-
qebi), sveli sidample, feris Secvla, organoebis progresuli zrda, zrdaSi
CamorCena, wvenTa dena, Wknoba da sxv.
mcenareTa baqteriozebTan brZolis meTodebi: saRi saTesle da sargavi
masalis aReba, Rrmad xvna, gadamtan mwerebTan brZola da sxv. erT-erTi
mTavari meTodi ki qimiuri preparatebia. baqteriebis winaaRmdeg gamoye-
nebul pesticidebs baqtericidebi ewodebaT.
mikoplazmebi. mikoplazmebi erTi mcenaridan meoreze gadadian WiWinobe-
lebis, yvavilovan parazit abreSumas, Trifsebisa da tkipebis saSualebiT
da iwveven qajis cocxs da siyviTlis msgavs simptomebs. (mag. astrebis si-
yviTle, brinjis yviTeli sixuWuWe, hortenziis yvavilebis gamwvaneba da
sxv).
mikoplazmebi – mikroorganizmebis specifikuri jgufia, maT Sualeduri
adgili ukaviaT virusebsa da baqteriebs Soris. mrgvali, zogi mogrZo an
hantelis formisaa, 0,1-1 mkm – zomis. baqteriisagan gansxvavebiT ar aqvT uj-
redis namdvili garsi, aqvT mxolod samSriani elementaruli membrana. vi-
rusebisgan gansxvavebiT aqvT ujreduli agebuleba da mravldebian xelov-
nur sakveb areze, aqvT rogorc dnm ise rnm. mikoplazmebi baqteriebisagan
gansxvavebiT mgrZnobiarea tetraciklinis mimarT.
Zlieri fitopaTogenebi arian. daavadebuli mcenare an saerTod ar gva-
Zlevs mosavals an mkveTrad mcirdeba produqcia. mikoplazmebi iwveven mce-
naris zrdaSi CamorCenas, qondarobas, generaciuli organoebis Secvlas, fe-
ris cvlilebebs, yvavilebis gawvanebas, qajis cocxs, agreTve iseT simpto-
mebs, romlebic virusebs axasiaTebT: deformacias, nekrozs, Wknobas, gawvri-
lebas da sxv. isini saxldebian ZiriTadad flomaSi, sacrisebur milebSi.
zogi viwrospecializebulia, zogs ki farTo specializacia aqvs.

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 brZola. saRi saTesle da sargavi masalis aReba, sarevelebis mikropla-
zmebis rezervatorebis - ganadgureba, daavadebuli mcenareebis ganadgureba,
brZola gadamtan mwerebTan, gamZle jiSebis danergva, tetraciklinis jgu-
fis antibiotikebis gamoyeneba, Termuli damuSaveba da sxv.
virusebi. virusebi mcenaris mraval daavadebas iwveven da sakmaod saSiSi
arian, radgan Tavdapirvelad xSir SemTxvevaSi daavadeba SeniRbul xasiaTs
atarebs. dReisaTvis TiTqmis yvela kulturaze ramdenime virusuli daava-
debaa cnobili. virusis sxeuls warmoadgens virioni, romelic cilovani
garsis anu nukleoekafsidisagan Sedgeba da Sig spiralurad daxveulia dnm
an rnm. fitopaTogenur virusebs aqvT Cxiris, Zafis, sferuli an bacilis
msgavsi forma da maT SemadgenlobaSi Sedis rnm: zoma 17-dan 75 nm-de,
mravldebian mxolod cocxal ujredebSi. virusebi xSirad ganicdian
cvalebadobas da warmoqmnian axal axal Stamebs. mcenareSi iWrebian mxo-
lod dazianebuli adgilebidan. virusebi gadaaqvT mwerebs, tkipebs, nemato-
debs da sokoebs. zogi gadadis saTesle da sargavi masaliT, zogi ki yvavi-
lovani parazit-kelaptaraTi. virusebis gadatana erTi mcenaridan meoreze
SeiZleba iyos kontaqtur-meqanikuri, veqtoruli (gadamtan mwerebs virofo-
ruli ewodebaT). Teslisa da sargavi masalis gziT gadacema da sxv.
infeqciis pirvelad wyaros warmoadgenen: mcenareuli narCenebi, saTesle da
sargavi masala, niadagi, sarevelebi da sxv.
virusul daavadebebs axasiaTebT Semdegi simptomebi: mcenaris zrdaSi Ca-
morCena, organoebis feris Secvla, deformacia, nekrozebi, mozaika, repro-
duqciuli funqciebis darRveva da sxv. xSirad, pirvel etapze davadeba Se-
niRbulia, latenturia da mogvianebiT iCens Tavs.
fitopaTogenur virusebTan brZola mimdinareobs Semdegi meTodebiT: 1)
profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi: saRi saTesle da sargavi masalis aReba, gam-
Zle jiSebis gamoyvana, brZola gadamtanebTan, vaqcinacia, agroteqnikuri
RonisZiebebi da sxv. 2) Terapiuli RonisZiebebi: Termuli damuSaveba, inhi-
bitorebis gamoyeneba (antibiotikebi) da pesticidebi (viricidebi).
sokoebi. sokoebi ekuTvnian umdables mcenareebs. cnobilia sokoebis daa-
xloebiT 1 milioni saxeoba. isini heterotrofebi arian. gvxvdebian rogorc
saprofiti, ise paraziti sokoebi, zogi ki simbiozur kavSirSia sxva coc-
xal organizmebTan. Talusis agebulebis mixedviT sokoebi iyofian plaz-
mur (maTi sxeuli warmoadgens SiSvel plazmas) da miceliarul (aqvT Zaf-
nairi Talusi anu miceliumi) sokoebad. miceliumis Semadgenel Zafebs
hifebi ewodebaT. miceliumi SeiZleba iyos 1 an mravalujrediani, datotvi-
li an dautotavi, Seferili da Seuferavi, erTwliani (mcenaris 1 wlian
organoebSi) an mravalwliani (mravalwlian organoebSi). ujredSida anu
endofituri (sokoebis umetesobas), ujredgare anu egzofituri (nacrovan
sokoebs) da ujredSorisi (mag. Wraqis, fitoftoris gamomwvev sokoebs).
sokoebis gamravleba. sokoebis gamravleba xdeba ori gziT: usqesod da
sqesobrivad. usqeso gamravleba mimdinareobs vegetatiurad (mileciumis an
misi saxecvlilebebis naglejebiT, dakvirtviT) da usqeso sporebiT. sqeso-
brivi gamravlebis formebia: hologami, heterogamia, izogami, zigogamia
(umdables sokoebSi), oogamia da apogamia (umaRles sokoebSi).
nayofsxeulebi. sokoebis nawili warmoqmnis nayofsxeulebs, romlebSic
sporebi viTardeba. nayofsxeuli SeiZleba iyos mikroskopuli da makrosko-
puli. makroskopuli nayofsxeuli aqvT magaliTad qudian da abeda sokoebs,
xolo mikroskopuli nayofsxeuli axasiaTebT CanTian sokoebs: kleitokar-
piumi, periteciumi, apoteciumi da usrul sokoebs – piknidiumi.

93
 spora. spora sokoebSi imave funqcias asrulebs, rasac Tesli umaRles
farulTeslovan mcenareebSi e.i. gamravlebas emsaxureba, oRond igi ufro
martivi agebulebisaa. garedan aqvs garsi, SigniT ki citoplazma Tavisi
organoidebiT da birTvi. spora SeiZleba iyos 1,2 an mravalujrediani, Se-
ferili an Seuferavi, moZravi an uZravi, sxvadasxva formis da zomis, us-
qeso an sqesiani, Sinagani warmoSobis anu endogenuri da garegani warmoSo-
bis anu egzogenuri.
sokoebis klasifikacia. sokoebis klasifikacia xdeba sxvadasxva niSnis
mixedviT, magram klasifikaciis safuZvels ZiriTadad warmoadgens gamra-
vlebis, kerZod, sqesobrivi gamravlebis forma. garda amisa, mxedvelobaSi
iReben imas Tu, rogoria Talusi: plazmuri Tu miceliaruli; miceliumi
erTujrediania Tu mravalujrediani, Seferilia Tu Seuferavi, erTwliani
Tu mravalwliani, iviTarebs Tu ara saxecvlilebebs, endofituria Tu
egzofituri, rogori warmoSobis sporebi aqvT. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi
agreTve sokoebis kvebiTi specializacia da sxv.
sokoebi iyofian or jgufad: umdablesi da umaRlesi sokoebi.

mcenareTa mavneblebisa da daavadebebisagan dacvis meTodebi

mavne organizmebisagan mcnareTa dacvis RonisZiebebi Sedgeba sxvadasxva

meTodebisagan.
miuxedavad didi mecnieruli miRwevebisa, dRevandeli mdgomareobiT ar
arsebobs mavne organizmebTan brZolis iseTi calke aRebuli erTi meTodi,
romlis gamoyenebiTac SeiZleba am organizmebis ricxovnobis regulireba.
amitom, mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebis gamoyenebis strategia da taqtika
mdgomareobs sxvadasxva meTodisa da RonisZiebebis integrirebaSi: esaa mavne
organizmTa kompleqsis mavneobis ekonomikuri zRvrebis gaTvaliswineba,
mavne da sasargeblo organizmebis biocenologiuri kavSirebis Tavisebure-
baTa mxedvelobaSi miReba, organizmTa gamravleba-ganviTarebisa da gavrce-
lebis prognozebis safuZvelze gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa iseTnairad da-
gegmva, rom prioriteti eniWebodes adamianis, sasargeblo organizmebisa da
mTlianad biosferosaTvis naklebad saSiSi saSualebebis gamoyenebas.
mavne organizmebis winaaRmdeg brZola SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Semdegi
saxiT, esaa: agroteqnikuri, fizikuri, meqanikuri, qimiuri, biologiuri, gene-
tikur-seleqciuri, sakarantino, bioteqnikuri da integrirebuli brZolis
meTodebi. yvela aRniSnuls win unda uswrebdes savargulebis fitosanita-
ruli zedamxedveloba, romelic iTvaliswinebs calkeuli saxeobebis feno-
logiisa da ekologiuri Taviseburebebis codnas, gavrcelebisa da mavne-
obis intensivobas, ricxovnobis prognozs sameurneo wlis sxvadasxva peri-
odisaTvis.
arCeven saerTo da specialuri zedamxedvelobis formebs, axdenen agre-
Tve maTi mosalodneli masobrivi gavrcelebis prognozirebas.
specialuri zedamxedveloba gamoavlens mocemuli regionisaTvis yvela-
ze saSiSi mavneblis masobriv gamravlebas, adgens kerebis mdgomareobas da
gavrcelebis dinamikas. ganisazRvreba mavne mwerebis ricxovnoba, dakvirve-
bebi iwarmoeba populaciis mdgomareobaze: sqesTan Sefardebaze, parazite-
biT dasenianebaze, mtaceblis efeqturobaze da sxv.
agroteqnikuri da satyeo-sameurneo RonisZiebebi. es meTodebi guli-
sxmobs yvela im agroteqnikur, sanitarul-higienur da organizaciul-same-
urneo RonisZiebebisa da saSualebaTa gamoyenebas, romliTac SeuZliaT mav-

94
ne organizmebis kvebis pirobebis, an garemos mikro-klimatis Secvla da
amiT maTTvis araxelsayreli pirobebis Seqma, rasac moyveba mavneblebis ri-
cxovnobisa da maT mier gamowveuli danakargebis Semcireba. am RonisZiebe-
bSi Sedis: saTesle-sanerge masalis SerCeva, niadagis damuSaveba, swori ag-
roteqnikis ganxorcieleba, Teslbrunva, sarevelebisagan gasufTaveba, niada-
gis ganoyiereba, melioraciuli RonisZiebebi, Tesvis wesebisa da vadebis
dacva, mosavlis drouli da udanakargod aReba, tyisa da dekoratiul mce-
nareTa movliTi Wrebi, naxanZrali tyeebis gawmenda-ganaSenianeba da savar-
gulebis sxva sanitarul-higienuri RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba.
did farTobebze rekomendebulia Teslbrunva monofagi da oligofagi
mwerebisa da sxva mavneblebisagan, romelic gamoricxavs mTeli rigi mavneb-
lebis masobriv da intensiur gamravlebas.
sarevela mcenareebis gavrcelebis SezRudva, garda imisa, rom mcirdeba
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisaTvis maTi uaryofiTi mniSvneloba, xels
uSlis agreTve mwerebis TavSesafrebis arsebobas. zogierTi mweri ki ganvi-
Tarebis garkveul periods swored sarevelebze gadis da Semdeg gadadis
kulturul mcenareebze (baRis WiWinobela).
niadagis damuSavebas (moxvna, kultivacia, Toxna da sxv.) didi mni-
Svneloba aqvs aq mcxovrebi mavneblebisaTvis: ingreva Wupridan gamosuli
imagos niadagzeviT amosasvleli xvreli da Wuprebi iRupebian. niadagis
zedapirze amoyrili mwerebisa da sxva mavneblebis nawili maRali tem-
peraturisa da mzis sxivebis moqmedebiT Sreba da iRupeba, nawils sasa-
rgeblo mwerebi da frinvelebi itaceben, zogierTi maTgani nakveTis mor-
wyvis Sedegad nadgurdeba (alublis buzi, zogierTi xvataris, xerxiebis
matlebi da Wuprebi da sxv.).
sanitarul-higienur RonisZiebebSi igulisxmeba gvian Semodgomaze anar-
Cenebis Segroveba da dawva; oqrokudas, kunelis TeTrulas, vaSlis CrCi-
lis, amerikuli TeTri pepelasa da sxvaTa budeebis Segroveba da dawva;
farianebis, nayofWamiebisa da sxvaTa winaaRmdeg xexilis, tyis merqniani
mcenareebis Stambisa da deda-totebis Sewamvlamde gafxeka-gasufTaveba gam-
xmari qerqisagan da Camonafxekis iqve dawva, nacaris sistematuri Segroveba,
xSiri varjis gamoxSirva, gamxmari totebis SeWra da dawva, zogjer mTli-
ani xis amoZirkva da dawva.
sanitarul-higienuri RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba beRlebsa da sawyobeb-
Sic unda ganxorcieldes.
genetikur-seleqciuri meTodi. gulisxmobs mavneblebis winaaRmdeg gam-
Zle jiSebis gamoyvanas. am meTodis gamoyenebiT nawilobriv gadawyda mze-
sumziras aluras problema, minimumamde Semcirda vazis filoqseras mav-
neoba. filoqseras mimarT gamZle vazis jiSebis gamoyvanis, agreTve aseTi
saZireebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze. meabreSumeobaSi TuTis daavadebis -
,,foTlis sixuWuWis” winaaRmdeg swored SedarebiT gamZle TuTis jiSebis
gamoyvana aRmoCnda efeqturi saSualeba.
genetikuri meTodis safuZvelia mavneblebis populaciaSi genetikuri
struqturis Secvla, romelic mavneblis organizmSi gamoiwvevs: nayofie-
rebis Semcirebas, diapauzis moxsnas, pesticidebisadmi mgrZnobiarobis gaz-
rdas an piriqiT - gamZleobis genis warmoqmnas da sxv. unda aRiniSnos, rom
rentgenis sxivebiT drozofilas mamris spermaze zemoqmedebisas aRmoCe-nil
iqna efeqti, riTac SesaZlebelia dasxivebis iseTi dozis SerCeva, roca
somaturi ujredebi rCeba saRi, xolo sqesobriv ujredebSi adgili aqvs
qromosomebis gadawyvetas da maT araswor mimagrebas. amasTan, mwerebis

95
qromosomuli aparati ise ziandeba, rom sperma inarCunebs moZraobisa da
kvercxujredebis ganayofierebis unars. zigotis ganviTareba swrafad wyde-
ba, kvercxebidan ki matlebi aRar iCekebian, e.i. xdeba kopulacia, magram mde-
dri unayofo rCeba.
fizikuri meTodi. es meTodi iTvaliswinebs maRali an dabali tempera-
turebis, wylis cxeli orTqlis, rentgenis sxivebis, maRali sixSiris de-
nis, mzis radiaciis, fototaqsisisa da sxva saSualebebis gamoyenebas mavne-
blebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. maRali temperatura gamoyenebulia umTavre-
sad sawyobebis pirobebSi Senobis Warbi tenianobisagan gamosaSrobad da iq
Senaxuli marcvleulis gasaSrobad im mavneblebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic
SedarebiT mSral garemos ver itanen. magaliTad, beRlis cxvirgrZela, lo-
bios memarcvlia, tkipebi da sxv.
taqsisebidan gansakuTrebiT gamoyenebulia fototaqsisi, rac mdgomare-
obs mwerebis xelovnur sinaTleze mizidvaSi. am mizniT gamoiyeneba mrava-
li xelsawyo. mwerebis misazidad umjobesia iseTi xelsawyo, romelsac Sem-
wovi aparati gaaCnia. aparati, haeris dinebasTan erTad, isrutavs mwerebs,
romlebic naTuris irgvliv grovdebian.
mavneblebTan brZolis meqanikuri meTodi. meqanikuri xerxebidan ga-
moyenebulia saWiro xeebi, rac mdgomareobs imaSi, rom meoradi mavneblebis
misazidad, kvercxis debis win, Wrian xes da iqve toveben. moWrili xe Wkneba
da izidavs meorad mavneblebs. kvercxis debis Semdeg am xes qerqaven, anda
rujaven cecxlze.
gamoyenebulia agreTve sxvadasxva masalisagan damzadebuli saWeri sar-
tyelebi, romelsac ukeTeben xeebs Stampze an deda totebze. aq mavneblebis
Tavmoyris Semdeg, sartyelebs xsnian da wvaven, Tu sartyelebi iafi masa-
lisaganaa damzadebuli (namja, balaxi, qaRaldi da sxv.), Tu Zviria, maSin
mavneblebs anadgureben da sartyelebs isev xeebs ukeTeben, iyeneben webos
rgolebsac, romlebzec mwerebi ewebebian.
biologiuri meTodi. es meTodi iTvaliswinebs mavnebel daavadebebisa da
sarevelebis winaaRmdeg sasargeblo organizmebis - mtacebeli da paraziti
mwerebis anu entomofagebis, mtacebeli tkipebis anu akarifagebis, ento-
mopaTogenuri mikroorganizmebis, frinvelebisa da sxvaTa gamoyenebas.
msoflioSi biologiuri meTodis ganviTarebas didi xnis istoria aqvs,
magram man farTo gamoyeneba hpova ukanasknel periodSi, rodesac pestici-
debis xmarebis reglamentis darRvevam gamoiwvia garemos ukiduresi dana-
gvianeba, saSiSi gaxda adamianisa da Tbilsisxliani cxovelebisaTvis da
mavne oraganizmebSi sakmaod xSirad dafiqsirda pesticidebisadmi gamZle-
oba.
biologiuri meTodis ufro farTo danergvisa da meti efeqtis misaRe-
bad saWiroa Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba: efeqturi parazitebis, mtace-
beli mwerebisa da tkipebis, paTogenuri sokoebisa da sxvaTa CvenSi siste-
maturi Semoyvana, maTi aklimatizaciisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmna da
xelovnuri gamravleba.
mavne mwerebis ricxovnobis SemcirebaSi zogjer did rols asruleben
gareuli da Sinauri frinvelebi (tarbi, mercxali, bu, kodala, ofofi,
wivwivebi, RaJo, qaTmebi da sxv.), ZuZumwovrebi (Txunela, maCvi, zRarbi,
Ramura da sxva.
mavneblebTan brZolis qimiuri meTodi. am meTodis arsi mdgomareobs mav-
ne organizmebis winaaRmdeg pesticidebis (,,pesti”-ziani, ,,cidos”-vklav) ga-
moyenebis gziT maT minimumamde dayvanaSi. wlebis ganmavlobaSi maTma far-

96
To da xSirad ukontrolo gamoyenebam seriozuli uaryofiTi Sedegi ga-
moiRo, rac garemos mkveTrad dabinZurebaSi gamoixata. biocenozebis wonas-
worobis darRvevisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, ekosistemebis produqciulobis
daqveiTebam msoflio masStabis problemebi warmoSva. agrocenozebSi mni-
Svnelovnad Semcirda sasargeblo organizmebis ricxovnoba, ramac bolo
wlebSi gamoiwvia adre naklebad cnobili mavneblebis gamravleba da maTi
mavneoba. amis safuZvelze mTel msoflioSi da maT Soris CvenTanac, aikr-
Zala garemosaTvis saSiSi mTeli rigi preparatebis gamoyeneba, SemoRebuli
xarjvis normebisa da gamoyenebis vadebis mkacri reglamenti, gaZlierda
alternatiul RonisZiebaTa Zieba. Seicvala mcenareTa dacvis strategia da
taqtika, damuSavda mavne orga-nizmebTan brZolis kompleqsuri RonisZiebani.
qimiur meTods mxolod maSin iyeneben, roca sxva saSualebebi efeqts aRar
iZlevian. magram jerjerobiT qimiuri meTodi mainc inarCunebs upirates
rols amJamad gamoyenebuli brZolis yvela sxva RonisZiebebs Soris. misi
gamoyeneba SeiZleba yvela saxeobis mavneblis winaaRmdeg, xSir SemTxvevaSi
xasiaTdeba misaRebi efe-qtianobiT, drois mcire monakveTSi SeiZleba didi
farTobebis damuSaveba da a.S.
pesticidebisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebia: mavne organizmebis mimarT
maRali toqsikuroba; mcenareebis, Tbilsisxlianebisa da sasargeblo fau-
nis uvnebloba; daSlis mokle periodi; moqmedebis kompleqsuri xasiaTi da
sxv.
pesticidis efeqtianoba damokidebulia mis fizikur Tvisebebze, qimiur
Sedgenilobaze, normaze, koncentraciaze da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba
aqvs mavneblis saxeobas, misi ganviTarebis fazas da fiziologiur mdgo-
mareobas da sxv. magaliTad, erTi da igive qimiuri nivTiereba damRupvelad
moqmedebs matlebze, magram uvnebelia imagos mimarT; maRali temperaturis
dros toqsikuroba izrdeba, dabal temperaturaze ki zogierTi pesticidi
mwerebze TiTqmis ar moqmedebs.
pesticidebis gamoyeneba sufTa saxiT ar xdeba. maT umateben e.w. ingre-
dientebs, romelTa daniSnulebaa pesticidis ganzaveba, mimkvrelobis una-
ris, gazrda, dasvelebis Tvisebebis gaumjobeseba, qimiuri nivTierebebis
gadayvana xsnaris, suspenziis an emulsiis mdgomareobaSi. isini adideben
pesticidis toqsikurobas, aneitraleben Tavisufal mJavebs, riTac uzrun-
velyofen fitotoqsikuri Tvisebebis aRkveTas da sxv.
pesticidebis gamoyenebis mravali wesi arsebobs: Sesxureba, Sefrqveva,
fumigacia, misatyuar masalaTa moSxamva, mcenareTa Sinagani toqsikacia da
sxv. yvela am wess aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.
qimiuri naerTebis gamoyenebisas unda uzrunvelyoT sasargeblo faunis
dacva, risTvisac unda vicodeT entomofagebis bioekologiuri Tavisebure-
bani da brZola unda CavataroT im periodSi, rodesac parazitebi da mta-
cebelebi pasiur mdgomareobaSi arian: binadroben niadagSi an sxva Tav-
SesafrebSi, ar ikvebebian da a.S
cnobilia, rom maT winaaRmdeg ama Tu im jgufis pesticidebis xangr-
Zlivad gamoyenebis dros mwerebs gamZleobis unari umuSavdebaT. am movle-
nas rezistentoba ewodeba da misi daZlevis saSualebaa preparatebis mo-
rigeoba (cvla).
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom unda gamoviyenoT mxolod daSvebuli pesti-
cidebis siaSi Setanili nivTierebebi. didi mniSvneloba aqvs sasoflo-same-
urneo produqtebSi pesticidebis naSTis raodenobas. am problemebze muSa-
obs soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis msoflio organizacia da msoflio

97
janmrTelobis dacvis organizacia, romelTac Seqmnes erTiani komiteti. am
komitetma gamoimuSava sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebSi pesticidebis naS-
Tis dasaSvebi raodenobis maCveneblebi, romlis mixedviTac xorcieldeba
msoflio sanitaruli kontroli adamianisa da Sinauri cxovelebis mowamv-
lis uSiSroebis mizniT.
mcenareTa karantini organizaciuli xasiaTis RonisZiebaTa sistemaa mce-
nareTa dacvaSi, romelic mimarTulia qveynis mcenareuli simdidris dasa-
cavad sxva qveynebidan Semotanili an SemoWrili gansakuTrebiT saSiSi sa-
karantino obieqtebisagan, xolo Tu es mainc moxdeba, Sesabamisma samsaxu-
rebma unda moaxdinon aseTi kerebis lokalizacia da dauyovnebliv likvi-
dacia. aseT mavne organizmebs sagareo - sakarantino obieqtebs uwodeben
(qveyanaSi araregistrirebuli saxeobebi) sakarantino RonisZiebebi vrcel-
deba agreTve qveynis SigniT, erTi regionidan meorisken an piriqiT. aseT
mavneblebs saSinao sakarantino mavneblebi ewodebaT (SezRudulad gavrce-
lebuli).
saxelmwifo sakarantino samsaxuris ZiriTadi miznebia:
_saTesle da sanerge masalis Semowmeba da gauvnebloba;
_sakarantino obieqtebis gamovlena da maTi gavrcelebis arealis dadgena;
_sakarantino obieqtebis bioekologiuri Taviseburebebis da ricxovnobis
dinamikis Seswavla;
_sakarantino obieqtebis kerebis likvidacia;
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi sagareo mniSvnelobis sakarantino mavneblad
iTvlebian: bambis CrCili, bambis aziuri xvatari, bambis egvipturi xvatari,
TeTrarSiani xoWo, Cinuri memarcvlia, oTxlaqiani memarcvlia, leRvis cvi-
lisebri crufariana, iaponuri xoWo, vaSlis peniana, atmis nayofWamia, msx-
lis aluna, forToxlis fariana, citrusebis aRmosavluri fariana, xmelTa-
Sua zRvis buzi, mandarinis didi buzi, kapris xoWo, farTo xorTumiani be-
Rlis cxvirgrZela da sxv.
saSinao sakarantino mavneblebia: kolorados xoWo, kartofilis CrCili,
kaliforniis fariana, TuTis fariana, amerikuli TeTri pepela, aRmosav-
luri nayofWamia, komstokis fqvilisebri crufariana, vazis filoqsera, ia-
ponuri Cxirisebri fariana, citrusovanTa frTaTeTra, avstraliuri Rari-
ani crufariana, iaponuri cvilisebri crufariana, TuTis WriWinobela, Ci-
nuri cvilisebri crufariana, naZvis didi lafanWamia da sxv.
maT winaaRmdeg tardeba Sesabamisi sakarantino RonisZiebebi.
bioteqnikuri meTodi. es meTodi dakavSirebulia mecnierebis SedarebiT
axali dargis - bioteqnologiis CamoyalibebasTan. bioteqnologia aris ga-
moyenebiTi biologiis erT-erTi dargi, romelic gulisxmobs mikroorga-
nizmebis, mcenareebisa da cxoveluri ujredi organoidebis biologiurad
aqtiuri molekulebis sawarmoo procesSi gamoyenebas. bioteqnikuri meTodi
gulisxmobs agreTve iseTi qimiuri sterilantebis gamoyenebas, romlebic
uSualod ki ar spoben mavne organizmebs, aramed xels uwyoben ama Tu im
gziT mavneblis populaciis simWidrovis Semcirebas da maTi mavneobis qveda
zRvramde dayvanas.
dReisaTvis Zalze didi gamoyeneba hpova bunebrivma sqesobrivma atraq-
tantebma, romlebic miiReba mwerebis sxvadasxva organoebidan. es nivTiere-
bebi xasiaTdebian Zlieri aqtiurobiTa da specifiurobiT, romelTa umni-
Svnelo raodenobasac ki SeuZlia gamoiwvios mopirdapire sqesis reaqcia
did manZilze. magaliTad, arafardi parkxvevias erTi mdedri gamoyofs 10-12
mikrogram misazid nivTierebas, magram mas unari aqvs miizidos mamri 4000 m

98
manZilidan. miuxedavad amisa, bunebrivma aqraqtantebma ver hpoves gavrce-
leba, vinaidan mweridan maTi gamoyofa rTulia da Zviric jdeba.
amJamad saqarTveloSi rekomendebulia Semdegi mavne mwerebis feromoni-
ani sqesmWerebi: aRmosavluri nayofWamia, qliavis nayofWamia, vaSlis nayof-
Wamia, yurZnis Wia, kaliforniis fariana, arafardi parkxvevia. didia repe-
lentebis (mwerebis damafrTxobeli nivTierebebis), antifidantebis (mwerebs
ukargaven kvebis unars) da gansakuTrebiT genuri ujreduli da biologi-
uri inJineriis perspeqtivebi. es ukanskneli emyareba molekuluri biolo-
giis principebis gamoyenebiT aRmoCenili specialuri fermentebis, e.w. endo-
nukleazebis Seswavlas.
integrirebuli brZola. am meTodis ZiriTadi principia pesticidebis im
SemTxvevaSi gamoyeneba, roca sxva meTodebi ver uzrunvelyofen mavne orga-
nizmebis sameurneo TvalsazrisiT uvnebel donemde dayvanas. integrirebuli
brZolis mizania qimiur saSualebaTa minimumade Semcireba mosavlis maqsi-
mumis SenarCunebiT. am meTodis aucilebloba ganapiroba pesticidebis ukon-
trolo gamoyenebam, biocenozis struqturis rRvevam (mavneblebisa da maTi
bunebrivi mtrebis ricxovnobas Soris biologiuri wonasworobis darRveva),
garemos katastrofulma dabinZurebam. misi principia, agreTve seleqciuri
da sistemuri moqmedebis preparatebis, atraqtantebis, feromonebis, steri-
liantebis gamoyeneba, wamlobaTa jeradobis Semcireba mavneobis ekonomi-
kuri zRvrebis gaTvaliswinebiT. e.i. Tu mavnebeli ar iwvevs ekonomikurad
sagrZnob zarals, maSin qimiuri brZolis Catareba gamarTlebuli ar aris.
garda amisa, saWiroa umTavresi mavne organizmebis mavneobis ekologiuri
anu bioteqnologiuri zRvrebis dadgenac. bioteqnologia gulisxmobs bio-
cenozis komponentTa iseT Sefardebas rodesac miRweulia wonasworoba mav-
ne da sasargeblo organizmebs Soris.

mcenareTa daavadebebTan brZolis meTodebi

mcenareTa daavadebebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gamoiyeneba Semdegi

meTodebi: 1. agroteqnikuri (Rrmad xvna, Teslbrunva, drouli Tesva, saRi
sargavi da saTesle masala, morwyvis reJimis dacva da sxv). 2. meqanikuri
(meqanikuri gziT daavadebis wyaros mocileba). 3. sanitarul-higienuri (fo-
Tlebis, moWrili totebis da sxva narCenebis Segroveba da sxv.) 5. biolo-
giuri (cocxali organizmebis gamoyeneba paTogenebis winaaRmdeg). 6.
bioteqnologiuri (bioteqnologiuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba). 7. genetikuri
(ama Tu im daavadebisadmi gamZle genebis Seyvana mcenareSi). 8. seleqciuri
(gamZle jiSebis gamoyvana). 9. karantinuli (sakarintino RonisZiebebis Cata-
reba). 10. qimiuri (qimiuri preparatebis – pesticidebis gamoyeneba. sokoebis
winaaRmdeg gamoyenebul pesticidebs fungicidebi ewodebaT, baqteriebis
winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuls – baqtericidebi, virusebis winaaRmdeg – virici-
debi da sxv). 11. integrirebuli meTodi (roca xdeba ramdenime meTodis Se-
Tanawyoba, gaTvalisiwinebulia mavneobis ekonomikuri zRvari da gaTvli-
lia ekonomikuri efeqtianoba).

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. mcenareTa ZiriTadi mavneblebi da maTi biologiuri Taviseburebani.
2. mcenareTa daavadebebi da maTi biologiuri Taviseburebani.
3. baqteriebis, mikoplazmebis, virusebis da sokoebis agebulebis Tavise-
burebani. maTTan brZolis RonisZiebebi.

99
4. mcenareTa mavneblebisa da daavadebebisagan dacvis meTodebi.
5. mcenareTa mavnebel daavadebebTan brZolis meTodebi.

nawili 2
ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis biologiisa da
agroteqnikis Taviseburebani

T a v i 10

Mmarcvleuli kulturebi

sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa mosavlianobisa da produqciis xarisxis

amaRleba kacobriobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problemaa. marcvleulis warmoe-
bis zrda sasursaTo da safuraJe fondis Seqmnis safuZveli da qveynis eko-
nomikuri damoukideblobis umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa.
marcvleulis warmoeba mTeli soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis safuZve-
lia. misi warmoebis doneze didad aris damokidebuli rogorc mecxovele-
obis, ise mravalwliani nargavebisa da teqnikuri kulturebis gafarToeba.
marcvleuli anu pureuli kulturebi, ekuTvnian geografiulad yvelaze
farTod gavrcelebul da msoflio warmoebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze didi
mniSvnelobis mcenareTa jgufs. msoflioSi naTesi farTobis 50%-ze meti
marcvleul kulturebs ukavia. dedamiwaze, mcire gamonaklisis garda,
mosaxleoba pureulis marcvlisagan damzadebuli produqtiT ikvebeba, is
warmoadgens adamianisaTvis yoveldRiur da aucilebel sazrdos.
marcvleuli warmoadgens mecxoveleobisaTvis koncentruli sakvebis Zi-
riTad wyaros. igi farTod gamoiyeneba spirtis, ludis da sakonditro war-
moebaSi, agreTve sagareo vaWrobaSi, rogorc saeqsporto saqoneli.
saqarTveloSi marcvleuli kulturebi mohyavT yvelgan, zRvis sanapiro
raionebidan - maRalmTian raionebamde, 2000 m-mde zRvis donidan. qveyanaSi
saxnavi miwebis 50%-ze meti marcvleuli kulturebis naTesebs ukavia.
marcvleulis ganawileba qveynis aRmosavleT da dasavleT raionebs So-
ris Tanabari ar aris. saqarTvelos aRmosavleT raionebSi marcvleulis
warmoeba umTavresad damyarebulia TavTavian pureulebze, xolo dasavleT
raionebSi - simindis kulturaze.

marcvleuli kulturebis zogadi daxasiaTeba

pureul mcenareTa dajgufeba. pureuli mcenareebi, morfologiuri da

biologiuri Tvisebebis mixedviT, SeiZleba gavyoT or jgufad: TavTaviani
pureuli da saburRule anu fetvnairi pureuli. pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba:
xorbali, qeri, Wvavi, tritikale, romelTa yvaviledi TavTavia, magram sxva
biologiuri TvisebebiT amave jgufSi Sedis agreTve Svria, romelTa yvavi-
ledi sagvelaa.
meore jgufis fetvnairi pureulebia: simindi, fetvi, brinji, Romi, sor-
go, romelTa yvaviledi sagvelaa.
TavTaviani pureuli. rogorc zemoT iyo naTqvami, am jgufis pureulSi
gaerTianebulia Poaceae ojaxis (Cramineae) oTxi gvaris warmomadgeneli: xor-
bali _ Triticum, qeri _ Hordeum, Wvavi _ Secale, Svria _ Avena da tritikale _
Triticale, romlebic yvaviledis agebulebiT erTimeorisagan mkveTrad gamoir-
Cevian.

100
 ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi am or jgufs Soris SeiZleba Semdegi
Sesadarebeli tabuliT gamovsaxoT:
pirveli jgufis pureulebi meore jgufis pureulebi
1. marcvali mogrZo, Rariani, bewviani 1. marcvali momrgvalo, uRaro, ubewvo
2. marcvals gamoaqvs ramdenime Rivi 2. marcvals gamoaqvs mxolod erTi Rivi
3. TavTunSi ukeTesad ganviTarebulia qveda yvavilebi 3. TavTunSi ukeTesad ganviTarebulia zeda yvavilebi
4. kulturaSia saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo formebi 4. kulturaSia mxolod sagazafxulo formebi
5. siTbosadmi moTxovnileba SedarebiT naklebia 5. siTbosadmi moTxovnileba SedarebiT metia
6. tenisadmi moTxovnileba metia 6. tenisadmi moTxovnileba naklebia (garda brinjisa)
7. grZeli dRis mcenareebia 7. mokle dRis mcenareebia

biologiur TaviseburebaTa mixedviT, TavTaviani pureuli Tavis mxriv

iyofa or jgufad: saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo formebad. maT Soris gan-
sxvaveba imaSia, rom saSemodgomo formebi iTeseba Semodgomaze da mosavals
iZleva gadazamTrebis Semdeg, momdevno wels, xolo sagazafxulo formebi,
iTeseba gazafxulze da mosavals iZleva imave wels. saSemodgomo formebi
daTesili gazafxulze aRmocendeba, ibartyebs, magram am fazas ar scil-
deba da TavTavs ar iZleva.
TavTavian pureulTagan saSemodgomo formebia: saSemodgomo xorbali, sa-
Semodgomo qeri, saSemodgomo Wvavi da tritikale. sagazafxulo formebs
miekuTvnebian: sagazafxulo xorbali, sagazafxulo qeri, sagazafxulo Wva-
vi, tritikale da Svria.
pureul mcenareTa fesvTa sistema funjaa. Teslis gaRivebisas pirvelad
viTardeba pirveladi, anu Canasaxovani fesvi. saSemodgomo xorbali iviTa-
rebs 3 pirvelad fesvs, sagazafxulo - 5-s, qeri - 5-8-s, simindi, sorgo,
brinji - 1-s da a.S. odnav mogvianebiT miwisqveSa Reros naskvidan viTardeba
damatebiTi anu naskvis fesvebi da mTlian fesvTa sistema Rebulobs funjis
formas. pirveladi anu Canasaxovani fesvebi ar kvdebian da TavianT fun-
qcias agrZeleben. fesvTa sistemis ZiriTadi masa ganfenilia 20-25 sm siRr-
meze.
pureulTa Rero swormdgomia, Rruiani, Sedgeba 5-7 muxlTSorisisagan.
Rero izrdeba muxlTSorisebiT. miwisqveSa Reros naskvidan viTardeba gver-
diTi totebi - nabartyi.
foToli Sedgeba foTlis Rarisa da firfitisagan. foTlis Raris im ad-
gilze, saidanac foTlis firfita iwyeba, viTardeba e.w. kauWebi, romlebic
Semoxveulia Reros irgvliv. kauWebi yvelaze kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli
qers, SedarebiT sustad - xorbals da sul ar gaaCnia Svrias.
Yyvaviledi Sekrebilia TavTavad, romelic Sedgeba TavTavis Rerakisa da
TavTunisagan. TavTunSi moTavsebulia uSualod yvavili butkoTi da mtvri-
anebiT. Svrias, brinjs da zogierTi sxva kulturis yvaviledi - sagvelaa,
simindis mdedrobiTi yvaviledia - taro, mamrobiTi yvaviledi ki sagvela.
nayofi – pureulebisa aris marcvali, mogrZo formis, Rariani, romelic
wverze Tavdeba bewvebis koniT (xorbali, Wvavi, qeri, Svria, tritikale) an
momrgvalo da Seubusavi (simindi, fetvi, sorgo).
marcvali Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi nawilisagan: Canasaxis, endospermisa da
garsisagan. zogierTi pureulis marcvali, magaliTad Svriis, qeris, fetvis,
brinjisa da sorgos (dafarulia yvavilis kilebiT), mWidrod arian Sezrdi-
li nayofTan. xorblisa da Wvavis marcvalze aseTi kilebi Sezrdili ar
aris da marcvali galewvis dros advilad Tavisufldeba misgan.
pureulTa sasicocxlo cikli. pureulTa marcvali daTesvidan momwi-
febamde ganicdis zrda-ganviTarebis raodenobriv da Tvisobriv cvlilebas,
romelsac mcenaris ganviTarebis fazebs uwodeben. TavTaviani pureulisa-

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Tvis damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebis Semdegi fazebi: gaRiveba-aRmocenebis,
bartyobis, aRerebis, daTavTavebis, yvavi-lobis da simwifis.
gaRiveba. wylis, siTbosa da haeris
erToblivi moqmedebiT iwyeba Teslis
gaRivebis procesi. es procesi imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom Teslis kani skdeba da
gareT gamodis fesvis Canasaxi, romelic
male ukavSirdeba niadagis nawilakebs.
aRmoceneba. pirveladi fesvebis Sem-
deg zrdas iwyebs Canasaxis Rero. igi
gaapobs ra Teslis kans, gamodis gareT
da iwyebs aRmocenebas. aRmocenebis Sem-
deg mcenare ramdenadme aCerebs miwis
zemoT zrdas da intensiurad ivi-Tarebs miwisqveda nawilebs, pirvel rigSi
fesvTa sistemas.
bartyoba. pureulTa bartyoba arsebiTad warmo-
adgens mcenareTa datotvas, mxolod im gansxvave-
biT, rom totebi viTardebian ara Reros mTel sig
rZeze, aramed miwis qveS arsebuli Reros nawili-
dan e.w bartyobis naskvebidan.
ReroTa saSualo raodenobas erT mcenareze -
saerTo bartyoba ewodeba.
tanis ayra (aRereba). jer isev bartyobis dros
Rero inviTarebs Zlier Semoklebul muxlTSori-
sebs da TavTavis Canasaxs, romelic foTlis Rar-
Sia moTavsebuli Semdeg Semoklebuli muxlTSori-
sebi iwyeben sigrZeze zrdas, ,,damuxlebas”. pirve-
lad izrdeba qveda muxlTSorisi, Semdeg ufro in-
tensiurad izrdeba mis zemoT mdebare meore mu-
xlTSorisi, Semdeg mesame da a.S.
daTavTaveba. Reros zrdasTan erTad mimdinare-
obs agreTve TavTavis Camoyalibebac. am periodSi
warmoebs Rerosa da foTlebis intensiuri zrda,
agreTve TavTavis elementebis ganviTareba. rodesac
TavTavi imdenad ganviTardeba, rom misi 1/3 nawili
amova zeda muxlTSorisis foTlis Raridan, es
ukanaskneli gamoibereba, gamoiburceba da am mdgo-
mareobas yanis ,,orsulobas”anu daTavTavebas uwo-
deben.
yvaviloba. foTlis Raridan TavTavis (yvavile-
dis) amotanas yvaviloba ewodeba. am dros ixsneba
yvavilis kilebi da gamoCndebian yvavilis elemen-
tebi - mtvrianebi da butko.
yanis damwifeba anu ,,dapureba”. ganayofi-
erebis Semdeg Casaxul TeslSi intensiurad
iwyeba asimilaciis Sedegad warmoqmnili or-
ganul nivTierebaTa dagroveba. marcvlis
momwifebaSi arCeven sam fazas: rZisebr sim-
wifes, cvilisebr simwifes da srul simwi-
fes.

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 rZisebri simwifis dros marcvali sabolood
Camoyalibebulia, magram Seicavs didi raodenobiT
wyals (50%-mde), jer isev mwvanea, xelis daWeriT
advilad iWyliteba da gamoyofs TeTri feris
rZisebr siTxes. am dros grZeldeba organul ni-
vTierebaTa dagroveba marcvalSi. rZisebri simwi-
fis periodi grZeldeba 10-12 dRes.
cviliseburi simwifis dros marcvali iRebs
moyviTalo fers, TandaTanobiT wydeba organul
nivTierebaTa dagroveba. marcvali am dros Sei-
cavs wylis moWarbebul raodenobas - 22-25%-mde.
cilebi iwyeben gamagrebas, saxameblis marcvlebi
iReben maTTvis damaxasiaTebel formas. Canasaxi
sakmaod ganviTarebulia, magram marcvali jer
kidev rbilia, marcvali cvilisebur simwifeSi
advilad iWreba frCxilis daWeriT. am fazas same-
urneo pirobebSi yanis odoSRerobas anu dabazebis xanas uwodeben. es pro-
cesi grZeldeba 7-10 dRe. cvilisebri simwifis bo-los zogierTi pureulis
aReba friad xelsayrelia.
sruli simwife. am dros yana gayviTlebulia, foTlebi Semxmari, marcva-
li sakmaod magaria - frCxilis daWirebiT aRar iWreba. wylis raodenoba
Semcirebulia 14-16%-mde. is advilad Tavisufldeba kilebisagan da gani-
cdis Cabnevas, amitom sasurvelia mosavlis aReba damTavrdes marcvlis cvi-
lisebri simwifidan srul simwifeSi gardamaval periodSi. am SemTxvevaSi
jobia TavTaviani pureulis mosavali aRebuli iqnes gayofis wesiT or fa-
zad. teniani amindebi, agreTve sarwyavi pirobebi ramdenadme aWianureben ya-
nis Semosvlas, mSrali da cxeli amindebi aCqarebs mas.

saSemodgomo pureulebi
xorblis zogadi daxasiaTeba. xorbali miekuTvneba marcvlovnebis anda
TivaqasrasebTa ojaxs. gavrcelebulia ori saxeoba: rbili da magari xor-
bali.
rbil an Cveulebriv xorbals gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukavia, aris
saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo formebi. TavTavi SedarebiT faCxati. Tav-
Tavis piris mxare aRemateba siganeSi gverdiT mxares. TavTunis kilebi –
farTo. marcvali, konsistenciis mixedviT, aris fqvilisebri da cvilisebri.
aris fxiani da ufxo formebi, Rero Rruiani, funja fesvebiT.
magari xorbali - ZiriTadad sagazafxulo formebiTaa warmodgenili.
TavTavi - grZeli, TavTunis kilebi mTlianad faravs yvavils, amitom is
naklebad cvenadia, Znelad ileweba. fxebi TavTavze grZelia da mis para-
leluradaa ganlagebuli; marcvali - grZeli, qoCori - susti an sulac ar
gaaCnia. sanTlisebri konsistenciiT.
saSemodgomo xorblis Tesli gaRivebas iwyebs 1-20 siTboze. optimalu-
ria 12-150. zamTar-zafxulis periodSi is temperaturis mimarT Zalian
mgrZnobiarea. uTovlo zamTarSi - 16-180 yinvis dros iRupeba, Tumca axali
seleqciuri jiSebi - 20-250 yinvas uZleben.
saSemodgomo xorbali bartyobs Semodgomaze. es cikli normalurad
mimdinareobs 8-100 temperaturisa da normaluri tenis pirobebSi,

103
 gvalvian pirobebSi ki procesi Zalian nelde-
ba, zamTarSi Sesvlamde mcenare warmoqmnis 4-5
nabartys.
xorblis fesvTa sistema aRwevs 1,5m siRrmem-
de da kargad iyenebs niadagis tens. xorblis
kultura vegetaciis mTeli periodisaTvis saWi-
ro wylis raodenobis 70%-s yvavilobidan san-
Tlisebri simwifis fazis periodSi, xolo 20%
- marcvlis momwifebisas iRebs.
niadagis mimarT maRali momTxovnia. saWi-
roebs neitralur reaqcias (6-7,5). savegetacio
periodia 240-320 dRe. gazrdil moTxovnilebas uyenebs winamorbedsac. karg
mosavlis misaRebad iZleva aneulze, saToxni kulturebisa da parkosani
mcenareebisagan gaTavisuflebul nakveTebze. 1 tona marcvlis da Sesaba-
misad namjis mosavals (daaxloebiT 1,5c) saSemodgomo xorbals Wirdeba
37kg azoti, 13kg fosfori da 25kg kalciumi. saerTod is Zalian mgrZnobi-
area ganoyierebis mimarT da Sesaferis ukugebas iZleva marcvlis mosavli-
anobis gadidebiT.
niadagis damuSavebis Tavisebureba damokidebulia winamorbedze, nakveTis
dasarevlianebis xarisxsa da zonaze. rogorc wesi, saTesled SerCeuli
unda iqnes umaRlesi kategoriis Tesli, saTanado fungicidiT damuSavebu-
li. iTeseba mwkrivad, mocemuli zonisaTvis dadgenil vadaSi. qarTlisa da
kaxeTis maRalmTian zonebSi - seqtembris bolos. saTesi normaa 4-5 mln/ha,
woniT 180-200 kg/ha.
gazafxulze saWiroa jejilis dafarcxva da azotiT gamokveba, sareve-
lebisa da daavadeba - mavneblebisagan naTesebis dacva. mosavali aiReba
kombainiT sanTliseburi simwifis fazis dasasrulsa da sruli simwifis
dasawyisSi, rac SeiZleba SemWidrovebul vadebSi.
saSemodgomo Wvavi. saSemodgomo Wvavi TavTaviani pureulebis mniSvnelo-
vani warmomadgenelia. misi fqvilisagan gamomcxvari puri gamoirCeva die-
turi daniSnulebiT da maRali kaloriulobiT. marcvali Seicavs 9,2 - dan
17% cilas. misi qato da daRerRili marcvali koncentrirebuli sakvebia.
namja gamoiyeneba rogorc uxeSi sakvebi da sasilose masala. misi namjisa-
gan SeiZleba miRebul iqnes Sesaxvevi qaRaldi, celuloza, Zmari da sxva
saWiro saqoneli.
Wvavi farTod aris gavrcelebuli msoflioSi,
misi farTobi 18 mln ha-s aRemateba. Tesli gaRive-
bas iwyebs 1-20 siTboze. aRmocenebisaTvis optima-
luri temperaturaa 6-120, kargad bartyobs 10-120
temperaturaze. moyvanis optimalur pirobebSi 25-
300 yinvas uZlebs. kargad TavTavobs da yvavilobs
14-160 siTbos pirobebSi. ganviTarebis sruli cik-
lisaTvis esaWiroeba 18000 siTbos jami.
Wvavi SedarebiT gvalvagamZle mcenarea. misTvis
saukeTeso niadagad iTvleba msubuqi tipis, daba-
li tenianobis niadagebi.
saSemodgomo Wvavi yvavilobas iwyebs daTavTave-
bidan 12-14 dRis Semdeg da grZeldeba 10-12 dRe.
jvaredinmtvrevia mcenarea. TavTavobidan marcv-
lis gamkvrivebamde saWiroebs 55-60 dRes. savegetacio periodi, zonebis mixe-

104
dviT, 270-400 dRemdea. naklebad momTxovnia winamorbedebisadmi, ukeTesia
aneuli da parkosani kulturebisagan gaTavisuflebuli farTobebi.
ganoyiereba - Wvavs 1 centneri marcvlisa da Sesa-
bamisi biomasis miRebisas niadagidan gamoaqvs 3,5kg
azoti, 1,4kg fosfori da 4kg kaliumi. sakvebs intensi-
urad moixmars bartyobisa da aRerebis fazaSi.
TeslbrunvaSi winamorbedis mimarT didi momTxovni
ar aris, ukeTes mosavals iZleva saToxni da parkosa-
ni kulturebisagan gaTavisuflebul niadagebze. niada-
gis damuSaveba iseTivea, rogorc saSemodgomo xor-
blisaTvis, TiTqmis analogiuria Tesvis vadebic. sate-
si norma 6-7 milioni aRmocenebiunariani marcvali
(170-200 kg/ha).
naTesis movla. naTesi gazafxulze msubuqi far-
cxiT unda daifarcxos. Wvavs axasiaTebs marcvlis Ca-
cvena, amitom aRebuli unda iqnes, maSin roca marc-
vlis tenianoba 35-20% -ia da rac SeiZleba SemWidroebul vadebSi.
saSemodgomo qeri - ZiriTadad mohyavT safuraJed da saburRuled. misi
marcvali cilebis mcire raodenobas (9-12%) Seicavs, rac saSualebas iZleva
rom is ludis warmoebaSi farTod iqnes gamoyenebuli. mosavlianoba 15-35
c/ha-ze cvalebadobs.
saSemodgomo qeri ufro nakleb zamTargamZlea, vidre saSemodgomo xor-
bali. 120-yinvaze is ufro metad ziandeba, vidre xorbali da Wvavi. niadagis
mimarT ki momTxovnia, rogorc saSemodgomo xorbali.
saSemodgomo qeri mkacri momTxovni ar aris winamorbedebisadmi. ukeTesia
sufTa aneuli, Tumca mas ufro xSirad Tesaven nasimindarze,
mzesumzirisa da parkosnebis Semdeg.
damakmayofilebel mosavals iZleva na-
wveralze Tesvis SemTxvevaSic.
niadagis momzadeba da Teslis momza-
deba dasaTesad iseTivea, rogorc saSe-
modgomo xorblisaTvis. saTesi norma
zonebis mixedviT 3-dan 4,5 mln marcva-
lia heqtarze. Tesvis vadaa oqtombris
pirveli naxevari.
naTesis movla. gazafxulze qeri cu-
dad izamTrebs, amitom aucilebelia ad-
re gazafxulze azotiT (35-45 kg/ha gamo-
kveba. saSemodgomo qeri ufro adre mwi-
fdeba, vidre saSemodgomo xorbali. mom-
wifebisas TavTavi iRuneba da Tu drou-
lad ar iqna aRebuli, danakargebi izr-
deba. mosavlis aReba xdeba erT fazad.
tritikale. tritikale axali marcvleuli kulturaa. gamoirCeva maRali
mosavlianobis potencialiT, cilebisa da Seucvleli aminomJavebis gazrdi-
li SemcvelobiT, rac ganapirobebs am kulturis farTo perspeqtivas ro-
gorc sasursaTod, ise sakvebad gamoyenebisaTvis. tritikale gamoirCeva
maRali imunurobiT da eqstremaluri pirobebisadmi kargi amtanobiT. misi
marcvali 1-1,5% met cilebs Seicavs xorblis marcvalTan SedarebiT. tri-

105
tikales namja gamoiyeneba cxovelTa sakvebad, safenad da sxv. tritikales
sa-kvebi mimarTulebis jiSebi karg sasilose da mwvane masas iZlevian.
tritikale axali botanikuri gvaria, romelic Seqmna adamianma sele-
qciiT, xorblisa da Wvavis SejvarebiT. optimaluri agroteqnologiebis
dacviT SesaZlebelia miRebul iqnas misi marcvli - 40-50 c/ha da mwvane masa
- 100-600 c/ha.
tritikales Teslis gaRiveba 20-siTboze iwyeba. optimaluri temperatu-
raa 200, xolo maqsimaluri 350. Tesvidan 5-7 dRis Semdeg iwyeba aRmoceneba;
18-200-ze ZiriTadi masa bartyobs, Semodgomaze nabartyis raodenoba saSua-
lod 3-6. savegetacio periodi 250-325 dRea. tenis mimarT gansakuTrebul
moTxovnilebas ar avlens, misTvis sakmarisia niadagis zRvruli tenteva-
dobis 65-75%, moiTxovs niadagis neitralur (-5,5-7,0) ares.
tritikale winamorbedisadmi naklebad momTxovnia, Tumca misTvis kargi
winamorbedia Savi aneuli, parkosani da saToxni kulturebisgan gaTavisu-
flebuli nakveTebi.
tritikales 1c marcvlisa da Sesabamisi biomasis mosavlisas niadagidan
gamoaqvs 4-5kg azoti, 1,3-1,6kg fosfori da 3,6-4kg kaliumi. savaraudod gano-
yierebisaTvis saWiroa: N-45-60 kg/ha, P60-65 kg/ha, K45-60kg/ha. niadagis momza-
deba damokidebulia winamorbedze, dasarevlianebis xarisxsa da moyvanis
zonaze.
tritikales Tesvis vada iseTivea, rogoricaa saSemodgomo xorblis op-
timaluri vada. saTesi norma meryeobs 3,5-dan 7,5 milion aRmocenebis una-
riani Tesli ha-ze. CaTesvis siRrme 6-8 sm.
naTesis movla. igive RonisZiebebia rekomendebuli, rogorc saSemodgo-
mo xorblis naTesebisaTvis. tritikales marcvali TavTavis kilebSi mWid-
rod aris Camjdari, amitom, ar axasiaTebs cvenadoba da misi aReba xdeba
sruli momwifebis erT fazaSi.
sagazafxulo pureulebi. marcvlovan pureulebs Soris wamyvani adgili
ukavia sagazafxulo xorbals. didi sameurneo mniSvneloba aqvT qers da
Svrias, agreTve fetvnair pureulebs.
sagazafxulo xorbali. marcvali gacilebiT meti raodenobis cilebs
Seicavs, vidre saSemodgomo rbili xorblebi. saSualo mosavlianoboba 14-
20 c/ha. Tesli gaRivebas iwyebs 1-20 siTboze. naTesi vlindeba Tesvidan 7-13
dRis Semdeg temperaturis mixedviT. Tesvidan aRmocenebamde saWiroebs 100-
1300 siTbos jams. aRmonaceni uZlebs -100 wayinvebs. kargad bartyobs 10-120
temperaturis pirobebSi. maRal temperaturas (38-400-s) cudad itans.
Teslis gaRiveba. Tesli aRmocenebisaTvis saWiroebs 55-70% wyals.
momTxovnia winamorbedis mimarT. maRali mosavlis misaRebad aucilebelia
sufTa aneuli, kargia saToxni da parkosani kulturebidan gaTavisufle-
buli farTobebi. mgrZnobiarea sasuqebis mimarTac. 1 c marcvlis formi-
rebisa da Sesabamisad namjisaTvis niadagidan gamoaqvs 3,8-4,2 kg azoti, 1,1 -
1,2 kg fosfori da 3,2-2,4 kg kaliumi. optimalurad ganoyierebul niadagSi
gansakuTrebiT kargad iviTarebs fesvTa sistemas. savaraudod iyeneben N-30-
45 kg/ha, P-40-60 kg/ha, K-30-40 kg/ha (m.n.)
sagazafxulo xorbali zonebis mixedviT sxvadasxva normiT iTeseba, 180-
dan 225 kg. Tesvis wesi da CaTesvis siRrme iseTivea, rogorc saSemodgomo
xorblisa.
naTesis movla. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi unda Catardes naTesis motkepna,
jejilis dafarcxva, sarevelebis, daavadebebisa da mavneblebis winaaRmdeg
brZola.

106
 mosavlis aReba - ZiriTadad erTjeradad xdeba kombainiT sanTlisebri
simwifis dasasruls. dagvianeba iwvevs marcvlis Cacvenas, amitom aReba
unda ganxorcieldes rac SeiZleba SemWidroebul vadebSi.
sagazafxulo qeri. sagazafxulo qeri mniSvnelovani sasursaTo, safu-
raJe da teqnikuri kulturaa. misgan amzadeben qeris burRuls, agreTve
fqvils, romlis 20-25%-s ureven Wvavis da xorblis fqvils puris gamosa-
cxobad. farTod gamoiyeneba safuraJed, misi teqnikuri mniSvneloba ganuzo-
melia ludis warmoebaSi.
qeri erT-erTi uZvelesi kulturaa, saadreoa da gamoirCeva formaTa mra-
valferovnebiT. mosavlianoba meryeobs 15-70 c/ha da metis farglebSi.
qeris gvari moicavs kulturuli qeris sam saxeobas: mravalmwkrivian, or-
mwkrivian da Sualedur qers.
sagazafxulo qeri kargad egueba sxvadasxva niadagur da klimatur piro-
bebs. misi Tesli gaRivebas iwyebs 1-20 siTboze. aRmocenebisaTvis optimalu-
ria 18-200 siTbo. aRmonaceni uZlebs 80-mde wayinvebs. iTvleba erT-erT gval-
vagamZle kulturad. transpiraciis koeficientia-400. kargad izrdeba da vi-
Tardeba neitraluri ares niadagebze ( PH 6,8-7,5). savegetacio periodia 60-
dan 110 dRe. misTvis kargi winamorbedia saToxni kulturebi, kargad egueba
nawveralsac. SeiZleba daiTesos sagazafxulo xorblisgan gaTavisufle-
bul niadagebzec.
1 c marcvlis da, Sesabamisad, namjis formirebisas niadagidan gamoaqvs
2,5kg azoti, 1,1-1,2 fosfori da 2-2,4kg kaliumi. sagazafxulo qeri yvelaze
adre vadaSi iTeseba. Tesvis norma 3,5-6 mln marcvali (160-200 kg/ha) zone-
bisa da Teslis masis mixedviT.
naTesis movla arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba sagazafxulo xorblis naTese-
bisagan. mosavlis aReba iseTive wesiT xdeba, rogorc sagazafxulo xorb-
lis.
Svria. Svria farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc mwvane masad ise marcvlis
saxiT, mecxoveleobaSi. marcvali Seicavs 9,0-19,5% cilas, saxamebels 40-56%-
s da cximebs 4-6%-s. marcvlisgan amzadeben burRuls, risganac mzaddeba
fafa, kiseli, xolo xorblis fqvilTan nareviT keTdeba namcxvari da sxv.
Svriisgan damzadebuli produqtebi gansakuTrebiT gamoiyeneba dietur da
bavSvTa kvebaSi.
Svriis Tesli ikeTebs oTx pirvelad
fesvs, aRmocenebis Semdeg mcenare male
iviTarebs funja fesvebs. Tu amindebi
Tbili da notio, mas SeuZlia miwiszeda
Reros muxlebidanac ganiviTaros fesvebi.
Reros simaRle 80-175 sm-de aRwevs. foT-
lis firfita farToa, kargad aqvs ganvi-
Tarebuli enaki. Svriis yvaviledi – sagve-
laa, gaSlili an Sekruli, TavTunebi 2-3
yvaviliania, gvxvdeba mravalyvaviliani
formebic. TavTunis kili, sigrZis gamo,
mTlianad faravs TavTuns. yvavilis kile-
bi TeTria an Savi. TavTunebi fxianic
aris da ufxoc. marcvali wagrZelebulia. 1000 marcvlis masa 30-40 grama-
mdea.
agroteqnika. SvriisaTvis niadagis, saTesle masalis momzadeba, Tesva da
naTesis movlis wesebi sagazafxulo xorblis analogiuria.

107
 Svria kargad iyenebs mis winamorbedebSi Setanil organul sasuqebs, ver
itans zedized Tesvas.
mosavlis aReba. Svriis sagvela araTanabrad mwifdeba, es ki arTulebs
misi mosavlis aRebas. jer mwifdeba sagvelas zeda nawilSi moTavsebuli
marcvali, xolo 6-8 dRis Semdeg - danarCeni. amitom, Svriis xarisxovani
marcvali rom miviRoT, saWiroa misi SemWidroebuli aReba.
mosavlis, rogorc adre ise gvian aReba, sazianoa. Svriis namjac gvian
mwifdeba, vidre marcvali. kombainiT aRebisas momatebuli tenianobis gamo
SeiZleba daobdes. yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, xelSem-
wyob pirobebSi Svria SeiZleba aRebul iqnes dayofiT wesiT, roca zeda
TavTunebis marcvali aRwevs srul simwifes, xolo qveda sanTlisas. Rvare-
ulebis kargad gamoSrobis Semdeg miiReba mSrali marcvali mcireodeni me-
qanikuri dazianebiT. diddeba sakvebis kvebiTi xarisxi.
imisaTvis, raTa marcvali ar daimtvres dolis bruns amcireben 900-1000
brunamde wuTSi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu mosavlis aReba pirdapir kombainiT mox-
deba, marcvali, sanam SevinaxavT, unda gamoSres 14-15%- tenianobamde.

saburRule fetvnairi pureuli

pureulTa am jgufs ekuTvnis simindi, fetvi, Romi, sorgo, brinji, wiwi-

bura. fetvnair pureulTa jgufis mcenareebi, garda wiwiburasi, rogorc
marcvlovani ojaxis warmomadgenlebi, botanikur-morfologiuri aRnagobiT
imeoreben TiTqmis yvela im niSnebs, rac pureulTa pirveli jgufisaTvis
gvqonda aRwerili. am ori jgufis pureulTa Soris arsebiTi ganmasxvave-
beli niSnebia: fetvnair pureulTa jgufis mcenareTa Tesls gaRivebis
dros gamoaqvs mxolod erTi pirveladi fesvi, maTi Rero Rru ar aris da
amovsebulia parenqimuli qsoviliT, miwiszeda muxlebi da muxlTaSorisebi
8-ze metia, maSin roca, pirveli jgufis pureulebSi is 5-7-s ar aRemateba.
fetvnair pureulTa yvaviledi sagvelaa, maTi marcvali momrgvaloa, uRaro
da Tavze bewvi an Sebusva ara aqvs.
meore jgufis pureulTagan gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs simindsa
da brinjs. maTi naTesi farTobi da produqciis saerTo raodenoba msofli-
oSi ganuwyvetliv izrdeba.
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi meti mniSvneloba eZleva siminds,
gansakuTrebiT mecxoveleobis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.
simindi. simindi ekuTvnis marcvlovanTa ojaxs. igi maRalmosavliani
mcenarea. rogorc saToxni kultura, simindi Tavis Semdeg niadags tovebs
sarevelebisagan sufTas da fxviers, organuli nivTierebebis didi maragiT,
fesvebisa da Reroebis anarCenebis saxiT. amitom, is kargi winamorbedia
sxvadasxva kulturebisaTvis, maT Soris saSemodgomo marcvleulisaTvis.
simindis kultura iTeseba parkosan kulturebTan erTad sasilosed, sa-
ganaTibod, sanawveralod da ganmeorebiTi naTesebisTvis. mas Tesaven agre-
Tve, aneulebze, kulisebis Sesaqmnelad, xolo mSral Reroebs iyeneben Tov-
lis dasakaveblad.
saqarTveloSi, maRalmTiani raionebis garda, simindi iTeseba yvela ra-
ionSi. misi saheqtaro mosavlianoba saSualod msoflioSi Seadgens - 3,21,
ruseTSi - 2,61, saqarTveloSi - 2,0 t/ha.

108
 jiSebi. saqarTvelo, sxva qveynebTan
SedarebiT, simindis jiSebis simravliT
gamoirCeva. amJamad saqarTveloSi dara-
ionebulia Semdegi saxis jiSebi: abaSis
yviTeli, ajameTis TeTri, qarTuli kru-
gi, geguTis yviTeli, adgilobrivi yvi-
Teli kaJa, adgilobrivi TeTri kaJa, ime-
ruli hibridi, sterlingi, krasnodaru-
li 5, hibridi ,,vir 42”, hibridi qarTuli
9, hibridi iveria.
simindis klasifikacia. kulturaSi
simindi warmodgenilia mxolod erTi
saxeobiT – Zea mays. klasifikaciis Sesa-
bamisad simindi iyofa Semdeg 8 qvesa-
xeobad an jgufad: kbila, kaJa, rbili,
tkbili, buStara, cvila, rbil-tkbili
da kilebian simindebad. simindis am
jgufebidan sameurneo pirobebSi farTod gavrcelebulia kbila da kaJa si-
mindebi. mcire farTobi ukaviaT buStara da tkbil simindebs.
kbila simindi. pirveli adgili ukavia gavrcelebiT, ZiriTadad sagvia-
noa, mosavliani, marcvali misi C tipisaa, mogrZo TavCaWyletili - kbilis
msgavsad. endospermi ufro metad fqvilisebri. axasiaTebs mZlavri zrda,
didi zomis taro. farTod gavrcelebulia dasavleT saqarTveloSi. savege-
tacio periodi 130-150 dRes aRemateba.
kaJa simindi. marcvali momrgvalo, magari, Tavamovsebuli, mbzinvare,
rqisebri endospermi moTavsebulia Tavisa da periferiis fenaSi, fqvili-
sebri endospermi ki marcvlis SuagulSi, Canasaxis garSemoa ganlagebuli.
kaJa simindi ufro mdidaria cilebiT, vidre kbila. simindis es jgufi Ziri-
Tadad saadreo formebiT aris warmodgenili. zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis siT-
bosa da tenis naklebi raodenobiT kmayofildeba. savegetacio periodi 100-
120 dRes udris.
buStara simindi - anu tkacuna simindi misi marcvali TiTqmis mTlianad
Sedgeba rqisebri endospermisagan. fqvilisebri endospermi mxolod Canasax-
Tan aris moTavsebuli. amis gamo buStara simindi mdidaria cilebiT, misi
marcvlisagan mzaddeba maRalxarisxovani burRuli. cecxlze gaxurebiT e.i.
moxalvis dros tkacuniT skdeba da gadmoiSleba TeTri masa fafuki saxiT,
rasac praqtikaSi bati-buts eZaxian.
am jgufis simindisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mravaltaroianoba, patara zo-
mis taro, wvrili marcvali.
tkbili simindi – uwodeben Saqris simindsac. rZisebri simwifis fazaSi
misi endospermi Seicavs Saqrebis did raodenobas, momwifebis dros ki es
Tviseba ekargeba. gamoiyeneba sakonservo mrewvelobaSi. misi marcvali mdi-
daria rqiseburi endospermiT, TiTqmis srulebiT ara aqvs fqvilisebri en-
dospermi. marcvali momwifebis Semdeg Zlier CaWyletili da danaoWebulia.
rbili simindi–mas saxameblian simindsac uwodeben. marcvalSi srulebiT
ar aris rqisebri saxamebeli da endospermi mTlianad TeTri feris, fxvi-
eri fqvilisebri saxameblisagan Sedgeba, amis gamo is didxans inarCunebs
sirbiles. am jgufis simindebi gamoiyeneba saxameblisa da spirtis warmoe-
baSi.

109
 cvila simindi. misi endospermis garegani Sre waagavs gamagrebul cvils
(sanTels), konsistenciiT ki sakmaod magaria da am mxriv emsgavseba kaJa da
buStara simindebis formebs. endospermis kargi monelebadobis gamo mas Se-
iZleba farTo gamoyeneba mieces pirutyvis sakvebad. gavrcelebulia aRmo-
savleT aziis qveynebSi. saqarTveloSi ar gvxvdeba.
rbil-tkbili simindi - warmoadgens saSualo formas rbilsa da tkbil
simindebs Soris. endospermis qveda nawiliT igi waagavs rbili simindebis
jgufs, zemo nawiliT ki tkbili simindebis jgufs. gavrcelebulia umni-
Svnelod samxreT amerikaSi. saqarTveloSi ar gvxvdeba.
kiliani simindi - simindis sxva jgufebisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. misi
marcvali Casmulia TavTunisa da yvavilis kilSi da Znelad gamosafSvne-
lia. amasTan, marcvali mdare Rirsebisaa da is ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos si-
mindis kulturul formad.
ganoyiereba. simindis mosavlianobis gasazrdelad aucilebelia swori
ganoyierebis sistemis gamoyeneba, radgan is marcvlis Sesaqmnelad moixmars
1-haze 24,5kg azots, 9,9kg fosfors da 15,5 g kaliums. ZiriTadi xvnis win
xdeba organuli sasuqis mTliani dozis Setana. fosforiani da kaliumiani
sasuqebis 2/3-is Setana unda moxdes ZiriTadi xvnis win, 1/3-is ki – Tesvis-
Tanave. TesvisTanave SeaqvT aseve azotiani sasuqis 1/3, xolo 2/3 damatebiTi
gamokvebis saxiT 2-3 foTlis fazaSi.
adgili TeslbrunvaSi. simindi SedarebiT advilad itans erTsa da imave
adgilze Tesvas da wlebis manZilze maRali agroteqnikis pirobebSi Sesa-
Zlebelia miviRoT kargi mosavali. TeslbrunvaSi siminds, rogorc saToxn
kulturas, aTavseben TavTaviani pureulebis Sua. maTi mosavlis aRebis Se-
mdeg sakmaod didi dro rCeba niadagis mosamzadeblad. simindis Sem-deg
TeslbrunvaSi SeiZleba moTavsdes yvela mcenare, ufro xSirad TavTaviani
pureuli. simindi TavTaviani pureulisaTvis ukeTesi winamorbedia, vidre
Tambaqo da mzesumzira, radgan es kulturebi Zlier fitaven niadags.
niadagis damuSaveba. simindi moiTxovs niadagis Rrma damuSavebas. ni-
adagis momzadeba simindisaTvis iwyeba winamorbedisgan mindvris gaTavisu-
flebisTanave. simindis dasaTesad niadagis ukeT momzadebis mizniT Tesvis
win erTi an ori dRiT adre xnuli unda gafxvierdes kultivatoriT 5-6 sm
siRrmeze da TanmiyolebiT daifarcxos. Tesviswina gafxvierebisa da kulti-
vaciis dros SeaqvT gaTvaliswinebuli mineraluri sasuqebi.
Teslis momzadeba da Tesva. simindis Tesli unda iyos umaRlesi xari-
sxis, aRmocenebis unariT aranakleb 96% (I klasi), dasaSvebia 92% (II klasi).
dabali aRmocenebis Tesli Zlier meCxer aRmonacens iZleva da mkveTrad
amcirebs mosavals. Tesvamde 2-3 kviriT adre saTesle masala unda gada-
irCes, taros unda moscildes daobebuli da dazianebuli nawilebi. simin-
dis Tesli unda ganiavdes, gamzeurdes, dayalibdes da Seiwamlos mindvru-
li aRmocenebis unaris gasadideblad. aseve saWiroa Seiwamlos sokovani
daavadebebis winaaRmdeg.
Tesvis vada. simindi, rogorc siTbos moyvaruli mcenare, sxva pureule-
bisagan gansxvavebiT gvian iTeseba. adre Tesvis dros is Zlier ziandeba
siciveebisagan, mcenareTa nawili aRmocenebamde lpeba da iRupeba, aRmoce-
nebuli mcenare ki sustad viTardeba.
TesvisaTvis saukeTeso periodia maSin roca niadagi Teslis CaTesvis si-
Rrmeze 10-12°-mde gaTbeba, niadagis -10°-siTbos pirobebSi daTesili simindi
aRmocendeba me-18 dRes, xolo 12° siTbos pirobebSi -me-14 dRes. simindis

110
Tesvis optimalur vadad unda CaiTvalos periodi 10 aprilidan 30 apri-
lamde. amis Semdeg daTesili simindi ukve nakleb mosavals iZleva.
Tesvis norma da wesi. simindis Tesvis farTod gavrcelebuli wesia
mwkrivad da kvadratul - budobrivad Tesva.
mwkrivad Tesva warmoebs specialuri, simindis saTesi manqanebiT uwyvet
zolebad, amis gamo aRmocenebis Semdeg saWiroebs mwkrivebis gamoxSirvas
xeliT, mwkrivTaSoris manZili ki SesaZlebelia damuSavdes manqanebiT.
Cveulebrivi mwkrivad Tesvis dros simindi iTeseba mwkrivebs Soris 70
sm-is daSorebiT. aRmocenebis Semdeg xdeba mcenareTa gamoxSirva, mwkrivSi
mcenareTa Soris 35 sm datovebiT. am pirobebSi heqtarze Tavsdeba 40 aTasi
mcenare.
simindis Teslis CaTesvis siRrme mraval pirobazea damokidebuli: adre
Tesvis dros Tesli iTeseba mcire siRrmeze, gvian Tesvis dros ki ufro
Rrmad. Teslis CaTesvis normalur siRrmed iTvleba 5-6 sm.
naTesis movla. xelSemwyobi amindis pirobebSi simindi aRmocenebas
iwyebs 7-8 dRis Semdeg, magram xSirad simindis Tesvis Semdeg niadagi jde-
ba, zedapiri uxmeba da qerqs ikeTebs, am SemTxvevaSi saWiro xdeba qerqis
daSla da niadagis aeraciis gaZliereba. roca simindi aRmocendeba da mce-
nare ganiviTarebs 2-3 foTols, naTesi ifarcxeba mwkrivebis gardigardmo,
es afxvierebs niadags da spobs sarevelebs. simindis naTesis Toxna-kulti-
vaciis raodenoba damokidebulia TviT naTesis mdgomareobaze. sadac dasa-
revlianeba ufro metia, saWiroa simindis erTxel gaToxna da 3 kultivacia.
herbicidebis gamoyeneba. sarevelebis winaaRmdeg farTod mimarTaven
herbicidebiT Sesxurebas. erT-erTi aseTi herbicidia 2,4-d, romelic SeaqvT
naTesSi simindis aRmocenebamde 1-2 dRiT adre an asxureben mas simindis
aRmocenebis Semdeg 3-5 foTlis fazaSi. zogjer herbicidebTan erTad Se-
aqvT mineraluri sasuqebic. is SeaqvT niadagSi adre gazafxulze, 1,5-3 kg
raodenobiT.
morwyva sagrZnoblad zrdis simindis mosavals. dasavleT saqarTvelos
teniT uzrunvelyofil raionebSi simindi morwyvas ar saWiroebs, Tumca
aqac dgeba kritikuli periodi zafxulis gvalvebis Sedegad da simindi-
saTvis morwyva aucilebeli RonisZiebaa maRali mosavlis misaRebad. mor-
wyvis ukeTesi wesia gaJonviT morwyva kvlebSi wylis miSvebiT naTesis kul-
tivaciis dros.
mosavlis aReba. simindis mosavals iReben sruli simwifis fazaSi, roca
marcvali sabolood SeSreba da gamagrdeba. am dros mas aqvs jiSisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli forma da feri. fuCeCi advilad scildeba taros, mcenaris
foTlebi da Rero ki yviTldeba da xmeba. mosavlis aRebis dagvianeba ar
SeiZleba, radgan Semodgomaze amindi uaresdeba, Calac da simindic wvime-
bisagan sveldeba, Zlieri qarebis dros mcenareebi iqceva da rTuldeba mo-
savlis aReba. Semosuli simindis didxans mindorSi gaCerebas Tan sdevs
marcvlisa da taros dazianeba daavadebebisa da mavneblebisagan.
brinji. brinji uZvelesi da sakmaod gavrcelebuli sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturaa. dedamiwis mosaxleobis erT miliardze meti brinjiT ikvebeba da
am mxriv is meore adgilzea xorblis Semdeg.
brinjis marcvali mdidaria naxSirwylebiT, misi kangaclili marcvali
Seicavs 75%-mde saxame-bels, magram SedarebiT Raribia cilebiT, 7,5%, da
cximebiT (1,2%). misgan damzadebuli burRuli Zlier gemrielia da advilad
SeiTviseba organizmis mier, ris gamoc dietur mniSvnelobas aniWeben.

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 brinjis Rero. Cala Zvirfasi masa-
laa umaRlesi xarisxis qaRaldisa da
muyaos damzadebisaTvis. brinjis Cali-
sagan mzaddeba saukeTeso xarisxis sa-
papirose qaRaldi, kalaTebi, qudebi da
sxv.
gavrcelebis raionebi. saqarTvelo-
Si brinjis kulturas uZvelesi droi-
dan misdevdnen. brinjis kultura Se-
motanili iqna indoeTidan. mohyavdaT
qvemo qarTlisa da alaznis gaRma mxa-
ris sarwyav miwebze. aranaklebi gav-
rceleba hqonda dasavleT saqarTve-
loSi, kerZod, samegrelos dablob zo-
lSi.
botanikur-morfologiuri daxasiaTeba. brinji ekuTvnis marcvlovanTa
ojaxs, misi fesvTa sistema funjanairia.
Rero swormdgomi, simaRliT 80-120 sm, Sedgeba 7-8 muxlTaSorisisagan,
zeda muxlTaSorisebi ufro grZelia da Rrua, qveda muxlTaSorisebi ki
amovsebulia rbili qsoviliT. brinjis Reros aqvs datotvis unari. dama-
tebiTi Reroebi gamodian miwis zedapirze moTavsebuli muxlebidan. dato-
tvis unari damokidebulia jiSze. savegetacio periodi aRwevs 100-140 dRes.
foToli - lanceturi, sigrZiT 10-30 sm-mde. ganviTarebuli aqvs rogorc
enaki, ise kavebi. yvaviledi - sagvela, sigrZiT 10-30 sm-mde, uxvad ganvi-
Tarebuli danatotebiT, romelzec moTavsebulia TavTunebi. TavTuni erT-
yvaviliani, yvavils aqvs ori kili - qveda da zeda. gvxvdeba brinjis ufxo
da naxevrad fxiani formebic. brinjis marcvali kiliania, mas garedan mWi-
drod aqvs Semokruli rogorc yvavilis, ise TavTunis kilebi, romelebic
galewvis dros Tan mosdevs marcvals. marcvlis endospermi ZiriTadad
fqviliseburi agebulebisaa, mdidaria saxamebliT. marcvlis zomis mixedviT
kulturuli brinji iyofa or qvesaxeobad: 1. Cveulebrivi brinji, romlis
marcvlis sigrZea 5-7m; 2. mokle marcvliani brinji – 4mm. ruseTSi da sxva
qveynebSi gavrcelebulia Cveulebrivi brinji. brinjis mwarmoebel uZveles
qveynebSi - indoeTSi, filipinebSi ki ZiriTadad mohyavT mokle marcvliani
brinji.
biologiuri Taviseburebani. brinji erTwliani tropikuli mcenarea. mi-
si Tesli gaRivebas iwyebs 11-12°siTbos pirobebSi, magram mcenaris norma-
luri aRmocenebisaTvis saWiroa 14-15°siTbo. brinjis zrda-ganviTarebisa-
Tvis saukeTeso pirobebia 25-30° siTbo. brinji srulebiT ver itans yinvas,
0,5° wayinvebis dros Zlier ziandeba, xolo 1° yinvaze mTeli mcenare iRu-
peba.
tenisadmi brinjis moTxovnileba didia. misi transpiraciis koeficienti
aRwevs 500-800-s. amitom, brinji mohyavT mudmivi rwyvis pirobebSi an iseT
raionebSi, sadac naleqebi zafxulis periodSi uxvad modis.
sinaTlis mimarT brinjis moTxovnileba didia. igi warmatebiT mohyavT
sxvadasxvanair nakveTebze. is moiTxovs iseT nakveTs, romelic advilad
akavebs wyals. karg mosavals iZleva agreTve organuli nivTierebebiT
mdidar niadagebze, mdinaris sanapiroebze da mZime Tixa niadagebze.
niadagis damuSaveba. brinji saWiroebs sarevelebisagan sufTa mindors
da moiTxovs niadagis Rrma damuSavebas. ZiriTadi xvna warmoebs Semo-dgo-

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maze, 23-25 sm siRrmeze. gazafxulze moxnuli nakveTi fxvierdeba orjer
kultivatoriT, 15-18 sm siRrmeze.
Tesva. brinjis warmoebis ZiriTad qveynebSi farTod aris miRebuli
brinjis dargva CiTiliT, romelic winaswar gamohyavT specialurad momza-
debul sanergeebSi. irgveba 12-15 sm sigrZis miwis koStebianad. CiTiliT
darguli brinji ufro mosavliania, magram es bevr muSaxels moiTxovs.
amierkavkasiaSi mxolod azerbaijanSi misdeven am wesiT brinjis moyvanas,
sxva qveynebSi ki TesliT Tesaven.
brinjis Tesli unda iyos sufTa sarevelebisagan da sxva mcenareTa Tes-
lis minarevebisagan. brinjis naadrevad, civ niadagSi Tesva dauSvebelia. mi-
si Tesva iwyeba maSin, roca sarwyavi wyali gaTbeba 12-15°- mde. TesvisaTvis
kargi periodia maisis dasawyisi.
mosavlis aReba. mosavalis aRebis dros brinjis marcvali zedmet tens
Seicavs, teniani marcvali ki advilad ganicdis Caxurebas da kargavs
aRmocenebis unars, uaresdeba marcvlis xarisxi. amitom, mosavlis aRebis-
Tanave marcvali kargad unda gaSres, tenianoba ar unda aRematebodes 14%-s,
Sesanaxad Cayrili brinjis Tesli ar unda daiyaros 1,5 m-ze ufro sqlad.
fetvi. fetvs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs sasursaTo kulturebs
Soris. misgan amzadeben burRuls, gamoiyeneba Sinauri frinvelebisa da
Rorebis sakvebad. fetvis marcvals iyeneben agreTve spirtisa da ludis
warmoebaSi. xolo fetvis Cala Zvirfasia saqonlis sakvebad. fetvis 1 kg
Cala Seicavs 0,42-0,51 sakveb erTeuls. fetvis mwvane masas iyeneben senaJis
dasamzadeblad, silosad, vitaminiani ba-
laxis fxvnilad.
fetvis mcenare Zlier gvalvagamZlea.
xasiaTdeba mokle savegetacio perio-
diT. heqtarze iTeseba mcire raodenoba
- 15-20 kg. sagazafxulo kulturebis aR-
monacenis daRupvis dros SeiZleba fet-
viT gadaiTesos. imis gamo, rom fetvi
mokle vegetaciisaa, SeiZleba daiTesos
sanawveralo kulturad, SesaZlebelia
miRebul iqnas imave wels mwvane masa an
marcvali.
fetvi niadagisadmi naklebad momTxo-
vnia, iTeseba yvelanair niadagebze. Tum-
ca maRal mosavals iZleva kargad gano-
yierebul niadagebze.
jiSebi. fetvis yvaviledis formis mixedviT sam formas arCeven: far-
Cxats, daxrilsa da koSturas. saqarTveloSi samive forma mohyavT, yvelaze
ufro gavrcelebulia farCxata.
saqarTveloSi fetvi ZiriTadad kaxeTSi da qarTlSi (Telavis, sagare-
jos, gurjaanis, dedofliswyaros, axmetis, TianeTis da duSeTis raionebi)
iyo gavrcelebuli, magram dReisaTvis naTesebi mniSvnelovnad Semcirebu-
lia.
ganoyiereba. 1 tona fetvis marcvalisa da misi Sesabamisi odenobis nam-
jis Sesaqmnelad fetvisaTvis aucilebelia (kg) azoti 31, fosfori 14 da
kaliumi 27. fetvs sakvebi gansakuTrebiT Warbad Wirdeba misi zrdis inten-
siur periodSi, bartyobidan simwifemde, romelic grZeldeba 40-45 dRe-
Rames.

113
 agroteqnika. fetvisaTvis niadagis damuSavebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs,
radgan sagazafxulo kulturebTan SedarebiT is cota gvian iTeseba, ama-
sobaSi ki nakveTi sarevelebiT ifareba. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia
sarevela mcenareebis mocileba. didi mniSvneloba aqvs nawveralis aCeCvas,
naadrevad mzralad xvnas, moxvnis siRrmes (23-25 sm). kultivacias da
farcxvas vatarebT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor dasarevlianebasTan gveqneba
saqme. ise, sasurvelia kultivacia Catardes Tanmiyolebuli farcxviT.
Tesva. fetvi iTeseba Cveulebrivi xorblis saTesiT, viwro mwkrivad an
mwkrivad, mwkrivebs Soris manZili, 15sm. SesaZlebelia fetvis Tesva farTo
mwkrivad, 45sm daSorebiT. saTesi norma damokidebulia Tesvis wesze. mwkri-
vad Tesvis dros ha-ze saWiroa 12-18kg /ha, xolo farTo mwkrivad Tesvis
dros ki saWiroa 6-12kg marcvali ha-ze. fetvis saTesle masala gudafSutis
sawinaaRmdegod mSrali wesiT unda Seiwamlos.
CaTesvis siRrme damokidebulia niadagis mdgomareobaze. mTavaria Tes-
li moeqces niadagis tenian fenaSi. fetvis CaTesvis siRrmed miCneulia 2-3
sm siRrme.
naTesis movla. aRmocenebisa da aRmonacenis momagrebis Semdeg saWiroa
naTesi daifarcxos msubuqi farcxiT, raTa Semcirdes niadagidan wylis
aorTqleba da sarevela mcenareTa raodenoba, xolo farTo mwkrivad na-
Tesi kultivatoriT unda gafxvierdes 2-3- jer.
mosavlis aReba. fetvis yvaviledi erTdroulad ar mwifdeba da amitom
marcvali advilad cviva. dReisaTvis miRebulia fetvis mosavlis aReba or
fazad. mosavals jer Wrian samklebiT, romelic Rvarulebad ewyoba da 3-4
dRis Semdeg, roca Rvarulebi saTanadod SeSreba, mas kombainiT iReben.
aseT pirobebSi danakargebi naklebia.
fetvis mosavlis aRebis meore gzaa pirdapir kombainiT aReba. kombainiT
aReba SesaZlebelia fetvis simwifis dawyebis fazaSi, mxolod am SemTxve-
vaSi aRebuli marcvlis gamoSrobaa saWiro.
wiwibura. wiwibura SesaniSnavi marcvlovani kulturaa. misgan amzadeben
burRuls. wiwiburas marcvali saSualod Seicavs: cilas 9%-mde, saxamebels
70%-mde, cxims 1,6%-mde. wiwiburas moyvanas safuZvlad udevs maRali kvebiTi
Rirebuleba. aqvs mokle savegetacio periodi, ris gamoc mas xSirad Tesaven
sanawveralo kulturad da iReben weliwadSi meore mosavals.
wiwibura Taflovani mcenarea. xelsayreli
klimaturi pirobebis dros 1 heqtari wiwi-
buras naTesidan 70-90kg Tafli SeiZleba mivi-
RoT. is swrafad izrdeba da iviTarebs
farTo foTlebs, riTac axSoben sarevela
mcenareebs.
wiwiburas, sxva dadebiT TvisebebTan er-
Tad, samkurnalo Tvisebebic gaaCnia. misi fo-
Tlebisa da yvavilebisagan amzadeben samkur-
nalo preparats-rutins. es preparati gamoiye-
neba sklerozul da hipertonul daavadebaTa
winaaRmdeg.
wiwiburas 1000 marcvlis masa 12-30gr to-
lia. saSualo mosavlianoba Seadgens 8-10
centners. wiwibura mTavarRerZiani mcenarea,
miwaSi Cadis 1 metramde.
Rero Rrua, itoteba da 50-120 sm simaRles

114
aRwevs, momwifebisas wiTldeba. foTlebi gulisebr-samkuTxovania. yvavi-
ledi - foTlis ubeSi ganviTarebuli mtevania. yvavilebi orsqesiania, Te-
Tri, vardisferi, wiTeli SeferilobiT. wiwiburas yvela yvavili nayofs ar
iZleva. wiwibura mkveTrad reagirebs klimaturi pirobebze. is aRmocenebas
iwyebs 7-80-ze. Zlier mgrZnobiarea yinvebisadmi.
niadagis damuSaveba. wiwibura kargad egueba TiTqmis yvelanair niadags.
misTvis niadagis damuSaveba warmoebs SemodgomiT, mzralad, adre gazaf-
xulze xnuli ifarcxeba, iTeseba SedarebiT gvian. Tesvamde sarevelebis mo-
spobis mizniT dafarcxvac da kultivaciac tardeba imdenjer, ramdenjerac
dasaTesi nakveTi moiTxovs. niadagis datkepna Tesvis win an Tesvis Semdeg
tardeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu niadagSi sakmarisi teni ar iqneba. wiwibura
tenis moyvaruli mcenarea. mas 2-3-jer meti wyali Wirdeba fetvTan Seda-
rebiT, gansakuTrebiT yvavilobis dros.
ganoyiereba. sakvebi elementebidan wiwiburasTvis ZiriTadia kaliumiani
sasuqebi, romelebic mzralad xvnis win SeaqvT. fosforian sasuqebs wiwi-
bura ZiriTad vegetaciis dasawyisSi saWiroebs, radganac is aZlierebs mce-
naris gamZleobas araxelsayreli klimaturi pirobebisadmi. azotiani sasu-
qisgan Tavs ikaveben, radgan azotiani sasuqebi iwveven vegetatiuri masis
Zlier zrdas mosavlianobis Semcirebis xarjze.
Tesva, Tesvis wesi da Tesvis vada. saTesle masalad arCeven msxvil fra-
qcias 3.5-4,0 mm diametriT. aucilebelia sokovani daavadebebis sawinaaR-
mdego preparatiT Teslis Sewamvla, xolo Tesvis optimalur vadad SeiZle-
ba miCneul iqnes niadagis 120 - 150-amde myarad gaTbobis dro. iTeseba farTo
mwkrivad (mwkrivTSorisebis daSoreba 45 sm). wiwibura SeiZleba viwro
mwkrivad da mwkrivulad daiTesos. am SemTxvevaSi wiwiburas savegetacio
periodi mcirdeba 6-8 dRe-RamiT farTo mwkrivulTan SedarebiT. wiwibura
sarevelebisgan sufTa nakveTze iTeseba.
wiwiburas Tesvis norma meryeobs 2,2-5,0 milioni marcvlis farglebSi 1
ha-ze (35-100 kg-mde ha-ze). Teslis CaTesvis siRrme niadagzea damokidebuli.
normaluri tenianobisa da mZime niadagebze iTeseba 4-5 sm siRrmeze, xolo
msubuq niadagebze - 6-7 sm siRrmeze.
mosavlis aReba. wiwiburas mosavals or fazad iReben, vinaidan is erT-
droulad ar mwifdeba. roca mcenareTa 2/3 gamuqdeba, is iWreba da lagdeba
Rvarulebad, 3-4 dRis Semdeg (SeSrobis Semdeg) amkrefi kombainiT iReben da
lewaven. gamolewvis Semdeg marcvali unda gasufTavdes, daxarisxdes da
gaSres 14-15% tenianobamde.
Romi. Romi erTwliani marcvlovani kulturaa. misgan amzadeben bur-
Ruls, risganac mzaddeba fafa, misgan damzadebul Roms Romis - Roms uwo-
deben. is moyavT marcvlis, Tivis, mwvane sakvebis misaRebad.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi warsulSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. Romis
kultura fetvTan erTad farTod mohyavdaT imereT - guria - samegreloSi.
biologiuri Tavisebureba. Romis mcenares aqvs funja fesvTa sistema.
izrdeba maRali, zogjer 2 metramde, aris dautotavi an sistemurad dato-
tvili, muxlTSorisebis raodenoba saSualod 5-7-ia. maRalmozard formebs
SeiZleba hqondeT 12-mde.
foToli Sebusuli, Tumca Seubusavic gvxvdeba. yvaviledi mkveTrad Sem-
kvrivebuli cocxia da iwideba Tavelad. Tavelis sigrZe 7-50 sm-mdea. mar-
cvali wvrilia. 1000 marcvlis masa 2-3 g iwonis.

115
 agroteqnika. Romi, rogorc tipiuri saTo-
xni kultura, TeslbrunvaSi Tavsdeba or
mTlian mosaTes kulturas Soris. misTvis
didi mniSvneloba aqvs niadagis damuSavebis
xarisxs, gansakuTrebiT sarevelebisgan naTe-
sis sisufTaves. igi SeiZleba daiTesos agre-
Tve saToxni kulturebis Semdeg xolo TviT
Romi karg winamorbedad iTvleba TavTaviani
kulturebisaTvis.
niadagis damuSaveba. niadagis damuSaveba
iseTivea, rogorc fetvisaTvis. niadagis da-
muSavebis dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs nia-
dagis sarevelebisagan gawmendas. aqedan ga-
momdinare, misTvis niadagi mzralad unda
moixnas, xvna unda Catardes srul siRrmeze.
niadagis Tesviswina da Tesvis Semdgom
damuSavebaSi Sedis farcxva, kultivacia da
Tesviswina kultivacia.
ganoyiereba. Romis mcenarisaTvis niadagis ganoyiereba aucilebelia or-
ganul-mineraluri sasuqiT. heqtarze, ZiriTadi xvnis win, SeaqvT 20-30 tona
nakeli. mineraluri sasuqis Setana heqtarze dasaSvebia N 30-60 P60-90 K40-80.
Tesva, Tesvis wesi da Tesvis vada. saTesle masala, rogorc sxva dasa-
Tesi kulturebisaTvis, unda iyos gamomSrali, gawmendili da daxarisxe-
buli. saTesle masala, moqmedi instruqciebis Sesabamisad, damuSavebuli
unda iyos mavneblebisa da daavadebebis sawinaaRmdego preparatebiT.
Romis mcenaris Tesvis vada aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi miCneulia 15
aprilidan 15 maisamdea, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi - 15 aprilidan 31
maisamde. es zustad is periodia, roca niadagi 100-ze metadaa gamTbari.
imis mixedviT, Tu Romis kultura risTvis iTeseba, Tesvis wesic imis
mixedviT unda SeirCes. Tu gasaTibad iTeseba, maSin - mTlianmoTesilad.
marcvlis misaRebad roca iTeseba, maSin farTo mwkrivad unda daiTesos.
heqtarze iTeseba 4-6 - dan 12 kilogramamde. CaTesvis siRrme damokidebulia
niadagis tipze. msubuq niadagebze iTeseba 4-5 sm siRrmeze, xolo mZime nia-
dagebze ki ufro zereled - 1,5 - 3 sm - mde.
aRmonacenis 2-3 foTlis fazaSi unda gaiToxnos da gameCxerdes. Romis
Tavelis gamotanamde grZeldeba naTesis Toxna.
mosavlis aReba. Romis mosavlis aReba kombainiT xdeba. kombainiT aRe-
buli marcvali sakmaod teniania da amitom saWiroebs ganiavebas, ris
Semdegac gaiwmindeba da Seinaxeba.
sorgo. sorgo ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba saqonlis sakvebad. Reros gauxeSe-
bamde gaTibvisas misgan, SesaniSnavi silosi mzaddeba. sorgos, gaTibvis Sem-
deg, amonayris gakeTebis unari aqvs, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas
mwvane sakvebad an gasaZoveblad. sorgos marcvlisgan amzadeben agreTve
spirtsa da saxamebels, burRuls. Sua aziis qveynebSi iyeneben rogorc pu-
reul kulturas.
sorgos Zlieri fesvTa sistema uviTardeba. kultura niadags Zlier aS-
robs, amasTan, nakveTs goroxovans tovebs, ris gamoc is cudi winamorbe-
dia.
sorgo advilad egueba yvelanair niadags, gamoirCeva gvalvagamZleobiT.
maRali agroteqnikis pirobebSi sorgo heqtarze iZleva 35-55c marcvals da

116
300c-mwvane sakvebs. sarwyav pirobebSi sorgos mwvane masis mosavali 1000c-
mde SeiZleba avides.
sorgos yofen sam jgufad: samarcvle, saSaqre
da sacocxe. sacocxe Tavis mxriv iyofa farCxat
da kuStara sorgod.
niadagis damuSaveba. sorgos Tesli gaRivebas
iwyebs 10-120 siTbos pirobebSi. sorgos dasaTesad
niadags Cveulebriv amuSaveben. niadagis damuSaveba
moicavs nawveralis aCeCvas, mzralad xvnas win-
mxvneliani guTniT 25-30sm siRrmeze da mzralis
dafarcxvasa da kultivacias adre gazafxulze da
Tesvis win.
ganoyiereba. sorgos niadagis nayofierebas did
moTxovnilebas uyenebs, mas niadagidan didi rao-
denobiT gamoaqvs sakvebi nivTierebani, Tumca ar
aWarbebs mis monaTesave kulturebs. niadagis Ziri-
Tadi xvnis win SeaqvT 8-10t/ha nakeli, 2-3c/ha superfosfati da 1-1,5c/ha azo-
tiani sasuqi.
Tesva, Tesvis wesi da Tesvis vada. Tesvis win sorgos saTesle masala
unda gaiwmindos, daxarisxdes da Seiwamlos granozaniT. sorgosaTvis Tes-
vis wesis SerCevisas mniSvneloba aqvs misi gamoyenebis mizans. roca marcv-
lad iTeseba, maSin mwkrivebs Soris manZili 60X70, kvadratul budobrivis
SemTxvevaSi 60X60, an 70X70sm daSorebaa. heqtarze daaxloebiT ixarjeba 8-
10kg Tesli. sorgos sasilosed Tesvis SemTxvevaSi, mwkrivebs Soris manZili
orjer mcirdeba, am SemTxvevaSi Tesvis norma Seadgens 20-30kg-s.
Tesvis siRrme niadagzea damokidebuli - Tu niadagi teniania 2-3sm siRr-
meze iTeseba, mSral pirobebSi ki 4-5sm siRrmeze. aRmocenebis daCqarebisa-
Tvis sasurvelia naTesi moitkepnos.
naTesis movla. sorgos naTesis movla iwyeba misi aRmocenebidan. am
droisaTvis unda Catardes mwkrivebis dafarcxva gardigardmo. naTesis mov-
lis meore etapi, mwkrivebis kultivacia, Toxna da gamoxSirva.
mosavlis aReba. imisda mixedviT, Tu ra daniSnulebiTaa daTesili sor-
go mosavlis aRebis wesic ise SeirCeva. Tu sorgo samarcvle daniSnule-
biTaa daTesili, mas kombainiT iReben, Tu sacocxedaa gaTvaliswinebuli –
maSin iWreba xeliT, xolo saSaqre sorgos Wrian rac SeiZleba dabla, mar-
cvlis cviliseburi simwifis fazaSi. sasilose sorgos iReben maSin, roca
Reros qveda foTlebi mwvanea da marcvali cvilisebri simwifis fazaSia.

samarcvle parkosani kulturebi

miwaTmoqmedebaSi parkosan kulturebs mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. par-

kosan kulturaTa ojaxs ekuTvnian: lobio, soia, barda, muxudo, cercvi, os-
pi, cercvela, culispira, araqisi, ugrexeli, xanWkola. parkosan kulture-
bs bevri saerTo morfologiuri da biologiuri niSan-Tvisebebi aqvT. par-
kosani kulturebi Seicaven didi raodenobiT cilebs, rac aucilebelia da
saWiro adamianisa da pirutyvis sakvebad.
gamoyenebis xasiaTis mixedviT parkosani kulturebi iyofian Semdeg jgu-
febad: 1. sasursaTo (Cveulebrivi barda, lobio, ospi); 2. sakvebi (mindvris
barda, sakvebi xanWkola, sakvebi cercvi); 3. teqnikuri (soia) 4. Sereuli ga-

117
moyenebis (muxudo, culispira); 5. mcenareebi, romlebic mxolod mwavane sa-
suqad gamoiyeneba (alkaloiduri xanWkola).
parkosani kulturebi cilebis dagrovebas axdenen ZiriTadad haeris
azotis SeTvisebis xarjze. parkosani kulturebi fesvebze iviTareben koJ-
rebs, sadac baqteriebis meSveobiT xdeba atmosferos azotis fiqsacia. mec-
nierebis mier dadgenilia, rom parkosani kulturebis mosavlis aRebis Sem-
deg 1 ha-ze grovdeba 50-100 kg-mde azoti.
lobio. lobios parkosan mcenareebs Soris erT-erTi mTavari adgili
ukavia. lobios, rogorc xmeli marcvali, ise mwvane parki gamoiyeneba sa-
sursaTod. is cilebiT mdidari kulturaa. lobios namja mecxoveleobaSi
sakvebad gamoiyeneba.
warmoSobis mixedviT lobio or jgufad iyofa: amerikuli da aziuri.
amerikuls aqvs msxvili marcvali, brtyeli parkebi, TeTri, vardisferi an
iisferi yvavilebi, xolo aziurs, wvrili marcvali da mravalTesliani
parkebi. lobios, ise, rogorc yvela parkosnebs, aqvs mTavari RerZiani
Zlier datotvili fesvi.
lobios Rero sxvadasxva formisaa: kuti,
mxviara an naxevrad mxviara, romlebsac gan-
sxvavebuli simaRle aqvT. kuti lobios sima-
Rle 60sm-de aRwevs, mxviaras Rero ki 2-3-ze
metrze.
lobios rTuli, samnakvTiani foToli
aqvs, foTolaki kvercxiseburia. yvavili foT-
lis iRliebSi viTardeba jgufad, 2-8 ca-
lamde. yvavilis Seferiloba sxvadasxva mce-
nares sxvadasxva aqvs (TeTri, vardisferi an
iis-feri). parki moyvanilobiTac sxvadasxvaa:
swori, namglisebri, brtyeli, cilindruli,
xmlisebri da sxv. bewvianobis mixedviT lo-
bios arCeven: bewvian, ubewvo da naxevar bew-
vians. bewvian lobios samarcvled iyeneben,
ubewvo lobios - sakonservo warmoebaSi, xo-
lo naxevar bewviani orivesTvis gamoiyeneba. lobios marcvlis masa jiSzea
damokidebuli, 1000 marcvlis masa 150 gramidan 1 kilogramamde meryeobs.
savegetacio periodis mixedviT lobio iyofa Semdeg jgufebad: saadreo
mwifdeba 70-80 dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi, saSualo vegetaciis 80-120 dRe -
Ramis ganmavlobaSi, xolo sagviano mwifdeba 120-180 dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli lobios jiSebia: maSa lobio, Citikvercxa,
canava-3, wiTeli adgilobrivi, wiTeli induri adgilobrivi, wiTladWreli,
wiTeli 41, guruli qsani da sxv.
lobio siTbos moyvaruli mcenarea. Tesli Rivdeba 100–is pirobebSi. mas
ar uyvars Warbi teni da aseve cudad itans gvalvasac. lobios zogierTi
jiSi simindSi SeTesvas itans, Cveulebrivi lobio TviT gamanayofierebe-
lia, xolo mravalyvaviliani lobio jvaredin gamanayofierebeli. lobio
yvelanair niadagebs egueba.
niadagis ganoyiereba. lobios naTesis gasanoyiereblad gamoiyeneba rog-
orc organuli, ise mineraluri sasuqebi. wmindad naTes lobioSi organuli
sasuqi ZiriTadi xvniswin unda iqnas Setanili, mineraluri sasuqebidan
superfosfati 3-5c da kaliumis marili 1-1,5c raodenobiT ha-ze mzralad

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xvnis dros SeaqvT amasTan, gazafxulze unda Catardes mcenaris damatebiTi
gamokveba azotiani sasuqebis mcire doziT - 2,5-3 c ha-ze.
niadagis damuSaveba. lobiosaTvis niadagi muSavdeba niadagis tipisa da
saxnavi fenis siRrmis mixedviT. niadagi muSavdeba srul siRrmeze, rogorc
simindisaTvis. lobiosaTvis niadagi kargad unda damuSavdes, radganac mas
aRmocenebis dros lebani miwiszeviT amoaqvs da Tanac aRmonaceni sustia
da nazi.
Tesva, Tesvis wesi da Tesvis vada. lobio iTeseba simindSi mwkrivSi
SeTesviT da wmindad. wmindad Tesvis dros sakmarisia 5-6 sm santimetr
siRrmeze daiTesos. kuti lobiosaTvis mcenareebs Soris daSoreba 10 santi-
metria, mwkrivebs Soris 60-70sm. budnaSi sasurvelia 3-4 mcenare iqnes dato-
vebuli.
naTesis movla. lobios aRmocenebis Semdeg rac ufro male Catardeba
kultivacia da Toxna, miT ukeTesia mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis. pir-
velsa da meore Toxna - kultivacias Soris Sualedi 15 dRe dasaSvebia.
Semdegi damuSaveba damokidebulia sarevela mcenareebis ganviTarebaze.
simindSi SeTesili lobios movlis wesebi simindis movlis wesebs unda
daukavSirdes.
mosavlis aReba. lobios mosavlis aReba saqarTveloSi ivlisis Tvidan
iwyeba. lobios mosavlis aRebis periodi mis jiSzea damokidebuli. roca
parkebi gaxmeba, lobios iReben xeliT da yrian erTad, parkebis kargad
gaxmobis Semdeg xdeba misi gamolewva.
soia. soia erTwliani mcenarea, miekuTvneba parkosanTa ojaxs. soias mar-
cvali Seicavs 30-40% cilas, 20% cxims, 30% saxamebels, agreTve B1 vita-
mins, amis gamo mas didi saxalxo sameurneo mniSvneloba aqvs. misgan mzad-
deba fqvili, namcxvari, makaroni, konservebi, rZe, xaWo, sakvebi zeTi, mar-
garini, yava, xelovnuri qsovi-li,
saRebavi webo, laqi da sxv.
soias didi gamoyeneba aqvs me-
cxoveleobaSi, rogorc cilebiT
mdidar sakvebs. simindTan erTad
misi mwvane masisgan mzaddeba sau-
keTeso xarisxis silosi. soia uxv-
foTliani, swrafmzardi mcenarea,
amitom saukeTeso sasideracio ku-
lturaa. is mohyavT rogorc sufTa
saxiT, ise simindTan SeTesili.
soias fesvTa sistema mTavar-
RerZiania, ris gamoc Rrmad Cadis
niadagSi, fesvebze koJris baqteri-
ebi saxloben, romlebic niadagSi
agroveben azots.
yvavili viTardeba foTlis iRliebidan, romelTac lurji, TeTri an
iisferi aqvT. parki SeiZleba iyos: brtyeli, cilindruli, namglisebri da
swori, SeferviT – ruxi yavisferi an Calisferi.
soias marcvali formiT mrgvali, momrgvalo, Savi, yviTeli, elifsuri
an mogrZo Tirkmliseburia, yavisferi an mowiTalo.
jiSebi. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli da daraionebulia: kolxida 4, ime-
ruli, guruli, WiaTuruli, nataxtris 1, mowinave 7, adreula 6 da sxv.

119
 niadagis damuSaveba. niadagi soiasTvis zustad ise muSavdeba, rogorc
simindisaTvis, anu is moicavs niadagis mzralad damuSavebas, winamorbedis
aRebisTanave nawverlis aCeCvas da sxv.
ganoyiereba. soias naTesis gasanoyiereblad gamoiyeneba rogorc orga-
nuli, ise mineraluri sasuqebi. wmindad naTes soiaSi organuli sasuqi
ZiriTadi xvnis win unda iqnas Setanili, mineraluri sasuqebi - mzralad
xvnis dros. amasTan, gazafxulze unda Catardes mcenaris damatebiTi gamo-
kveba azotiT. dasavleT saqarTveloSi Setanil unda iqnas 3,5-5,0c super-
fosfati da 0,7-0,8c kaliumiani sasuqi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris
pirobebSi SeaqvT 2,5-3,3c superfosfati da 0,7-0,8c kaliumiani sasuqi. azo-
tiani sasuqebis mcire doza karg efeqts iZleva zrdis dasawyisSi.
Tesva, Tesvis wesi da Tesvis vada. saqarTveloSi soias Tesvis vadad
miCneulia 10-dan 20 aprilamde. soias simindTan SeTesvis dros Tesvis nor-
maa 8-10kg ha-ze. xolo soias sufTad Tesvis SemTxvevaSi ha-ze saSualod 30-
40kg Tesli iTeseba. farTo mwkrivebad Tesvis dros mwkrivebs Soris daSo-
reba 60-70sm, xolo mcenareebs Soris - 18-20sm-ia. iyeneben zolebriv Tesva-
sac, zolebs Soris manZili 60-70 sm-is, xolo zolSi mwkrivebs Soris 15-
45sm daSorebaa. soia iTeseba agreTve kvadratul-budobrivad 60X60 an
70X70sm-is. dacilebiT, budnaSi 5-6 mcenaris datovebiT. soia iTeseba 4-5sm
siRrmeze.
naTesis movla. soias naTesis aRmocenebamde da aRmocenebis Semdeg nia-
dagma qerqi Tu gaikeTa, aucilebelia misi kbilebiani farcxiT dafarcxva.
amis Semdeg, sarevelebis gamoCenisTanave tardeba I kultivacia da Toxna da
unda gameCxerdes dadgenil sixSiremde, xolo 15-20 dRis Semdeg - II kulti-
vacia da Toxna.
mosavlis aReba. soia iWreba mzian amindSi, foTlebisa da parkebis Sex-
mobisas, cvenadi jiSebi ki unda moiWras Sua iarusis parkebis momwifebis-
Tanave.
simindSi SeTesili soia simindis marcvlis aRebis Semdeg unda iqnas
aRebuli daaxloebiT erTi kviris Semdeg. soias gamolewva SeiZleba xorb-
lis salewi manqaniT. marcvlis damtvrevis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, saWi-
roa Semcirdes salewi aparatis brunvaTa ricxvis raodenoba.
barda. bardas aqvs sasursaTe, sakvebi da agroteqnikuri mniSvneloba.
bardis marcvali Seicavs 23-36 % cilas, 3% cxims, 29,54 %saxamebels, 0,7-1,6
Saqrebs, A, B1, B2, C vitaminebs. mwvane parkebi vitaminebs didi raodenobiT
Seicaven.
barda iTeseba rogorc gazafxulze, ise zafxul-
Si. igi iviTarebs mTavarRerZa fesvTa sistemas, ro-
melzec didi raodenobiT saxlobs koJris baqteri-
ebi, niadagSi maTi meSveobiT ki grovdeba azoti.
Rero dakuTxuli da datotvilia, Reros simaRle
40-120sm-de aRwevs, sustia, naxevrad xviara, zogjer
Cawolili, ufro metad wveba Txlad naTesi, xSiri
naTesis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs eyrdnobian da Cawola
naklebia.
foToli rTulia, romlis Rero bolovdeba pwka-
lebiT Reros ZirSi, gantotvis adgilze, viTardeba
ori TanafoToli, romelic Rerozea Semoxveuli da
mizrdili.
yvavili foTlis iRliidan gamodis grZeli yun-

120
wiT, romelzec ramdenime yvavilia (or-ori). yvavilis feria wiTeli an iis-
feri, parkis forma - swori an moxrili, marcvali ki mrgvali, simwifeSi
movardisfro. sakonservod mwvanes iReben. 1000 marcvali iwonis 140-350 gra-
mamde, zogjer SeiZleba cota metic iyos.
barda maRali mosavlianobiT ar gamoirCeva. parkosan kulturebs Soris
erT-erTi pirveli adgili ukavia. bardis marcvlis saheqtaro mosavali 15
c-mdea ha-ze, xolo mwvane parkis mosavali saSualod heqtarze 8-25 tona.
jiSebi. dasakonservebeli jiSebi: prevosxodni 240; iubileini-1612; ad-
gumski; obolaZis-86. samarcvle jiSebidan daraionebuli - ramonski 77, sak-
vebi barda, axalqalaquri da mcxeTa.
niadagis damuSaveba. bardasaTvis niadagis damuSaveba TanmimdevrobiT,
winamorbedis mosavlis aRebisTanave iwyeba, raTa nakveTi ganTavisufldes
sarevela mcenareebisagan da moyvanil iqnas fxvier koStovan mdgomareoba-
Si. bardasaTvis niadagi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ixvneba mzralad, xolo
dasavleT saqarTveloSi - adre gazafxulze mindorSi gasvlis SesaZleb-
lobisTanave. Semdeg gazafxulze ifarcxeba, Tesvis win ki tardeba kulti-
vacia 10sm siRrmeze dafarcxviT, Tesvis win mindvris mosasworeblad da aR-
monacenis siTanabrisaTvis Sleif–farcxiT mindors tkepnian. Tesvis dros
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces niadagis zedapiris siswores da
Teslis miwiT dafarvas.
ganoyiereba. niadagis organuli sasuqiT ganoyierebis SemTxvevaSi pir-
vel wels barda Zlier vegetatiur masas iviTarebs, nayofianoba mcirdeba,
ris gamoc marcvlis mosavalic mcirdeba. amitom, bardis samarcvled Tesvi-
sas Tavi unda SevikavoT organuli sasuqis Setanisgan, an unda daiTesos
meore kulturad, xolo mwvane sakvebad Tesvis SemTxvevaSi niadagis ZiriTa-
di xvnis win SeaqvT organuli sasuqi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom koJris baqteriebiT barda axdens azotis fiqsa-
cias, mainc saWiroa naTesSi gamokvebis saxiT Setanil iqnas azotis mcire
dozebi, romelsac ,,sastarto“-s uwodeben. mosavlianobis gazrdis saqmeSi
mniSvnelovania fosforiani sasuqebis roli, isini xels uwyoben mcenaris
zrda - ganviTarebas da marcvlis momwifebas, amasTan, xels uwyoben cilis
Semcvelobis zrdas. fosforiani sasuqebidan karg Sedegs iZleva superfos-
fati da fosforitis fqvili, romelic ZiriTadi xvnis win Seitaneba. fos-
foriani sasuqiT ganoyiereba TesvasTan erTad mcire doziT (10-15kg/ha moq-
medi nivTierebis saxiT) karg Sedegs iZlevian. kaliumiani sasuqebi mosav-
lianobis gasazrdelad did efeqts iZleva. yvela tipis niadagebze bardis
naTesSi kaliumiani sasuqebis Sesatan dozad dadgenilia 30-60kg nivTiereba
ha-ze.
Tesva, Tesvis wesi da Tesvis vada. saqarTveloSi bardis Tesvis vadad
miCneuli, rac SeiZleba adre gazafxuli. bardis Tesvis wesad iyeneben vi-
wro mwkrivad Tesvas mTliani moTesviT. Tesvis normaa 0,9-1,2 milioni mar-
cvali ha-ze. bardas CaTesvis siRrmea 3-9sm-s farglebSi meryeobs es niadgis
tipzea damokidebuli - mZime niadagebze nakleb siRrmeze iTeseba, xolo
msubuq niadagebze ufro Rrmad.
naTesis movla. bardas naTesi Tesvis Semdeg aucileblad unda daitkep-
nos, gansakuTrebiT mSral raionebSi. sarevelebis mospobis mizniT naTesi
ifarcxeba mwkrivebis gardigardmo an diagonalze, dilis saaTebSi.
mosavlis aReba. bardas mosavlis aReba or fazad unda Catardes, radgan
parkebi sxvadasxva dros mwifdeba. jer iWreba da ganaTibi Rvareulebad
ewyoba, xolo SeSrobis Semdeg kombainiT gamoileweba. bardas gamolewva

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SeiZleba xorblis salewi manqaniT. marcvlis damtvrevis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT saWiroa Semcirdes salewi aparatis brunvaTa ricxvis raodenoba.
cercvi. cercvi erTwliani mcenarea, is 70sm-dan zogierTi jiSebi 180 sm-
de izrdeba. cercvi mohyavT rogorc sasursaTod, ise pirutyvis sakvebad.
misi marcvlisgan SesaniSnavi koncentruli sakvebi mzaddeba. aqvs kargad
ganviTarebuli fesvTa sistema, romelic niadagSi Rrmad Cadis. Rero swor-
mdgomi, oTxkuTxiani, Seubusavi, zogjer itoteba fuZeSi. foToli wyvil-
frTarTuli, foToli sakmaod sqeli, xorciani, Seubusavi, monacrisfro-
momwvano. yvavili didi, Sekrebili mokle mtevniseburad foTlis iRliebSi,
umetesad TeTri, iSviaTad, movardisfero, Savi laqebiT, nayofi-parki, didi
zomis, farTo, mobrtyo an cilindruli, momwifebisas parkebi muqdeba, mo-
Savo fers iRebs.
cercvi siTbos mimarT ar aris
didi momTxovni. aRmonaceni 60-
mde yinvas uZlebs. Rivdeba 3-40
siTboze, didi momTxovnia wyli-
sadmi. gansakuTrebiT intensiuri
zrdisa da yvavilobis periodSi.
karg mosavals iZleva sakvebiT
mdidar niadagze Sesabamis klima-
tur pirobebSi.
niadagis damuSaveba. cercvi-
saTvis niadagis damuSaveba wina-
morbedis mosavlis aRebisTanave
unda daiwyos, raTa sarevela
mcenareebisagan nakveTi ganTavi-
sufldes. aRmosavleT saqarTve-
loSi cercvisaTvis niadagi
ixvneba mzralad, xolo dasav-
leT saqarTveloSi, adre gazafxulze, mindorSi gasvlis SesaZleblobis-
Tanave. moxvnis Semdeg, gazafxulze ifarcxeba aorTqlebis Sesamcireblad
da Tesvis win tardeba kultivacia 8-10 sm siRrmeze dafarcxviT.
ganoyiereba. cercvi karg mosavals iZleva organuli sasuqiT ganoyiere-
bul niadagebze. mineraluri sasuqebidan pirvel rigSi saWiroebs fosfo-
rian-kaliumian sasuqebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom cercvi koJrebs ikeTebs, ri-
Tac axdens azotis fiqsacias, mas mainc sWirdeba gazafxulze azotiT gamo-
kveba (10-20 kg m.n. ha-ze).
Tesva, Tesvis wesi da Tesvis vada. saqarTveloSi cercvis Tesvis opti-
malur vadad miCneulia adre gazafxuli, Tbil adgilebSi SeiZleba Semod-
gomaze daiTesos. mas Tesaven farTo mwkrivad, 45-60sm mwkrivTSorisebiT.
zogjer mimarTaven zolebriv Tesvasac, zolebs Soris 60sm da mwkrivebs
Soris zolSi 15sm daSorebiT. cercvis CaTesvis siRrme 6-8sm-ia. Tesvis op-
timalur normad iTvleba 100-300kg Tesli 1 ha-ze.
naTesis movla. cercvis naTesis Tesvis Semdgomi damuSaveba mdgomareobs
naTesis motkepnaSi, aRmonacenis gamoCenamde dafarcxvaSi da mwkrivTSori-
sebSi kultivaciis CatarebaSi, SemeCxerebasa da ToxnaSi.
mosavlis aReba. cercvis mosavlis aReba iwyeba parkebis 60-70% momwife-
bisas. mosavlis dagvianebiT aReba ar SeiZleba, radgan parkebi gaskdeba da
marcvlebis Cacvena daiwyeba, es ki gazrdis mosavlis danakargs. cercvis
mosavlis aReba SeiZleba xorblis amRebi kombainiT. marcvlis damtvrevis

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Tavidan acilebis mizniT saWiroa Semcirdes salewi aparatis brunvaTa
ricxvis raodenoba.

T a v i 11

teqnikuri kulturebi

teqnikuri kulturebis jgufSi gaerTianebuli arian botanikurad

sxvadasxva saxeobisa da gvaris mcenareebi, romlebic mohyavT mcenareuli
nedleulis misaRebad msubuqi da kvebiTi mrewvelobisaTvis, saparfiumerio,
farmacev-tuli da mrewvelobis saxvadasxva dargebisaTvis. aseTia
magaliTad zeTovani kulturebi: mzesumzira, abusalaTini, alisarCuli,
mdogvi, rafsi, Sirbaxti, yayaCo, perila, lalemancia da sxvei. romelTa
Tesli mdidaria cximis SemcvelobiT da maTi gadamuSavebis Sedegad miiReba
zeTi sasursaTo da teqnikuri gamoyenebisaTvis.
eTerzeTovani kulturebisagan, rogorebicaa gerani, rehani, qinZi, ani-
suli, pitna da sxvebis gadamuSavebis Sedegad miiReba aqroladi aromatu-
li nivTierebani, romelTac farTo gamoyeneba aqvT saparfiumerio mrewve-
lobaSi.
Saqriani da saxamebliani mcenareebisagan, rogorebicaa Saqris Warxali,
vardkaWaWa (cikori), Saqris lerwami, kartofili, batati, miwavaSla da
sxvebis gadamuSavebis Sedegad miiReba Saqari, saxamebeli, spirti da a.S.
romelTac iyeneben rogorc kvebis mrewvelobaSi, ise saxalxo meur-neobis
sxva dargebSi.
zogierTi mcenareebi, rogorebicaa bamba, seli, kanafi, kenafi, juTi, rami
da sxv. gadamuSavebis Sedegad iZlevian boWkos. safeiqro mrewvelobisaTvis.
iseTi mcenareebi, rogorebicaa Tambaqo, weko, Triaqis yayaCo, katabalaxa,
samkurnalo gvirila da sxv., iZlevian nedleuls Tambaqos, farmacevtuli,
qimiuri da mrewvelobis sxva dargebSi - gamosayeneblad.
teqnikur kulturebs, garda amisa, aqvT didi agroteqnikuri mni-
Svnelobac, vinaidan isini xels uwyoben miwaTmoqmedebis kulturis ama-
Rlebas. bevri maTgani moiTxovs niadagis Rrma moxvnas, sasuqebis farTo
gamoyenebas, naTesebis rigTaSoris gafxvierebas, Teslbrunvis SemoRebas,
sarwyav miwaTmoqmedebas, da ueWvelia, rom yovelive es garkveul gavlenas
axdens TeslbrunvaSi maT Semdeg momdevno kulturebis–pureulebis, bala-
xebis da sxva mcenareTa mosavlianobis gadidebaze.
bevri teqnikuri kultura: mzesumzira, bamba, sazeTe seli, Saqris Warxa-
li, kartofili da sxv., gadamuSavebis Semdeg, garda ZiriTadi produqtebi-
sa, iZlevian anarCenebs, koptons, badags, durdos, naxads da sxvas, romle-
bic farTod gamoiyeneba mecxoveleobaSi pirutyvis sakvebad, mindvris gasa-
noyiereblad (defekaciuri talaxi, bambis koptoni ) da sxv.
zogierTi teqnikuri mcenare, rogorebicaa mzesumzira, mdogvi, rafsi, Sa-
qris Warxali, miwavaSla, da sxv. mwvane masis saxiT, saukeTeso wvniani sa-
kvebia pirutyvisaTvis, maTi moyvana baris raionebSi SesaZlebelia sanawve-
ralo kulturadac weliwadSi meore mosavlis misaRebad.
mzesumzira. mzesumzira farTod gavrcelebuli zeTovani mcenarea. zeTad
gadasamuSavebeli nedleulis 80% mzesumziras Tesluraze modis, mzesum-
ziras Teslura Seicavs 29-57%-mde zeTs, xolo misi naWuWgaclili guli
50–65%-mde zeTs.

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 mzesumziras zeTi naxevrad Srobadia (iodis ricxviT 119-144), amitom is
farTod gamoiyeneba sasursaTod, agreTve sakonditro da sakonservo mre-
wvelobaSi, iyeneben sapnis da sxvadasxva saxis saRebavebis dasamzadeblad.
zeTsaxdel qarxnebSi mzesumziras Tesluras gadamuSavebisas Rebuloben
koptonsa da Srots. koptoni miiReba zeTis wnexuri saSualebiT, xolo
Sroti - zeTis eqstraqciis wesiT damzadebisas. koptonis saSualo gamosa-
vali 33%-mdea, xolo Srotisa -35%. koptonic da Srotic warmoadgenen ma-
Ral cilovan sakveb saSualebebs cxovelebisaTvis.
mzesumziras maRalReroian jiSebs
zogjer sasilosed sTesen, simindTan
erTad, rac Zlier zrdis sasilose
masis mosavals da aumjobesebs mis
xarisxs.
mzesumzira iTvleba Zvirfas Taf-
lovan mcenared da didi mniSvneloba
aqvs mefutkreobisaTvis.
mzesumziras kulturas aqvs gar-
kveuli agroteqnikuri mniSvnelobac.
rogorc saToxni mcenare, mosavlis
aRebis Semdeg mindors tovebs gaf-
xvierebuls da gasufTavebuls sare-
vele-bisagan da am mxriv karg wina-
morbedad iTvleba TeslbrunvaSi saSemodgomo xorblisaTvis.
saqarTveloSi mzesumziras naTesebi ZiriTadad Tavmoyrili iyo siRna-
Ris, sagarejos, gurjaanis raionebSi.
botanikur-morfologiuri daxasiaTeba. mzesumzira Helianthus annus L eku-
Tvnis rTulyvavilovanTa ojaxs. amJamad or saxeobad iyofa: kulturuli
mzesumzira da veluri mzesumzira. kulturuli mzesumzira erTwliani mce-
narea. misi mTavarRerZiani fesvi uxvad aris datotvili da Rrmad Cadis ni-
adagSi, 2-2,5-mde, Rero swormdgomia, Signidan amovsebulia rbili qsoviliT.
ar itoteba, aRwevs 1,5-4,0 metramde, aris mzesumziras juja formebic, ro-
melTa Reros simaRle 50-70sm-s ar aRemateba.
foToli - grZelyunwiani, didi, ovalur-gulisebri moyvanilobis, wawv-
etebuli boloTi da dakbiluli kideebiT, foTlis firfitis orive mxare
da Reroc Sebusvilia. qveda foTlebi Reroze ganwyobilia mopirdapired,
Sua da zeda foTlebi ki – morigeobiT. foTolTa raodenoba mcenareze,
jiSebis mixedviT icvleba 14-dan 50-mde. mzesumziras yvaviledi - kalaTa.
kalaTas safuZvels warmoadgens yvavil-sajdomi, romelzec 800-1200-mde
yvavilia. kalaTSi yvavilebi orgvaria: enisebri da milisebri. enisebri
yvavilebi unayofoa - calsqesiani, ganlagebulia kalaTis kideebze, ramde-
nime mwkrivad da Seferilia muqnarinjisfer - yviTlad, milisebri yvavile-
bi orsqesiania, 5 mtvrianaTi, butko erTi orad gayofili dingiT. butko
adre mwifdeba, vidre mtvrianebi, amis gamo mzesumzira jvaredinad imtvreba,
raSic did monawileobas iReben mwerebi. misi narinjisfer - yviTlad Sefe-
rili yvavilebi Tanmimdevrulad ixsneba napiridan - centrisaken. erTi ka-
laTas yvaviloba 8–10 dRes grZeldeba, bunebriv pirobebSi yvavilTa nawili
gaunayofierebeli rCeba, ris gamo, Teslura fSuti - fuWmarcvliani gamo-
dis. karg Sedegs iZleva kalaTebis xelovnuri damtverva, futkris gayvana
naTesebSi da maTi daxmarebiT damtverianeba. nayofi - Teslura, gaxevebuli
TananayofiT, romelic TeslTan aris Sezrdili. jiSebisa da agroteqnikis

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mixedviT, mzesumziras CenCoianoba 16 – 25%-s aRwevs. Tesli (guli) dafaru-
lia Txeli garsiT, romlis SigniT moTavsebulia ori lebani kvirtisa da
fesvis CanasaxiT.
Teslura garegnulad Savi, monacrisfro, TeTri, zolebiani, sxvadasxva
elferiT. 1000 Tesluras masa 40-dan 170-gr farglebSi meryeobs.
biologiuri Taviseburebani. mzesumzira siTbos da sinaTlis moyvaruli
mcenarea, did moTxovnilebas ayenebs niadagis nayofierebazec. sakmaod
gvalvaamtania. Teslura gaRivebas iwyebs 4–60 siTbos pirobebSi, 8–100-ze ga-
Riveba ufro intensiuria, magram aRmonacens daTesvidan 15–20 dRis Semdeg
iZleva. mzesumziras aRmonaceni SedarebiT advilad itans 4–60–ian wayinvebs,
ufro dabali temperetura ki Zlier azianebs naTess. mcenaris moTxovni-
leba siTbos mimarT TandaTanobiT izrdeba aRmocenebidan - yvavilobamde,
misi zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis saukeTesod iTvleba 20–250 siTbo, 300-ze mcena-
re Zlier iCagreba, xolo 400-ze misi mtvris marcvlebi wyveten ganviTa-
rebas.
mzesumzira gvalvagamZle mcenared iTvleba da niadagis Rrma fenidan
iRebs tens, magram imis gamo, rom did mwvane masas iZleva da uxvad aor-
Tqlebs wyals, tenis mimarT is sakmaod did moTxovnilebas ayenebs. trans-
piraciis koeficienti 470-570. tenis met raodenobas saWiroebs mcenare gan-
sakuTrebiT kalaTas ganviTarebisa da yvavilobis periodSi. tenis nakle-
boba am dros abrkolebs yvaviledis ganviTarebas, aZlierebs fSut-marc-
vlianobas da mkveTrad amcirebs mosavlianobas. mzesumzira kargad iyenebs
zafxulis meore naxevris naleqebs.
mzesumzira mohyavT TiTqmis yovelnair niadagebze. misTvis yvelaze uke-
Tesia mdidari Savmiwa niadagebi, agreTve aluviuri da yavisferi niadagebi.
mcire mosavals iZleva mZime Tixa niadagebze. uvargisia daWaobebuli, Zli-
er silnari da kiriT mdidari miwebi, ver egueba Zlier mJave reaqciisa da
mlaSob niadagebs.
jiSebi. mzesumziras kulturuli jiSebi, maTi morfologiuri niSnebisa
da gamoyenebis mixedviT sam jgufad iyofian: sazeTe, saknawunebeli da
Sualedura.
saqarTveloSi daraionebulia mzesumziras ori jiSi: armavirkski - 3497
da donskoi - 60.
adgili TeslbrunvaSi. mzesumzira, rogorc saToxni mcenare, Teslbrun-
vaSi Tavsdeba TavTavian pureulebs Soris. kargi winamorbedia misTvis saSe-
modgomo xorbali da sagazafxulo qeri. kidev ufro ukeTes mosavals iZ-
leva samarcvle parkosani kulturebisagan ganTavisuflebul mindorze. ar
urCeven mzesumziras Tesvas lobios Semdeg, radgan maT saerTo daavadeba–
sklerocini azianebs. im raionebSi, sadac farTod aris gavrcelebuli si-
mindi, mzesumzira SesaZlebelia moTavsdes TeslbrunvaSi simindis Semde-
gac. ar aris rekomendebuli mzesumziras Tesva mravalwliani balaxebisa
da Saqris Warxlis Semdeg, radgan es kulturebi Zlier aSroben niadagis
qveda fenebs.
TviT mzesumzira kargi winamorbedia TiTqmis yvela sagazafxulo kul-
turisaTvis, saqarTvelos pirobebSi farTod aris gavrcelebuli mzesumzi-
ras Semdeg saSemodgomo xorblis Tesva.
im adgilebSi sadac gavrcelebulia paraziti kelaptara, mzesumzira
TeslbrunvaSi Tavis mindorze ar unda dabrundes 6-7 welze adre.
niadagis damuSaveba - mzesumzirisaTvis didad ar gansxvavdeba sxva saga-
zafxulo kulturebisaTvis niadagis momzadebisagan. saqarTveloSi iTeseba

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ZiriTadad urwyav raionebSi, amitom, didi mniSvneloba aqvs yvela im
RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebas, romelic uzrunvelyofs niadagSi tenis
maqsimalur dagrovebas da Senaxvas. am mizniT winamorbedi kulturebisagan
mindoris ganTavisuflebisTanave mimarTaven nawveralis aCeCvas, mzralis
naadrevad da Rrmad xvnas. did efeqts iZleva mzesumzirasaTvis niadagis
fenobrivi damuSaveba, 10-12sm gafxviereba da Semdeg Rrmad mox-vna 30-32sm-ze.
tenis maqsimaluri SenarCunebis mizniT, adre gazafxulze xnuli ifar-
cxeba, xolo Tesvis win tardeba kultivacia dafarcxviT. karg Sedegs
iZleva zamTarSi Tovlis dagrovebis RonisZiebani mindorze.
ganoyiereba. mzesumzira did moTxovnilebas iCens sakveb nivTierebaTa
mimarT. ganviTarebis pirvel periodSi is xarbad iTvisebs fosfors, kala-
Tas ganviTarebidan - yvavilobamde Zlierdeba azotis SeTviseba, xolo ka-
liums mcenare iTvisebs Tesluras momwifebamde. heqtarze 20c mosavlia-
nobis dros mzesumziras gamoaqvs niadagidan 120kg azoti, 52kg fosfori da
372kg kaliumi. gamoyenebul sasuqTa dozebi damokidebulia niadagis piro-
bebze, agroteqnikis donesa da mosavlianobaze. karg Sedegs iZleva organu-
li da mineraluri sasuqebis erToblivi Setana. Cveulebriv, mzralad xvnis
win heqtarze SeaqvT 15-20t nakeli, 2-3c superfosfati da 1-1,5c kaliumis ma-
rili.
gazafxulze Tesvis dros, rekomendebulia azotiani da fosforiani
sasuqebis mcire dozebis Setana mwkrivSi - 0,5-1,0c sulfatamoniumi da 1,0-
1,5c superfosfati.
Tesva. msxvili, Tanabari da maRali aRmocenebis unaris mqone TesliT
Tesva erT-erTi mTavari pirobaa mzesumziras uxvmosavlianobisa. Teslis
siwminde ar unda iyos 97-98%-ze naklebi, xolo gaRivebis energia 90%-ze
dabali. daTesvis win rekomendebulia Teslis Sewamvla fungicidebiT.
msxvili TesliT Tesva (1000 Teslis masa 85-100gr), 3c-iT zrdis mosavlia-
nobas heqtarze.
mzesumzira Teslis gaRivebisaTvis saWiroebs tenis sakmaod did raode-
nobas, amitom, gazafxulze is unda daiTesos rac SeiZleba adre. kaxeTis
pirobebSi, Tu amindi amis SesaZleblobas iZleva, mzesumziris Tesvas iw-
yeben Tebervlis meore naxevridan da amTavreben martSi. Tesvis dagvianeba
iwvevs Teslis aRmocenebis gaWianurebas da meCxerianobas, dagvianebuli na-
Tesi sustad viTardeba, uswrebs zafxulis gvalvebi, mosavali mkveTrad
mcirdeba. sasurvelia Tesva damTavrdes SemWidroebul vadebSi, 4–5 dReSi.
Tbil raionebSi SesaZlebelia mzesumziras Tesva zamTris pirasac, noem-
ber–dekemberSi. am pirobebSi Teslura TiTqmis erTi kviriT adre mwifdeba,
vidre gazafxulze Tesvis dros da mcenare ufro naklebad ziandeba daava-
debebiT. meore mosavalis aRebis mizniT, saqarTvelos baris sarwyav rai-
onebSi mzesumziras saadreo jiSebi SeiZleba daiTesos zafxulSic, ro-
gorc sanawveralo kultura.
mzesumziras Tesva warmoebs manqanebiT, mwkrivad an kvadratul-budobri-
vad, mwkrivebsa da budnebs Soris 70sm daSorebiT. kvadratul-budobrivad
Tesvis dros budnaSi toveben 2–3 mcenares, Cveulebrivi mwkrivad Tesvis
dros ki manZili mwkrivSi 30sm ar aRemateba. SedarebiT mSral adgilebSi
ukeTes Sedegebs iZleva kvebis ares gafarToeba budnebs Soris 90X90sm-mde.
ukanasknel dros farTod iyeneben punqtirul Tesvis wess.
Tesvis wesis Sesabamisad icvleba mzesumziras saTesi normac kvadra-
tul-budobrivi da punqtiruli Tesvis dros sakmarisia heqtarze 10-12kg Cve-
ulebriv mwkrivad Tesvis dros ki saTesi norma izrdeba 16-20kg-mde.

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 Teslis CaTesvis siRrme damokidebulia niadagis tenianobaze, Cveulebriv
pirobebSi sakmarisia CaTesva 6-7sm siRrmeze, SedarebiT mSral niadagebSi ki
8-10sm siRrmeze Tesva. mSral pirobebSi Tesvis dros, naTesis motkepna aCqa-
rebs mcenaris aRmocenebas.
naTesis movla iwyeba jer isev mcenaris aRmocenebamde. Tu niadagis ze-
dapirma qerqi gaikeTa, saWiroa naTesi dauyovnebliv daifarcxos msubuqi
farcxiT an gadatarebuli iqnes naTesze rotaciuli maToxi. aRmocenebis
Semdeg, rodesac mcenare 1-2 wyvil namdvil foTols ganiviTarebs, mimar-
Taven mwkrivebis gardigardmo dafarcxvas. am dros didi raodenobiT nad-
gurdeba axlad ganviTarebuli sarevelebi. amis Semdeg saWiroa mwkrivTa-
Soris perioduli kultivacia. mcenaris fesvTa sistemis ganviTarebis Sesa-
bamisad ukeTesia niadagis gafxviereba sxvadasxva siRrmeze. pirveli kulti-
vacia tardeba 6-8sm siRrmeze, meore 8-10sm da mesame 5sm-ze.
kvadratul-budobriv naTesSi tardeba gardigardmo kultivacia. sareve-
lebis winaaRmdeg iyeneben herbicidebs.
mzesumzira marTalia iTvleba gvalvagamZle mcenared, magram mwvane ma-
sis uxvad ganviTarebis gamo igi wylis did raodenobas saWiroebs. iq, sa-
dac amis SesaZlebloba aris, kargia morwyva. gansakuTrebiT saWiroa wyali
mzesumzirasaTvis mwvane masis uxvad ganviTarebisa da yvavilobis fazaSi,
rac mosavlianobas 37-40c-mde zrdis.
mzesumziras yvavilis srulad ganayofierebis mizniT naTesebTan axlos
mcire jgufebad dgamen skebs, heqtarze 1-1,5 ojaxis angariSiT. zogan ki
mimarTaven xelovnur damtvervas. es RonisZieba heqtarze 2-3 c-iT adidebs
mosavlianobas.
mosavlis aReba. mzesumziras mosavlis aRebis vadis dadgenis dros gaT-
valiswinebuli unda iqnes is garemoeba, rom zeTis dagroveba TesluraSi
grZeldeba mis Semosvlamde. amitom, naadrevad aRebas SesaZlebelia mohyves
zeTis gamosavlianobis mniSvnelovani Semcireba. mzesumziras Semosvla ga-
regnuli niSnebiT imaSi gamoixateba, rom kalaTas zurgis mxare yviT-ldeba
da Semdeg mura fers iRebs, enakiseburi foTlebi cviva, foTlis umetesoba
xmeba, Teslura jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebel normalur fers iRebs, xolo
guli sakmaod magrdeba. mzesumziras mosavali kombainiT aRebuli unda iq-
nes maSin, rodesac kalaTebis 50-70% gayviTldeba da Sexmeba.
mosavlis aRebis dagvianeba swrafad zrdis danakargebs, radgan momwi-
febuli Teslura advilad scildeba kalaTas da niadagSi ibneva.
mzesumziras mosavals iReben swrafad, marcvleulis asaRebi kombainiT,
romelic specialuri mowyobilobis saSualebiT Wris mxolod kalaTas, es
aiolebs mosavlis aRebas, lewvas da marcvlis gasufTavebas. galewili
Tesli gadaaqvT kaloze, sadac dauyovnebliv sufTavdeba da Sreba zedmeti
tenianobisagan. Teslis gaCereba xvavSi iwvevs mis Caxurebas, daobebas da
gaRivebis unaris dakargvas, gaSrobis Semdeg Teslis tenianoba ar unda
iyos 12%-ze meti, xolo maRalzeTovan jiSebSi–7%-ze meti. ase gamSrali
Tesli ukeTesia Senaxuli iqnes tomrebSi, kargad gamomSral da dezinfici-
rebul sawyobSi.
abusalaTini. abusalaTinis Tesli Seicavs 59%-mde araSrobad zeTs (io-
dis ricxviT 82-86), aqvs didi siblante (weladoba), advilad ar aldeba da
dabali temperaturis (160-mde) drosac ki ar magrdeba.
abusalaTini mohyavT umTavresad teqnikuri zeTis misaRebad, romelsac
farTo gamoyeneba aqvs fexsacmlis, safeiqro, parfiumeriis mrewvelobaSi.
misgan damzadebul sacxeb saSualebebs didi mniSvneloba aqvT aviaciaSi,

127
swrafad mbrunavi Zravebis nawilebis dasazeTad. abusalaTinis Reros boW-
kodan mzaddeba kanafi, bawari, Tokebi. foToli SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iq-
nes specialuri jiSis abreSumxvevias sakvebad.
botanikur–morfologiuri daxasiaTeba. abusalaTini rZianasebrTa ojaxs
ekuTvnis. moicavs sam saxeobas: wvrilmarcvliani abusalaTini, msxvilmar-
cvliani abusalaTini, zanzibaris abusalaTini. amaTgan yvelaze meti mni-
Svneloba aqvs iranul abusalaTins da wiTel abusalaTins.
tropikebsa da subtropikebSi abusalaTini mravalwlovani xemagvari mce-
narea, romelic simaRliT ramdenime metrze izrdeba da Zlebs 10 wlamde.
ruseTSi mohyavT rogorc erTwliani mcenare.
fesvi mTavarRerZiani, uxvad datotvili, niadagSi Cadis 4m-mde. Rero ma-
Rali, datotvili, izrdeba 3m-mde. foToli farTo, grZeli yunwiT, TaTi-
sebr danakvTuli. yvaviledi - mtevani. erT mcenareze warmoiqmneba 2-dan 12
yvaviledi. yvaviledis zeda nawilSi viTardeba mdedrobiTi yvavilebi, qveda
nawilSi ki mamrobiTi. erT yvaviledSi 50-100 da meti yvavilia. yvavilebi pa-
tara, gayofilsqesiani. mamrobiT yvavilSi mravali mtvrianaa. mdedrobiTSi
sambudiani naskvia, samad danakvTuli dingiT. jvaredin mtveriaa. imtvereba
qariT. nayofi - sambudiani kolofi. TiTo budeSi TiTo Tesli viTardeba.
nayofis kani ekliani. aris ueklo formebic. pirvelad mwifdeba centra-
luri nawilis mtevnebi, Semdeg ganapira. zogierT formebze kolofebi skde-
ba da Tesli gaibneva.
abusalaTini siTbos moyvaruli mcenarea, misi Tesli gaRivebas iwyebs 10-
12 siTbos pirobebSi, optimaluria 16-180. aRmonaceni iRupeba 2-30 yinvis
0
dros. misi ganviTarebisaTvis saukeTeso temperaturaa 25-300 siTbo. abusa-
laTini saWiroebs wylis sakmaod did raodenobasac. gvalvian pirobebSi
foTlebi, yvavilebi da kolofi Wkneba da cviva, mkveTrad mcirdeba mosa-
vali. karg Sedegebs iZleva morwyvis pirobebSi.
niadagis mimarT didia abusalaTinis moTxovnileba, karg mosavals iZle-
va noyier niadagebze, romelic masTan erTad advilad atarebs wyals. mZime
Tixa niadagebze, iseve rogorc msubuq qviSnarebze, abusalaTini sustad iz-
rdeba.
agroteqnika. kargi winamorbedia TavTaviani kulturebi, samarcvle par-
kosnebi da simindi. abusalaTinis Semdeg SeiZleba moTavsdes TeslbrunvaSi
yvela sagazafxulo kultura, xolo samxreT raionebSi - saSemodgomo xor-
balic. niadagis damuSaveba abusalaTinisaTvis mdgomareobas mzralad xvnis
sistemaSi. karg Sedegs iZleva Rrmad xvna 25-27sm siRrmeze.
mwvane masis uxvad ganviTarebis gamo xarbad iTvisebs niadagidan sakveb
nivTierebebs, amitom is moiTxovs sasuqebiT ganoyierebas. rekomendebulia
heqtarze 15-20 t nakelis, 45 kg azotis da 60 kg fosforis Setana.
dasaTesad iyeneben xvedriTi wonis mixedviT daxarisxebul gamoTana-
brebul Tesls, risTvisac mas 2-3 saaTiT aTavseben wyalSi, saTesled iyene-
ben wyalSi CaZirul mZime Tesls gaSrobis Semdeg.
abusalaTini iTeseba aprilis Sua ricxvebSi, rodesac niadagi gaTbeba
0
12 -mde. Tesva warmoebs mwkrivad, kvadratul-budobrivad an punqtiruli Te-
svis wesiT. mwkrivebsa da budnebs Soris 70X70 sm an 90X90 sm. budnaSi to-
veben 2-3 mcenares, punqtiruli Tesvis dros mwkrivSi mcenareTa Soris man-
Zili 30sm ar unda aRematebodes. saTesi norma damokidebulia Teslis sim-
sxosa da Tesvis wesze, msxvilmarcvliani jiSebis Tesvis dros, heqtarze
saWiroa 30-40kg Tesli. wvrilmarcvliani jiSebisa ki 15-20 kg. Teslis CaTe-

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svis siRrme damokidebulia niadagis tenianobaze, Cveulebriv iTeseba 6-8 sm,
msubuq niadagebSi 10-12 sm siRrmeze.
rogorc ki naTesi aRmocendeba. awarmoeben dafarcxvas amiT ispoba sa-
revelebi da fxvierdeba niadagi. amis Semdeg mwkrivTa Soris manZili fxvi-
erdeba kultivatoriT, ori wyvili namdvili foTlis gamotanisas saWiroa
naTesis gameCxereba. budnebSi 2-3 mcenaris datovebiT, 15-20 dRis Semdeg
tardeba meore kultivacia, xolo ori kviris Semdeg–mesame kultivacia.
sarevelebis winaaRmdeg iyeneben herbicidebs. im jiSebis mosavlis aReba,
romelTac ar axasiaTebT kolofis skdoma, warmoebs kombainiT, risTvisac
zogjer mosavlis aRebis win mimarTaven defolacias.
mosavlis aRebis Semdeg marcvali unda gaSres 8-10% tenianobamde da
Senaxuli iqnes tomrebSi an daiyaros grovad araumetes 1-1,5 m sisqeze.
rafsi. rafsi uZvelesi zeTovani kulturaa. arsebobs misi, rogorc saSe-
modgomo, ise sagazafxulo forma. saSemodgomo rafsi ufro mdidaria ze-
TiT da met mosavalsac iZleva. Tesli Seicavs 40-50% cxims, sagazafxulo
forma ki - 32-35%. rafsis zeTs (iodis ricxviT 94-112) farTo gamoyeneba aqvs
sapnisa da sxvadasxva saxis saRebavebis dasamzadeblad, iyeneben agreTve sa-
feiqro, tyavis, poligrafiisa da
mrewvelobis sxva dargebSi.
Teslis gadamuSavebis Sedegad
miRebuli koptoni Zvirfasi koncen-
trirebuli sakvebia pirutyvisaT-vis,
1 g koptoni uTanabrdeba 1 sak-veb
erTeuls. amasTan, pirutyvis sa-
kvebad gamoyenebul unda iqnes mci-
re normebiT, radgan Seicavs eTer-
ovan zeTebs; SeiZleba rafsis Tesva
mwvane masis misaRebadac, misi kve-
biTi Rirseba 0,16 erTeuls udris.
rafsi iTvleba karg Taflovan mce-
nared. misi erTi yvavili Seicavs
0,5-0,7 mg neqtars. 1 ha-ze miiReba 100
kg Tafli. dadgenilia, rom 1 ha ra-
fsis naTesi gamoyofs 10,6 mln
litr Jangbads da Saqris Warxlis
Semdeg (15 mln litri) meore ad-
gilzea, maSin rodesac 1 ha tyis masivi mxolod 4 mln litr Jangbads ga-
moyofs.
maRali agroteqnikis pirobebSi saSemodgomo rafsis Teslis mosavali
heqtarze Seadgens 20-25c, sagazafxulo rafsisa 15-18c. mwvane masis mosavali
aRwevs 200c-mde heqtarze.
botanikuri daxasiaTeba da biologiuri Taviseburebani. rafsi erTwli-
ani balaxovani mcenarea, ekuTvnis jvarosanTa ojaxs, warmoadgens Salgisa
da kombostos bunebriv hibrids. amfidiploidia. fesvTa sistema mTavarRer-
Ziani da kargad ganviTarebuli, niadagSi Cadis 3m-mde. saSemodgomo naTesi
Semodgomaze ikeTebs mxolod foTlebis konas, rozetas, Rero ki momdevno
gazafxulze iwyebs zrdas da simaRliT aRwevs 130sm-mde. Zlier itoteba.
foTlebi momwvano-monacrisfro, cvilisebri nafifqiT. zeda foTlebi yun-
wiani, zeda ki mjdomare. yvaviledi-SedarebiT gaSlili mtevani, yvavilis

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gvirgvinis furclebi Seferili Ria-yviTlad. TviTmtveriaa. Tumca mcenare
jvaredinadac imtvereba.
saSemodgomo rafsi grZeli dRis mcenarea, ver itans Zlier yinvebs -8 -100
yinvaze iRupeba. amis gamo misi moyvana SesaZlebelia iq, sadac zamTari rbi-
lia, Tovliani. mcenare ver itans temperaturis did meryeobas, gansakuTre-
biT zamTris bolos da adre gazafxulze. rafsi tenis moyvaruli mcena-
rea, ver itans gvalvebs, transpiraciis koeficienti 740-s aRwevs. gansakuT-
rebiT esaWiroeba wyali yvavilobisa da Teslis Casaxvis fazaSi. rafsi did
moTxovnilebas ayenebs agreTve niadagebis mimarTac, saukeTesoa misTvis
Savmiwaniadagebi, kargi wyalgamtari noyieri Tixnari miwebi, agreTve msu-
buqi aluviuri niadagebi. misTvis gamouyenebelia Zlier msubuqi qviSnarebi
da iseTi miwebi, sadac gruntis wylebia axlos.
agroteqnika. TeslbrunvaSi rafsi Tavsdeba saToxni da parkosani kultu-
rebis, agreTve TavTaviani pureulisa da mravalwliani balaxebis Semdegac.
TviT rafsisagan ganTavisuflebuli mindori kargi winamorbedia saSemod-
gomo xorblisaTvis. niadagis damuSaveba ZiriTadad iseTivea, rogorc moce-
muli zonisTvisaa miRebuli. rafsi sakmao moTxovnilebas iCens sasuqebisa-
dmi. 25c mosavals, Sesabamisi mwvane masiT, 1 heqtaridan gamoaqvs 120kg azo-
ti, 60kg fosfori da 160kg kaliumi. niadagis pirobebis mixedviT heqtarze
SeaqvT 40-60t nakeli.
Teslis momzadeba. rafsis dRemde arsebuli jiSebi, sasargeblo nivTi-
erebebTan erTad, didi raodenobiT Seicaven arsasurvel nivTierebebsac-
erukovis mJavas, glukozinolatebs da sxv., romlebic mniSvnelovnad aqve-
iTeben zeTis sasursaTo Rirebulebas da sakvebis farTod gamoyenebis Sesa-
Zleblobas.
amJamad seleqcionerebis mier gamoyvanilia sasursaTo zeTis momcemi,
teqnikuri zeTis maRali Semcvelobis da mwvane masis maRalmosavliani ji-
Sebi.
eTerzeTovani mcenareebi

am jgufSi Tavmoyrilia iseTi mcenareebi, romelTa kulturis mizans wa-

rmoadgens surnelovani, eTerzeTovani zeTis miReba. mohyavT 20-mde saxis
eTerzeTovani mcenare, rogorebicaa: qinZi, anisuli, kvliavi, pitna, didi ka-
ma, lavandi, xaris varda, gerani, rehani da sxv.
eTerovan zeTebs Rebuloben mcenareTa sxvadasxva nawilebidan: nayofebi-
dan, Teslidan, foTlebidan, yvavilidan, Rerodan, fesvebidan. eTerovani ze-
Ti sxvadasxva organul nivTierebaTa naerTs warmoadgens, rogorebicaa: nax-
Sirwylebi, spirtebi, fenoli, eTeri, aldehidebi, mJavebi. eTerovani zeTis
Tviseba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is advilad orTqldeba da sasiamovno sur-
nelebiT vrceldeba garemoSi, amis gamo mas farTod iyeneben kvebis mrewve-
lobaSi, parfiumeriasa da medicinaSi, zogierTi eTerzeTovani mcenare (qin-
Zi, anisuli, didi kama da sxv.) eTerovani zeTis garda didi raodenobiT Se-
icavs cxims, romelsac farTo gamoyeneba aqvs sapnis warmoebaSi, safeiqro,
polografiul da sxva sawarmoebSi. eTerzeTovan mcenareTa nayofebisa da
Teslis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi, SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnes piruty-
vis sakvebad. Rerosa da foTlis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi ki – organul sa-
suqad.
vardisebri gerani. buCqovan-balaxnari, mravalwliani mcenarea. vegetacia
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba da weliwadSi ramdenimejer iWreba.

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 gerani ver itans -2 -30–ian yinvasac ki, amitom CvenSi is erTwliani mce-
narea. mas amravleben kalmiT kvalsaTburebSi da gazafxulze gaaqvT min-
dorSi dasargavad.
eTerovani zeTi miiReba geranis mwvane masis gadamuSavebis Sedegad. sam-
rewvelo vardisebr geranSi eTerovani zeTis Semcveloba 0,1-1,15% ar aRema-
teba, e.i. erTi tona mwvane masidan 1,0-1,5 kg zeTi miiReba.
morfologiur-biologiuri daxasiaTeba. geranis fesvTa sistema wvrili
Zafisebri fesvebisagan Sedgeba, radgan misi gamravleba vegetaciurad war-
moebs. fesvebi gamoaqvs kalmis fuZidan da vrceldeba niadagSi, ZiriTadad
30 sm siRrmemde, calkeuli fesvebi ki niadagSi Cadian 1,5-2,0 m-mdec.
mTavari Rero mokle, 4-5 sm simaRlis, saidanac viTardeba muxlebisa da
muxlTaSorisebisagan Semdgari totebi. isini qmnian geranis buCqs, romlis
simaRle jiSisa da adgilobrivi pirobebis mixedviT, 80-130sm. aRwevs. gera-
nis totebi Sebusvilia. foToli – grZelyunwiani, firfita Rrmad danakv-
Tuli da Reroze ganlagebulia morigeobiT. foToli, iseve rogorc Rero,
dafarulia jirkvlebiani bususiT, romlebSic grovdeba eTerovani zeTi.
foTlis firfita mdidaria zeTiT, vidre Reros nawilebi. amasTan, axal-
gazrda foTolSi zeTis Semcveloba metia, vidre ZvelSi, xolo SeyviT-
lebul foTlebSi isini Zalian umniSvnelo raodenobiTaa. yvaviledi. gamo-
dis foTlis iRliidan da Sedgeba ramdenime yvavilisagan. gvirgvinis fur-
clebi vardisferia, muqi moiisfro xazebiT, yvavilSi moTavsebuli samtvre
parkebi ganuviTarebeli da ZiriTadad steriluria, ris gamoc gerani CvenSi
Tesls iSviaTad Tu ikeTebs. xelovnuri damtvervis saSualebiT SeiZleba
gamoviwvioT yvavilis ganayofiereba, am SemTxvevaSi mis xuTbudian naskvSi
viTardeba xuTi cali Tesli.
geranis gamravleba vegetaciurad warmoebs, Rerodan aRebuli kalmebis
saSualebiT, misi gamravleba SeiZleba foTlebiTac. saTanado tenisa da
siTbos pirobebSi geranis kalami advilad fesviandeba gazafxulze, min-
dorSi gadarguli imave wels sakmaod ganviTarebul buCqs iZleva.
gerani siTbosadmi didi moTxovnilebis mcenarea, mcire yinvac ki, ro-
gorc aRvniSneT, sruliad spobs mcenares. vegetacias iwyebs 100 siTbos
dros, xolo normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroebs 20–250 siTbos.
gerani, mwvane masis uxvad ganviTarebis gamo, didi raodenobiT moiTxovs
wyalsac. gerani SedarebiT kargad izrdeba sxvadasxva tipis niadagebze,
magram maRali mosavlis misaRebad misTvis saukeTesoa sakvebi nivTierebe-
biT mdidari, kargi wyalgamtari da Rrma saxnavi fenis mqone niadagebi.
gerani ver itans mZime, pirSekrul da Waobian niadagebs, sadac gruntis
wyali axlosaa.
Zlier azianeben geranis plantacias qarebi, amitom mis gasaSeneblad sa-
Wiroa SeirCes Zlieri qarebisagan daculi, myudro adgilebi.
jiSebi. saqarTveloSi daraionebulia hibridi 24.
adgili TeslbrunvaSi. geranis mudmivad erTsa da imave adgilze dargva
sasurveli ar aris, amas Tan sdevs niadagis gamofitva da mavnebel-daava-
debaTa gavrceleba, rac mkveTrad amcirebs mis mosavlianobasa da xarisxs.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi geranisaTvis saukeTeso winamorbedia mravalwli-
ani balaxebis narevebisagan ganTavisuflebuli mindori, romelic geranis
mwvane masis mosavals 60%-iT zrdis, xolo zeTis gamosavlianobas adidebs
137%-iT.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos pirobebSi geranis winamorbedad TeslbrunvaSi
warmatebiT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli saSemodgomo TavTavianebi, agreTve

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parkosani kulturebisagan da baRCeulebidan ganTavisuflebuli mindori.
geranis aRebis Semdeg SeiZleba daiTesos simindi, soia da sxva sagazafxu-
lo kulturebi.
niadagis damuSaveba. geranisaTvis SerCeuli unda iqnes qarebisagan dacu-
li da mziT kargad ganaTebuli sarwyavi adgilebi. sasurveli ar aris ge-
ranis gaSeneba gzis axlo mdebare nakveTebze, radgan am SemTxvevaSi plan-
tacia ifareba gzis mtveriT da mniSvnelovnad uaresdeba misi xarisxi.
geranisaTvis niadagis momzadeba mdgomareobs mzralad xvnis sistemaSi.
winamorbedi kulturebisagan mindvris ganTavisuflebisTanave xdeba nawve-
ralis aCeCva 5–6 sm-ze, xolo Semdeg ixvneba mzralad 23-25sm siRrmeze
guTniT amave dros SeaqvT ZiriTadi sasuqebi da aseTi saxiT rCeba zamTar-
Si.
adre gazafxulze, rogorc ki SesaZlebeli iqneba mindvrad muSaoba, xnu-
li ifarcxeba zigzagiT. Semdeg geranis dargvamde erTi kviriT adre, xnuli
fxvierdeba 10-12 sm-ze frTebmoxsnili saoSebiT da TanmiyolebiT ifar-
xceba.
mravalwliani balaxebisa da sagviano saToxni kulturebis mindori
Semodgomaze, mosavlis aRebisTanave ixvneba mzralad.
dasavleT saqarTvelos pirobebSi, niadagis ZiriTad damuSavebas gerani-
saTvis urCeven ianvar-TebervalSi, 20-22sm siRrmeze. geranis dargvis win, 8-
10 dRiT adre, xnuli fxvierdeba frTebmoxsnili saoSebiT da ifarcxeba.
kolxeTis dablobze, Warbi tenianobis gamo, rekomendebulia gerani dai-
rgos 5-8 metriani siganis sferul kvlebze am mizniT TiToeuli kvali ise
unda damuSavdes, rom kvlis kideebze naRari darCes zedmeti wylis dasa-
wretad.
ganoyiereba. gerani, sxva kulturebTan SedarebiT, didi raodenobiT sa-
Wiroebs sasuqebs, karg efeqts iZleva organuli da mineraluri sasuqebis
erToblivi gamoyeneba. geranisaTvis rekomendebulia sasuqTa saSualo nor-
mebi: 20t nakeli, 6,0-7,5c sulfatamoniumi, 6,5-8,0c superfosfati da 3,0-3,5 c
kaliumis marili heqtarze. gansakuTrebiT did moTxovnas iCens gerani azo-
tiani sasuqebis mimarT.
fosforiani da kaliumiani sasuqebis 2/3 sasurvelia Setanili iqnes nia-
dagis ZiriTadi xvnis dros. karg Sedegebs iZleva azotiani da fosforiani
sasuqebis danarCeni raodenobis savegetacio periodSi Setana - gamokvebis
saxiT, mwkrivTa Soris kultivaciisa da morwyvis win.
kvalsaTburis mowyoba. geranis gamravleba vegetaciurad - kalmebiT war-
moebs. kalmebs Semodgomaze amzadeben da dasafesvianeblad Cveulebriv
kvalsaTburebSi aTavseben. kvalsaTburebSi niadagi ibareba 20-25sm. siRrme-
ze, Semdeg zedapiri focxebiT swordeba da zemodan, 10-12 sm. sisqeze eyreba
sakvebi narevi. sakvebi narevi mzaddeba ori wili niadagis, erTi wili kar-
gad gadamwvari nakelisa da erTi wili silisagan. TiToeuli es cal-calke
unda gaicras mavTulbadis sacerSi da kargad airios erTmaneTSi. moswo-
rebis Semdeg sakvebi narevi msubuqad unda daitkepnos da zemodan 2 sm. sis-
qeze moeyaros sufTa sila. yovelive es ise unda Sesruldes, rom kvalsaT-
burebSi darCes sakmao are nergis ganviTarebisaTvis, e.i. kvalsaTburebi sam-
xreT kedelTan, silis zedapiridan CarComde unda iyos dacilebuli 20 sm-
iT.
mavneblebisa da daavadebebisagan dasacavad, geranis kalmebis dargvamde
15-20 dRiT adre kvalsaTburebs dezinfeqcias ukeTeben. Signidan, mis ked-

132
lebs kiris xsnariT aTeTreben, xolo sakveb narevsa da silis fenas 1%-iani
formalinis xsnariT wamlaven.
sadede plantaciis gaSeneba da movla. geranis sakalme masala aRebuli
unda iqnes sadede plantaciidan, erTi heqtari sadede plantacia iZleva 150-
200 aTas kalams, rac uzrunvelyofs 5–6 heqtari samrewvelo plantaciis
gaSenebas. sadede plantaciis gasaSeneblad kalmebi calke, misTvis gankuT-
vnil kvalsaTburebSi gamohyavT, am mizniT kalmebs iReben saRi, normalu-
rad ganviTarebuli da kargad SefoTlili buCqebidan, romelTac aqvT var-
disebri geranisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli suni.
sadede plantacia ewyoba saSualo sinoyivris niadagze. sadede planta-
ciaSi nergebi irgveba 90X90sm manZiliT. vegetaciis periodSi morwyva war-
moebs minimaluri raodenobiT, zafxulSi tardeba buCqebis formireba da
maTi gasufTaveba gamxmari da dazianebuli Rero - foTlebisagan. am piro-
bebSi buCqi nela izrdeba da mokle muxlTSorisebs iviTarebs.
nergis gamoyvana. kalmebis dargva kvalsaTburebSi warmoebs oqtomberSi,
siciveebis dawyebamde mcenarem moaswros dafesvianeba. erT kvadratul
metrze Tavsdeba 400 kalami, irgveba markeriT winsawar daxazul mwkrivebSi,
erTmaneTisagan 5sm daSorebiT da irwyveba. kargad ganviTarebuli da dabuC-
quli sargavi masalis miRebis mizniT, gvian Semodgomasa da adre gazaf-
xulze mimarTaven nergebis gasxvlas. zamTris periodSi saWiroa sistemat-
uri meTvalyureoba, kvalsaTburebis movla, Tbili amindebis dros - haeris
ganiaveba. yinvebis dros safarebiT daTbuneba.
nakveTze nergis gatanamde 8-10 dRiT adre, mimarTaven saTburebSi
mcenaris e.w gakaJebas, risTvisac CarCoebs 4-5 dRis ganmavlobaSi aweul
mdgomareobaSi toveben rogorc dRisiT, ise RamiT, xolo Semdeg sruliad
iReben mas.
nergis amoReba da dargva. nergis amoRebis win kvalsaTburi uxvad unda
moirwyas, xolo mcenareebi frTxilad unda moiTxaros fesvebis dauzia—
neblad. nergis xeliT amogleja dauSvebelia. amoTxrili nergi iqve xaris-
xdeba.
dasargavad vargisi nergi unda iyos 15-18sm. sigrZis, hqondes kargad gan-
viTarebuli fesvTa sistema da 2-3 gverdiTi toti mainc.
dargvamde saWiroa nergs Seecalos didi foTlebi, xolo fesvebi dau-
mokldes 5sm-mde. amis Semdeg fesvebs amoavleben nakelian Tixanarev sqel
wunwuxSi, awyoben yuTebSi vertikalurad, fesvebiT qveviT da gzavnian da-
sargavad. fesvebi rom ar amoSres, yuTis fskerze sasurvelia xavsi an ba-
laxi daifinos, xolo zemodan msubuqi safeni gadaefaros.
geranis dargva warmoebs aprilSi, rodesac niadagi sakmaod gaTbeba. sa-
qarTvelos dasavleT nawilSi es periodi modis aprilis naxevarze, xolo
saqarTvelos aRmosavleT nawilSi - aprilis meore naxevarze.
dargvis win, saTanadod momzadebuli niadagi markeriT ixazeba gardi-
gardmo, da misi gadakveTis adgilas 7sm daSorebiT erTmaneTisagan, irgveba
gerani. am pirobebSi heqtarze Tavsdeba 20 aTasi mcenare, nergis dargva
warmoebs 5-6sm siRrmeze da maSinve rwyaven. dargva sasurvelia wvimebis
Semdeg, roca niadagi sakmaod teniania. Rrublian amindSi nergis dargva
SeiZleba mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi, mzian amindSi ki, dilas da saRamos.
qarian amindSi geranis dargva ar aris sasurveli, radgan mcenareTa mni-
Svnelovani raodenoba ziandeba da gaxarebis procenti mcirdeba. dargvidan
10 dRis Semdeg nakveTi mowmdeba da gacdenili adgilebi gamoirgveba.

133
 plantaciis movla. gazafxulze gerani SedarebiT nela izrdeba. am peri-
odSi saWiroa zrunva imisaTvis, raTa niadagi mudam fxvier mdgomareobaSi
iyos da ar daifaros sarevelebiT. am mizniT pirvel Toxna - kultivacias
mimarTaven jer kidev dargvidan 3-4 dRis Semdeg. ori kviris Semdeg tardeba
mwkrivTSorisi meore kultivacia, xolo 20-25 dRis Semdeg, mesame kulti-
vacia mwkrivebis Rrma gafxvierebiT. amis Semdeg gaToxna – kultivacia war-
moebs saWiroebis mixedviT, vidre mcenareTa mwkrivebi Seikvreba da nakveTi
mTlianad daifarebodes foTlebiT.
geranis mwvane masis maRali mosavlis miReba SesaZlebelia sasuqebisa da
morwyvis saSualebiT. mineraluri sasuqebis gaTvaliswinebuli dozebi vege-
taciis periodSi Setanili unda iqnes mwkrivTaSoris kultivaciisa da mor-
wyvis win.
plantaciis morwyva warmoebs niadagis tenianobis mixedviT sarwyavi
wylis miSvebiT. geranis plantaciis datborebiT morwyva dauSvebelia, rad-
gan mcenare ver itans nakveTze wylis didi xniTY gaCerebas. amindis mixed-
viT, geranis plantacias SesaZlebelia dasWirdes 5–6-jer morwyva. mwvane
masis aWramde 10 dRiT adre plantaciis morwyva unda Sewydes.
mwvane masis pirveli mosavlis aRebisTanave nakveTi unda moirwyas da
zedapiris SeSrobisTanave gafxvierdes.
mosavlis aReba. mosavlis pirveli aReba warmoebs ivlisis meore naxev-
ridan - agvistos Sua ricxvebamde. pirveli mosavlis aRebis dros buCqze
iWreba mwvane masis 70-75%, yvela ZiriTadi toti misi 3-4 muxlTSorisis
datovebiT. garda amisa, buCqze datovebuli unda iqnes 8-10 cali norCi da
saRad ganviTarebuli ylorti, raTa buCqma Tavisi forma ar dakargos da
kvlav aRadginos mwvane masa meore mosavlis mosacemad.
geranis meore mosavlis aReba warmoebs seqtembris damlevidan - 20 oqto-
mbramde. am dros iWreba plantaciaSi geranis mTeli mwvane masa.
moWrili masa dauyovnebliv unda iqnes gadatanili plantaciidan, dait-
virTos transportze dautkepnavad araumetes erTi metris sisqeze da ori
saaTis ganmavlobaSi Cabardes eTerzeTebis qarxanas gadasamuSaveblad.
geranis mwvane masis gadasazidi transporti unda iyos sufTa. navTiT,
mazuTiT, samanqano zeTiT an sxva suniani nivTierebiT gaWuWyianebuli tran-
sporti geranis gadasatanad ar gamodgeba, es mniSvnelovnad auaresebs mis-
gan miRebuli zeTis xarisxs.
evgenoluri rehani. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul eTerzeTovan kultu-
rebs Soris evgenolur rehans pirveli adgili ukavia. misi mwvane nawile-
bis: foTlebis, yvavilebis, norCi Reroebis gadamuSavebis Sedegad evgeno-
luri eTerzeTovani zeTi miiReba, rasac farTo gamoyeneba aqvs saparfiu-
merio, kvebis mrewvelobasa da medicinaSi.
evgenoluri rehani Seicavs 0,3-0,75%-mde eTerzeTovan zeTs. heqtarze Sesa-
Zlebelia miRebuli iqnes 20 t-mde mwvane masa, e.i. 60-140 kg-mde zeTis mosa-
vali.
botanikur-morfologiuri da biologiuri daxasiaTeba. evgenoluri
rehani mravalwliani buCqovani mcenarea. Cvens pirobebSi is mohyavT rogorc
erTwlovani mcenare. mravldeba Tes-lidan miRebuli CiTilebis
saSualebiT. kul-turaSi cnobilia sami saxis rehani: evgenolu-ri, qafurisa
da bostnis. qafuris rehanis zeTi 70%-mde qafurs Seicavs. bostnis rehani
ki far-Tod gavrcelebulia saqarTveloSi, rogorc sanelebeli mwvanili
saWmlis Sesakmazad.

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 rehanis fesvTa sistema mTavarReZiania, ni-
adagSi sakmaod Rrmad Cadis, Rero swor-
mdgomi, datotvili, buCqovani, simaRliT
1,0-1,7 m-mde. foToli ovaluri, kidedakbi-
luli, Sebusvili. yvavilebi wvrili, Tav-
Tavisebr yvaviledad Sekrebili.
yvavili orsqesiania, nayofierdeba jva-
redini damtverviT. jamis foTlebi mwva-
nea, Zlier Sebusvili, mdidaria eTerovani
zeTiT, Taflovani mcenarea. Tesli wvri-
lia.
rehani siTbos moyvaruli mcenarea. mi-
si aRmonaceni iRupeba sul mcire yinvebis
(00) drosac ki, xolo mozrdili mcenare
150 siTbos pirobebSi sruliad aCerebs
vegetacias. misi Teslis aRmocenebisaTvis
optimaluri temperaturaa 250 siTbo.
mcenare garkveul moTxovnas ayenebs
sinaTlis mimarTac. TviT eTerovani zeTe-
bis dagroveba mcenareSi mWidrod dakavSirebulia mzis sxivebis moqmede-
basTan. kargad ganaTebul nakveTze mcenare met mwvane masas da eTerovani
zeTis did raodenobas iZleva.
rehani didi raodenobiT moiTxovs agreTve wyalsac mwvane masis uxvad
ganviTareba pirdapir kavSirSia wyliT uzrunvelyofasTan, magram amasTan,
ver itans gadaWarbebul sinotives, mcenare sustad uZlebs gvalvasac.
rehanis dasargavad saukeTesoa msubuqi, noyieri, aluviuri, kargi wyal-
gamtari niadagebi, misTvis gamousadegaria Warbteniani miwebi, agreTve iseTi
nakveTebi, sadac gruntis wyali 1 m-ze ufro axlosaa niadagis zedapirTan.
agroteqnika. rehanis gamravleba, rogorc vTqviT, Teslidan gamoyvanili
CiTiliT warmoebs. CiTili gamohyavT kvalsaTburebSi iseTive wesiT, ro-
gorc es bostneuli kulturebisTvis (pamidori, kombosto) aris miRebuli.
rehani ver itans mudmivad erTsa da imave nakveTze Tesvas, amitom misi
TeslbrunvaSi moTavseba aucilebelia. kargi winamorbedia misTvis saSemo-
dgomo TavTavianebi, samarcvle parkosani kulturebi, simindi.
rehani saWiroebs niadagis saTanado ganoyierebas sasuqebiT. mzralad
xvnis win, Semodgomaze 30-40t nakelis Setana uzruvelyofs mcenaris nor-
malur ganviTarebas. maRali mosavlis miRebisaTvis ki saWiro iqneba minera-
luri sasuqebis gamoyenebac. saqarTvelos pirobebisaTvis rekomendebulia
sasuqTa aseTi saSualo dozebi: 6,0c sulfatamoniumi, 6,5c superfosfati da
3,0c kaliumis marili. fosforiani sasuqebis 1/3 SeaqvT niadagSi ZiriTadi
xvnis dros, danarCeni - mineraluri sasuqebis 1/3 CiTilis dargvis dros
kvlebSi, xolo azotiani sasuqebis danarCen raodenobas iyeneben mcenaris
gamosakvebad savegetacio periodSi SetaniT.
rehanis CiTili irgveba kvadratul-budobrivi wesiT 70X70sm-ze. budnaSi
rgaven or mcenares. dargvidan 4-5 dRis Semdeg plantacia mowmdeba da gac-
denili adgilebi gamoirgveba.
dargvidan 4-5 dRis Semdeg awarmoeben pirvel Toxna - gafxvierebas 3-4sm
siRrmeze. Semdegi Toxna da kultivacia warmoebs yovel 15-20 dReSi. zafxu-
lis periodSi, niadagis mdgomareobis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia saWiro gax-
des mesame da meoTxe Toxna-kultivacia. zafxulis periodSi, mwkrivTa So-

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ris kultivaciis win gamokvebis saxiT SeaqvT mineraluri sasuqebi, umTav-
resad azotiani sasuqi.
rehanis mosavals iReben im momentSi, rodesac mcenareSi dagrovilia
eTerovani zeTis maqsimaluri raodenoba. garegnuli niSnebiT am dros Tes-
li centralur Reroze rZisebr simwifeSia, xolo gverdiT totebze maso-
briv yvavilobaSia. saqarTveloSi rehanis mosavlis aReba iwyeba seqtem-
bridan da mTavrdeba 10 oqtombramde. mosavlis dagvianeba iwvevs did dana-
kargebs, siTbos klebasTan dakavSirebiT mcenare zrdas aCqarebs, mwvane masa
uxeSdeba da eTerovani zeTis mniSvnelovani raodenoba ikargeba.
mosavlis aReba iwyeba mcenareze namis SeSrobis Semdeg mwvane masas Wri-
an niadagis zedapiridan 8-10 sm simaRleze, moWrili masa gaaqvT nakveTidan,
tvirTaven manqanebze fxvierad (dautkepnavad) da dauyovnebliv agzavnian
qarxanaSi gadasamuSaveblad. rehanis mosavlis aRebidan qarxanaSi mitanamde
ar unda gavides 3 saaTze meti. mosavlis gadazidvis didi xniT dagvianeba
iwvevs mwvane masis Caxurebas da zrdis danakargebs.

sarTavi mcenareebi

sarTav mcenareTa jgufSi gaerTianebuli arian iseTi kulturebi, rom-

lebic mrewvelobisaTvis iZlevian naturalur boWkos. isini botanikurad
sxvadasxva ojaxis, gvarisa da saxeobaTa warmomadgenlebi arian. am kultu-
rebidan farTo samrewvelo mniSvneloba aqvs bambas, selsa da kanafs. mTe-
li sarTavi nedleulis 95%-s es mcenareebi iZlevian. sul ufro izrdeba
moTxovnileba sarTav nedleulze.
bamba. sarTavi mcenareebidan yvelaze farTod gavrcelebulia bamba. mra-
valmxrivi gamoyenebisa da misi boWkos Zvirfasi Tvisebebis gamo mas ,,TeTri
oqro” Searqves. safeiqro mrewvelobis ZiriTad nedleuls msoflioSi bam-
bis boWko warmoadgens, farTo gamoyeneba aqvs mas saavtomobilo, saaviacio,
celulozis da mrewvelobis sxva dargebSi. bambis boWkosagan mzaddeba
sxvadasxvanairi specialuri da Zvirfasi qsovilebi: batisti da markizeti,
saxazavi kalka, umaRlesi xarisxis satini, CiTi, faneli, Zafi, korda – av-
tomobilebis saburavebisaTvis da sxv. bambis boWkos matylSi SereviT mzad-
deba naxevrad Salis Zvirfasi Txeli qsovilebi.
100kg xami bamba (boWko-Teslianad) iZleva daaxloebiT 32kg sarTav boW-
kos, 65kg Teslsa da 1kg mokle boWkos (linters).
erTi kg bambis boWkodan ki SeiZleba damzaddes 20m TeTreulis qsovili,
an 12m CiTi, an 8m zewari, an 150 cali koWis Zafi.
bambis meore didmniSvnelovan produqts warmoadgens misi Tesli, rome-
lic xami bambis mosavlis 65%-s udris, bambis Tesli 20-27%-mde zeTs Sei-
cavs. mas farTo gamoyeneba aqvs margarinis, sapnis, sacxeb-sazeT, gliceri-
nis da sxva produqtebis warmoebaSi. erTi centneri bambis Teslidan Sei-
Zleba miRebuli iqnes 17-19kg zeTi, 40-42kg koptoni da 38-40kg CenCo.
bambis Reros iyeneben mTrimlav nivTierebaTa misaRebad, sawvav masalad
da niadagSi Casaxnavad, rogorc sasuqs bambis foTolSi 10%-mde limonmJa-
vaa, romelic SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes qarxnuli wesiT.
didi agroteqnikuri mniSvneloba aqvs bambas, rogorc saToxn mcenares.
am mxriv is kargi komponentia TeslbrunvaSi marcvleuli da sxva kultu-
rebisaTvis. yovelive zemoTqmulis garda - bamba iTvleba agreTve erT-erT
karg Taflovan mcenared.

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 bambis moyvanas misdevs msoflios mravali qveyana, naTesi farTobi 45
milion heqtars aRwevs. farTo samrewvelo gavrceleba miiRo mebambeobam
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, pirvelad bambis naTesma farTobma alaznis
velze, sagarejos, gardabnisa da marneulis raionebSi 18 aTas heqtars
miaRwia.
botanikuri daxasiaTeba. bamba tropikuli, mravalwliani, buCqovani mce-
narea. ekuTvnis balbisebrTa ojaxs. fesvTa sistema mTavarRerZiania, nia-
dagSi Cadis 2-2,5m-mde. uxvad itoteba da pirvel periodSi swrafad izrdeba,
gverdiTi fesvebi vrceldeba 1,5m siganeSi. fesvebis ZiriTadi masa niadagis
saxnav fenaSia moqceuli. Rero - swormdgomi, mtkice, fuZeSi gaxevebuli,
dafarulia bususiT. foTlis iRliebSi 2-3 kvirti, xSirad Reros qveda
foTlis iRliebSi mdebare kvirtebi ar viTardeba. gverdiTi totebi ga-
modis me-3-5 da zeviT mdebare foTlis iRliebidan. qveda totebi ufro
grZelia, vidre Suawelisa da wveros totebi, amis gamo bambis buCqs erT-
gvari piramiduli forma aqvs. bambas ornairi totebi uviTardeba: zrdisa
(monopodialuri), da sanayofe (simpodialuri). zrdis totebi gamodian mTa-
vari Reros qveda nawilidan maxvili kuTxiT, miemarTebian zeviT da ufro
didebia vidre sanayofe totebi. zrdis totebze Tavis mxriv foTlebis gar-
da, SeiZleba ganviTardes, rogorc zrdis, ise sanayofe totebi. uSualod
zrdis totze ki, iseve rogorc mTavar Reroze, kokori, yvavili da nayofi
ar viTardeba. sanayofe toti mTavari Rerodan gamodis ufro didi kuTxiT,
TiTqmis horizontalurad, zogjer qvemoTac aris daxrili. sanayofe totis
wveros kvirtidan viTardeba yvavili, xolo misi sigrZeze zrda warmoebs
gverdiTi kvirtebidan. amis gamo sanayofe toti izrdeba ara swori xaziT,
aramed klaknilad, texilebiT. am Tvisebis gamo sanayofe totebs uwodeben
sompodialurs an simpodiebs (mravalmuxlianebs).
bambis sxvadasxva jiSebis sanayofe totebs sxvadasxva raodenobis mux-
lebi da muxlTSorisebi axasiaTebT. zogierT maTgans TiTo muxlTSorisi
aqvs, romlis boloSi yvela kvirti iviTarebs yvavilsa da nayofs da amis
gamo misi sigrZeze zrda aRar xdeba. mas zRvruli tipis totebs uwodeben.
mraval muxlTSorisian sanayofe totebs - arazRvruli tipi ewodeba da maT
erTmaneTisagan muxlTSorisebis sigrZiT ansxvaveben. imis mixedviT, Tu
rogori tipis sanayofe totebs inviTarebs mcenare, buCqi SeiZleba iyos
gadaSlili (arazRvruli tipis dros) an Sekruli (zRvruli tipis dros).
zRvruli tipis simpodialuri totebiani bamba ufro mcire mosavliania da
misi boWkos xarisxic SedarebiT dabalia.
foToli Sedgeba yunwisa da firfitisagan. pirveli 2-3 foToli, rome-
lic mTavar Reroze viTardeba lebnebis amotanis Semdeg, gulisebri moyva-
nilobisaa da daunakvTavia. danarCeni foTlebi danakvTulia sxvadasxva
intensivobiT, 3-dan 7 nakvTamde. TiToeuli foTlis yunwis ZirSi zis ori
foToli. foTlebi ganlagebulia mTavar Rerosa da zrdis totebze mux-
lebad, xolo sanayofe totebze, TiToeul kokorTan. foToli qveda
mxridan Sebusvilia. yvavili zis yvavilsajdomze, xuTi gvirgvinis fur-
cliT, romlebic ZirSi erTad arian Sezrdili. gvirgvinis furclebi jiSe-
bis mixedviT, yviTeli an TeTria. nayofi - kolofia, momrgvalo-kvercxi-
sebri, 3-4 an 5 sagduliani. Tesli - kvercxisebri moyvanilobis, sigrZiT 9-
12mm da siganiT 6-8mm. boWkos mocilebis Semdeg Teslze rCeba mokle bew-
viani gingli, Tumca aris e.w SiSvelTesliani uginglo bambis jiSebic,
romelTa Tesli mcired aris Sebusvili. gingli umetesad TeTri ferisaa,
iSviaTad mwvane an yavisferi, igi Teslis wonis 3-4%-s Seadgens.

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 Tesli garedan dafarulia sakmaod magari, gaxevebuli kaniT, romlis
SigniT moTavsebulia apkiseburi garsi. kangaclili Tesli Sedgeba ori
lebnisagan, fesvebisa da Reros Canasaxisagan. 1000 Teslis masa meryeobs 60-
dan 125 g-mde.
biologiuri Taviseburebani. bamba tipiuri samxreTis mcenarea. zrda-gan-
viTarebisaTvis saWiroebs siTbos met raodenobas, vidre mindvris sxva
romelime mcenare. marTalia bambis Tesli gaRivebas iwyebs niadagSi 10-120
siTbos pirobebSi, magram misi normaluri gaRiveba mimdinareobs 20-250
siTbos dros. TviT mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa ufro maRali
temperatura - 25-300. Teslidan pirvelad gamodis fesvis Canasaxi, romelic
Rrmad miemarTeba niadagSi, Semdeg mcenares miwis zeviT amoaqvs lebnebi.
naTesis aRmocenebidan erTi kviris Semdeg mcenare iviTarebs pirvel nam-
dvil foTols, xolo Semdeg yovel 3-5 dReSi Cndeba axali foTlebi, 7–8
foTlis ganviTarebis Semdeg, me-4-5 foTlis iRliaSi Cndeba pirveli ko-
kori, anu pirveli sanayofe totis Canasaxi. pirveli foTlis gamotanidan
20-30 dRis Semdeg mcenare iwyebs kokrebis ganviTarebas. kokrebis Canasa-
xidan yvavilobis dawyebamde gadis 25-35 dRe, xolo yvavilobidan nayofis
momwifebamde da kolofis gaxsnamde mcenares esaWiroeba kidev 50-65 dRe.
mcenaris savegetacio periodi daTesvidan kolofis momwifebamde grZel-
deba 120-140 dRe, xolo nazboWkoiani jiSebisa 145-160 dRemdec. bamba ver
itans dabal temperaturas, sul umniSvnelo yinvac ki 0,5-1,00 Rupavs mcena-
res, xolo 10–120 siTbos dros boWko ar izrdeba da ar mwifdeba. bamba
sinaTlis moyvaruli da sakmaod gvalvagamZle mcenarea. bambis normaluri
zrda-ganviTarebisa da uxvi mosavlisaTvis aucilebelia misi morwyva.
bambis saxeobani da jiSebi. bambis gvari 35-mde saxeobas moicavs, maTgan
kulturaSi gavrcelebulia mxolod 5 saxeoba. praqtikaSi ki farTod
misdeven ori saxis bambis moyvanas: es aris Cveulebrivi bamba (meqsikuri anu
centralur–amerikuli warmoSobis) da e.w ,,egvipturi” bamba–barbadenze
(samxreT amerikuli warmoSobis).
adgili TeslbrunvaSi. mindvris sxva kulturebidan SedarebiT bamba uke-
Tesad itans zedized Tesvas 5_6 wlis da ufro meti xnis ganmavlobaSi.
magram didi xniT erTsa da imave adgilze bambis Tesvas Tan sdevs yvela is
uaryofiTi movlena, rasac saerTod adgili aqvs monokulturis dros. es
aris niadagis struqturis zedmetad daSla, saxnavi fenis gamkvriveba, nia-
dagis zedapirze qerqis gaCena da amasTan dakavSirebiT aeraciisa da wylis
reJimis normaluri procesebis darRveva, mavneblebisa da daavadebaTa gav-
rceleba da sxv.
bambisaTvis saukeTeso winamorbedad iTvleba ionja. 2-3 wlis manZilze
ionjas arseboba TeslbrunvaSi 0,4-0,5%-iT zrdis humusis Semcvelobas nia-
dagSi, rac heqtarze 12-18 t neSompalis dagrovebas udris. ionja amcirebs
bambis mindvrebis daavadebas viltiT (WknobiT), romlis gamomwvevi soko
ionjas fesvebze ver viTardeba da droTa ganmavlobaSi iRupeba.
niadagis ganoyiereba. bamba did moTxovnilebas iCens sasuqebis mimarT.
sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom erTi tona xami bambis mosavlis Sesaqmnelad mce-
nares esaWiroeba 45-50kg azoti, 12-17kg fosfori da 40-50kg kaliumi. bambis
maRali mosavlis miReba sasuqebis gamoyenebis gareSe TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.
bambis mcenaris mier sakvebi elementebis SeTvisebis Tavisebureba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom ganviTarebis pirvel periodSi, kokrebis warmoqmnamde,
mcenare sustad iTvisebs sakvebs, mTeli moTxovnilebis mxolod 2-5%-s. kok-
rebis ganviTarebidan - yvavilobamde sakvebis SeTvisebis tempi izrdeba da

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mTeli moTxovnilebis 20-30% udris, xolo Semdgom stadiaSi–yvavilobidan
momwifebamde, mcenaris intensiurad zrdasTan erTad, izrdeba agreTve sak-
veb nivTierebaTa SeTvisebac. sakvebis mTel danarCen raodenobas 65-75% mce-
nare am periodSi iTvisebs.
gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea bambis mcenare ganviTarebis pirvel fazaSi
fosforis mimarT. Semodgomaze ZiriTadi ganoyierebis dros, niadagSi Se-
aqvT rogorc organuli, ise mineraluri sasuqebi.
niadagis damuSaveba. mebambeobis ZiriTad raionebSi, uklebliv miRebulia
bambisaTvis niadagis damuSavebis mzralad xvnis sistema.
Teslis momzadeba da Tesva. dasaTesad iyeneben daraionebuli jiSis
bambis Tesls miRebuls maRalmosavliani nakveTebidan. Tesli kargad unda
iyos momwifebuli da gasufTavebuli ginglisagan. bambis maRalxarisxiani
Tesli unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs: gaRivebis unari aranakleb
90%, sisufTave - aranakleb 97% da tenianoba araumetes 11%. Teslis ga-
sufTaveba warmoebs bambis qarxnebSi, sadac mas jer aclian boWkos e.w. ji-
nis manqanebiT, xolo Semdeg asufTaveben ginglisagan–linteris manqanebiT.
Teslis ginglianoba ar unda aRematebodes 0,4-0,8%.
meqanikuri gasufTavebis dros Teslis garkveuli nawili ziandeba da
Semdeg aRmonacens aRar iZleva. aseTi Teslis raodenoba 5%-s ar unda aRe-
matebodes.
ukanasknel dros SemoiRes bambis Teslis gasufTaveba aeroqimiuri meTo-
diT, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tesls amuSaveben sxvadasxva mJavebis
orTqliT. am dros gingli daSlas ganicdis da Semdeg advilad scildeba
specialuri jagrisebiTa da haeris nakadiT. am SemTxvevaSi Teslis meqa-
nikuri dazianeba Tavidan aris acilebuli. ginglisagan gasufTavebuli Te-
sli erTmaneTs aRar ewebeba da advilad iTeseba manqanebiT.
fesvis sidamplis, gomozisa da sxva daavadebaTa sawinaaRmdegod bambis
Tesls wamlian saTanado fungicidebiT.
Tesvamde 2-3 kviriT adre mimarTaven bambis Teslis haerTbur damuSavebas
30 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. es mniSvnelovnad zrdis Teslis gaRivebis energias
da aRmocenebis unars.
naTesis aRmocenebis daCqarebis mizniT, zogjer mimarTaven Teslis dal-
bobas gamdinare wyalSi 1-2 dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
bambis Tesva iwyeba maSin, rodesac niadagi 10 sm siRrmeze gaTbeba 120-mde.
bambis Tesvis farTod gavrcelebuli wesia kvadratul-budobrivi Tesva. am
SemTxvevaSi mosavali metia Cveulebriv mwkrivad TesvasTan SedarebiT 5-7c-
iT heqtarze. kvadratul - budobrivi Tesvis dros miRebulia kvebis ared
60X60 sm, an 50X50 sm jiSisa da adgilobrivi pirobebis mixedviT.
mcire daxrilobis noyier niadagebze karg Sedegebs iZleva bambis gada-
Slil-buCqebiani jiSebis Tesva, manZiliT 60X60 s, budnaSi 3 mcenaris dato-
vebiT, rac heqtarze 83 aTas mcenares Seadgens.
SedarebiT Rarib niadagebze bamba iTeseba kvebis areTi 50X50 sm, ori-sami
mcenaris datovebiT.
Tesvis wesebis Sesabamisad bambis saTesi normac sxvadasxvanairia - 35-
40kg-dan, 60-70 kg-mde heqtarze. viwro mwkrivebad Tesvis dros, rodesac
gamoxSirvas mimarTaven meqanizebulad, da Taigulebis wesiT heqtarze
iTeseba 90-120 kg.
naTesis movla. bambis naTesis movlis pirveli RonisZieba iwyeba niada-
gis zedapirze gaCenili qerqis mospobiT. niadagis qerqis daSlas aRweven

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msubuqi farcxebiT an rotaciuli maToxebis saSualebiT, romelsac ata-
reben naTesis mwkrivebis gardi-gardmo.
normalur pirobebSi daTesili bamba erTi kviris Semdeg iwyebs aRmo-
cenebas. rogorc ki mwkrivebi gamoCndeba, mimarTaven rigTa Soris kulti-
vacias da mcenareTa gamoxSirvas. es samuSaoebi unda Sesruldes SemWidro-
vebulad da rac SeiZleba adreul vadebSi, pirveli wyvili foTlis fazaSi.
kultivaciisa da gamoxSirvis dros iTxreba pirvel rigSi daavadebuli da
sustad ganviTarebuli mcenareebi, ispoba sarevelebi da fxvierdeba niadagi.
kvadratul-budobrivi ganlagebisaTvis Cveulebriv mwkrivad naTes bambas
manqanebis saSualebiT xSiraven, risTvisac mwkrivebis gardi-gardmo atare-
ben kultivators brtylad mWreli danebiT ise, rom gamoxSirvis Semdeg
miviRoT 12-15 sm sigrZis Taigulebi. meore dResve warmoebs Taigulebis
gamoxSirva xeliT, Taigulis centrSi stoveben yvelaze saRsa da kargad
ganviTarebul 2-3 mcenares. sarwyav raionebSi bambis normaluri sixSirea
80-100 aTasi mcenare, wvrilboWkoiani jiSebisaTvis ki - 70-90 aTasi mcenare
heqtarze.
amis Semdeg naTesis movlis erT-erT mTavar sazrunavs warmoadgens sare-
velebis winaaRmdeg brZola, mwkrivTa Soris niadagis gafxviereba. mwkrivTa
Soris pirveli kultivacia tardeba 8-10 sm siRrmeze. gardi gardmo kul-
tivacia warmoebs pirveli savegetacio morwyvisTanave, rogorc ki niadagis
zedapiri SeSreba. Semdeg, yoveli savegetacio morwyvidan 2-3 dRis Semdeg,
kvlav mimarTaven kultivacias. meore kultivaciis dros kultivatoris Ta-
Tebi dayenebuli unda iqnes ise, rom mwkrivebs Soris arsebuli manZilis
centri fxvierdebodes 12-15 sm siRrmeze. xolo misi napirebi mcenareebi-
saken 8-10 sm siRrmeze. Semdgomi kultivaciebi tardeba ufro nakleb siRr-
meze, 10-12 da 6-sm-ze. rodesac mwkrivebi imdenad Seivseba, rom iq manqanebis
gavla daazianebs mcenareebs, kultivacias aRar atareben.
kvadratul - budobrivad naTes bambaSi 4-5-jer tardeba mwkrivTSoris
kultivacia da 3-4-jer gardi gardmo kultivacia, rac gamoricxavs xeliT
Sromas. sarevelebis winaaRmdeg farTod iyeneben herbicidebs.
morwyva. bambis mosavlianobis gadidebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
RonisZiebaa morwyva. mebambeobis ZiriTad raionebSi didi xania damkvidre-
bulia orgvari morwyva: samarago (Tesvamde) da savegetacio.
mebambeobis ZiriTad raionebSi bambis morwyvas iwyeben Cveulebriv, mce-
naris mier 3-5 foTlis ganviTarebis fazaSi. Semdgomi morwyvebi tardeba
amindisa da naTesis mdgomareobis mixedviT. zogierT wlebSi bambisaTvis
sakmarisia 3-4 morwyva, zogjer ki morwyvis raodenoba izrdeba 11-mde.
gansakuTrebiT xSirad saWiroebs morwyvas mcenare yvavilobis periodSi.
mebambeobis raionebSi miRebulia rwyvis aseTi sqema: 1-2-1 an 2-4-1 da a.S.
pirveli cifri niSnavs morwyvis raodenobas bambis yvavilobamde. meore–
morwyvis raodenobas yvavilobidan, kolofebis momwifebamde da mesame–
morwyvis raodenobas kolofebis momwifebis periodSi.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba morwyvas yvavilobamde.
mcenaris ganviTarebis periodebis mixedviT icvleba rwyvis normebic.
yvavilobamde is udris 700-800 kub.m yvavilobis dros 800-1000 kub.m, xolo
kolofebis gaxsnis Semdeg - 600-700 kub.m heqtarze. sarwyavi norma mTeli
savegetacio periodis ganmavlobaSi Seadgens 5000-8000 kub.m heqtarze.
mosavlis aReba. bambis momwifeba da kolofebis gaxsna mcenareze erT-
droulad ar xdeba, es procesi grZeldeba 1,5-2,0 Tvemde, pirveli yinvebis
dawyebamde. Semodgomaze siciveebis moaxlovebisa da dRis ganaTebis Semci-

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rebasTan dakavSirebiT, bambis momwifebis tempic mcirdeba, ris gamoc TviT
erTi mcenaris farglebSiac ki boWkosa da Teslis xarisxi sxvadasxva-
nairia.
adre gaxsnili kolofebi yvelaze ufro maRalxarisxovan boWkosa da
Tesls iZleva. amasTan, mas meti wona aqvs da boWkos didi gamosavlianobiT
xasiaTdeba.
mcenaris am TvisebaTa gamo bambis mosavlis aReba ramdenjerme warmoebs.
pirveli mosavlis aRebas iwyeben maSin, rodesac buCqis daaxloebiT 25%-ze
gaixsneba 1-2 kolofi. meore da mesame krefa warmoebs kolofebis gaxsnis
Sesabamisad, pirveli yinvebis dawyebamde. pirveli yinvebis Semdeg maso-
brivad iwyeba Semousvleli kolofebis gaxsna, romlis boWko damakmayofi-
lebeli TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. yinvebis Semdeg gaxsnili da naxevrad ga-
xsnili kolofebidan miRebuli mosavali xarisxiT CamorCeba yinvebamde aRe-
bul mosavals, amitom, is calke grovdeba da igzavneba. mosavlis aRebis
dagvianeba dauSvebelia, radgan es iwvevs gaxsnili kolofebidan bambisa da
Teslis gamocvenas da adidebs danakargebs.
bamba ikrifeba rogorc xeliT, ise manqanebiT xeliT krefis dros erTi
mkrefavi dReSi agrovebs 60-80 kg xam bambas, calkeuli mowinaveebi ki dReSi
krefen 200-300 kg-sac.
amJamad konstruirebulia maRali warmadobis bambis asaRebi rTuli man-
qanebi. bambis pirveli krefa manqanebiT iwyeba maSin, rodesac mcenareebze
kolofebis 50-60% gaixsneba, xolo meore krefa - rodesac darCenili ko-
lofebis 80-90% gadaiSleba.
bambis sakrefi manqanebis Seuferxeblad muSaobisaTvis mimarTaven e.w.
defolacias, foTlebze qimiuri nivTierebis Sesxurebas, romelic iwvevs
foTlebis dawvas da Camocvenas. defolacia xorcieldeba specialuri
manqanebiT da TviTmfrinavebiTac. defolaciis Semdeg kolofebi swrafad
mwifdeba da ixsneba, advildeba manqanebis muSaoba. didi mniSvneloba aqvs
defolaciis Catarebis vadas. naadrevad gatarebulma am RonisZiebam Sesa-
Zlebelia gamoiwvios mosavlianobis Semcireba, xolo dagvianebiT gatare-
bis SemTxvevaSi misi efeqti mcirdeba, radgan gauxeSebul foTlebze qimi-
uri nivTiereba efeqtianad veRar moqmedebs.
bambis mosavlis mTlianad aRebis Semdeg mindori unda gaiwmindos Re-
roebisagan, raTa niadagi wesierad momzaddes momdevno kulturisaTvis.
xami bamba unda gaSres 10-15% tenianobamde da gaigzavnos Casabareblad.
seli. seli iZleva ori saxis nedleuls - sarTav boWkosa da Tesls. se-
lis Rero Seicavs 20–23% da met lafans, romelic saukeTeso nedleulia
safeiqro mrewvelobisaTvis. misgan mzaddeba rogorc Zvirfasi nazi qsovi-
lebi - batisti (1 kg boWkosagan miiReba 10 m2 batisti an 1,6 m2 teqnikuri
qsovili brezenti), ise sxvadasxva saxis tiloebi, sufrebi, pirsaxocebi se-
lis uxeSi boWkosagan qsoven tomrebs, amzadeben Tokebs, saTevzao badeebs,
selis boWkos produqcia farTod gamoiyeneba saavtomobilo, saaviacio, re-
zinis, fexsacmlisa da sxva samrewvelo dargebSi.
selis boWkos gadamuSavebis anarCeni - ZenZi, gamoiyeneba Tokebis, kanafis
dasamzadeblad da SesafuTad, saCulav masalad (pakli). selis Reroebs,
xmaroben sawvavad an iyeneben rogorc nedleuls qaRaldis warmoebaSi.
selis kulturis meore mniSvnelovani produqtia Tesli, romlisagan
zeTs iReben. selis zeTi advilad Sreba, misi iodis ricxvi udri 165–192. am
Tvisebis gamo mas farTo gamoyeneba aqvs maRalxarisxiani olifis, saRe-

141
bavebis, laqebis, sapnis da sxva saxis masalebis warmoebaSi. selis zeTs
iyeneben sakvebadac.
selis mcenaridan 70–75% modis Calaze, 10–15% Teslze da 10–15% naxor-
ze. zeTis gamosavali Teslis wonis 35–42% aRwevs. Teslis zeTad gadamu-
Savebisas miiReba meoradi produqti - koptoni, romelic 25%-mde cilebsa
da 30%-ze met uazoto monelebad nivTierebebs Seicavs. am TvisebaTa gamo
selis koptoni Zvirfasi koncentrirebuli sakvebia cxovelebisaTvis, gansa-
kuTrebiT mozardi pirutyvisaTvis. 1kg koptoni Seicavs 1,15kg kvebiT erTe-
uls. seli gamoiyeneba agreTve rogorc samkurnalo mcenare.
kanafi. kanafis boWko xasiaTdeba didi simtkiciT da gamZlea lpobis mi-
marT. amis gamo mas farTo gamoyeneba aqvs saxalxo meurneobaSi. misgan
mzaddeba tiloebi, brezentebi, tomrebi, badeebi, Tokebi, Rvedebi, kanafi,
CenCo ki gamoiyeneba plastmasis, qaRaldis da sxva masalebis warmoebaSi.
kenafi. kenafi mohyavT boWkos misaRebad, misi boWko mtkicea da hig-
roskopuli, gamoiyeneba umTavresad Tokebis, tomrebis da sxva saxis uxeSi
SesafuTavi qsovilebis dasamzadeblad. misi qsovilebisagan damzadebul
tomrebSi kargad inaxeba Saqari, ar teniandeba. kenafis Reros iyeneben sam-
Seneblo filebis dasamzadeblad da qaRaldis, avejis, xaliCebis da sxva
warmoebaSi.
juTi. juTis boWkos iyeneben Tokebis, Rvedebis dasawnavad da uxeSi qso-
vilebis dasamzadeblad, saidanac keraven mtkice tomrebs Saqris, marilis,
sxvadasxva qimiuri produqtebis, sasuqebis, bambis, abreSumis, matylis da
sxvaTa Sesanaxad. juTis tomrebi ar anagvianeben Saqars Senaxvis dros Zen-
Zis anarCenebiT. misi boWko farTod gamoiyeneba xaliCebis, avejis, saSpale-
ro qsovilis. linoleumis da rigi sxva sagnebis dasamzadeblad.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. mzesumziras agrobiologiuri biologiuri Taviseburebani, movla-moyva-
nis ZiriTadi pirobebi.
2. ra ZiriTad RonisZiebebs gulisxmobs mzesumziras dacva mavnebel daava-
debebisagan.
3. sarTavi kulturebis (bamba) agrobiologiuri, biologiuri Tavisebure-
bani, movla-moyvanis ZiriTadi pirobebi.
4. daaxasaiTeT bambis kulturis agrobiologiuri Taviseburebani. adgili
TeslbrunvaSi.

T a v i 12

Kkartofili

kartofilis kulturas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc nedleuls

msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobisaTvis. misi tuberebi 14-22%-mde saxamebels da
2-3% cilas Seicaven. saxamebeli gamoiyeneba sakonditro da Zexveulis
warmo-ebaSi. kvebis balansSi mas meore adgili ukavia - pureulis Semdeg,
CrdiloeT qveynebSi da mTian raionebSi kartofili erT-erTi ZiriTadi sa-
sursaTo produqtia. kartofili mdidaria C vitaminiT, ris gamoc mas sura-
vandis (RrZilebis daavadebebis) winaaRmdeg iyeneben.
kartofilisgan iReben spirts, romelic gamoiyeneba sinTezuri kauCukis,
plastmasebisa da xelovnuri abreSumis dasamzadeblad. kartofilisgan xdi-
an agreTve luds. kartofilis gadamuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli anarCeni-na-

142
xadi gamoiyeneba pirutyvis sakvebad. 1t kartofilidan 17,6% saxamebliano-
biT, SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes 112l spirti, 55kg Txieri naxSirorJangi,
1500l naxadi an 170kg saxamebeli, 1000kg ludi.
kartofili saqonlisaTvis saukeTeso sakvebia, rogorc tuberi ise misi
Rero da foTlebi.
saqarTveloSi kartofili umTavresad mohyavT mTian raionebSi: axalqa-
laqis, axalcixis, walkis, dmanisis, bogdanovkis, TeTriwyaros, TianeTis,
duSeTis raionebSi, aWaraSi, svaneTSi da mcire raodenobiT imereTsa da
raWaSi. saadreo kartofili didi raodenobiT mohyavT gardabnis, bolnisis
da marneulis raionebSi.
biologiuri Tavisebureba. kartofili ZaRlyurZenasebrTa ojaxs ekuT-
vnis da warmoadgens orlebnian balaxovan mcenares. kartofilis 200–mde
veluri da kulturuli saxeoba arsebobs. kartofilis buCqis simaRle 60-
90sm-mde izrdeba. Sedgeba 3-6 Rerosagan. gorgli Reros miwisqveSa saxe-
cvlilebaa. gorglis forma SeiZleba iyos momrgvalo, wagrZelebuli da
sxva. garegani Seferiloba da rbilobis feri - TeTri, yviTeli, vardis-
feri, wiTeli da lurji. kartofilis fesvi funjaa, sustad ganviTarebuli.
foToli kentfrTisebr gankveTilia, aqvs nakvTebi da nakvTulebi, ferad
momwvano-moyviTalo an muqi mwvanea. yvavili xuTwevriani, TeTri, mowiTalo-
iisferi an molurjo-iisferi, nayofi sferosebri an ovaluri kenkraa. aqvs
Zalian wvrili Teslebi (1000 cali 0,5-0,6 g iwonis).
kartofili mravldeba ve-
getatiurad-gorgliT (se-le-
qciis mizniT TesliT), rome-
lic Seicavs 76,3% wyals da
23,7% mSral nivTierebas, m.S.
17,5% saxamebels, 0,5% Saqars,
1-2% cilas, 1%-mde minera-
lur marilebs, agreTve C, B1,
B2 da sxva vitaminebs.
daraionebuli jiSebi. sa-
meurneo TvalsazrisiT kar-
tofilis jiSebi iyofa Sem-
deg jgufebad: saadreo, sa-
Sualo vegetaciisa da sag-
viano. saadreo jiSebs aRmo-
cenebidan tuberis
Semosvlamde 70-90 dRe sWirdeba, saSualo vegetaciisas 90-120 dRe, xolo
sagviano jiSebs 120-180dRe.
gamoyenebis mixedviT kartofilis jiSebs yofen oTx jgufad:
1. sufris jiSebi xasiaTdebian kargi gemoTi da xarjvis unariT. sufris
jiSebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia nazi da Txeli kani, ara Rrmad Camjdari
kvirtebi, Tvlebis mcire raodenoba (maJestiki, lorxi da sxv.).
2. saqarxno jiSebSi Semavali kartofili umTavresad sagviano, maRalmosav-
liani da saxamebliT mdidaria. mas umTavresad saqarxno zonebSi avrcele-
ben saxameblisa da spirtis misaRebad (voltmani, ostbote da sxv.).
3. pirutyvis sakvebi jiSebi xasiaTdebian maRali mosavlianobiT, mSrali ni-
vTierebisa da gansakuTrebiT, cilebis meti raodenobiT, gemoTi CamorCe-
bian sufris jiSebs, magaliTad jiSi krugeri, vardisferi mileTidan da
sxv.

143
4. universaluri jiSebi. am saxelwodebiT erT jgufSia gaerTianebuli ise-
Ti jiSebi, romelTa gamoyeneba SeiZleba rogorc sasursaTod, ise teqno-
logiuri gadamuSavebisaTvis, magaliTad lorxi, merkeri, saxalxo da sxv.
saqarTvelos dablobis baris raionebisaTvis daraionebulia saadreo
jiSi-vilJski, javaxeTis mTagoriani zonis, TrialeTis qvemo qarTlis sar-
wyavi miwebis da samxreT oseTisaTvis-maJestiki, TrialeTuri.
mosavlianoba. saqarTveloSi kartofilis mosavlianoba 1 heqtarze 120
centneramde aRwevs, xelsayreli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi zogierT raionebSi
SesaZlebelia kartofilis ufro meti mosavlis miReba.
adgili TeslbrunvaSi. kartofili TeslbrunvaSi Tavsdeba mravalwli-
ani balaxebis, saSemodgomo TavTavianebis, samarcvle parkosnebis da erT-
wliani balaxebis Semdeg. niadagis kargad damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi karto-
fili zedized ramodenimejer Tesvas itans.
ganoyiereba. kartofilis maRali mosavlis misaRebad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs sakveb elementebze misi moTxovnilebis gaTvaliswinebas. literatura-
Si cnobilia, rom saSualod 1 tona kartofilis misaRebad kartofilis
mcenare iyenebs 5kg azots, 2kg fosfors da 9kg kaliums. sakvebi elemente-
bisadmi didi moTxovnileba imiT aixsneba, rom misi fesvTa sistema sustad
aris ganviTarebuli da daaxloebiT miwiszeda nawilis 6-7%-s Seadgens.
saSualo Tixnar niadagebze nakeli SeaqvT 30-40 tonis raodenobiT, mwir
miwebsa da Rarib qviSnarebze nakelis normas heqtarze adideben 60 tonam-
dec, noyier Savmiwa niadagebze sakmarisia 20-25t nakeli niadagSi SeaqvT mz-
ralad xvnis win.
kartofilis maRali mosavlis misaRebad nakelTan erTad kargia minera-
luri sasuqebis Setana. gansakuTrebiT fosforiani da kaliumiani sasuqebi
xels uwyoben tuberSi saxameblis dagrovebas, aumjobeseben mis xarisxs,
icaven mcenareebs rgoluri sidamplis daavadebebisagan.
kartofilisaTvis mineraluri sasuqebis dozebi wesdeba agroqimiuri kar-
togramebis mixedviT. amis mixedviT mineraluri sasuqebis dozebi icvleba
heqtarze saSualod Semdegi raodenobiT: N 60-90 P 60-80 K 60-80, mineraluri sasu-
qebi umjobesia Setanil iqnas gazafxulze dargvis dros.
niadagis damuSaveba. niadagis damuSaveba kartofilisaTvis warmoebs Rr-
mad, 25-27sm siRrmeze, mzralad. Semodgoma-zamTris ganmavlobaSi, ferdobeb-
ze, sadac niadagis Camorecxvis saSiSroebaa, niadagi ixvneba adre gazafxu-
lze, kartofilis dargvis win mzralad moxnuli niadagi saoSiT dargvis
siRrmemde fxvierdeba Tanmiyolebuli zigzagiani farcxiT.
kartofilis momzadeba dasargavad. kartofilis mosavlianoba damokide-
bulia saTesle masalis xarisxze, amitom, saTesle kartofili Semodgomaze
unda gadairCes, daxarisxdes, dayalibdes da calke Seinaxos. gazafxulze
dargvis win sargavi masala kvlav unda Seiwamlos da gadairCes daavadebu-
li da dazianebuli tuberebisagan. saukeTeso saTesle masala saSualo si-
didis 60-70g-iani tuberebia, met mosavals iZleva ufro msxvili tuberebi,
magram sargavi masis raodenoba izrdeba, es ki xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
amis gamo msxvili tuberebi sigrZeze iWreba, raTa kvirtebi Tanabrad moxv-
des orive nawilze.
mTiani raionebis sarwyav pirobebSi kartofilis optimaluri raodeno-
baa 50-55 aTasi mcenare heqtarze, urwyavebSi - 40-45 aTasi. kartofils, darg-
vis win, wamlaven preparat prestiJiT, mavneblebisa da daavadebebis sawina-
aRmdegod. 1t saTesle kartofils sWirdeba 1l preparati.

144
 dargvis siRrme. mSralsa da fxvier niadagebze kartofilis dargvis
siRrmea 12-14sm, SedarebiT mZime Tixnar, tenian niadagebze kartofili irg-
veba 10-12sm siRrmeze.
naTesis movla. kartofilisaTvis niadagis damuSavebis mizans Seadgens
niadagis mudam fxvieri da sarevelebisgan sufTa mdgomareoba. am mizniT
kartofili aRmocenebis Semdeg ifarcxeba mwkrivebis gardi gardmo, Semdeg
mwkrivTSorisebi fxvierdeba kultivatorebiT, xolo miwis Semoyra warmo-
ebs miwis Semomyreli manqanebiT.
sarevelebis winaaRmdeg kartofilis dargvis win niadags asxureben her-
bicid zenkors, romelic 1 ha-ze saWiroa 90 g raodenobiT.
kolorados xoWos gamoCenisas kartofili SeiZleba Seiwamlos 50%-iani
volotanis fxvniliT an 80%-iani qlorofosis fxvniliT.
mcenareTa damatebiTi gamokveba. kartofili sakvebi nivTierebebisadmi
Zlier momTxovnia, amitom is saWiroebs damatebiT gamokvebas. gazafxulze
naTesis sustad ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, azotiani sasuqebis mcire doza
amoniumis gvarjila 1c raodenobiT an sulfatamoniumi 1,5c/ha-ze, aumjobe-
sebs mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebas. 2c superfosfati da 1c kaliumis marili
gamokvebis saxiT SeaqvT kultivaciis win. sasuqebis Setana damatebiTi kve-
bis dros warmoebs Rrmad, 10-12sm siRrmeze. sarwyav nakveTebze sasuqebis Se-
tana damatebiTi kvebis saxiT SeiZleba mSraladac. am SemTxvevaSi buCqis
ZirSi Setanili sasuqi miwaSi unda moeqces kultivatoris saSualebiT da
Semdeg moirwyas.
mosavlis aReba. mosavlis amRebi manqanebis muSaobis gaadvilebisaTvis,
kartofilis naTesi mosavlis aRebamde 3-5 dRiT adre, xolo saTesle na-
kveTze, 10-14 dRiT adre unda gaiTibos. amiT naTess aTavisufleben mcenaris
Rero-foTlebisagan. am mizniT iyeneben saTibelas. niadagi Tu fxvieria da
qviani ar aris, mosavals iReben kombainiT.
saadreo kartofilis moyvanisas tardeba
iseTi RonisZiebebi, rogorebicaa: saadreo
jiSebis SerCeva, sargavi masalis winaswari
gaRiveba da gaRivebuli tuberebiT dargva.
advilad xsnadi mineraluri sasuqebis (amo-
niumis gvarjilis) gamoyeneba, morwyva, dasa-
rgavad msubuqi-fxvieri niadagebis SerCeva,
adre vadebSi dargva. saadreo kartofils
iReben jer isev mwvane Reroebis fazaSi, ro-
desac tuberebis saSualo masa 50-60g mi-
aRwevs. adre aRebuli kartofili kargad ar
inaxeba da male unda iqnes realizebuli.
kartofilis Senaxva. kartofilis Senaxva
did sirTulesTanaa dakavSirebuli, radgan
tuberi wyals didi raodenobiT Seicavs. is
cocxali mcenarea da sunTqavs. yovelive
amis gamo masze advilad mravldeba baqteriuli da sokovani daavadebebi,
romlebic iwveven kartofilis gafuWebas.
kartofilis SenaxvisaTvis kargia 1-30 siTbo da kargi ventilacia, amaze
ufro dabal temperaturaze tuberi iyineba. haeris optimaluri tenianobaa
85-93%. kartofilis Senaxva SeiZleba Txrilebsa da ormoebSic, romlebic
saTanadod unda iqnes daTbunebuli namjiTa da miwis yriliT. Txrils uke-
Tdeba fuZeSi ficrebisgan Sekruli saventilacio mili zedmeti tenianobis

145
mosacileblad. kartofilis grovis simaRle Senaxvisas aqtiuri ventila-
ciis dros sawyobSi SeiZleba iyos 3-4m, Cveulebriv pirobebSi ki ar unda
aRematebodes 1,5m.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. romeli ZiriTadi garemo faqtorebi moqmedeben kartofilis kulturis
zrda-ganviTarebaze?
2. kartofilis kulturis moyvanisaTvisaTvis niadagis damuSavebis wesebi
da sasuqebis gamoyenebis sistemebi.
3. kartofilis saTesi masalis momzadeba.
4. kartofilis mavnebel-daavadebebi. maTi mavneobis Semcirebis gzebi.
5. kartofilis mosavlis aRebis wesebi.

T a v i 13

Zirxvenebi da tuberianebi
Zirnayofebi. am jgufis warmomadgenlebs ekuTvnian Warxali, stafilo,
Talgamura da Talgami. kulturaSi isini orwliani mcenareebia. pirvel
weliwads Teslidan viTardeba gamsxvilebuli fesvi da foTlebis kona. fo-
Tlis yunwis iRliebSi moTavsebulia kvirtebi, romlebic pirvel weliwads
mZinare mdgomareobaSi arian. vegetaciis meore wels mZinare kvirtebi iRvi-
Zeben, zrdas iwyeben da warmoqmnian Reroebs, romlebzedac, Tavis mxriv wa-
rmoiSoba foTlebi, yvavili da Semdeg nayofi. amrigad, daTesvidan nayofis
Semosvlamde mcenares esaWiroeba ori weli.
am jgufis mcenareTa Tesli orlebniania. mcenaris aRmoceneba imiT iwye-
ba, rom TeslSi arsebuli lebnebis qveda muxli iwyebs gaZlierebul zrdas
da miwis zeviT amodis, Tan amoaqvs lebnebic, gaRivebis pirvel dReebSi
mcenare ikvebeba lebnebSi moTavsebuli sakvebi nivTierebebiT, xolo aRmo-
cenebis Semdeg lebnebi mwvane Sefervas iReben, iwyeben asimilacias, zoma-
Sic matuloben da pirveli foTlebis daniSnulebas asruleben. aRmocene-
bidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg lebnebsSua moTavsebuli kvirtebidan warmoi-
Sveba pirveli namdvili foToli, Semdeg meore, mesame da a.S.
zrda dasrulebuli Ziri Sedgeba sami nawilisagan: Tavis, yelisa da ta-
nisagan. Tavi Ziris zeda nawilia da moTavsebulia miwis zeviT, masze SemWi-
droebulad sxedan foTlebi, romelTa iRliebSi kvirtebia, am mxriv is Re-
rosnairi warmonaqmnia, mdidaria uxeSi, gaxevebuli nawilebiT, Raribia sak-
vebi nivTierebebiT.
yeli Ziris is nawilia, romelic Tavis qveviT mdebareobs, Cveulebriv ci-
lindruli formisaa da ar Seicavs arc foTlebisa da arc fesvebis nasa-
xebs. xSirad moTavsebulia agreTve miwis zedapirze, Tumca nawilobriv
SesaZlebelia ijdes niadagSic. Ziris es nawili mdidaria sakvebi nivTiere-
bebiT.
tani warmoadgens sakuTriv Zirs, konusiseburi moyvanilobisaa, mTlia-
nad miwaSia Camjdari da masze moTavsebulia gverdiTi fesvebis saxeebi.
meore wels, rogorc avRniSneT, Warxlis Ziri Tavze moTavsebuli kvir-
tebidan iviTarebs datotvil Reroebs, romlebzec moTavsebulia ufro
patara zomis foTlebi da yvavilebi. yvavilebi Reroze jguf-jgufad sxe-
dan, 2-6 cali erTad. yvavili Sedgeba xuTnakvTiani Tanayvavilisa da xuTi
mtvrianisagan. naskvi erTbudiania, samad gayofili dingiT. Saqris Warxali

146
jvaredinad imtvereba qaris an mwerebis daxmarebiT. yvavilis ganayofiere-
bis Sedegad Teslkvirtidan warmoiqmneba Tesli, xolo TviT yvavili nayo-
fad ganviTardeba. vinaidan Warxlis yvavilebi jguf-jgufad sxedan Reroze,
nayofad ganviTarebis dros erTmaneTs uxorcdebian da vRebulobT e.w.
,,rTul Tesls,, - gorgluras, romelic ramdenime Tesls Seicavs. daTesvis
Semdeg erTi gorgluridan ramdenime mcenare aRmocendeba, amitom Warxlis
gamoxSirva-gaTxeleba aucilebeli RonisZiebaa naTesis movlisaTvis mcena-
ris ganviTarebis pirvel periodSi.
Saqris Warxali. Saqris Warxali erT-erTi Zvirfasi teqnikuri kulturaa.
is naxSirwylebiT mdidaria da misgan SesaZlebelia miRebul iqnas 36t/ha
Saqari. Saqris Warxali orwliani mcenarea. pirvel wels imsxvilebs Zirs
da iZleva mZlavr foTlovan nawils, xolo meore wels iviTarebs sanayofe
Reroebs.
Saqris Warxlis fesvTa sistema Sedgeba mTavar RerZa fesvisa da mra-
vali wvrili mkvebavi fesvebisagan, romlebic niadagSi Rrmad vrceldebian.
amitom, misTvis saWiroa Rrma, fxvieri da advilad SesaTvisebeli sakvebi
nivTierebebiT mdidari niadagi. Saqris Warxali jvaredinad damtveravi mce-
narea, mas axasiaTebs grZeli savegetacio periodi ( 150-180 dRe).
adgili TeslbrunvaSi. Saqris Warxlis karg winamorbeds warmoadgens
samarcvle parkosnebi, magram umetesad iTeseba TavTaviani kulturebis
Semdeg.
Saqris Warxlis Tesva naWarxlar mindorze dauSvebelia, radgan zedi-
zed Tesvis SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba mosavali, advilad ziandeba mavnebeli
daavadebebisagan, gansakuTrebiT ziandeba sokovani daavadebebiT.
ganoyiereba. Saqris Warxali niadagis nayo-
fierebisadmi didi momTxovnia. 500 centneri
mosavlis misaRebad is niadagidan iRebs 200kg-
mde azots, 60kg fosfors da 330kg kaliums.
TiToeuli tona Zirxvenis Sesaqmnelad saWi-
roa 6kg azoti, 2kg fosfori da 6,7kg kaliumi.
zrda-ganviTarebis pirvel fazaSi Saqris War-
xali didi raodenobiT moixmars azotsa da
fosfors. nakelis 20-40 tonis raodenobiT Se-
tana xdeba ZiriTadi xvnis win, xolo minera-
luri sasuqebidan nakelTan erTad umjobesia
Setanil iqnas fosforiani da kaliumiani sa-
suqebis naxevari doza, meore naxevari ki Te-
svisTanave, romelTa nakveTSi Setana unda mo-
xdes sasuqis Semtani manqanebiT, raTa nakveTze
moxdes sasuqebis Tanabari ganawileba.
urwyav adgilebSi atareben erTxel gamo-
kvebas ZiriTadad daTaigule-bisTanave, an mwk-
rivebis gaswvrivi mimarTulebiT kultivaciisas. sarwyav pirobebSi Cveu-
lebriv mimarTaven orjer gamokvebas: pirveli da meore morwyvebis win. pir-
vel gamokvebas atareben azot-fosforiani da meored fosfor-kaliumiani
sasuqebiT, TiToeuli elementis 20-30kg/ha moqmedi nivTierebis doziT.
imisaTvis, raTa swrafad gaizardos Saqris Warxlis foTlebi, saWiroa
ganxorcieldes gamokveba (sakmarisi tenianobis zonebSi): 30-40azoti, 20-30-
fosfori da 30-40-kaliumi kg/ ha-ze angariSiT.

147
 niadagis damuSaveba. nawverali 4-5sm siRrmeze unda aiCeCos. fesuriani sa-
revelebiT dasarevlianebis SemTxvevaSi aCeCva xdeba 8-12sm siRrmeze, niadagi
ki ixvneba 25-27sm siRrmeze. adre gazafxulze mindorSi gasvlis Sesa-
ZleblobisTanave mzrali ifarcxeba, raTa niadagidan wylis aorTqleba Sem-
cirdes. garda amisa, dafarcxvis mizania xnulis zedapiris mosworeba, bel-
tebisa da zedapiruli qerqis daSla.
Warxlis daTesvamde xnulis zedapiri fxvier mdgomareobaSi unda iyos.
amitom, Tu pirveli dafarcxvis Semdeg xnulma qerqi gaikeTa an sarevela
mcenareebi aRmocenda, xnuli maSinve ifarcxeba.
Tesvis win xnuli kultivatoriT 6-8sm siRrmeze fxvierdeba da Semdeg
iTeseba Warxali. Saqris Warxlis movliT RonisZiebebSi mniSvnelovani ad-
gili uWiravs Sesabamisi herbicidebis gamoyenebas. herbicidebis gamoyeneba
umjobesia moxdes Tesviswina kultivaciis dros, raTa moxdes misi niadagSi
kargad CakeTeba.
herbicidebis SerCeva xdeba im angariSiT, rom maqsimalurad daiTrgunos
sarevelebis saxeebi da gamoiricxos xeliT Toxna.
Tesva. Saqris Warxali adre gazafxulze iTeseba tenian raionebSi 2-3, xo-
lo urwyav raionebSi 4-5sm siRrmeze. aRmocenebas iwyebs 40–ze niadagis gaT-
bobisas.
Tesvis norma. Saqris Warxali heqtarze daaxloebiT iTeseba 30-32 kilo-
grami. SemeCxerebisas ha-ze unda darCes 110-120 aTasi mcenare.
mwkrivebs Soris manZili sarwyav zonebSi 50X20sm-ia, xolo gvalvian
raio-nebSi ki 45X18 sm.
Tesvis wesi - Saqris Warxlis Tesva warmoebs mwkrivad. mwkrivad Tesva
xorcieldeba specialuri Saqris Warxlis kombinirebuli saTesi manqanebiT,
romelTac TesvasTan erTad SeaqvT mineraluri sasuqi. Tesva, rogorc wesi
unda warmoebdes xnulis gardi-gardmo mimarTulebiT, rac uzrunvelyofs
naTesis Tanabar siRrmeze Tesvas da Tanabari aRmonacenis miRebas. rogorc
aRniSnuli gvqonda, Tesvis Semdeg unda moxdes misi mobekna, raTa niadagTan
Tesls hqondes mWidro Sexeba, es ki xels Seuwyobs swraf aRmocenebas. Tu
niadagis zeda fenaSi teni sakmarisia da sabeknelas gatarebisas talaxs
idebs, maSin mobekna saWiro ar aris.
naTesis movla. Saqris Warxali xelsayreli klimaturi pirobebis dros
aRmocenebas 8-10 dRis Semdeg iwyebs. xSirad niadagi aRmocenebamde qerqs
ikeTebs. amisaTvis saWiroa is daiSalos rotaciuli ToxiT. mwkrivebis
gamoCenisTanave 4-5 dReSi saWiroa misi 3-4sm siRrmeze gafxviereba imisaTvis,
rom heqtarze miviRoT sasurveli raodenobis mcenareebi. gameCxerebuli
adgilebi dambali TesliT unda gamoiTesos an gameCxerebisas amoRebuli
Zirebi dairgas.
savegetacio periodis ganmavlobaSi Saqris Warxlis naTesi 4-6 jer unda
gafxvierdes, raTa naTesi mTeli vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi iyos fxvieri da
sarevelebisgan sufTa.
morwyva. Saqris Warxlis morwyvis SemTxvevaSi mwkrivebs Soris unda ga-
keTdes sarwyavi kvlebi, saidanac wylis gaJonvis wesiT moxdeba naTesis
morwyva. yoveli morwyvis Semdeg unda tardebodes gafxviereba. vegetaciis
periodSi 6-8 jer unda Catardes morwyva.
mosavlis aReba. Saqris Warxlis aReba xdeba misi teqnikuri simwifis da-
dgomisas, seqtember-noemberSi, kombainiT, romelic miwidan iRebs Zirebs, ac-
lis foCebsa da fesvis narCenebs, asufTavebs miwisgan da yris bunkerSi. Sem-
deg manqanebiT igzavneba qarxnebSi an specialur sawyobebSi.

148
 sakvebi Warxali. sakvebi Wa-rxa-
li orwliani mcenarea, miekuT-
vneba nacarqaTamasebrTa ojaxs.
botanikur-morfologiuri da bi-
ologiuri TvisebebiTY didad
ar gansxvavdeba Saqris Warxli-
sagan. sakvebi Warxlis vegeta-
ciis periodi ufro moklea, 125–
150 dRe. saqarTvelos pirobebi-
saTvis daraionebulia sakvebi
Warxlis jiSebi: TeTri naxevrad
Saqriani, baresi, pobediteli da
ekendorfis yviTeli.

T a v i 14
sakvebi balaxebi

sakvebi balaxebis naTesebi warmoadgenen pirutyvis sakvebiT uzrunvel-

yofis umniSvnelovanes wyaros. sakvebi balaxebi gamoiyeneba pirutyvis sa-
kvebad uSualod nedli saxiT, Tivad, sasilosed, senaJad, Tivis fqvilad.
mravalwliani balaxebi saWiroa kulturuli mdelos da saZovrebis mosa-
wyobad.
sakvebi balaxebi or did jgufad iyofin: mravalwlian da erTwlian
balaxebad. TiToeuli jgufi Tavis mxriv moicavs parkosan da marcvlovan
balaxebs.
mravalwliani balaxebia ionja, samyura, esparceti, kapueta, ufxo Svri-
ela, timoTela da sxva. mravalwlovani balaxebi aumjobeseben niadagis fi-
zikur, qimiur da biologiur Tvisebebs da organuli nivTierebebiT amdid-
reben mas. mravalwliani balaxebi kidev imiTaa sayuradRebo, rom isini nia-
dags amagreben TavianTi fesvTa sistemiT da xels uSlian eroziuli mov-
lenebis ganviTarebas.

mravalwliani parkosani balaxebi

ionja. ionja ekuTvnis parkosanTa ojaxs da moicavs 50-mde saxeobas.

gvxvdeba maTi erTwliani, orwliani da mravalwliani saxeebi. Rero-
balaxovani, Zlier datotvili, 10-20-mde muxlTaSorisebiT, uxvad SefoTli-
li. foToli - rTuli, samfoTolakiani, foTolakebi sxvadasxva formis:
elifsuri, kvercxisebri, lanceturi an momrgvalo, wveros mxares dakbi-
luli. yvavili - orsqesiani, mokle yvavilsajdomiT, gvirgvinis furclebi
iisferi, lurji, yviTeli, cisferi da Wreli. ionja jvaredindamamtveria-
nebeli mcenarea, yvavilis damtverva xdeba mwerebis saSualebiT. nayofi
mravalTesliani parkia, romelic spiralurad aris dagrexili an namglise-
burad moxrilia. Tesli wvrili, lobiosmagvari moyvanilobiT, pirvelad
momwvano-moyviTalo, Semdeg ki muqdeba da moyavisfro fers iRebs. 1000
Teslis masa 1-2,7g ar aRemateba. fesvTa sistema mTavarRerZiani, kargad
ganviTarebuli, uxvad datotvili, pirvelsave wels niadagSi Cadis 2-3m-mde,
Semdeg wlebSi ki aRwevs 5-7m-mde. ionjis mravali saxeobidan sameurneo
mniSvneloba aqvs or ZiriTad saxeobas: saTesi ionja, romelsac lurj
ionjas uwodeben da yviTel ionjas.L

149
 biologiuri Taviseburebani. ionja
daTesvis welsve iZleva yvavils da
Tesls, magram vegetacias amiT ar
amTavrebs, mas SeuZlia 5-6 wlis gan-
mavlobaSi mogvces mosavali.
ionja siTbos moyvaruli mcenarea.
magram kargad itans siciveebsac. mas
SeuZlia dauzianeblad gadaitanos 15-
200-iani yinva, Tovlis safaris qveS
uZlebs 400-mde yinvasac. wylis mimarT
didi moTxovnilebisaa, kargad itans
gvalvebsac da sicxeebsac, dRisiT 39-
400-mde. ionjas Tesli gaRivebas iw-
yebs 2-30 siTbos pirobebSi, aRmona-
cens SeuZlia dauzianeblad gadaita-
nos 5-60 yinva, es saSualebas iZleva
ionja daiTesos adre gazafxulze.
wamonazards iZleva naadrevad, gaTib-
vidan 40-45 dRis Semdeg. axali ylortebi aRmonacens iZleva maSin, roca
yvavilobis fazas aRwevs da kvlav gasaTibi xdeba.
ionja grZeli dRis sinaTlis moyva-
ruli mcenarea. igi mosavals iZleva
sxvadasxvanair niadagebze, rux da kiriT
mdidar sxva tipis niadagebze. ionja ma-
qsimalur mosavals iZleva daTesvidan
meore-mesame wels, kargi movlis piro-
bebSi ki Zlebs 25 wlamde. balax-
mindvrian TeslbrunvaSi ionjas 2-3 we-
lze metxans ar aCereben.
esparceti parkosanTa ojaxs ekuTv-
nis, mravalwliania. arsebobs esparcetis
mravali saxeoba, maTgan mniSvnelovania
sami saxeoba: Cveulebrivi, amierkavkasiis
da banjgvliani esparceti. saqarTveloSi esparceti gavrcelebulia ro-
gorc kulturuli saxiT, ise velurad, bunebriv saTib-saZovrebze, arxisa
da gzispirebze.
esparceti iZleva saukeTeso xarisxis mwvane
masas da Tivas mecxoveleobis sakvebad. Tiva
Seicavs 16,6% proteins, 2,8% cxims, 46,9% ua-
zoto eqstraqtul nivTierebebs, 6,6% nacars
da 27,1% ujredanas. esparceti adre aTavi-
suflebs mindors da amdidrebs mas azotiT.
is saukeTeso Taflovani mcenarea. iTeseba
rogorc urwyav, ise sarwyav raionebSi.
adgili TeslbrunvaSi. esparceti saukeTe-
so winamorbedia saToxni da TavTaviani kul-
turebisaTvis. misi fesvTa sistema 2 metram-
de Cadis niadagSi, amitom urwyav niadagebze
is kargad grZnobs Tavs.

150
 niadagis damuSaveba. niadagi ixvneba SemodgomiT, mzralad, gazafxulze
Tesvis win kargad ifarcxeba, tardeba kultivacia. safarqveS Tesvisas nia-
dagi muSavdeba safari kulturis moTxovnis Sesabamisad.
Tesva. teniT uzrunvelyofil raionebSi esparceti SeiZleba daiTesos
Semodgomaze. saerTod is iTeseba gazafxulze 100-120kg raodenobiT ha/ze.
safarqveS saSemodgomo kulturebis naTesSi iTeseba 3-5sm siRrmeze 70-100kg
normiT heqtarze.
mosavlis aReba. esparcetis mosavals Tivad iReben yvavilobis dasawyis-
Si, mosavlis dagvianebiT aRebas Tan sdevs cilovan nivTierebaTa dakargva.
samyura. samyuras Tiva didi raodenobiT Seicavs pirutyvisaTvis saWiro
sasargeblo nivTierebebs: 15,2% proteins, 3,1%-mde cxims da 44,0%-mde uazo-
to eqstraqtul nivTierebas. 1kg Tiva udris 0,51 kvebiT erTeuls, mdidaria
mineraluri marilebiT, fosforiTa da kalciumiT, agreTve karotiniT. kve-
biTi RirsebiT samyura ar Camouvardeba sxva mravalwlian da erTwlian ba-
laxebs.
gvxvdeba erTwliani, orwliani da mravalwliani formebi. kulturaSi ki
farTod aris gavrcelebuli mxolod ramdenime saxeoba, esenia wiTeli sam-
yura da vardisferi samyura.
wiTeli samyura mravalwliani parkosani balaxia, magram mindvris piro-
bebSi didxans ar cocxlobs. misi naTesebi 2-4 wlis Semdeg sameurneo mni-
Svnelobas kargaven. fesvTa sistema mravalReroiania, uxvad datotvili, fe-
svebze iviTarebs koJrebs. unari aqvs haeris azotis dagrovebisa niadagSi.
fesvebis mTavari masa saxnav fenaSia moqceuli, magram calkeuli fesvebi
niadagSi 1,5m-mde aRwevs, isini xarbad iTviseben wyals, fosforsa da kalci-
ums. Rero swormdgomi an naxevrad garTxmuli, sustad Sebusuli, simaRliT
50-70sm. foToli rTuli, samfoTolakiani. yvaviledi - burTisebri an momr-
gvalo Tavaki, diametri 2,5 sm-mde, romelzedac 100-mde wvrili yvavilebia
moTavsebuli. gvirgvinis furclebi mowiTalo-iisferi. samyura jvaredin
gamanayofierebeli mcenarea, yvavilis damtverva xdeba mwerebis saSualebiT.
nayofi erTi an iSviaTad orsqesiani parkia. Tesli kvercxisebri moyva-
nilobis, priala, moyviTalo an iisferi.
samyura grZeli dRis mcenarea, SedarebiT ukeTesad itans daCrdilvas,
amitom xSirad xorblis safaris qveS Tesaven.
agroteqnika. samyura iseve, rogorc ionja, niadags aumjobesebs Tavisi
fesvebis anarCenebiT da rac mTavaria amdidrebs azotiT. saukeTeso winamo-
rbedia TavTaviani pureulebisa da sxva kulturebisTvisac. samyura wvril-
Tesliania da misi normalur siRrmeze CaTesva da Tanabari aRmocenis misa-
Rebad saWiroa niadagis gulmodgine damuSaveba. 20-30t organuli sasuqis da
45kg fosforisa da amdenive kaliumis Setana heqtarze 30c-iT adidebs sam-
yuras Tivis mosavals.
ZiZo. mravalwliani parkosani balaxia da sakveb nivTierebaTa TiTqmis
iseTive SemadgenlobiT xasiaTdeba, rogorc sxva parkosani balaxebi, magram
unda aRiniSnos, rom Wamadobis mixedviT is Camouvardeba sxva balaxebs,
radgan Seicavs Zlier sunian aromatul nivTierebas - kumarins, romelsac
pirutyvi pirvelad erideba, magram ramdenime dRis Semdeg eCveva da norma-
lurad Wams.
ZiZo mohyavT Tivis misaRebad, mwvane sakvebad da sasilosed. igi gansa-
kuTrebiT gamoirCeva sxva parkosani balaxebisagan gvalvagamZleobiT da
yinvagamZleobiT. advilad egueba mlaSobebs da damakmayofilebel mosavals
iZleva iseT miwebzec, sadac sxva parkosnebi ar xaroben. ZiZos farTod

151
iyeneben miwebis melioraciisaTvis, ferdobebisa da qviSa miwebis gamagrebi-
saTvis. ZiZo ar gvarobs mxolod mJave reaqciis niadagebze.
botanikur - morfologiuri Taviseburebani. ZiZos mravali saxeobidan
sameurneo mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod or saxeobas: TeTr ZiZos da yviTel
ZiZos. pirutyvis sakvebad gamoiyeneba TeTri ZiZo, yviTeli didi raodenobiT
Seicavs kumarins, amitom is mohyavT rogorc samkurnalo mcenare.
ZiZo orwliani mcenarea, magram aris misi erTwliani formebic. ZiZo pir-
vel wels simaRliT 50-70sm-s aRwevs da yvavilobs kidec. meore wels is 1,5-
2 m-mde izrdeba da orjer iTibeba. pirveli gaTibvis Semdeg miRebuli wamo-
nazardidan SesaZlebelia Teslis miRebac. meore wels Semodgomaze ZiZo
wyvets sicocxles. ZiZos fesvTa sistema mTavarRerZiania, niadagSi Cadis 1,5-
2m siRrmeze. Rero swormdgomia, datotvili, uxeSi, foToli rTuli sam-
nakvTiani, kideebi Zlier dakbiluli. yvavili wvrili, TeTri an yviTeli
gvirgvinis furclebiT, romlebic mogrZo mtevnebad arian Sekrebili yvavi-
ledebze. nayofi parka, romelic ramdenime Tesls Seicavs.
agroteqnika. ZiZo ver itans daCrdilvas, amitom umjobia misi Tesva usa-
farod, Teslbrunvidan calke gamoyofil mindorze. misi wvrili Teslis
gamo saWiroa niadagis gulmodgined damuSaveba. Tesli sakmaod magaria da
gaRivebis dasaCqareblad mimarTaven Teslis dakawvras. Tesva warmoebs adre
gazafxulze. heqtarze saWiroa 15-20kg Tesli. CaTesvis siRrme 2-3sm.
maRali koindari. maRali koindari miekuTvneba meCxer buCqovan marcvlo-
vnebs. mindvris TeslbrunvaSi parkosan balaxebTan erTad iTeseba narevis
saxiT. maRalyuaTiani kvebiTi Rirebulebis balaxia. swrafad izrdeba, gaza-
fxulze adre iwyebs zrda-ganviTarebas da male iZleva pirveli gaTibvis
saSualebas. gaTibvis Semdeg swrafi amonayriT xasiaTdeba. uyvars sinaTle,
cudad itans daCrdilvas, damdgar wyals da gruntis wylis siaxloves.
iTeseba tenian raionebSi an sarwyav pirobebSi. maRali koindris Tesvis
normaa 15kg/ha-ze mTlian moTesil Cveulebriv mwkrivad Tesvis dros, xolo
narevSi 11-13kg/ha.
dabali koindari meCxerbuCqovani balaxovani mcenarea, ekuTvnis mar-
cvlovanTa ojaxs, saukeTeso saZovaria, xasiaTdeba Zlieri bartyobiT.
iyeneben sportuli moednebis zedapiris mosapirkeTeblad da saerTod gam-
wvanebisaTvis. fesvTa sistema Rrmad ar Cadis niadagSi. Rero swormdgomi,
gluvi, simaRliT 30-70sm; Tesli ufxoa. 1000 marcvlis masa saSualod 1,9-2,1g
aRmonacens iZleva 8-10 dRis Semdeg. ganviTarebisaTvis optimaluri tempera-
turaa 6-210.. ver itans zamTris yinvebs da did Tovls. wylisadmi didi mom-
Txovni ar aris. maRal mosavals iZleva noyier, struqturul Tixnar nia-
dagebze; SeiZleba msubuq niadagebze moyvana, magram igi unda ganoyierdes.
ar xarobs qviSnar, xirxat da Waobian niadagebze. dasavleT saqarTveloSi
dablob ewer da gaewrebul, wiTel da yviTelmiwa niadagebze dabali koin-
dari safarqveS SeiZleba daiTesos (10-12kg). koindari iTeseba, rogorc sa-
farqveS, ise usafarod (15-18 kg/ha-ze). iTeseba Semodgomazec da gazafxul-
zec. saTesled iTeseba wminda saxiT, ha-ze 20kg, Tesls iReben meore gana-
Tibidan.
mravalsaTibi koindari. sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis mravalsaTibi ko-
indari Zvirfasi kulturaa, aqvs kargi SefoTvla, axasiaTebs swrafi wamo-
nazardebi da iZleva maRal mosavals. iTibeba 6-7 jer. Tivis saerTo mosa-
vali SeiZleba miRebul iqnas 20t/ha-ze. mdidaria sakvebi nivTierebebiT,
Seicavs 12,5 %-mde proteins.

152
 mravalsaTibi koindris Tesvis norma, sufTad Tesvis dros, aris 20kg/ha-
ze, xolo parkosan balaxebTan Tesvisas 6-14kg/ha-ze. Teslis CaTesvis siRrme
1-2sm-ia. Tivad mravalsaTib koindars Tibaven yvavilobamde (TavTunebis amo-
Rebis dasawyisSi). mravalsaTibi koindris Teslis mosavali SeiZleba mi-
Rebul iqnas ha-ze 14-16c.
ganoyiereba. mravalwliani marcvlovani balaxebis moTxovnileba parko-
sani balaxebisagan, am kulturebis azotiT momaragebis wyaros ZiriTadad
niadagSi arsebuli da damatebiT Setanili azotiani sasuqi warmoadgens.
marcvlovani da parkosani balaxebi erTad iTeseba an cal-calke, anda
safarqveS. marcvlovani da parkosani balaxebis erTad Tesvis SemTxvevaSi
azotiani sasuqebi mxolod Tesvis win Seitaneba 40-60kg ha-ze, Semdeg
mravalwliani marcvlovani balaxebis azotze moTxovnilebas parkosnebi
akmayofileben. Tumca maRali mosavlis misaRebad saWiroa damatebiT gamo-
kvebaSi naTesSi Setanil iqnas azotiani sasuqebi. roca koindari safarqveS
iTeseba mineraluri sasuqebi Segvaqvs Semdegi doziT: N 120P90 K60, ZiriTadi
xvnis win organuli sasuqi 20t/ha-ze, Tesvis win fosforiani da kaliumiani
sasuqebis mTliani doza, xolo yoveli gaTibvis Semdeg damatebiT gamo-
kvebis saxiT azotiani sasuqi 30kg/ha-ze.
mdelos timoTela. timoTela farTod gavrcelebuli mravalwliani mar-
cvlovani balaxia, 1kg timoTelas Tiva 0,49 kvebiT erTeuls Seicavs, qimi-
uri SedgenilobiT Seicavs uazoto eqtraqtul nivTierebas - 43,2%, prote-
ins - 7,2 %, cxims - 2,2 %, ujredanas - 24,5 %, kargi sakvebia pirutyvisaTvis.
mdelos timoTelas saSualo mosav-
lianoba mSral niadagebze 4,0-4,5t/ha-ze,
dablobebSi 5-6t, damSral WaobebSi 6-
8t/ha. mdelos timoTelas aqvs maRali
saTesle produqtiuloba, maRali agro-
teqnikis pirobebSi iZleva Teslis mosa-
vals - 0,4-1,0t/ha da zogjer metsac.
timoTela tenis moyvaruli mcenarea,
ver itans gvalvebs da haeris sim-
Srales. yinvebisadmi gamZlea, kargad
itans zamTris pirobebs. niadagisadmi ar
aris momTxovni, kargad gvarobs TiTqmis
yovelgvar niadagebze.
agroteqnika. mdelos timoTela iTe-
seba umTavresad samyurasTan, ionjasTan
an esparcetTan SereviT.
timoTela SeiZleba daiTesos Semod-
gomiT da gazafxulze. naTesi xSirad
iCagreba sarevelebisa da zafxulis gva-
lvebisagan, ris gamoc mcire mosavals
iZleva. adre Semodgomaze daTesili ti-
moTela Semodgomidanve bartyobs da zamTars moRonierebuli xvdeba,
gazafxulze naadrevad anaxlebs vegetacias, bartyobas agrZelebs da wlis
ganmavlobaSi or ganaTibs iZleva.
timoTelas Tesli Zlier wvrilia, 1000 Teslis masa 0,4-0,5g-s ar aRemate-
ba, amitom, mis dasaTesad niadagi zedmiwevniT kargad unda iyos damuSa-
vebuli. CaTesvis siRrme ar unda aRematebodes 1-2sm-s. timoTela iTeseba

153
mwkrivad, saTesi manqanebiT. Tesli gaRivebas iwyebs 1-2° siTbos pirobebSi,
misTvis optimalur temperaturad iTvleba +15-20°C.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. rogoria sakvebi balaxebis ZiriTadi agroteqnikuri daniSnuleba?
2. rogoria mravalwliani parkosani balaxebis biologiuri Tavisebu-
rebani, adgili TeslbrunvaSi, niadagis damuSavebis wesebi?

T a v i 15

Ria gruntis bostneuli kulturebi

erTwlian, orwlian an mravalwlian balaxovan mcenareTa wvnian, xor-

cian nawilebs (fesvebi, tuberebi, Reroebi, foTlebi, ylortebi, nayofebi),
romlebic adamianis mier saWmelad gamoiyeneba, bostneuli ewodeba.
bostneulis kvebiTi Rirebuleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is aris adamia-
nis organizmisaTvis aucilebeli saWiro iseTi nivTierebebis Semcveli, ro-
gorebicaa: vitaminebi, marilebi, mJavebi, surnelovan - aromatuli eTerebi
da sxv.
sicocxlis xangrZlivobis mixedviT bostneuli mcenareebi iyofian erT-
wlian, orwlian da mravalwlian bostneul kulturebad. saWmelad gamo-
sayenebeli niSnis moyvanis wesis mixedviT gamoyofilia Semdegi aTi jgufi.
1. kombostosnairebi; 2. Zirxvenebi; 3. xaxvnairebi; 4. tuberianebi; 5. ZaRl-
yurZenasebr nayofianebi; 6. gogrisebr nayofianebi; 7. parkosani kulturebi;
8. mxaleul mwvanileulebi; 9. mravalwlianebi; 10. Sampinioni.

bostnis mcenareTa ZiriTadi jgufebi

Taviani kombosto. arsebobs kombostos ramdenime saxe: Taviani, yvavilo-

vani, xviti (keJera), sakvebi (pirutyvisaTvis). maTgan yvelaze metad gav-
rcelebulia Taviani kombosto. kombosto Seicavs naxSirwylebs, mineralur
marilebsa da vitaminebs. Taviani kombosto grili havisa da yinvagamZle
orwliani mcenarea. misi produqtiuli organoa Tavi, romelic pirvel wels
warmoiqmneba, meore wels murkianad darguli Tavi ki Tesls iZleva. kom-
bostos Tavs SeuZlia gaRivdes 30C, xolo Semodgomaze darguli CiTili uZ-
lebs 12-150 yinvas. kombostos Teslis ganviTarebisaTvis optimalur tempe-
raturad iTvleba 14-200C. 27-300C temperaturis dros kombostos asimilacia
da zrda mniSvnelovnad ferxdeba.
kombosto wylis moyvaruli mcenarea. is foTlebidan didi raodenobiT
wyals aorTqlebs. erT mcenares dRe-RameSi SeuZlia daxarjos 10 litri
wyali. kombosto sinaTlis moyvaruli mcenarea. kultura niadagis nayofi-
erebisadmi didi momTxovnia, mas niadagidan gamoaqvs sakvebi elementebis
didi raodenoba, gansakuTrebiT azoti da kaliumi.
TeslbrunvaSi Tavsdeba pirvel wels. misTvis saWiroa 1ha-ze saSualod
40-60t nakeli. karg Sedegs iZleva organuli da mineraluri sasuqebis er-
Toblivi gamoyeneba. mineraluri sasuqebidan wminda saxiT SeaqvT 80-100kg
azoti, 90-100kg fosfori, 80-100kg kaliumi. sasuqebiT uzrunvelyofis Sem-
TxvevaSi TiTqmis yvelanair niadagebze modis.

154
 kombostos moyvana SeiZleba
rogorc TesviT ise, CiTilis
gamoyvaniTac. farTod iyeneben
kombostos CiTiliT dargvas Se-
modgomaze, gazafxulsa da zaf-
xulSi. Semodgomaze kombosto
irgveba subtropikul zonaSi,
romelic mosavals april-mais-
Si iZleva. Semodgomaze dasar-
gavad gamodgeba mxolod saad-
reo jiSebi. adre gazafxulze
kvalsaTburSi CiTili gamoyavT,
Semdeg misi dargviT Rebuloben
saadreo mosavals. zafxulSi
irgveba saadreo jiSebi saTes-
led.
jiSebi. adreuli jiSebidan
cnobilia nomer pirveli, gribovis 147, ,,eqsp-resi”, ,,derbenti”, oqros
heqtari 1432”, ,,xarisgula” (qarTuli anu mesxuri jiSi) da sxv. saSualo
saadreoa ,,slava-1305”, ,,slava gribovskaia-231”, ,,taS-kentis 10”, ,,borjomis
ideali” (qarTuli adgilobrivi) da sxv.
saSualo sagviano da sagviano jiSebi: ,,braunSveigis,” ,,osennaia gribov-
skaia 320”, ,,belorus neJnaia”, ,,iuJanka 31”, qarTuli, anu mesxuri da sxv.
adgili TeslbrunvaSi. kombostos saukeTeso winamorbedia mravalwli-
ani balaxebi. Semdeg, TeslbrunvaSi meore kulturad iTvaliswineben kom-
bostos. misTvis saukeTeso winamorbedebia: kartofili, kitri, xaxvi, saSe-
modgomo TavTaviani kulturebi, Zirxvenebi da sxv.
agroteqnika. adreuli kombostosaTvis niadags xnaven rac SeiZleba ad-
re, raTa Semodgomidanve daiwyos kombostosaTvis Setanili nakelis daSla-
mineralizacia.
saSualo da sagviano jiSebisTvisac niadagis ZiriTad (Rrma) damuSave-
bas iwyeben Semodgomidan. adreuli kombostos CiTilis dargvis win atare-
ben niadagis kultivacias 10-12sm siRrmeze, sagvianosi, 12-14sm siRrmeze.
dargvis dros sakvebi ares micema damokidebulia jiSze. saadreo jiSs
kvebis ared rigebs Soris 70sm eZleva, xolo mwkrivSi mcenareTa Soris 40-
50sm an orive mxriv 60-60sm. saSualo periodis jiSs rigebs Soris 70-80sm
eZleva, mcenareTa Soris ki 60sm, sagvianoebs rigebs Soris 80-90sm da mcena-
reTa Soris 70-80sm.
dargvis Semdeg irwyveba, xolo rwyvidan 6-10 dRis Semdeg unda gaimar-
glos mocdenili adgilebi, Seivsos da isev unda moirwyas. niadagis SeSro-
bisTanave atareben kultivacias da Toxnian. Semdegi movla gamoixateba
Toxnasa da kultivaciaSi saWiroebis mixedviT (2-4 jer) da morwyvaSi (ji-
Sisa da raionis klimaturi pirobebis mixedviT 6-14-jer). karg Sedegs iZ-
leva damatebiTi gamokveba da dargvis dRidan mavnebel-daavadebebTan Sesa-
bamisi preparatebiT brZola.
mosavlis aReba. kombostos iReben Tavebis Semosvlis mixedviT, radgan
zogierTi mcenare mas adre iviTarebs, zogi ki gvian. saadreo kombostos
mosavlis aRebas iwyeben ivnisis mesame dekadidan.
kombostos saSualo da sagviano jiSebs iReben, rogorc wesi, erTje-
radad. sarealizaciod axal Tavebs Wrian 1-2 mfaravi foTlis datovebiT -

155
dasamJaveblad an sazamTrod Sesanaxad. aRebisas Tavebs unda hqondes 2-3
aramWidrod mimdebare foToli, garegani murkis sigrZe 3sm-s ar unda aRe-
matebodes.
kombostos saadreo jiSebis Tavebis moWris Semdeg, mindorSi darCenili
mcenareebis iRliis kvirtebidan yalibdebian axali Tavakebi. imisaTvis, rom
miviRoT normalurTan sididiT daaxloebuli Tavebi, yovel mcenareze
toveben TiTo Tavs, rac saSualebas iZleva aviRoT meore mosavali, 150c-mde
1ha-dan ra Tqma unda, Tu uzrunvelyofili iqneba mavneblebis winaaRmdeg
Semdgomi brZola.
kombostos mosavlis aRebisaTvis iyeneben satransporto baqnebs ,,pnsu-12”
da ,,tn-12-s. kombostos mosavlis asaRebad Seqmnilia kombaini ,,msk”
wiTelTaviani kombosto. wiTelTaviani kombosto TeTrTaviani kombosto-
sagan mxolod foTlebisa da Tavis feriT gansxvavdeba. misi siwiTle gamo-
wveulia pigment antocianiT. moyvanis wesi iseTivea, rogorc TeTrTaviani
kombostosi. ixmareba umadac, salaTis msgavsad, jiSebidan aRsaniSnavia:
erfrutis saadreo, qvisTava da zeniti.
yvavilovani kombosto. yvavilovani kombosto erTwliani mcenarea. moh-
yavT yvaviledisaTvis, romelic momavali yvavilebisagan Semdgari mkvrivi
TeTri Tavia, kvebiTi RirebulebiT yvela kombostoze maRla dgas. gansakuT-
rebiT Zvirfasia rogorc dieturi da bavSvebis sakvebi. yvavilovani kombo-
stos savegetacio periodi jiSzea damokidebuli. mohyavT CiTiliT. CiTi-
lis aRzrdas, niadagis damuSavebas da sasuqebs TiTqmis iseTive moTxovni-
lebas uyenebs, rogorsac Taviani kombosto.
subtropikul zonaSi iTeseba mais–ivnisSi Ria kvlebze irgveba ivnissa
da ivlisSi, SeiZleba dairgas Semodgomazec im angariSiT, rom mosavali
meore wlis april-maisSi miviRoT.
saadreo jiSebi irgveba 60X45sm daSorebiT, sagviano jiSebi ki 70X60sm
daSorebiT. nargavs iseTive movla unda, rogorc Tavian kombostos. garda
movlis saerTo wesebisa, yvavilovani kombostos SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven e.w.
,,Tavebis gaTeTrebas”, romlis mizania TeTri da nazi produqtis miReba.
amisaTvis randenime SigniTa foTols axveven da kraven, anda Tavebis SigniT
2-3 SigniTa msxvil foTols Cazneqen am RonisZiebiT Tavebi saimedodaa
daculi mzis sxivebis pirdapiri moqmedebisagan.
xviti, anu kolrabi. kolrabs organul nivTierebaTa maragi ugrovdeba
Reros qvemoTa gamsxvilebul nawilSi, momrgvalo formis Reroa, romelic
gamoiyeneba saWmelad nedli saxiT, an marilwyalSi moxarSuli, moTuSuli.
gemoTi nedli Reronayofi kombostos murks mogvagonebs, magram is ufro
nazi da gemrielia. gavrcelebulia kolrabis Semdegi jiSebi: venskaia bela-
ia, optimus, sini povir.
kolrabis saadreo mosavlis misaRebad igi mohyavT 35-40 dRiani CiTilis
dargviT imave vadebSi, rogorc saadreo kombostosi. dargvis saadreo vada
ganisazRvreba niadagis simwifiT da misi damuSavebis SesaZleblobiT.
kolrabs ar uyvars mJave niadagebi, kargad iyenebs mineralur sasuqebs.
mosavlis aReba. kolrabs maRalxarisxovani produqciis misaRebad iRe-
ben, roca isini 5-8sm diametrs miaRweven, magram araumetes 10sm diametrisa.
amis Semdeg mocda ar SeiZleba, radgan isini swrafad uxeSdebian da saWme-
lad uvargisi xdebian. kolrabi 1 ha-ze 150-200c da met mosavals gvaZlevs.
foTlovani kombosto. foTlovani kombosto mohyavT kargad ganviTa-
rebuli foTlebisaTvis, romlebic gamoiyeneba rogorc adamianis, ise saqo-
nlis sakvebad. foTlovani kombosto yinvagamZlea da kargad itans sxva ara-

156
xelsayrel pirobebs. CiTilis gamoyvana, dargva da movla iseTivea, rogo-
ric Taviani kombostos CiTilisa.
keJera kombosto. keJera kombosto dasavleT saqarTveloSi farTodaa
gavrcelebuli. keJeras gamsxvilebuli Reros wona xSirad 2-4kg aRemateba.
Reros forma TiTistariseburi an cilindruli, iSviaTad mrgvali; moiis-
fro an moTeTro mwvane. mohyavT CiTiliT, irgveba umTavresad aprilSi.

Zirxvenebi

sakvebi stafilo. sakvebi stafilo vitaminebiT mdidari da sakmaod ma-

Ralmosavliani kulturaa. mSrali nivTierebis (13%) da naxSirwylebis (9,1%)
SemcvelobiT pirvel adgilzea yvela sakveb Zirxvenebs Soris, garda naxe-
vradSaqriani Warxlisa. 1kg sakvebi stafilo iZleva 0,14 kvebiT erTeuls, 7g
monelebad cilas da 250 ml. g-mde karotins.
kidev ufro Zvirfasia pirutyvis sakvebad misi foCi, romelic 0,17 kvebiT
erTeulsa da 23 g-mde monelebad cilas Seicavs. stafilo, rogorc vitamin-
niani sakvebi, farTod gamoiyeneba pirutyvis yvela saxeobisa da frinvele-
bisaTvisac ki, magram gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia is mozardi pirutyvisaTvis -
xboebis, goWebis, wiwilebisaTvis. stafilo adidebs Zroxebis wveladobas
da aumjobesebs rZis cximianobas, aZlevs ra mas moyviTalo fers da sasia-
movno gemos.
stafilos mosavlianoba 300–400c aRwevs heqtarze, iReben ufro maRal
mosavals, 1000c-mde heqtarze.
saqarTvelos pirobebisaTvis daraionebuli jiSebia: goruli nantis, mi-
waTmoqmedebis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis goris sacdeli sadguris
mier gamoyvanili da Santene 2461–gamoyvanili dasavleT cimbiris mebostne-
obis sacdeli sadguris mier. Ziri monarinjo-wiTeli, konusis formiT, sak-
maod mosavliania, kargad inaxeba.
stafilo, sxva ZirxvenebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesad itans gvalvebs, mSrali
nivTierebis meti Semcvelobisa da fesvTa sistemis Rrmad ganviTarebis
gamo. misi savegetacio periodi didi ar aris, saadreo jiSebisaTvis is ud-
ris 90–120 dRes, sagviano jiSebisaTvis 140–160 dRes, amis gamo stafilos
kulturis moyvana SesaZlebelia rogorc baris ise, mTian raionebSi.
stafilo SedarebiT ukeTesad itans siciveebsac. misi Tesli Rivdeba 3–40
siTboze, xolo aRmonaceni uZlebs 6–80 wayinvebsac ki. magram mcenaris
normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis optimaluri temperaturaa 15–200 siTbo. sta-
filo ganaTebis moyvaruli mcenarea, did moTxovnas iCens tenis mimarTac,
gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebis pirvel periodSi. misi maRali mosavali miiReba
niadagis mindvruli tentevadobis 65–70%-is pirobebSi.
sakveb nivTierebaTa mimarT moTxovnilebis mxriv stafilo uaxlovdeba
Saqris Warxals. Semodgomaze mzralad xvnis win SeaqvT, 25–30 t nakeli, 3–5
c sulfatamoniumi, 4–6 c superfosfati da 1,5 c kaliumis marili heqtarze.
stafilo karg mosavals iZleva Savmiwamagvar struqturian niadagebze,
yomral Tixnarebze da gakulturebul kordian-ewerian Tixnar da qviSnar
niadagebze, agreTve aluviur miwebze. misTvis naklebad gamodgeba mZime–
Tixa niadagebi da mJave reaqciis miwebi.
sufris stafilo. sufris stafilos Zirxvenas didi kvebiTi da dieturi
mniSvneloba aqvs. erT ha-ze kargi agroteqnikis pirobebSi SeiZleba miRe-
bul iqnes stafilos Zirebis 200-300 c/ha mosa-vali.

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 biologiuri Taviseburebani. stafilo
orwliani, jvaredinad damtveravi mcenarea,
ekuTvnis qolgosanTa ojaxs. pirvel wels
iviTarebs foTlebs da Zirxvenebs, xolo
meore wels iviTarebs sayvavile Reros da
Tesls.
stafilo SedarebiT sicivis amtani mcena-
rea, vidre Warxali. uZlebs xanmokle wayin-
vebs - 3-40, fesvebis ZiriTadi masa gavrcele-
bulia niadagis 60 sm siRrmis fenaSi. marTa-
lia kargad sargeblobs niadagis siRrmeSi
arsebuli teniT, magram mSral raionebSi
aucilebelia morwyva.
jiSebi. stafilo SeiZleba iyos: TeTri,
yviTeli, wiTeli da iisferi. formiT momr-
gvalo, cilindruli, blagvboloebiani da
maxvilboloebiani. gavrcelebuli jiSebidan aRsaniSnavia ,,Santene skvir-
skaia”, ,,Santene 2464”, ,,nantskaia 4”, gerandi, valeria, ,,vitaminiani”da sxv.
adgili TeslbrunvaSi. stafilos karg winamorbedad iTvleba kartofi-
li, kitri, kombosto, pamidori. Tavis mindors ar unda daubrundes 3-4
welze adre.
niadagis damuSaveba. niadags amuSaveben ise, rogorc sakvebi stafilosa
da sufris WarxlisaTvis. stafilosaTvis saWiroa Rrmad damuSavebuli,
sarevela mcenareebisgan sufTa da fxvieri niadagi.
gazafxulze stafilos dasaTesad niadagis damuSavebas iwyeben Semodgo-
maze mzralad xvniT 22-25sm siRrmeze. adre gazafxulze, mindvrad gasvlis
SesaZleblobisTanave mzrals 1-2-jer farcxaven. Tesvis win awarmoeben kul-
tivacias 8-10sm siRrmeze, mZime niadagis pirobebSi mzrals gadaxnaven 15-16
sm siRrmeze, dafarcxaven 2-3-jer da Semdeg daTesaven.
Tesvis vada, Tesvis wesi, Tesvis norma. stafilo SeiZleba daiTesos
wlis yvela dros. zamTarSi da adre gazafxulze Tesvis daniSnulebaa sa-
adreo mosavlis miReba. zafxulSi Tesva SeiZleba kargi wvimebis an mor-
wyvis Semdeg. iTeseba mwkrivebSi 35X45sm mwkrivTSorisebiT an zolebSi 50-20
sm sqemiT. Tesvis normaa 5-6kg 1 ha-ze. Teslis CaTesvis siRrmea 3-4sm.
naTesis movla. vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi stafilos naTesebze tardeba 2-3
mwkrivTSorisebis gafxviereba. maTi siRrme TandaTanobiT diddeba 5-6-dan
10-12 sm-mde.
sarevelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad stafilos naTesSi iyeneben niada-
gis herbicids, romelic Tesvamde niadagze unda Sesxurdes.
ganoyiereba. naTesSi saSualod iyeneben 80-90kg azots, 60-70kg fosfors,
60-90kg kaliums 1 ha-ze.
rwyvis reJimi. savegetacio rwyvebis CatarebiT niadagis 0,6sm fenaSi Se-
narCunebuli unda iqnes tenianoba, aranakleb 75-80% zRvruli tentevadobis
mixedviT. stafilos rwyaven 4-5 jer, rwyvis normaa 500-600m3 rwyva tardeba
kvlebSi an zolebSi miSvebiT.
mosavlis aReba. stafilos mosavals masobrivad iReben Semodgomaze,
mcire siciveebis dawyebisTanave. Txrian xeliT an manqaniT. foCis moWrisa
da SeSrobisTanave Zirxvenebs awyoben Sesanaxad an gzavnian daniSnulebi-
samebr. didxans gasaSrobad datoveba ar SeiZleba, radgan is Wkneba da wo-
naSi iklebs, Tanac gemuri Tvisebebi uaresdeba.

158
 oxraxuSi farTod gavrcelebuli aromatuli bostneuli kulturaa. fo-
Tlebi da Zirxvena ixmareba saWmelad, mwnilad da wvniani kerZebis, salaTe-
bisa da xorciani kerZebis Sesaneleblad. oxraxuSis aromati gamowveulia
masSi oxraxuSis eTeris zeTis arsebobiT.
oxraxuSis foTlebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba aseTia: mSrali nivTiereba -
14,9%, azoti - 3,7%, naxSirwylebi - 9%, maT Soris ujredisi - 1,5%, nacari -
1,7%, oxraxuSis foTlebi mdidaria vitaminebiT.
biologiuri Tavisebureba. oxraxuSi jvaredinmtveria orwliani mcenarea.
pirvel wels uviTardeba foTlebis rozeti da Zirxvena, xolo meore wels
gamoaqvs sayvavile Rero da iZleva Tesls. Tesli wvrilia, nela Rivdeba,
daTesvidan aRmocenebamde normalur pirobebSi saWiroebs 15-20 dRes. daTe-
svidan 80 dRis Semdeg uviTardeba mcire zomis Ziri da ramdenime foToli,
SemdegSi mcenaris ganviTareba swrafad midis. Txeli naTesis dros rozeti
gabrtyelebulia da Sedgeba mravali foTlisagan. Zirxvenas aqvs sqeli kani
SigniT ganviTarebuli merqnis RerZiT. kani da merqani TeTria da erTma-
neTisagan Znelad gasarCevi.
jiSebi. arCeven oxraxuSis jiSebis or jgufs: foTlovans da Ziris for-
mas. pirveli iZleva didi raodenobis naz-surnelovan foTlebs da Txel
datotvil, gaxevebul, saWmelad gamousadegar Zirs. meore iZleva kargad
dautotav Zirxvenas, romelic gamoiyeneba saWmelad foTlebTan erTad.
CvenSi gavrcelebulia upiratesad foTlovani jiSebi: quTaisis, Cveule-
brivi foTlovani da Saqris jiSi.
damokidebuleba garemo pirobebTan. Teslis aRmoceneba iwyeba 2-30 siT-
boze. Rivs SeuZlia aitanos sagrZnobi yinvebi yovelgvari dazianebis ga-
reSe. mozrdili mcenare 100 da met yinvasac itans.
moTxovnileba niadagisadmi. oxraxuSi did moTxovnas uyenebs niadags da
mis, damuSavebis xarisxs. saxnavi fena 20-25sm-s unda Seadgendes. oxraxuSis
dasaTesi nakveTi sarevelebisgan sufTa da Rrmad damuSavebuli, fxvieri,
nakeliT kargad ganoyierebuli unda iyos. wyalgaumtari ustruqturo nia-
dagebi oxraxuSisaTvis gamousadegaria.
Tesva. oxraxuSis Tesli wvrilia, iTeseba adre gazafxulze. misi Tesva
SeiZleba Semodgomidan martis bolomde. iTeseba swor zedapirze, kvlebsa
da bazoebze. iTeseba mwkrivebSi 35X45sm mwkrivTSorisebiT an zolebSi 50-20
sm sqemiT. Tesvis norma 5-6kg 1 ha-ze. Teslis CaTesvis siRrmea 3-4sm.
mosavlis aReba. foTlovani jiSebis foTlebi, ganviTarebis mixedviT,
ramdenimejer iWreba wlis ganmavlobaSi. Zirian formebs gvian Semodgomaze
iReben, foTlebs aWrian da inaxaven.
niaxuri. niaxuri uZvelesi kulturaa. is mohyavT Zirisa da foTlisaTvis,
romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc nedlad, ise sxvadasxva saxis wvniani kerZis
Sesakmazad. ixmareba agreTve mwnilebis dasamzadeblad.
niaxuris specifikuri suni gamowveulia masSi niaxuris eTeris arsebo-
biT, romelic bevria TeslSi, naklebia foTlebSi da mcirea ZirebSi.
niaxuris movla-moyvanis teqnologia TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba oxraxuSi-
sagan. mosavlis aRebas iwyeben dargvidan 60-70 dRis Semdeg mwkrivSi gamo-
TxriT. sabolood iReben Semodgomaze.
boloki. boloki saqarTvelos yvela zonaSi mohyavT. igi organizms ama-
ragebs Zvirfasi qimiuri SenaerTebiT da fermentebiT, rac xels uwyobs niv-
TierebaTa cvlas da aumjobesebs saWmlis monelebas. boloki iyofa or
jgufad: bolokad da Tvis bolokad. ganviTarebis ciklis mixedviT, bolo-

159
kis kulturuli formebi iyofa or jgufad: orwlian mcenared, bolokad
da erTwlian mcenared, Tvis bolokad.
boloki saWmelad ixmareba bolokis
Zirxvena nedli saxiT. mdidaria naxSir-
wylebiT, vitaminebiT da mineraluri ma-
rilebiT. suni gamowveulia masSi bolo-
kis eTeris zeTis arsebobiT. boloki Se-
icavs 13,1% mSral nivTierebas, 1,9%
azots, 8,1% naxSirwylebs, maT Soris 1,6%
ujredissa da 1,1% nacars, C vitamins 10-20
miligramis raodenobiT.
biologiuri daxasiaTeba. boloki jva-
redinmtveria, orwliani mcenarea. pirvel wels iviTarebs foTlebis ro-
zets da Zirxvenas, xolo meore wels iRebs sayvavile Reros da iZleva Te-
sls. bolokis Tesli muqi, dakuTxuli da wvrilia. erTi kilogrami saSua-
lod 120-150 aTas cals Seicavs. lebnis foTolakebi Sebusuli da Ria mwva-
ne, namdvili FfoToli metad gaSlili, Zlier gankveTili da uxeSZarRvi-
ani. Zirxvena mrgvali an grZelia, TeTri an Savi.
jiSebi. momwifebis drois mixedviT bolokis jiSebi iyofa sazafxulo,
saSemodgomo da sazamTro jiSebad. samrewvelo jiSebidan ufro metad gav-
rcelebulia maisis TeTri, graivoronskis, sazamTro mrgvali TeTri, sa-
zamTro mrgvali Savi.
damokidebuleba garemo pirobebTan. bolokis Rivi Yyinvebs -40 , -50 –is
farglebSi kargad itans, magram aRmonacenis yinvebSi moxvedra ar aris
sasurveli, radgan miuxedavad imisa, rom pirvel wels ar iviTarebs
sayvavile Reros, dabali temperaturis xangrZlivi da niadagis tenianobis
mimarT maRali momTxovnia, gamkvrivebul niadagebze sqeli naTesi tenis
simcirisas normalur Zirxvenas ar iviTarebs da kordze adre yvavilobs.
aqedan gamomdinare, boloki, garda maisis TeTri jiSisa, gazafxulze unda
daiTesos. saTesled moyvanis dros ki maisis TeTri jiSic unda davTesoT
zafxulSi. bolokisaTvis saukeTesoa Rrma saxnavi fenis mqone, organuli
nivTierebiT mdidari, teniani, Tixnari niadagebi.
adgili TeslbrunvaSi. TeslbrunvaSi Tavsdeba ZirxvenebTan erTad.
ganoyiereba. Tu niadagi Zlier Raribia, mizanSewonilia nakelis Setana
40-50 tonis raodenobiT erT heqtarze. mineraluri sasuqebi heqtarze SeaqvT
Semdegi raodenobiT: azoti araumetes 40-50kg-isa, xolo fosforiani 80-90kg
da kaliumiani 40-45kg/ha-ze (m.n).
agroteqnika. bolokisaTvis niadagis damuSaveba Cveulebrivia. Tesvas
awarmoeben 4-5 mwkrivian zolebad, maT Soris 50sm, xolo mwkrivebs Soris
25sm-s datovebiT. Tesvis vada damokidebulia jiSze, moyvanis adgilsa da
produqtis moxmarebis doneze. adre mosaxmarad, magaliTad maisis boloki,
SeiZleba davTesoT adre gazafxulze, xolo Semodgomaze da zamTarSi ma-
sobrivad civ raionebSi ivlis - agvistoSi, Tbil raionebSi ki agvisto-
seqtemberSi. Tesli unda CavTesoT 1,5-2sm siRrmeze. mSral gvalvian rai-
onebSi nagvianevi Tesva unda CavataroT wvimis an morwyvis Semdeg. Tesvis
norma, Tesvis wesis mixedviT, cvalebadobs 5-8kg-mde heqtarze.
boloki aRmocenebas iwyebs daTesvidan 4-5 dRis Semdeg. aRmocenebidan
10-15, xolo sagviano jiSebi 15-20 dRis Semdeg unda gavameCxeroT. game-
Cxerebisas mwkrivSi mcenareebi erTmaneTs unda davaSoroT: saadreo jiSebi
12-15, xolo sagviano jiSebi 15-20 sm-iT. naTesebis gaToxna da gafxviereba

160
vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi warmoebs 2-3–jer, gvalvian raionebSi 1-2–jer mor-
wyvac sWirdeba.
mosavlis aReba. bolokis aRebas iwyeben im dros, rodesac Zirxvena mi-
aRwevs sameurneo vargisianobas. mcenareebs Txrian, Zirxvenas dauzianeblad
aWrian foCs da inaxaven sazamTrod sxva Zirxvenebis msgavsad.
Tesva. mwkrivebi erTmaneTs unda davaSoroT 15-20sm-iT. Tesvis norma 1 ha-
ze mwkrivad Tesvisas 6kg-ia. mobneviT Tesvisas 8kg. adreul naTess SeiZleba
dasWirdes erTi gamargvla, erTi morwyva da gafxviereba. naTess movla ar
sWirdeba. iReben noember-dekemberSi.
Tvis boloki. Tvis boloki CvenSi farTod gavrcelebuli kulturaa,
saWmelad ixmareba misi Zirxvena, nedli qorfa saxiT. misi qimiuri Sed-
geniloba aseTia: mSrali nivTiereba 6,7% - azoti 1,2% - naxSirwylebi 3,9%,
maT Soris ujredisi - 0,8%, nacari - 0,7%.
biologiuri daxasiaTeba. Tvis boloki erTwliani, jvaredinmtveria mce-
narea. Tesli muqi wiTeli, bolokis TeslTan SedarebiT msxvili, erTi
kilogrami Seicavs 100-110 aTas cals. aRmocenebis xelsayrel pirobebSi
Rivi amodis 3-5 dReSi. Cveulebriv - 5-8 dReSi.
jiSebis mixedviT Zirxvena mrgvali, mogrZo an grZelia. aqvs nazi wvniani
xorci, magram gadaberebis SemTxvevaSi swrafad fuydeba. masSi moipoveba
eTeris zeTi, razedac damokidebulia Tvis bolokis sfecifikuri suni. Zir-
xvenis garegani Seferva SeiZleba iyos: TeTri, yviTeli, vardisferi, wi-
Teli da iisferi. xangrZliv Senaxvas ver itans. did moTxovnilebas uyenebs
niadagis tens, amitom gvalvian pirobebSi morwyva unda Catardes regula-
rulad. sinaTlis momTxovnia. Sesustebuli ganaTebis pirobebSi mcenareTa
didi raodenoba saWmel Zirxvenas TiTqmis ar ikeTebs. Tvis boloki grZeli
dRis mcenarea. misi aRmoceneba iwyeba 2-30 siTboze, Rivi 3-40 yinvas kargad
itans.
jiSebi. samrewvelo jiSebidan kulturaSi gavrcelebulia vardisfer-
TeTrkuda, yinulis lolua da moskovis sakvalsaTburo.
moTxovnileba niadagisadmi. Tvis boloki moiTxovs kargad damuSavebul,
fxvier, tenian da sakvebiT mdidar niadags. radgan is mokle vegetaciis
mqone bostneulia, yovelTvis mohyavT SemamWidroebeli kulturis saxiT,
rogorc winamorbedi an momdevno kultura.
Tesva. iTeseba adre gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze. Tbil raionebSi Tesva
SeiZleba Tebervlidan - maisamde. Semodgomaze ki seqtember-oqtomberSi, mTi-
an raionebSi april-maisSi da Semdeg agvistoSi. gazafxulze iTeseba rog-
orc winamorbedi kultura pamidvris, badrijnis, sagviano kombostosa da
sxvaTa dargvamde, xolo Semodgomaze, rogorc momdevno kultura – saad-
reo kitris, xaxvisa da saparke lobios aRebis Semdeg. amitom, niadagic Se-
safer dros da saWiro wesiT unda damuSavdes. CaTesvis siRrme unda iyos
1,5-20 sm. heqtarze saWiroa 15 kg Tesli.
naTesis movla. naTesebis movlis ZiriTadi operaciebia: sarevela bala-
xebis mocileba, sqeli naTesis gameCxereba, mavneblebTan brZola (ZiriTa-
dad rwyilTan) da morwyva. gameCxereba warmoebs im angariSiT, rom mcena-
reebs Soris darCes 3-8sm.
mosavlis aReba. Tvis boloks iReben maSin, rodesac Ziri miaRwevs nor-
malur sidides, Zirxvena sasursaTo simwifes aRwevs daTesvidan 35-45 dRis
Semdeg.
xaxvnairebi. xaxvnairebi SroSanasebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi arian-
miekuTvnebian erTleblianTa klass.

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 xaxvnairebi gamoirCevian mravalgvarobiT, Tumca kulturaSi danergilia
aTamde. xaxvnair mcenareTa mniSvneloba metad didia. isini mdidaria vitami-
nebiTa da cilebiT. xaxvi da gansakuTrebiT niori Seicaven baqtericidul
Tvisebebs maTSi fitoncidebis - mqrolavi eTerovani naerTebis Semcvelobis
gamo. xaxvnair mcenareebs Soris metad didi
mniSvneloba aqvs Tavian xaxvs.
Taviani xaxvi. xaxvi SroSanasebrTa ojaxs
miekuTvneba. nayofi - kolofia. Tesli Savi,
samwaxnaga, danaoWebuli. Tesli gvian Rivdeba.
daTesvidan xaxvi 10-14 dReSi amodis. Tu mas
xelsayreli pirobebi ar eqna, maSin aRmoce-
neba SeiZleba SeCerdes. Teslidan pirvel we-
ls miiReba sasaqonlo produqcia (bolqvi).
Tes-lis aRmoceneba iwyeba 00–is ramdenadme
zeviT. zrda-ganvi-Tarebis saukeTeso tempera-
turaa 15-200 C. ganviTarebis pirvel periodSi
xaxvi Zlier momTxovnia tenisadmi, magram bo-
lqvis momwifebis periodSi wylisa da haeri-
sadmi moTxovnileba TandaTan mcirdeba, maTi gadidebiT viTardeba yelis
sidample.
xaxvi niadagis nayofierebas did moTxovnas uyenebs, radgan Zlier ganvi-
Tarebul foTlebTan SedarebiT mas susti fesvTa sistema aqvs.
jiSi. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia Taviani xaxvis Semdegi jiSebi: is-
panski 33, kaxuri brtyeli, sxvilisi adgilobrivi, qaba, oqtiabrski, qare-
lis, karatalski.
ganoyiereba. Taviani xaxvi 300c mosavlis dros niadagidan iRebs 90kg
azots, 37kg fosfors da 120kg kaliums 1 ha-ze. xaxvis maRali mosavlis
miReba SeiZleba mxolod Zlier nayofier niadagebze. xaxvisaTvis saukeTeso
niadagebia - msubuqi qviSnari an Tixnar-neSompaliani.
xaxvis dasargav adgilze Tu gadamwvari nakeli wina wels iyo Setanili,
maSin momdevno wels ar SeaqvT, kmayofildebian mineraluri sasuqebiT.
nakeli saWiroa 40-50t/ha-ze. azoti 45-60kg, kalium-fosforiani sasuqi 60-
90kg/ha-ze.
adgili TeslbrunvaSi. Taviani xaxvi TeslbrunvaSi SeiZleba moeqces pi-
rvel wels organuli sasuqebis Setanis Semdeg an meore-mesame wels mi-
neraluri sasuqebis SetaniT. xaxvis monokulturad Tesva dauSvebelia. am
SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba daavadebebis Zlieri gavrceleba. xaxvi imave adgil-
ze SeiZleba dabrundes 3 wlis Semdeg.
moyvanis wesebi. xaxvi SeiZleba moviyvanoT Teslis uSualod Ria grun-
tSi TesviT, CiTilisa da bolqvebis dargviT. Cvens pirobebSi ufro gavrce-
lebulia xaxvis TesviT moyvana.
Taviani xaxvis moyvana mudmiv adgilze TesviT. am wesiT pirvel wels
Teslidan miiReba msxvili sasaqonlo bolqvebi, xolo meore wels – msxvi-
li bolqvebidan Tesli. xaxvi SeiZleba daiTesos Semodgomaze, zamTarSi da
gazafxulze. Tesvis vadis SerCeva damokidebulia adgilis klimatur piro-
bebsa da miRebuli produqciis daniSnulebaze.
niadagis damuSaveba. Tesva da Tesvis norma. niadagi ixvneba mzralad
Semodgomaze 20-25sm siRrmeze. adre gazafxulze farcxaven, Tesvis win
kvlav gadaxnaven saoSi guTniT an Rrmad afxviereben kultivatoriT da
xelaxla farcxaven jer rkinis, xolo Semdeg xis farcxiT. momzadebul

162
niadagze Tesaven rac SeiZleba adre gazafxulze. Tesaven mwkrivSi,
SesaZlebelia mobnevis wesiTac. niadagSi Teslis CaTesvis siRrmea 2-3sm.
did farTobebze xaxvs zolebSi Tesaven, zolSi mwkrivebs Soris man-
Zili 20-25sm-ia, xolo zolebs Soris 50sm. 1 ha-ze Tesvis normaa 6-10kg. xax-
vis aRmocenebis Semdeg niadagis qerqisa da aRmocenebuli sarevelebis mos-
pobis mizniT, niadagi unda gafxvierdes. es RonisZieba unda gavimeoroT 3-7
jer vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi. bolqvebis damsxvilebis periodSi ZirebTan
niadagi unda gavafxvieroT. kargi xarisxis bolqvebis misaRebad naTesi
unda SemeCxerdes. pirveli gameCxereba tardeba mcenareebis kargad aRmoce-
nebisTanave maT Soris 5-6sm datovebiT; meore gameCxereba - pirveli game-
Cxerebidan 25-30 dRis Semdeg, mcenareebis erTmaneTisagan 8-10sm daSorebiT.
xaxvis maRali mosavlis miRebaze dadebiTad moqmedebs organul-mine-
raluri sasuqebiT damatebiTi gamokveba.
iq, sadac rwyva saWiroa da SesaZlebeli, warmoebs 5-10 - jer wylis
norma TiTo rwyvaze 300-600m3–de cvalebadobs. mosavals iReben maSin, roca
bolqvs ewyeba fesvTa sistemis kvdoma, cru Rero da foTlebi ki uxmeba
mosvenebis periodis dawyebisas. Cveulebriv es warmoebs ivlis-agvistoSi.
xaxvis moyvana CiTiliT. CiTilis gamoyvana SeiZleba kvalsaTburebSi,
Tbil an Ria saCiTile kvlebze. amisaTvis Tesli iTeseba 6-8sm daSorebul
mwkrivebSi rodesac CiTili miaRwevs batis frTis simsxos, irgveba imave
siRrmeze, ra siRrmezec saCiTileSi iyo. CiTilis dargvisas mwkrivTa Soris
iseTive manZils toveben, rogorsac TesliT mudmiv adgilze Tesvis dros.
mwkrivSi mcenareebs erTmaneTisagan aSoreben 8-12sm-iT. erTi heqtaris dasa-
rgavad saWiroa 250-350 aTasi CiTili.
xaxvis dargva. am wesiT xaxvis mosayvanad pirvel wels xaxvis Tesls Te-
saven metad sqlad, riTac miiReba wvrili, Txilisodena bolqunebi (kviWi-
Webi), romlebic meore wlis gazafxulze irgveba da miiReba msxvili sasa-
qonlo bolqvebi. am ukanasknelTa mesame wels dargviT miiReba Tesli. amri-
gad, xaxvis Teslis moyvana warmoebs samwliani kulturis saxiT.
xaxvi sakviWiWed iTeseba gazafxulze, xaxvis TesvisaTvis dawesebul Cve-
ulebriv vadebSi. Tesva tardeba mobneviT an mwkrivad. umjobesia mwkrivad
Tesva Catardes zolebrivad. mravalmwkrivian zolebad Tesvisas mwkrivebi
davaSoroT erTmaneTs 10-12sm-iT, zolis sigane unda iyos 1 metri. zolebs
Soris unda davtovoT 50-60sm siganis gasavali.
Tesvis dros kvebis aresa da zolSi mwkrivebis raodenobaze damokide-
bulia Tesvis normac. is cvalebadobs 50-80 kilogramamde heqtarze.
mosavals iReben xeliT, ris Semdegac Txel fenad (3-6sm) yrian da-
xurul, kargad ganiavebul SenobaSi da aSroben 10-15 dRis ganmavlobaSi. ga-
Srobis Semdeg asufTaveben foCisa da fesvebisagan da axmoben. bolqvi zam-
Tris ganmavlobaSi inaxeba Tbilsa da mSral SenobaSi. gazafxulze irgveba
xaxvisaTvis Cveulebrivi manZilis dacviT. heqtarze bolqvebis simsxos mixe-
dviT, saWiroa 400-900kg sargavi masala.
niori. niori ixmareba rigorc nedlad, ise sxvadasxva saWmlis sakazm-
saneleblad, bostneulis dasamwnileblad, Zexvebisa da konservebis warmo-
ebaSi. garda amisa, igi gamoiyeneba rogorc samkurnalo mcenare radgan Se-
icavs dariSxanovan SenaerTebs, romlebsac samkurnalo Tvisebebs aweren.
eTeris zeTis Semcvelobis gamo niori gamoiyeneba agreTve, rogorc anti-
septikuri saSualeba.

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 nivris bolqvi Seicavs saSualod 64,7%
wyals, 6,8% azotovan nivTi-erebebs, 0,8%
ujrediss, 1,7% nacars, masSi mniSvnelo-
vani raodenobiT moipoveba agreTve vitami-
ni C .
biologiuri Tavisebureba. niori Sro-
SanasebrTa ojaxs miekuTvneba. mohyavT er-
Twliani kulturis saxiT. foToli viwro
grZeli Tasmismagvari, saxazavisebri, muqi
mwvane. vaginebi mTliani, Seadgens Txel,
grZel, magram ufro magar cru Reros,
vidre es xaxvs aqvs. cru Rero sigrZiT 15-
30sm aRwevs.
bolqvi momrgvalo an gagrZelebulia,
Seicavs 2-70-mde bartys, anu ,,kbils’’. yove-
li kbili dafarulia erTi Txeli mSrali apkiT (qerqiT). yvela kbili er-
Tad bolqvSi dafarulia aseTive saerTo 2-8 mbzinvare apkiT, anu qerqliT.
kbilebs aqvT cxare gemo da nivrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri Zli-
eri suni, romelic gamowveulia nivris eTeris zeTiT. misi Semcveloba da-
mokidebulia bolqvebis momwifebis xarisxze - rac ufro momwifebulia
bolqvi, miT ufro met eTeris zeTebs Seicavs da piriqiT.
jiSebi. saqarTveloSi daraionebulia ori jiSi: goruli da palioti.
gamravleba. niori umetesad vegetaciuri nawilebiT mravldeba. yinva-
gamZlea, niadagis iseTive damuSaveba sWirdeba, rogorc xaxvs. sasuqebi Se-
aqvT xvnis win. dargvis win nivris gadarCeul bolqvebs anawileben
kbilebad, umjobesia msxvili gareTa kbilebis gamoyeneba. dargva tardeba
SemodgomiT, yinvebis dawyebamde 35-40 dRiT adre. Semodgomaze darguli ni-
ori gvalvebis dawyebamde aswrebs bolqvebis dasrulebas da adre Semodis.
igive farTobi imave wels SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxva kulturis dasaTesad.
Tu Semodgomaze ver moxerxda nivris dargva, unda dairgas TebervalSi
an martis pirvel dekadaSi. niori irgveba kargad mosworebul da gafxvi-
erebul farTobSi, zolebrivi wesiT. zolSi 2-5 mwkrivi, mwkrivebs Soris
18sm, xolo zolebs Soris 50-60sm. rgva tardeba aseve farTo mwkrivebSi 25-
35-45sm datovebiT. 45sm-ze da zeviT farTomwkrivebian nargavebSi tardeba
rigTSorisebis damuSaveba kultivatorebis gamoyenebiT, mxolod 25-35sm
rigTSorisebis damuSaeba tardeba xeliT. kbilebi mwkrivSi irgveba 4-8 sm
daSorebiT (25X8, 35X6 da 45X4sm). rgvis norma icvleba kbilebis zomisa da
dargvis wesis mixedviT. msxvilkbilebiani niori irgveba ha-ze 1800-2200kg,
xolo wvrilkbilebiani nivris norma 1000-1200kg-s farglebSia. dasaTesad
iyeneben xaxvis an xorblis saTes manqanebs, romlebsac nivris dasargavad
mcireodeni gadakeTeba sWirdeba.
niori iseTive movlas saWiroebs, rogorsac xaxvi. barSi niori ivnis-
ivlisSi Semodis. niors iReben mSral amindSi, roca foCi gamxmaria. mas
iReben Warxlis asaRebi manqaniT.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. daaxasiaTeT ZiriTadi bostneuli kulturebis (kombosto, yvavilovani
kombosto, kolrabi da sxv.) agrobiologiuri Taviseburebani da moyvanis
ZiriTadi wesebi.

164
2. rogoria Zirxvenebis agrobiologiuri Taviseburebani da moyvanis ZiriTa-
di wesebi?
3. stafilos kulturis Tesvis vada, Tesvis wesi, Tesvis norma. naTesis
movla. ganoyiereba. rwyvis reJimi.

T a v i 16

nayofiani mcenareebi

gogrisebrTa jgufs ekuTvnian: kitri, nesvi, sazamTro da gogra.

kitri. kitris samSobloa samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia. kultura saqarTve-
loSi ZvelTaganve iyo gavrcelebuli. igi iTvleba sasauzme produqtad,
iyeneben qorfa, zrda daumTavrebel, mwvane nayofis saxiT. kitrisgan mzad-
deba mwnilic.
biologiuri Tavisebureba. ki-
tri erTwliani mcenarea. gayo-
fil sqesiani yvavilebiT. mamro-
biTi yvavilebi Sekrebilia fo-
Tlis ubeebSi, yvaviledisfarSi.
mdedrobiTi yvavilebi ganwyobi-
lia martoulad an ramdenime
cali. kitris fesvTa sistema
Zlier datotvilia da viTar-
deba niadagis zedapirul fena-
Si.
kitris Tesli gaRivebas iw-
yebs 130-140-ze, ufro dabal tem-
peraturaze isini ar Rivdebian
da lpebian. optimaluri tempe-
ratura Teslis gaRivebisaTvis
0
- 25-30 . kitri sinaTlis momTxovni, mokle dRis mcenarea.
jiSebi. kitris jiSebidan saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia Semdegi adgi-
lobrivi jiSebi: muxranuli, gilanuri, SuSa kitri; Semotanili jiSebidan
aRsaniSnavia neJni, yirimuli, bostoni, muromi, nerosimi da sxv.
damokidebuleba garemo pirobebisadmi. kitri siTbos moyvaruli mcena-
rea. yinvas ver itans. misi zrda-ganviTarebis optimaluri temperatura 18-
320–mdea. tenisadmi momTxovnia. saWiroebs rogorc niadagis (70-80%), aseve
haeris (80-90%) did SefardebiT tenianobas. did moTxovnilebas ayenebs nia-
dagis nayofierebisadmi. maRali mosavlis miReba mxolod karg struqturi-
an, noyier niadagze SeiZleba.
adgili TeslbrunvaSi. kitri TeslbrunvaSi nabalaxarze Tavsdeba. unda
daiTesos organuli sasuqiT kargad ganoyierebul niadagze.
ganoyiereba. organuli sasuqi 40-50t-is raodenobiT SeaqvT ZiriTadi
xvnis win 1 ha-ze gaangariSebiT. Tu mindori wina wels organuli sasuqiT
iyo ganoyierebuli, saWiroa moqmedi nivTierebis saxiT, mineraluri sasuqis
Setana Semdegi doziT: azoti 100-150kg, fosfori - 90-120kg, kaliumi - 50-60kg.
agroteqnika. kitris moyvana SeiZleba TesliT da CiTiliT. iTeseba
mwkrivad da budobrivad. mwkrivad Tesvis dros, jiSis mixedviT, rigebs So-
ris daSoreba 70-100sm unda iyos. aRmocenebis Semdeg naTesi meCxerdeba da
mcenareTa Soris rCeba 15-20sm manZili. budnaSi Tesvis dros mwkrivebs So-

165
ris - 40-50sm. TiTo budnaSi 4-5 Tesli iTeseba, xolo aRmocenebis Semdeg
gameCxerdeba da darCeba erTi an ori mcenare. heqtarze saWiroa 3-5kg Tesli.
kitri saWiroebs niadagis da haeris maRal tenianobas. vegetaciis ganmavlo-
baSi kitris naTesis movla gulisxmobs niadagis gafxvierebas da gamargv-
la, gaToxnas, saWiroebis mixedviT morwyvasa da mavnebel–avadmyofobaTa
winaaRmdeg brZolas. karg Sedegs iZleva agreTve damatebiT gamokveba orga-
nuli da mineraluri sasuqebis xsnarebiT.
nesvi. nesvi didi raodenobiT (14-18%-mde) Seicavs Saqrebs da sxva mni-
Svnelovan vitaminebs, misgan amza-deben Tafls, Cirsa da fafas.
biologiuri Tavisebureba. nes-
vis Tesli brtyelia, kvercxisebri
an wagrZelebul-ovaluri. ZiriTa-
dad yviTeli, sxvadasxva elferiT
an TeTri. aqvs Zlier gantotvili
fesvi. fesvebis ZiriTadi masa nia-
dagSi gaSlili zedapirulad (sax-
nav fenaSi 10-25sm). nesvis Rero mx-
oxavi, momrgvalo, dakuTxuli, sig-
rZiT 3-4 metrs aRemateba, Reros
iseTive datotva aqvs, rogorc
kitrs.
foToli – Sebusuli,
momrgvalo, xuTkuTxa. Tirkmlis an gulisebri fo-rmis, kidemTliani an
danakvTuli, muqi mwvane an moruxo mwvane, foTlis iR-liaSi moTavsebulia
ulvaSebi. erTsaxliani da erTsqesiani mcenarea, magram zogierT jiSs
orsqesiani yvavilic aqvs.
mamrobiTi yvavilebi Sekrebilia yvaviledebad da foTlis iRliaSi zis,
xolo mdedrobiTi yvavilebi erTeuladaa. axasaiTebs jvaredini ganayofie-
reba. nayofi SeiZleba iyos mrgvali, brtyeli, cilindruli, elifsoiduri,
msxlisebri. zedapiri gluvi, danaoWebuli, dasegmentebuli, meWeWiani. Se-
ferva: yviTeli, mwvane, TeTri, mixakisferi; pirbadiani an upirbado; rbile-
ulis feri: TeTri, mwvane, monarinjisfro-yviTeli, vardisferi konsisten-
cia: mkvrivi, xraSuna, fxvieri. bude, romelSic Teslia moTavsebuli, SeiZ-
leba iyos: ganTxevadi, sveli, mkvrivi, tarosebri.
jiSebi. adgilobrivi jiSebidan aRsaniSnavia: megruli Savi nesvi (uCa
Sinka), megruli TeTri nesvi, murasa, muxianuri nesvi, kvaxnesvi, anu Savi
nesvi; Semotanili jiSebidan komunarka, areskoti, duTma, muxca nesvi; Sua
aziuri jiSebidan: xandalaki, asate, iCikizili, Cogare da sxv.
damokidebuleba garemo pirobebisadmi. nesvi siTbos miyvaruli mcenarea.
Teslis aRmoceneba iwyeba 150-ze. maRal temperaturaze amodis 7-12 dReSi.
aRmonaceni mgrZnobiarea dabali temperaturisadmi, -10-ze iRupeba.
haeris tenianobisadmi did moTxovnilebas ar ayenebs, magram niadagis
tenianobisadmi momTxovnia. kargad modis struqturian, msubuqi Sedgenilo-
bis, karg tentevad, amave dros wyalgamtar niadagze. nesvisaTvis saukeTesoa
axlad gatexili yamiri, axo adgilebi, nabalaxari mindori.
ganoyiereba. nesvi sasuqis mimarT momTxovnia. erT ha-ze SeaqvT 30-40t ga-
damwvari nakeli. Tu niadagi organuli nivTierebebiT SedarebiT mdidaria,
maSin karg Sedegs iZleva mineraluri sasuqebis Semdegi doza: fosfori -50-
70kg, kaliumi -40-60 kg, azoti -30-50kg moqmedi nivTierebis saxiT.

166
 Tesva. nesvi mohyavT TesliT, iTeseba winaswar kargad damuSavebul nia-
dagebze budobrivad. mwkrivebs - 1,5-2m-iT, xolo mwkrivSi budnebs - 0,5-1 m-iT
acileben. movla gamoixateba gafxvierebiT, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi morwyv-
iT da mavnebel-daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg brZoliT.
sazamTro. sazamTro erTwliani mxoxavi mcenarea. Tesli didi zomisaa,
brtyeli da magarkaniani. Rero grZeli, Zlier datotvili.FfoToli grZel-
yunwiani, Sebusuli, rbili qinqliT. yvavili erTsqesiani, zogjer orsqe-
siani. igi jvaredinad gamanayofierebelia. nayofi wvniani, farTo, mrgvali,
elifsuri, msxlisebri, cilindruli. nayofi TeTri, mwvane, Ria mwvane, xSir
SemTxvevaSi moxatuli, movarayebuli. nayofis kani magaria 0,5-2 sm-mde sis-
qis. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia Semdegi jiSebi: kaxuri, muxranis, grZeli
TeTri da a.S. sazamTro haeris tenianobisadmi momTxovni ar aris. didi mom-
Txovnia niadagis damuSavebisa da misi nayofierebisadmi.
ganoyiereba. sazamTros dasaTes nakveTze nakeli unda SevitanoT gadam-
wvari saxiT 20-30t 1 ha-ze. sasuqebidan saukeTeso Sedegs iZleva fosfori
da kaliumis Setana. sazamTros karg winamorbedad iTvleba kombosto, pami-
dori, badrijani da sxv.
niadagis damuSaveba. sazamTros dasaTesi nakveTi Rrmad unda damuSavdes,
niadagi ixvneba mzralad, gazafxulze ifarcxeba da Tesvis win atareben
kultivacias.
Tesva. sazamTros Tesva iwyeba maSin, rodesac niadagis temperatura aR-
wevs 13-150. kvebis are 1,4-1,4m-ia. Tesli iTeseba 4-5sm siRrmeze. aRmoceneba iw-
yeba me-10-12 dRes.
mosavlis aReba. mosavlis aRebis dros yuradReba unda mieqces sazam-
Tros garegnul fers. igi unda iyos bzinvare da mkveTrad gamoxatuli va-
rayiT. nayofs yunwi uWkneba. didi yuradReba unda mieqces aRebis zust
dros, radgan produqtis xarisxi uaresdeba rogorc adreuli, ise dagvia-
nebuli aRebisas.
gogra. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia gogris sami saxeoba: msxvilnayofa,
muskaturi gogra da magrenni gogra. am ukanasknels miekuTvneba yabayi da
patisoni. msxvil nayofa gogridan saqarTveloSi cnobilia TaTruli gogra,
TaTruli kvaxis, xapis da kopeSoias saxelwodebiT. nayofs iyeneben mwife
saxiT moxarSuls an Semwvars. masSi didi raodenobiTaa karotinebi, nax-
Sirwylebi, Seicavs Saqris did raodenobas. gogras axasiaTebs farTod gaS-
lili fesvTa sistema, Rero mxoxavi, foTlebi mdgomare. yviTeli gayofil
sqesiani, nayofi msxvili, qerqi rbili, rbilobi fxvieri, Tesli TeTri.
msxvilnayofa gogra tenis moyvaruli mcenarea. foTlebi Zlieraa ganvi-
Tarebuli, fesvTa sistema Zlieri aqvs, magram gvalvas ver uZlebs, wylis
naklebobis dros iwyeba yvaviloba, msxvilnayofa gogra jvaredin damamtve-
rianebelia. Tesls Tesaven kvadratul budobrivad 210-210 sm daSorebiT. mo-
savlis aRebis dros gogris yunwi Semxmari unda iyos. nayofs iReben pi-
rveli umniSvnelo wayinvebis Semdeg.

pamidori

pamidvris warmoebas bostneul kulturaTa Soris pirveli adgili uka-

via. pamidvris nayofi gamoirCeva kargi gemoTi da maRali kvebiTi Rire-
bulebiT, rasac gansazRvravs naxSirwylebis, organuli mJavebisa da mine-
raluri marilebis Semcveloba. pamidvris nayofi Seicavs 85-96% wyals, 3,5-
10,5 mSral nivTierebas, romelTa Soris aris cilebi 0,75-0,95%, naxSir-wyle-

167
bi 1,7-6,4%, C vitamini 15-40 mg% da kaliumi 316mg%. pamidori farTod gamoi-
yeneba sakonservo mrewvelobaSi.
biologiuri Tavisebureba. pamidori erTwliani, siTbos moyvaruli mce-
narea. misi zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis optimaluri temperaturaa 20-250 C. Ria
gruntSi pamidori kargad viTardeba 18-200 C. Ramis acieba 5-60 C-mde Tu
dRisiT siTboa, arsebiTad ar aferxebs mcenaris zrdas. adreuli jiSebi
uZleben xanmokle Ramis aciebas 3-40. wayinvebs pamidori ver uZlebs da nul
gradusze iRupeba. daxurul gruntSi 300 maRal temperaturaze yvavilis
mtveri steriluri xdeba da msxmoiaroba Zalze qveiTdeba. saadreo jiSebis
vegetaciis periodi 80-110 dRea, saSualo saadreo jiSebis 110-130 dRe, sag-
viano jiSebis - 130-150 dRe.
winamorbedebi. kargi winamorbedebia gogri-
sebrni da parkosani kulturebi, Zirxvenebi, ko-
mbostosebrni, xaxvi. ZaRlyurZenasebrTa ojaxis
warmomadgenlebis Semdeg, nakveTze pamidvris
moyvana 3 weliwadze adre ar SeiZleba.
ganoyiereba. vegetaciis periodSi gamokvebas
atareben 3-4 jer, pirvelad CiTilis gadargvi-
dan 20 dRis Semdeg. meored - I gamokvebidan 10
dRis Semdeg. damatebiT sakvebs mesamed awvdian
meore gamokvebidan 12-14 dRis Semdeg. azotis
Warbi dozebiT miRebisas mcenareebs uviTarde-
baT zedmeti vegetaciuri masa, rac mosavlia-
nobas amcirebs.
agroteqnika. pamidori irgveba CiTilebiT.
Tesli iTeseba 1sm siRrmeze. CiTilebis gadar-
gva xdeba kvlebSi an bazoebze, intervaliT: ri-
gebs Soris 50-70sm mcenareebs Soris 20-35sm. sa-
adreo jiSebis sqemaa 30X40, 40X40, 50X90sm; sa-
Sualo vegetaciis mqone jiSebisa 70X35, 60X40,
50X50sm. maRalmozardi mTavari Reros mqone
jiSebsa da hibridebs sWirdebaT didi kvebis
are - 3-4 mcenare 1m2-ze.
damokidebuleba garemo pirobebisadmi. pami-
dori naklebad momTxovnia niadagis nayofiere-
bis mimarT. urCevnia maRalnayofieri, msubuqi
Tixnari da qviSnari niadagebi. Ria gruntSi mo-
yvanisas umjobesia siTboTi da sinaTliT uzrunveluofili, mzvare adgi-
lebi daculi qarebisagan.
ganoyiereba. mwir niadagebze Semodgomaze gadargvisas 1m2-ze SeaqvT 4-6
kg neSompala an komposti.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. rogoria nayofiani mcenareebis (kitri, nesvi, sazamTro, gogra) biolo-
giuri Taviseburebani, damokidebuleba garemo pirobebisadmi, adgili Tesl-
brunvaSi, ganoyierebis sistemebi, agroteqnika.
2. pamidvris biologiuri Taviseburebani, damokidebuleba garemo pirobebi-
sadmi, adgili TeslbrunvaSi, ganoyierebis sistemebi, agroteqnika.

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 T a v i 17

vazi da xexilovani kulturebi

vazi kvebis naklebmomTxovni mcenarea, viTardeba iseT niadagebzec ki,

sadac soflis meurneobis mTel rig kulturaTa warmoeba SeuZlebeli an
mcire efeqtis momcemia. mTel rig mravalwlian mcenareebTan SedarebiT,
vazi adre iwyebs mosavlis mocemas. saTanado movlis pirobebSi igi dargvis
meore welsve iZleva mcireoden mosavals. mesame wels sakmao mosavlia-
nobiT xasiaTdeba, xolo srul mosavlianobas iwyebs meoTxe-mexuTe wels.
vazidan miRebuli produqcia mravali daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba. misgan
SeiZleba miRebul iqnas Semdegi saxeobisa da raodenobis produqcia: su-
fris yurZeni, qiSmiSi, yurZnis wveni, Rvino.
vazi mxviara mcenarea da vazisebrTa ojaxs miekuTvneba. fesvi. vazis Te-
sliT anu wipwiT gamravlebis SemTxvevaSi mas uviTardeba erTi mTavari fe-
svi, romelic vegetaciis pirvelsave periodSi itoteba ramdenime wyeba fe-
sviT. kvirtiT gamravlebis dros, fesvTa sistema viTardeba jgufurad,
kvirtis mopirdapire mxridan 3-5 calis, zogjer meti raodenobiT. gan-
viTarebis Semdgom periodSi isini Tavis mxriv itotebian meoradi da mesame
wyebis fesvebiT da, amrigad, sabolood iqmneba mravlad ganviTarebuli
badisebri fesvTa sistema. vazis rqiT gamravlebis SemTxvevaSi mas Tavi-
danve muxlidan uviTardeba fesvTa sistema 2-3-5 da zogjer metic. swored
am niSniT gansxvavdeba igi Teslidan ganviTarebuli vazis fesvTa
sistemisagan. Stambi – vinaidan vazi ekuTvnis mxviara mcenareTa jgufs,
amitom igi Tavisi ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroebs sayrdenze damagrebas. Tavi-
sufal pirobebSi aRzrdili vazi sagrZnob simaRleze viTardeba (15-20m da
zogjer meti), amitom masTan axlos mdgom mcenareebze pwkaliT anu ul-
vaSiT exveva. amgvar pirobebSi aRzrdil vazs axasiaTebs metad maRali tani
anu Stambi. vazis Stambi mis mTel sigrZeze uTanabrodaa ganviTarebuli da
formirebis Taviseburebis mixedviT masze ganviTarebulia mxari da rqa.
mxari uSualod vazis tanTanaa dakavSirebuli. rqa - vazis erTwlian na-
zards warmoadgens. am saxelwodebas igi atarebs mxolod gaxevebis anu
damwifebis Semdeg, manamde ki mas ylorts uwodeben. ylorti vazze
warmoiSoba savegetacio periodis dasawyisidan rqaze an Zvel nawilebze
arsebuli kvirtebidan. simwifis periodSi rqis moyvaniloba SeiZleba iyos:
mrgvali, odnav gabrtyelebuli da mcired waxnagovani. namxari - foTlis
yunwis iRliaSi viTardeba namxaris kvirti, romlidanac ylortis Zlieri
zrdis periodSi warmoiSoba damatebiTi ylorti, romelsac namxari ewo-
deba. saerTod, namxari vazisaTvis zedmet mwvane masas warmoadgens da igi
unda moecalos mas. kvirti. vazze vamCnevT Semdegi saxis kvirtebs: mTavars
anu zamTrisas, mTavari kvirtis fuZesTan mdebare samarago anu Semcvlel
kvirtebs, martivs da miZinebul kvirtebs. pwkali – anu ulvaSi vazis
ylortis muxlze Cveulebriv foTlis mopirdapire mxridan viTardeba. misi
ganviTareba mosavlis momcemi vazis jiSebis ylortebze mesame-mexuTe mux-
lidan iwyeba. igi yovel or muxlze viTardeba mesame muxlis gamotovebiT,
amrigad, ylortis yoveli ori muxli pwkals Seicavs, xolo mesame ki
upwkloa. foToli. vazisaTvis foToli erT-erTi ZiriTadi organoa. misi
mTavari Semadgeneli nawilebia yunwi da firfita. foTlis firfita SeiZ-
leba iyos: momrgvalo, ovaluri, grZeli, gulismagvari, ganiv - ovaluri,
kvercxisebri da solisebri. yvaviledi da yvavili ylortis pirveladi

169
zrdis periodSi mas mesame-mexuTe muxlze uviTardeba mtevani, romelsac
ganviTarebis pirvel fazaSi yvaviledi ewodeba. igi yovelTvis kvirtis
mopirdapire mxares e.i. pwklis adgilas viTardeba. vinaidan yvaviledi
pwkalis adgilas viTardeba da mTeli rigi niSnebiT pwkals uaxlovdeba,
amitom es organoebi urTierTis saxecvlilebas warmoadgenen. yvavili
yvaviledze mimagrebulia yunwiT da maTi raodenoba yvaviledze metad
cvalebadia. morfologiuri agebulebiT yvavili Seicavs Semdeg nawilebs:
jami, gvirgvini da butko. butko Tavis mxriv Sedgeba: dingis, svetisa da
naskvisagan. sqesobrivi agebulebis mixedviT arsebobs vazis yvavilebis
Semdegi tipebi: orsqesiani anu hermafrodituli; funqcionalurad mamro-
biTi; funqcionalurad mdedrobiTi; wminda mdedrobiTi.
mtevani da marcvali. gana-
yofierebis damTavrebis Se-
mdeg yvavilidan cviva mt-
vrianebi da butkos dingi
gaxmobas iwyebs, aseve xmeba
sveti, xolo naskvi, romel-
Sic ganayofierebis Semdeg
Tesli warmoiSoba, Tanda-
Tan iwyebs xorcis Sesxmas,
Rebulobs momrgvalo for-
mas da saboloo jamSi mar-
cvlad gadaiqceva. es marcv-
lebi Rerukas saSualebiT
damagrebulia klertis gan-
totebaze da amrigad, yvavi-
ledi sabolood mtevnis
saxes Rebulobs. maSasadame,
mtevani morfologiurad yv-
aviledis agebulebisaa da
Sedgeba Semdegi nawileb-
sagan: mtevnis yunwi, kler-
ti, marcvlis yunwi da marcvlebi. mtevani ylortze yunwiTaa mimagrebuli.
mtevnebi formis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos: cilindruli, cilindrul-konu-
sisebri, frTiani, uformo da gantotvili. mtevnebi erTimeorisagan gan-
sxvavdeba agreTve sikumsiT anu SekrulobiT. amis mixedviT gvxvdeba misi
Semdegi tipebi: metad Txeli, Txeli, saSualo sikumsis, kumsi da metad
kumsi. marcvali mtevanze mimagrebulia yunwiT. misi Sefervis mixedviT va-
zis jiSebi ZiriTadad orgvaria: TeTr da feradyurZniani. jiSebis mixedviT
arsebobs marcvlis Semdegi formebi: mrgvali, momrgvalo ovaluri, ganiv-
ovaluri, kvercxisebri, ukukvercxisebri, mogrZo da grZeli. marcvlis kani
SeiZleba iyos: Txeli, saSualo sisqis, sqeli da metad sqeli. jiSis Tavi-
seburebis mixedviT marcvali SeiZleba iyos: metad wvniani da mcire rbilo-
biT, sakmaod wvniani da sakmao rbilobiT, nakleb wvniani da ufro rbilo-
biani da metad wvniani da momatebul rbilobiani. wipwa moTavsebulia mar-
cvlis SuagulSi. misi raodenoba marcvalSi 1-4 cals aRwevs. vazis jiSisa
da saxeobis mixedviT misi forma da sidide mravalgvaria. ZiriTadad igi
msxlisebri moyvanilobisaa. misi mTavari morfologiuri nawilebia: nis-
karti anu wveri, zurgis mxare, masze moTavsebulia CaRrmavebuli nawili
e.w. qalaZa da muclis mxare ori Rerisebri CaRrmavebiT. wipwa SeiZleba

170
iyos: Ria yavisferi, yavisferi, moyviTalo da mowiTalo elferiT. wipwis
Sinagani nawili gavsebulia cilovani nivTierebiT, romelSic didi rao-
denobiTaa moTavsebuli mqrolavi cximebi, romelTac arasasiamovno gemo
axasiaTebT. wipwa garedan Semokrulia sami wyeba garsiT. gare gasi mdida-
ria mwklarte nivTierebiT e.w. taniniT.

vazis biologiuri ganviTarebis fazebi

vazis cxovreba wlis periodSi SeiZleba gavyoT or xanad: pasiurad da

aqtiurad.
pasiuri anu mosvenebis xana vazis cxovrebaSi foTlebis gacveniT iwyeba
umetesad Semodgomaze da igi grZeldeba adre gazafxulamde - vazis
tirilis dawyebamde. tirilis dawyeba misi gamoRviZebis maCvenebelia. aqedan
iwyeba meore didi xana vazis cxovrebaSi e.i. aqtiuri xana, romelic grZel-
deba gazafxulidan gvian Semodgomamde da mTavrdeba vazis foTlebis da-
cveniT.
pasiur xanaSi gadasvlis win vazi winaswar emzadeba, saxeldobr, misi
zrda minimumamde mcirdeba, foToli Semodgomis elfers Rebulobs, yvi-
Tldeba da cviva. vazis xnovani nawilebi korpis qsovilebiT ifareba,
fesvebi aCereben zrdas da amrigad, garegnuli niSnebiT mTeli vazi
gadadis dasvenebis xanaSi. am periodSi venaxebSi mimdinareobs mTeli rigi
agro-teqnikuri xasiaTis samuSaoebi: gasxvla, venaxis Sevseba gamorgviT,
venaxis niadagis damuSaveba, sasuqis Setana da a.S.
aqtiuri xana – igi SeiZleba davyoT Semdeg biologiur fazebad:
a) tirili – igi iwyeba vazis wvenis moZraobis dawyebidan da grZeldeba
kvirtebis gamofurCqnamde, rodesac niadagSi – fesvTa sistemis zonaSi –
temperatura miaRwevs 7-10 gradusamde, iwyeba fesvebSi arsebul marag - niv-
TierebaTa gadanacvleba vegetatiur organoebSi, agreTve sawovrebis mier
axal mineralur nivTierebaTa mogroveba da vazis zeda nawilebisaTvis mi-
wodeba. vazis fesvTa sistemidan wylis miwodeba metad Zlieri ZaliT war-
moebs da es wneva xSirad 1,5 atmosferos aRwevs. rqis zedapirze ubralo
TvaliTac advili SesamCnevia amosuli wylis wveTebi. tirilis movlenebi
vazSi gamowveulia ori faqtoris moqmedebiT: siTboTi da teniT.
b) kvirtebis gamofurCqvna da ylortebis ganviTareba – aRniSnuli faza
sxvadasxva dros iwyeba da es sxvaoba 10-15 dRemde meryeobs. saqarTveloSi
martis bolo ricxvebidan iwyeba. agroteqnikuri samuSaoebidan am fazaSi
venaxSi tardeba Semdegi operaciebi: ylortebis danormeba, namxrevebis Sec-
la, sarze an mavTulze axveva, niadagis sagazafxulo damuSaveba, Sewamvla
sokovan avadmyofobaTa sawinaaRmdegod.
g) yvaviloba – es faza iwyeba yvavilobis niSnebis gamoCeniT da mTavrdeba
sruli dayvavilebiTa da marcvlebis gamonaskviT. yvavilobis procesi aRi-
niSneba yvavilidan gvirgvinis gaxsniTa da gadaZrobiT. yvavilobis proce-
sis sworad Catareba maRali mosavlis miRebis sawindaria. am biologiur
fazaSi gansakuTrebuli movla da yuradReba esaWiroeba venaxs, saxeldobr:
yvavilobis dawyebamde ylortebi axveuli unda iyos da araviTar SemTxve-
vaSi es operacia yvavilobis dros ar unda warmoebdes; dauSvebelia am
periodSi niadagis damuSaveba, vinaidan mosalodnelia yvavilebis meqani-
kuri dazianeba; dauSvebelia am periodSi venaxis morwyva, radgan niadagi
civdeba, rasac Sedegad yvavilcvena moyveba; ar SeiZleba Sewamvla bordos
xsnariT, vinaidan mosalodnelia yvavilis nazi nawilebis dazianeba.

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 d) marcvlebis gamonaskva da yurZnis SeTvaleba – am fazaSi venaxSi
Casatarebeli agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebidan aRsaniSnavia: vazis ganmeore-
biTi gafurCqvna – namxrevebis Secla, ylortebis axveva, niadagis periodu-
li damuSaveba, morwyva da Sewamvla. sadedeSi – namxrevebis Secla, mwkriv-
Ta Soris niadagis damuSaveba, vazis mwkrivebSi sarevela balaxebis moc-
ileba.
e) yurZnis sruli simwife – es faza iwyeba yurZenSi Tvalis SesvliT da
mTavrdeba sruli simwifiT. igi grZeldeba 20-60 dRemde sxvadasxva ekolo-
giur pirobebSi. fazis dasasruls warmoebs zogierTi vazis jiSis rTveli
(Sampanuri, adreula saRvine da sufris yurZnis jiSebi). am fazaSi venaxSi
tardeba Semdegi agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi: rqis wverebis gadaWra anu cis
gaxsna, zogierT jiSze namxrevebis Secla da saWiroebis mixedviT axveva,
niadagis perioduli damuSaveba.
v) foTolcvena – aRniSnuli faza iwyeba yurZnis fiziologiuri damwi-
febiT da mTavrdeba foTolcveniT. foTolcvena iwyeba Cveulebriv noembris
pirveli naxevridan da grZeldeba dekembris pirvel ricxvebamde.

bunebrivi faqtorebis gavlena vazze

siTbo – vazis zrda 80 qvemoT ar wamoebs. 25-300 pirobebSi igi inten-

siurad viTardeba, xolo ufro maRali temperaturis dros misi ganviTareba
ferxdeba da mwvane nawilebis arujvis gamo sabolood Cerdeba. niadagis
xSiri damuSaveba da morwyva amcirebs arujvis process. yinvisagan dacvis
RonisZiebebidan aRsaniSnavia: gvian gaRviZebis unariani jiSebis SerCeva,
vazebis dagvianebiT gasxvla, da venaxSi ubnobrivad daboleba.
teni – vazis mwvane nawilebis mier aorTqlebuli wylis kompensacia
ganuwyvetliv unda xdebodes fesvebis mier SeTvisebuli wylis miwodebiT,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi moxdeba fiziologiuri funqciebis darRveva da
Sedegad mcenaresac daRupva moelis.
haeri – vazis zrda-ganviTarebis erT-erTi faqtoria. haerSi arsebuli
JangbadiT warmoebs sunTqvis procesebi, xolo naxSirmJava airidan naxSir-
badis aTvisebiT mcenarisaTvis saWiro naxSirwylebis warmoqmna. gansakuT-
rebiT mniSvnelovania haeris Jangbadis roli fesvTa sistmis ganviTarebi-
saTvis.
sinaTle – vazi sinaTlis moyvaruli mcenarea. yvela saxis rTuli fizi-
ologiuri xasiaTis procesi, romelic mimdinareobs mis nawilebSi savage-
tacio periodis mTel manZilze, uSualod sinaTlesTanaa dakavSirebuli.
sinaTlis naklebobis uaryofiTi gavlena produqciis xarisxze gamoixateba
imiT, rom mcirdeba marcvalSi Saqrebis dagroveba, izrdebna mJavianoba,
gemuri Tvisebebi uaresdeba da Semferavi nivTierebani umniSvnelo rao-
denobiT grovdeba. aRniSnulis safuZvelze, aucilebel saWiroebas warmo-
adgens venaxis gaSeneba xdebodes yovelTvis mziT uxvad ganaTebul ferdob
adgilze.
vazis gamravlebis wesebi

TesliT gamravleba – mevenaxeobaSi vazis TesliT gamravleba, rogorc

sargavi masalis miRebis erT-erTi RonisZieba, warmoebis TvalsazrisiT
gamouyenebelia, radgan wipwidan miRebuli axali vazi arsebiTad gansxvav-
deba deda - mcenarisagan. gansxvavebul TvisebaTa miReba gamowveulia im
garemoebiT, rom TiTqmis yvela mosavlis momcemi vazis jiSi Tavis memkvid-

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reobiT SemadgenlobaSi Seicavs deda - vazebis msgavs niSnebs. gamravlebis
dros xdeba am jiSur TvisebaTa daTiSva, ris Sedegadac miiReba sul sxva
TvisebaTa mqone vazebi.
kvirtiT gamravleba – kvirtebis Tesva xdeba adre gazafxulze. am
daniSnulebiT unda SeirCes myudro nakveTi da dargvamde 2,5-3 TviT adre
damuSavdes siRrmiT 30sm-mde. sakvirte masalis SerCeva xdeba sasurveli
jiSis vazebidan. rqebi raionis pirobebis mixedviT unda aiWras SemodgomiT
an kvirtebis daTesvamde ramdenime dRiT adre. gasamravlebeli kvirti iW-
reba rqis Sua zonidan, gadaWris dros kvirtis orive mxares unda darCes 3-
4sm-is sigrZis rqis nawili. aRmocenebis dasaCqareblad gamzadebuli kvir-
ti erTi dRiT unda moTavsdes Cveulebriv wyalSi. saTanado movlis piro-
bebSi nergi savegetacio periodis dasasrulisaTvis sakmaod mZlavr ganvi-
Tarebas aRwevs.
rqiT gamravleba – filoqseris gavrcelebamde mevenaxeobaSi gamravle-
bis erT-erT ZiriTad gzad iTvleboda, radgan aRwevdnen jiSur siwmindes
da gamravlebis aRniSnuli gza mcire xarjebs moiTxovda. filoqseriT
modebul raionebSi rqiT gamravlebam dakarga Tavisi farTo mniSvneloba,
radgan mosavlis momcemi vazis fesvTa sistema ver aRmoCnda am mavneblis
mimarT gamZle. igi Seicvala mosavlis momcem vazis jiSTa mynobiT filo-
qseragamZle vazis saZire hibridebze.
gasamravleblad SerCeuli rqa unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs:
1. unda iyos savsebiT momwifebuli da plastikuri nivTierebebiT mdidari;
2. dauSvebelia rqis aReba avadmyofi vazidan;
3. rqa aRebul unda iqnas mxolod winaswar SerCeuli seleqciuri vazidan;
4. dasafesvianeblad aRebuli rqa saSualo simsxosi unda iyos;
5. rqa aWrili unda iyos msxmoiarobaSi Sesuli 7-15 wlamde asakis vazidan.
gasamravleblad SeiZleba SeirCes ubralo, yavarjniani da qusliani rqa.
ubralo rqa vazis erTwlian nazards warmoadgens; yavarjniani rqa Tavis
boloze Seicavs orwliani rqis mcireoden yavarjnisebr nawils; quslian
rqas boloze aqvs orwliani rqis quslisebri metad mcire nawili.
gadawindviT gamravleba – erT-erTi ZiriTadi RonisZiebaa vazis Zirebis
gasamravleblad. gadawinduli nergis gaxareba mTlianad uzrunvelyofilia
iseTi saxeobisa da jiSisac ki, romelic iZleva gaxarebis mcire procents.
gamravlebis aRniSnuli wesiT awarmoebdnen nergebis gamoyvanas ori mizniT
- venaxSi adgilze maT dasatoveblad da gamoyvanili nergebiT axali vena-
xebis gasaSeneblad.
gadawindvis ZiriTadi wesebia:
rqis gadawindva Cveulebrivi wesiT – miznad isaxavs venaxis rigebSi
mocdenili adgilebis Sevsebas da uvargisi da mousavliani Ziris Secvlas
mosavliani saRi ZiriT. amrigad, gamoyvanili nergi gadawindvis adgilze
darCeba.
mwvane gadawindva – vazis gadawindvis Cveulebriv principzea agebuli,
mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom operacia sruldeba vazis maqsimaluri zrdis
periodSi – ivlissa da agvistos pirvel dekadaSi.
vazidan ramdenime rqis gadawindva – xdeba maSin, rodesac gaTvaliswine-
bulia romelime iSviaTi jiSis didi raodenobiT momravleba da isic erTi
savegetacio periodis ganmavlobaSi.
yuTSi an qoTanSi rqis gadawindva xdeba dekoratiuli TvalsazrisiT.

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 Cinuri wesiT gadawindva – gamoiyeneba didi raodenobis dasafesviane-
beli masalis misaRebad, gansakuTrebiT Znelad dasafesvianebeli unaris
mqone jiSebis mimarT.
vazis mTliani gadawindva – ZiriTad RonisZiebas warmoadgens arsebuli
venaxebis rekonstruqciisaTvis. am wesiT gamoyvanili vazis nergi adgilzeve
gamoiyeneba. erTi - deda-vazis Sesacvlelad, meore ki, mocdenili adgilis
dasakaveblad.
operaciis Catarebis teqnika – gadasawindad SerCeuli vazi unda gai-
sxlas ise, rom masze darCes sami mZlavri rqa. ori rqa gamoyenebuli unda
iqnas gadasawindad, xolo mesame darCes rqis moxris dros dazianebis Sem-
TxvevaSi Sesacvlelad. amis Semdeg unda gaiWras ormo gadasawindi vazis
Ziridan, mocdenil adgilamde. gadasawind vazs miwa mTlianad unda Semo-
ecalos, raTa igi mcire Zalis datanebiT Cawves ormoSi. misi ormoSi Cawin-
dvis Semdeg erTi rqa frTxilad unda mobrundes im adgilas, sadac vazi
idga, xolo meore amoiSvas mocdenil adgilas. am operaciis damTavrebis
Semdeg ormoSi jer Suamde Caiyreba miwa da kargad moitkepneba, ris Semde-
gac mTlianad Seivseba igi da kidev moitkepneba. gadawinduli rqa Seikve-
ceba 2-3 kvirtze, Seedgmeba sari da zed miekvreba. gadawindul rqaze fesv-
Ta sistemis ganviTarebas didad uwyobs xels miwaSi moqceuli rqis nawil-
ze kvirtebis dabrmaveba. yovelgvari gadawindva, garda mwvane gadawindvisa,
SeiZleba Catardes vazis pasiur xanaSi, e.i. Semodgomidan-gazafxulamde,
zamTris yinviani periodis gamoklebiT.
vazis mynobiT gamravleba – es aris vazis qirurgiuli operacia,
romlis saSualebiTac erTi mcenaris nawili xelovnurad uerTdeba meore
mcenaris nawils. im mcenares, romelzedac unda daimynos, ewodeba saZire,
xolo meores- sanamyene.
gruntSi mynoba – a) mynoba ubralo gapobiT – mimarTaven venaxSi gada-
berebuli vazis Zirebis gasaaxalgazrdaveblad an maSin, rodesac surT
Secvalon venaxSi erTi, arasasurveli jiSis vazis Ziri meore, ukeTesi ji-
SiT. am saxis mynoba tardeba gazafxulze vazis tirilis dawyebamde. myno-
bis dawyebamde 8-10 dRiT adre dasamynobi vazis Zirs garSemo Semoaclian
miwas 20sm siRrmeze ise, rom fesvis yeli gamoCndes, Semdeg gadaxerxaven
niadagis zedapiris qvemoT 3-4sm-ze. gadanaxerxs asworeben maxvili daniT,
saZires apoben cali gverdidan da ukeTeben xis patara sols Sig sanamyeno
kalmis advilad mosaTavseblad. sanamyeno rqas 2-3 kvirtze gadaWrian da
solisebrad CaTlian rqis bolo nawils ise, rom sanamyeno saZiris ganapobi
naklebad gaiwios da maTi kambialuri qsovili erTmaneTs daemTxves. sana-
myenes Casmis dros kvirti gareT unda iyos mimarTuli. namyenis gakeTebis-
Tanave mas magrad xveven kanafiT an ZafiT da frTxilad ayrian fxvier
miwas 8-10sm-s simaRleze. sanamyenes ylortebi vegetaciis dasasrulisaTvis
mZlavr ganviTarebas aRwevs.
vazis sanerge meurneoba – axlad gakeTebuli an saTburSi gamoyvanili
namyenis uSualod mudmiv adgilze dargva sanergeSi gautareblad dauSve-
belia. sanergeSi erTi romelime operaciis udroo an arawesieri Catareba
sagrZnloblad dascems namyenebis gamosavals da SeiZleba gamoiwvios maTi
mTliani daRupvac ki. amitom, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sanergisaTvis nia-
dagis SerCevasa da momzadebas, Semdeg ki - darguli namyenebis wesierad
movlasa da aRzrdas.
bazoebis gafxviereba. am samuSaos Catarebas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
unda mieqces. Zlieri wvimebis Sedegad itkepneba bazo da misi zedapiri ike-

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Tebs qerqis sqel fenas, ris gamoc niadagidan ikargeba tenis didi rao-
denoba da mcirdeba haeris moqmedebac namynob adgilze. miwis datkepnis
gamo namyenis ylorts uZneldeba sworad da droulad ganviTareba. amitom,
yoveli Zlieri wvimis Semdeg unda Catardes bazoebis gafxviereba, warmoSo-
bili miwis qerqi frTxilad unda gafxvierdes mcire siRrmeze.
niadagis damuSaveba. sanergis nakveTi vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi da-
muSavebul mdgomareobaSi unda imyofebodes. mwkrivTSorisebi xSirad unda
fxvierdebodes da iwmindebodes sarevela balaxebisagan. sanergis did me-
urneobaSi mwkrivTSorisi damuSaveba unda Catardes meqanikuri gamwevi Za-
liT didi sifrTxiliT, raTa namyenebis meqanikur dazianebas ar eqnes ad-
gili. sarevela balaxi bazoebze xeliT unda gamoiTxaros, winaaRmdeg Sem-
TxvevaSi igi xelmeored ganviTardeba.
morwyva – pirveli morwyva unda Catardes nemyenebis dargvisTanave da
niadagis SeSrobisTanave gafxvierdes mwkrivTSorisebi; Semdeg unda moir-
wyas ivnissa da ivlisSi 2-3-jer. sarwyavi wyali sanergis mwkrivTSorisebSi
SeSvebuli unda iyos nela.
sanergeSi namyenebis aRmoceneba - ganviTareba iwyeba maisis meore naxev-
ridan, swored am droidan yuradReba unda mieqces bazodan aRmocenebuli
ylortebis dacvas sokovan daavadebaTa zemoqmedebisagan, ris gamoc tar-
deba Sewamvlis operciebi - saqarTvelos dasavleT zonaSi 20-25jer, xolo
danarCen raionebSi 12-16 jer.

venaxis gaSeneba

venaxis gaSenebasTan dakavSirebiT TanmimdevrobiT ganxilul unda iqnas

Semdegi sakiTxebi: savenaxe nakveTs SerCeva; savenaxe nakveTis gawmenda xe-
ebis, buCqebisa da qvebisagan; savenaxe nakveTis zedapiris mosworeba; wylis
sawreti qselis mowyoba; savenaxe ferdobi nakveTis dabaqneba; qarsafaris
mniSvneloba; RonisZiebani niadagis kulturul mdgomareobaSi mosayvanad;
savenaxe nakveTis Rrmad damuSavebis mniSvneloba; savenaxe nakveTis damuSa-
vebis siRrme; savenaxe nakveTis damuSavebis dro da wesebi; kvebis ares gan-
sazRvra; nakveTze vazis gadaadgilebis wesebi; mwkrivebis mimarTuleba; va-
zis dargvis siRrme da dro; savenaxed damuSavebuli nakveTis dagegmva
dasargavad; sargavi masala da misi momzadeba dargvisaTvis; dargva; axal-
gazrda nargavis movla.
savenaxe nakveTis Rrmad damuSavebis mniSvneloba. savenaxe niadagis
Rrmad damuSavebis aucilebloba dakavSirebulia vazis Zlier da kargad
gantotvil fesvTa sistemis miRebasTan, rac SemdegSi uzrunvelyofs vazis
ukeTes zrda-ganviTarebas, misi metad datvirTvis SesaZleblobas da sabo-
lood didi mosavlis miRebas. amave dros, Ronieri agebulebis vazebi xasia-
Tdebian xangrZlivi saeqsplatacio periodiT. saqarTvelos pirobebSi miRe-
bulia savenaxe nakveTis damuSaveba 50-70sm siRrmeze; Cveni azriT ferdo-
bebze da mSrali pirobebis mZime niadagebisaTvis mizanSewonili iqneba pla-
ntaJis siRrmis kidev ufro gadideba.
plantaJis gakeTebis saukeTeso drod iTvleba Semodgoma, rodesac nia-
daguri da atmosferuli pirobebi xels uwyoben niadagis ukeTesad gafxvi-
erebas da momzadebas sagazafxulo dargvisaTvis. plantaJis gakeTebidan
niadagis dargvamde saWiroa 3-5 Tve, raTa niadagma moaswros “dajdoma”.
axalSeni venaxis movla. venaxis gaSenebis pirveli wlidanve gansakuT-
rebuli yuradReba unda mieqces Semdeg faqtorebs: a) sarevela balaxebis

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winaaRmdeg brZolas, raTa Semdeg wlebSi gaadvilebul iqnas niadagis kul-
turul mdgomareobaSi SenarCuneba; b) sokovan daavadebaTa Tavidan acileba,
risTvisac unda Catardes 1%-iani bordos xsnaris Sesxureba Wraqis wina-
aRmdeg iseTive sixSiriT, rogorc sanergeSia miRebuli; g) dargvis pirvel
wels vazze axlad ganviTarebuli ylortebis danormeba da maTze namxre-
vebis Secla; d) dargvis pirvel wels vazze unda aRvzardoT ori ukeTesi
mdebareobisa da ganviTarebis ylorti; rac ufro adre CavatarebT danor-
mebas miT ufro SevamcirebT organuli nivTierebebis usargeblo xarjvas;
e) normirebuli ylortebi unda aRvzardoT sayrdenze, amitom pirveli
wlis zafxulSi unda moewyos Spaleri; v) saWiroa axalgazrda nargavis
morwyva 1-2-jer da amasTan erTad sasuqis Setana; z) Semodgomaze axal-
gazrda nargavis mwkrivebi unda gaiToxnos; T) meore wlidan ukve saWiroa
sayrdenebis mowyoba, pirveli sxvlis Catareba, zedmeti ylortebis Secla.

vazis gasxvla-formireba

vazi lianismagvari mcenarea. bunebriv pirobebSi vazs axasiaTebs datot-

va umetesad misi tanis zeda nawilSi, patara mtevnebi, wvrili da nakleb-
rbilobiani marcvali bevri TesliT, naklebi Saqrianoba da meti mJavianoba,
e.i. nayofis dabali xarisxi.
1. vazis formebis klasifikacia – mocemulia sami ZiriTadi jgufis
saxiT: 1. buCqismagvari formebi; 2. formebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian vazis
yvela nawilis erT sibrtyeSi ganawilebiT; 3. talaverismagvari formebi.
vazis ZiriTadi formebi, romlebic gamoyenebulia mevenaxeobis sxvadasxva
raionSi:
Taviani forma _ es forma masobrivad gamoyenebulia filoqseragamZle
vazis sadedeSi, mosavlian venaxebSi ki mis gamoyenebas dakarguli aqvs
racionaluri sxvlisa da gaformebis yovelgvari safuZveli.
jamisebri forma - am formas aqvs mravali saxecvlileba da maTi erT-
maneTisagan gansxvaveba gamowveulia Stambis simaRliT, mravalwliani nawi-
lebis raodenobiTa da sigrZiT. magram maTi saerTo pirobaa mravalwliani
nawilebis Tanabrad ganwyoba Stambis garSemo.
maraosebri forma – am formas mravalwliani mxrebi ganwyobili aqvs ma-
raosebrad, erT sibrtyeSi.
vazis Spaleruli formebi – am formis ZiriTadi warmomadgenelia mav-
Tulze dayenebuli qarTuli forma.
kordonis forma - am formebs axasiaTebT mTavari Rero. gamoyvanis
mixedviT arCeven vertikalur, horizontalur da daxril kordonebs.
sxvlis saukeTeso vadad miCneuli unda iqnes periodi, dawyebuli
foTolcvenidan 15-20 dRis Semdeg da damTavrebuli wvenis moZraobis daw-
yebamde. es periodi zomieri havis pirobebSi Seicavs 3-3,5 Tves dekembris
Sua ricxvebidan martis pirveli naxevris CaTvliT. dasaxelebuli vadis
farglebSi adgilobrivi pirobebisa da meurneobebis organizaciuli mxaris
mixedviT gasxvlis vada SeiZleba dazustdes mikroperiodebad.

venaxis movlis RonisZiebebi

vazis mwvane nawilebis operaciebi mimarTulia maTi zrda-ganviTarebis

regulirebisaken. vazis mwvane nawilebis operaciebs miekuTvneba:

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 1. zedmeti ylortebis Secla – igi warmoadgens sxvlis operaciis gag-
rZelebas da emsaxureba Semdeg miznebs: a) zedmeti ylortebis Secla uke-
Tesad aviTarebs Semdegi wlis sxvlisaTvis saWiro nazards momavali sama-
mulesa da sanayofes saxiT, romlebic gansakuTrebiT xelsayrel pirobebSi
eqcevian kvebisa da aRzrdis mxriv ; b) zedmeti ylortebis Secla ise,
rogorc sxvla xels uwyobs calkeuli vazebisa da maTi nawilebis imgva-
rad ganviTarebas, rom miRebul iqnas meti da ukeTesi xarisxis mosavali.
2. ylortebis wveris wawyveta – misi praqtikuli mniSvneloba gamoixateba
aramarto ylortebis zrdis regulirebaSi, aramed is saukeTeso Ronis-
Ziebaa mtevnis gaTxelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, rasac zogierTi jiSi-
saTvis garemo pirobebTan dakavSirebiT, praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs.
3. namxrevebis Secla da misi mniSvneloba – namxari viTardeba ZiriTad
ylortebze, vegetaciis periodSi foTlis iRliaSi isaxeba kvirti, saidanac
imave savegetacio periodis ganmavlobaSi viTardeba gverdiT ylortad anu
namxarad. namxaris Secla unda moxdes maSin, rodesac igi norC mdgomareo-
baSia, ise, rom misi moSorebiT ki ar unda zaraldebodes, aramed sxva or-
ganoebSi meti plastikuri nivTierebebis miwodebiT ufro unda Zlierde-
bodes. swored aseTi amocana SeiZleba gadawyvetil iqnas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
namxrevebis Secla iwarmoebs maTi erTgvari parazituli cxovrebis dros,
e.i. rodesac is sakvebi masalis metad did raodenobas xarjavs zrdaze,
vidre qmnis.
4. vazis Semorgolva – igi ar Sedis aucilebeli agroteqnikuri Ronis-
Ziebebis ciklSi da is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas calkeuli jiSebisa da
pirobebis mixedviT. es operacia saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens vazis
zrdisa da mosavlis regulirebisaTvis. Semorgolvas uwodeben operacias,
rodesac xdeba vazis ylortze an romelime ufro xnovan nawilze
rgolisebri - 3-5 mm siganis kanis amoWra ori paraleluri SemoserviT. am
dros xdeba lafnis sacrisebri milebis gadaWra, daRmavali dena mcenaris
wvenis, Sewydeba da Wrilobis zemoT mdebare organoebis kveba umjobesdeba.
5. cis gaxsna – igi gulisxmobs mtevnebisa da nazardis ukeTes ganaTeba-
aeraciis pirobebSi Cayenebas. misi teqnika martivia da gamoixateba ylor-
tebis wveris mocilebaSi.
1. venaxis niadagis Rrmad damuSaveba Semodgoma-zamTris periodSi saWi-
roa imisaTvis, rom niadags mTel siRrmeze hqondes marcvlovani agebuleba.
am dros niadagSi umjobesdeba da ukeTesad mimdinareobs qimiuri da mikro-
biologiuri procesebi, amave dros am fenaSi mospobili unda iqnas mav-
neblebi da sarevelebi. zemoTa fenaSi aRniSnuli pirobebis Seqmna SeiZleba
misi Semodgomaze Rrmad damuSavebiT, 20sm moxvniT. mevenaxeobis im raioneb-
Si, sadac vazebi zamTrobiT moiTxoven miwaSi damarxvas, am ukanasknel
samuSaos ufardeben niadagis Semodgomaze damuSavebas, romelic tardeba
foTolcvenis damTavrebis Semdeg da didi yinvebis dawyebamde.
2. niadagis damuSaveba gazafxulze – am dros misi damuSaveba xdeba nak-
leb siRrmeze, 15sm-ze. misi mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba aeraciis gaumjobese-
biTa da sarevela balaxebis winaaRmdeg brZoliT.
3. venaxis niadagis damuSaveba zafxulis periodSi – igi muSavdeba 7-10sm
siRrmeze da mimarTulia sarevela balaxebis winaaRmdeg brZolisaken da
niadagis zedapiris mudmivad gafxvierebisaken. es samuSao tardeba umTav-
resad specialuri sxvadasxva tipis kultivatorebiT.
4. mulCireba - uwodeben iseT RonisZiebas, rodesac niadagis sxvadasxva
zedapirze daafenen sxvadasxva saxis masalas, rogorebicaa: mulCis qaRal-

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di, nakeli, torfi, balaxi, Cala, lerwami da a.S. amgvarad, niadagi savege-
tacio periodSi daCrdilul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. es RonisZieba xels
uwyobs niadagSi tenis SenarCunebas da adidebs masSi temperaturas, aZli-
erebs mikrobiologiur procesebs da icavs vazis fesvTa sistemas gvalvisa
da yinvis uaryofiTi gavlenisagan.
venaxis niadagis meqanikuri wesiT damuSaveba xorcieldeba sxvadasxva
konstruqciis iaraRebiT:
1. iaraRebi niadagis Rrmad damuSavebisaTvis, beltis mTlianad an nawi-
lobrivi gadabrunebiT;
2. iaraRebi niadagis Rrmad damuSavebisaTvis beltis gadabrunebis gareSe;
3. iaraRebi niadagis zedapiruli gafxvierebisaTvis;
4. iaraRebi, romelTa moqmedeba arapirdapiri gziT iwveves niadaguri
pirobebis gaumjobesebas.
venaxis niadagis dasamuSavebel iaraRebs moeTxovebaT mwkrivebisadmi
axlo midgoma, amisaTvis iaraRebis momuSave nawilebi gamoweulia traq-
toris gabaritis gareT.
venaxis guTani – misi daniSnulebaa venaxis niadagis moxvna Semodgoma –
gazafxulze 25sm siRrmeze, beltis gadabrunebiT da gafxvierebiT. vazis
kulturis wesebis Tavisebureba, niadaguri da klimaturi pirobebis sxva-
obebi moiTxoven venaxis guTnis specifikur konstruqcias, romelic advi-
lad gamoiyeneba, axlos miudgeba mwkrivs da vazs ar daazianebs. guTnebi-
sadmi wayenebuli es moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba dakmayofildes maTi agebu-
lebis mixedviT.
savenaxe kultivatorebi – am tipis iaraRi gamoyenebulia mevenaxeobaSi
niadagis zedapiruli gafxvierebisaTvis da sarevelebis winaaRmdeg sab-
rZolvelad.
niadagis gamaRrmavebeli iaraRebi – maTi daniSnulebaa niadagis gafxvi-
ereba 70-80sm siRrmeze, beltis gadaubruneblad da niadagis sxvadasxva fe-
nis arevis gareSe.
ferdobebze venaxis niadagis damuSavebis meqanizacia - ferdobebze vena-
xis niadagis damuSavebisaTvis mevenaxeobis meqanizaciis dargSi ukanasknel
miRwevas warmoadgens iseTi agregatis kombinireba, romelSic Sedis moto-
riani jalambari da bagiris wevis niadagis dasamuSavebeli iaraRi. misi
gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia mxolod im daqanebis nakveTebze, sadac Cveule-
brivi traqtoris gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba.
sasuqebis gamoyeneba venaxSi – arCeven sasuqebis Semdeg saxeebs:
1. mineraluri sasuqebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv iyofa azotian, fosforian
da kaliumian sasuqebad.
a) azotovani sasuqebia – gvarjila, sulfatamoniumi, Sardovana.
b) fosforiani sasuqebia – superfosfati, ormagi superfosfati, Tomasis
wida.
g) kaliumiani sasuqebia – qloriani kaliumi, kaliumis marili, silviniti,
nacari.
2. organuli sasuqebia: nakeli da komposti (mis dasamzadeblad SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnas torfi, nacari, kiri da sxv.).
venaxis gakirianeba – igi warmoadgens arapirdapiri gziT moqmedi sasuqis
Setanas niadagSi. gakirianebas mimarTaven mJave niadagebze da misi fizikuri
Tvisebebis gasaumjobeseblad. am dros iyeneben dafqul kirqvas, damwvar
kirs, carcs, mergels, kiris tutes.

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 sasuqebis gavlena vazis zrda-ganviTarebaze – niadagSi sasuqebis Setana
xdeba sami ZiriTadi elementis – azotis, fosforisa da kaliumis mixedviT,
romelsac vazi didi raodenobiT xarjavs. azoti axangrZlivebs vazis wli-
uri ganviTarebis calkeul fazebs da saerTod agrZelebs savegetacio pe-
riods. es elementi xels uwyobs kvirtis adre gaSlas da amiT axangrZli-
vebs meore fazasac, fosfori da kaliumi ki xels uwyobs yurZnisa da mer-
qnis simwifis msvlelobas. vazis normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis mTava-
ria yvela elementis erTmaneTTan kompleqsSi harmoniuli moqmedeba, rom-
lis drosac xdeba calkeuli organoebis normaluri ganviTarebis uzrun-
velyofa.
mexileoba

sasargeblo nivTierebebis Semcvelobis gamo, didia xilis mniSvneloba

adamianisaTvis. xilis nayofi Seicavs Saqrebs, cilebs, cximebs, organul
mJavebs, vitaminebs da sxva iseT biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebs, romle-
bic aucilebelia adamianis organizmis cxovelmyofelobisaTvis.
xili Seicavs Saqrebs, ZiriTadad glukozisa da fruqtozis saxiT (6-25%);
organul mJavebs _ vaSlis, limonis da Rvinis mJavebis saxiT (0,2-6%). zogi-
erTi xili mdidaria cilebiT da cximebiT. magaliTad, kakali, Txili da
nuSi Seicavs cilebs _ 17%-mde da cximebs 60-70%-mde. xili Seicavs 20-mde
saxis vitamins.
xilis nargaobas iyeneben gamwvanebisTvis, ferdob adgilebze niadagis
dasamagreblad, eroziuli movlenebis winaaRmdeg, qarsafari zolebis Sesaq-
mnelad. merqans iyeneben saxarato mrewvelobaSi. foTlebs, qerqs da naWuWs
- samRebro mrewvelobaSi da a.S.
xexilovan mcenarTa klasifikacia da morfologiuri daxasiaTeba
mTeli mcenareTa samyaro iyofa or did nawilad - umdables da umaR-
les mcenareebad. umaRles mcenareebs, umdablesisagan gansxvavebiT, aqvT
rTuli morfologiuri agebuleba. maTi ZiriTadi organoebia fesvi, Rero
da foToli.
dReisaTvis miRebulia xexil-kenkrovani mcenareebis Semdegi dajgufeba:
I. botanikuri, anu taqsonomiuri; II. sasicocxlo (biologiuri) formebis
mixedviT da III. biologiur-sawarmoo.
botanikuri klasifikacia emyareba mcenareTa sistematikaSi miRebuli da-
yofis Semdeg sistemas: tipi, klasi, rigi, ojaxi, gvari, saxeoba (taqso-
nomiuri erTeulebi).
am niSnis mixedviT yvela xexil-kenkrovani mcenare miekuTvneba
farulTeslovnebis tips da orlebnianTa klass.
II _ sasicocxlo (biologiuri)
formebis mixedviT klasifikacias
safuZvlad udevs mcenaris zrdis
siZliere, sicocxlis xangrZlivo-
ba da sxva morfologiuri niSnebi.
am niSnis mixedviT xexil-kenkro-
vani mcenareebi iyofa Semdeg jgu-
febad:
1. xe-mcenareebi, Stambianebi–romle-
bisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia erTi
mZlavrad ganviTarebuli centra-
luri Rero, Zlieri zrda da xan-

179
grZlivi sicocxle (msxali, bali, kakali). am jgufs ganekuTvnebian is
mcenareebi, romlebsac SedarebiT sustad gamoxatuli centraluri Rero
aqvT da axasiaTebT naklebi sicocxlis xangrZlivoba da susti zrda
(vaSli, qliavi, msxlis zogierTi jiSi).
2. buCqismagvari formebi _ maT aqvT erTi an ramdenime sustad gamoxatuli
Rero, xanmokle sicocxle (Txili, leRvi, broweuli, fSati).
3. buCqebi _ dabali mcenareebia, tolfasovani nulovani gantotvis ReroTi.
Reroebs garkveuli drois Semdeg SeuZliaT ganaxleba (Jolo, mayvali,
mocxari, qacvi).
4. lianebi _ mravalwliani merqniani mcenareebi Camokidebuli (Cinuri li-
mnura, aqtinidia), an mcocavi (vazi) ReroTi.
5. mravalwliani balaxovani mcenareebi _ ar gaaCniaT gaxevebuli miwiszeda
Rero. Reroebi miwazea garTxmuli (marwyvi, xendro).
III _ biologiur-sawarmoo klasifikacia emyareba nayofis morfolo-
giur agebulebas da gamoyenebis xasiaTs. (es klasifikacia ar emTxveva
botanikur klasifikacias).
biologiur-sawarmoo niSnebis mixedviT gamoyofen xexil-kenkrovani
kulturebis Semdeg jgufebs:
1. Teslovanebi: vaSli, msxali, komSi, zRmartli, circeli, kuneli, yvav-
tyemala.
2. kurkovnebi: atami, qliavi, gargari, bali, alubali, tyemali, alubali,
RoRnoSo, Sindi, kvrinCxi, fSati.

3. kaklovanebi: kakali, pekani, Txili, fsta, wabli, nuSi.

4. kenkrovnebi: mocvi, kowaxuri, aqtinidia, qacvi.
nayofis agebulebis mixedviT amave jgufs miekuTvneba leRvi, feihoa,
citrusebi - forToxali, limoni, mandarini da sxv.
kenkrovnebidan saqarTveloSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli mxolod marwyvi
da leRvi, danarCeni kulturebi gvxvdeba veluri saxiT.
sivrceSi ganlagebis mixedviT mcenaris yvela organo iyofa miwisqveda
(fesvTa sistema) da miwiszeda (Rero, foToli) nawilebad.
mcenaris miwisqveda sistemas miekuTvneba fesvTa sistema, romelic
amagrebs mcenares niadagSi da awvdis wyalsa da masSi gaxsnil mineralur
marilebs.
warmoSobis mixedviT xexil-kenkrovan mcenareebs sami tipis fesvTa sis-
tema aqvT:

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1. generaciuli warmoSobis fesvTa sistema aqvT Teslidan aRmocenebul, an
Teslnergze damynobil mcenareebs.
2. vegetaciuri warmoSobis fesvTa sistema aqvT miwiszeda organoebis dafe-
svianebis Sedegad miRebul mcenareebs (dakalmebiT, vertikaluri da hori-
zontaluri amonayrebiT): leRvs, broweuls, Txils, vegetaciur saZireebze
damynobil vaSls, msxals da sxv.
3. deda-mcenaris fesvebisgan warmoSobili fesvTa sistema axasiaTebs fes-
vis amonayridan miRebul mcenareebs alubals, qliavis zogierT jiSs,
marwyvs, Jolos.
sigrZis, simsxos da gantotvis mixedviT fesvebi iyofian or jgufad:
1. ConCxis da naxevrad ConCxis fesvebi. sigrZiT 10-14 m-mde, simsxo 1_3 mm-dan
ramdenime sm-mde. maT miekuTvnebian nuli, pirveli, meore da iSviaTad mesame
rigis fesvebi.
2. Semmosavi fesvebi. sigrZe ramdenime santimetria, simsxo 3-mm. maT miekuT-
vneba meoTxe, mexuTe meeqvse da ufro maRali rigis fesvebi.
niadagSi ganlagebis mixedviT fesvebi iyofian:
1. horizontaluri, romlebic ganlagebulia niadagis zedapiris parale-
lurad niadagis zeda fenebSi, sadac grovdeba saWiro sakvebi nivTierebebi.
es fesvebi fesvTa sistemis ZiriTad masas Seadgenen. maTi sigrZe aRwevs 100-
120 sm-s.
2. vertikaluri, romlebic ganlagebulia niadagis siRrmeSi vertikalurad.
igi aRwevs 6-12 m-mde.
Semmosavi fesvebi, agebulebisa da funqciis, mixedviT iyofian oTx jgu-
fad: sazrdeli, Semwovi, gardamavali da gamtari.
mcenaris miwiszeda sistema Sedgeba Semdegi nawilebisagan:
Rero - mcenaris RerZi. igi warmoadgens mcenaris miwiszeda nawilis sayr-
dens.
Stambi - Reros qveda nawili - fesvis yelidan pirvel ConCxur gantotvam-
de.
fesvis yeli - fesvis StambTan SeerTebis adgili. fesvis yeli aris namdvi-
li da pirobiTi. namdvili aqvs Teslidan aRmocenebul, an Teslnergze dam-
ynil mcenareebs. pirobiTi - vegetaciuri gamravlebis gziT miRebul mcena-
reebs.
varji - mcenaris mTeli gantotvis erToblioba. gantotvaTa ricxvi yovel-
wliurad matulobs. srul msxmoiare xe-mcenareSi gantotvaTa ricxvi 7-8-
mdea, ris Semdeg gantotvaTa ricxvi SedarebiT mudmivi rCeba.
centraluri gamagrZelebeli, anu lideri _ Reros nawili pirveli ConCxu-
ri gantotvidan - wveris erTwliani nazardis fuZemde.
gamagrZelebeli ylorti - erTwliani nazardi, romliTac mTavrdeba cen-
traluri gamagrZelebeli.
ConCxis da naxevrad ConCxis totebi - ZiriTadi totebia, igive deda totebi,
romlebic warmoadgenen varjis safuZvels. (pirveli, meore, mesame da meoT-
xe rigis).
Semmosavi totebi - ConCxis da naxevrad ConCxis totebzea ganlagebuli.
igive sazrdeli da sanayofe warmonaqmnebia. meoTxe, mexuTe, meeqvse da a.S.
rigis.
toti _ gasuli wlis nazardia anu ylorti foTlebis Camocvenis Semdeg.
ylorti _ mimdinare wlis nazardia foTolcvenamde. igi Sedgeba Reros,
foTlisa da kvirtebisagan. Rero - ylortis RerZuli nawilia. foTlebi da
kvirtebi ki gverdiTi. Reros im nawils, sadac foTlebi da kvirtebia gan-

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lagebuli, muxli ewodeba, xolo muxlebs Soris adgils - muxlTSorisebi.
ylortze foTlis yunwis mimagrebis adgils yunwis sajdoms uwodeben. yun-
wis sajdomis ubeSi isaxeba kvirti, romelsac mjdomare kvirts uwodeben.
yunwis ZirSi viTardeba foTolTanebi, firfitis ZirSi ki - jirkvlebi (kur-
kovanebs axasiaTebT,). am jirkvlebis Sefervis saSualebiT SeiZleba nayofis
feris amocnoba.
Teslovani da kurkovani kulturebis sazrdeli ylortebi morfolo-
giurad erTmaneTis msgavsia. ganasxvaveben Semdegi tipis sazrdel ylor-
tebs: gazafxulis, anu normalur sazrdel ylorts, romelic viTardeba
wina wels Casaxuli kvirtidan; naadrev (zafxulis) ylortebs, viTardebian
imave wels Casaxuli kvirtidan; molozona, anu Solta totebs, viTardebian
mZinare kvirtebidan.
Teslovani da kurkovani kulturebis sanayofe totebi morfologiurad
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian.
Teslovan kulturebs axasiaTebT Semdegi tipis sanayofe totebi: sana-
yofe wkepla, sanayofe Subi, sanayofe CanTa, martivi meWeWi da rTuli me-
WeWi.
kurkovani kulturebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi sanayofe totebi:
sanayofe Taiguli, sanayofe dezi da Sereuli tipis sanayofe toti.
mcenaris ZiriTadi organoebis saxecvlilebebs miekuTvnebian kvirti, yva-
vili da nayofi.
kvirti aris ylortis Semoklebuli Canasaxi, an misi modifikacia, rome-
lic imyofeba mosvenebis mdgomareobaSi. kvirtidan viTardebian ylorti,
foToli da nayofi.
daniSnulebisa da agebulebis mixedviT kvirtebi sami tipisaa: vegetaci-
uri, generaciuli da generaciul-vegetaciuri.
vegetaciuri kvirtebidan viTardebian foTlebi, ylortebi da axali kvi-
rtebi. generaciuli kvirtebidan formirdeba mxolod yvavili da Semdeg
nayofi.
generaciuli, anu sanayofe kvirtebi aris martivi da rTuli, anu Sere-
uli (generaciul-vegetaciuri).
martivi kvirtebi Seicaven mxolod yvavilis Canasaxs. aseTi kvirtebi
axasiaTebT kurkovnebs; kaklovanebidan - kakals, Txils da citrusovnebs.
rTuli kvirtebi Seicavs aramarto yvavilis, aramed foTlis da ylor-
tis Canasaxsac. aseTi kvirtebi damaxasiaTebelia TeslovanebisTvis; kaklo-
vanebidan axasiaTebT wabls da sxv; kenkrovanebidan_leRvs, mayvals, Sav
mocxars da sxva.
ylortze ganlagebis mixedviT kvirtebi aris _ kenwruli, gverdiTi, anu
iRliis da damatebiTi.
kenwruli kvirtebi ganlagebulia ylortis da maTi gantotvis wverebze.
maTgan warmoiqmneba sazrdeli totebi, romlebic isev bolovdeba sazrdeli
kvirtebiT.
iRliis kvirtebi ganlagebulia foTlis iRliaSi. Teslovan da kurkovan
kulturebSi es kvirtebi ylortis Sua nawilSi gvxvdeba. kenkrovnebSi _
qveda nawilSi, an ylortis fuZesTan.
damatebiTi kvirtebi isaxebian foTlis iRliis gareT, mravalwlian na-
wilebsa da fesvebze. maTgan warmoiqmneba axali organoebi da zrdas iwye-
ben mcenaris raime nawilis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi.
kvirtebi imis mixedviT, Tu rodis viTardebian aris sami saxis: nor-
maluri _ wina wlis zafxulSi isaxeba da meore wels gazafxulze iSleba.

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adreula _ Casaxvis welsve viTardeba da iZleva naadrev ylorts da mZina-
re _ gaRviZebas iwyebs mcenaris dazianebis, an bunebrivi siberiT gamowveu-
li xmobis dros.
yvavili aris sanayofe organo, romelic warmoadgens saxecvlil Reros
foTlebiT.
xexilovani mcenareebis yvavili erTsqesiani, an orsqesiania. Tu mtvria-
nebi da butko moTavsebulia erT yvavilSi, igi orsqesiania (Teslovani da
kurkovani kulturebi). Tu yvavilSi mxolod butkoa, igi mdedrobiTia, Tu
mxolod mtvrianebi – mamrobiTi. mcenareebs, romlebsac cal-calke aqvT
mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi yvavilebi, sqesgayofili mcenareebi ewodebaT.
isini SeiZleba iyos erTsaxliani da orsaxliani. Tu mdedrobiTi da mam-
robiTi yvavilebi ganlagebulia erT mcenareze, maSin igi erTsaxliania
(kakali, Txili), xolo Tu mdedrobiTi yvavilebi ganlagebulia erT mce-
nareze, mamrobiTi ki meoreze - igi orsaxliania (xendro, leRvi).
Tu erTi sayvavile kvirtidan erTi yvavili viTardeba, aseT yvavils mar-
tivi yvavili ewodeba. martivi yvavili axasiaTebs atams, gargars, nuSs da
sxva kulturebs.
Tu erTi sayvavile kvirtidan ramdenime yvavili viTardeba, aseT yvavils
yvaviledi ewodeba. yvaviledi Sedgeba erT RerZze ganlagebuli ramdenime
yvavilisagan. es raodenoba meryeobs kulturebisa da jiSebis mixedviT. vaS-
lis yvavileds aqvs 5-6 yvavili, msxlis yvavileds _ 6-7 da sxv.
yvaviledi formis da moyvanilobis mixedviT aris qolgis, faris, mtev-
nis, mWadas da sxva tipis.
ganayofierebis Taviseburebebis mixedviT xexilovani kulturebi aris:
TviTsteriluri - romlebsac ar SeuZliaT ganayofierdnen Tavisive mtvriT
da normaluri nayofierebisaTvis Txouloben jvaredin ganayofierebas da
TviTfertiluri - romlebic imtverebian Tavisive mtvriT.
nayofi aris ganayofierebis Sedegad ganviTarebuli saxecvlili butko.
nayofi Sedgeba Teslisa da nayofgaremosagan. xexilis umravlesobaSi (Tes-
lovanebi, kurkovanebi) nayofis sakvebad gamosayenebel nawils nayofgaremo
warmoadgens, kaklovan kulturebSi ki - Tesli.
nayofi aris martivi da rTuli. Tu yvavilSi erTi butkoa da misgan mxo-
lod erTi nayofi viTardeba martivi nayofi ewodeba. aseTi nayofi axasia-
TebT Teslovnebs da kurkovnebs. rodesac yvavilSi ramdenime butkoa da
TiToeulidan TiTo nayofi viTardeba, maSin aseT nayofs rTuli, an nakrebi
nayofi ewodeba. aseTi nayofi axasiaTebT kenkrovnebs (marwyvi, mayvali, Jo-
lo).
rodesac yvaviledis TiToeuli yvavili iZleva nayofs da es nayofebi
erTmaneTTan mWidrod arian Sezrdili, nayofedi ewodeba. aseTi nayofi
kenkrovnebidan axasiaTebs TuTas leRvs da sxv.

xexilovani mcenareebis gamravleba

gamravlebis mizania mcenaris raodenobis gazrda da Zvirfasi niSan-Tvi-

sebebis SenarCuneba. gamravlebis formebia: sqesobrivi da usqeso. sqesobrivi
gamravlebis dros mcenareTa raodenobis zrda xdeba Teslis TesviT. us-
qeso gamravlebis dros ki - ujredebis dayofiT da maTi diferenciaciiT.
TesliT gamravlebas aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. igi
yvelaze martivi wesia, uzrunvelyofs virusuli daavadebebisagan Tavisu-
fali mcenareebis miRebas, magram saWiroa xangrZlivi dro daTesvidan

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msxmoiarobamde, Teslis aRmoceneba garTulebulia da xdeba sawyisi forme-
bis daTiSva. TesliT gamravlebas ZiriTadad mimarTaven saseleqcio muSao-
baSi.
vegetaciuri gamravleba aris mcenaris gamravleba misi vegetaciuri
nawilebiT. gamravlebis es saxe aerTianebs wesebs, romlebic iyofian or
ZiriTad jgufad.
I jgufSi gaerTianebulia vegetaciuri gamravlebis is wesebi, rom-
lebic uzrunvelyofen sakuTar fesviani mcenareebis warmoSobas.
II jgufSi gaerTianebulia mynobis sxvadasxva wesi da saxe.
praqtikul mexileobaSi mimarTaven mynobiT gamravlebas (kvirtiT da
kalmiT).
vegetaciuri gamravlebis Semdegi wesebi arsebobs:

1. kalmiT gamravleba _ kalmebi SeiZleba iyos Reroseuli, fesvis da foT-

lis. xexilovan mcenareebs ZiriTadad Reros kalmebiT amravleben. didi
mniSvneloba aqvs kalmis aWris vadas. mwvane kalmebi dasafesvianeblad unda
aiWras gazafxulze, zrdis dawyebis Semdeg, an zafxulSi.
gamerqnebuli kalmebi SeiZleba davamzadoT foTolcvenis Semdeg kvir-
tebis dabervamde, ufro zusti vadebi ki unda dadgindes konkretuli gar-
emo pirobebis da calkeuli kulturebis mixedviT.
kalmebis dargva xdeba Semodgomaze, an adre gazafxulze. kalmebiT mra-
vldeba leRvi, broweuli, komSis zogierTi saxe, Jolo, mocxari, xurt-
kmeli.
mwvane kalmebiT gamravlebas gamoiyeneben dekoratiul mebaReobaSi.
mexileobaSi mwvane kalmebiT ZiriTadad zeTisxils amravleben. ukanasknel
xanebSi mwvane kalmebiT gamravleba gamoiyeneba vaSlis, msxlisa da kurko-
vani kulturebis klonuri saZireebis gasamravleblad. agreTve alublis,
qliavis, atmis, mocxaris, xurtkmelis, Jolos da sxva sakuTarfesviani
sargavi masalis gamosayvanad.
2. miwis SemoyriT (vertikaluri amonayrebiT) gamravleba. xexilovan mcena-
reebSi gvxvdeba iseTi saxeobebic, deda - mcenarisgan mocilebuli kalmebiT
Znelad, an sruliad rom ar fesviandeba. samagierod, Tu maT totebs deda -
mce-naris mouSoreblad SeuqmniT xelsayrel pirobebs, isini Tavisuflad
dafe-sviandebian. amis Semdeg isini, deda mcenarisgan mocilebulni kargad
xaroben sakuTar fesvebze. gamravlebis aseT wess ganapirobebs ylortebis
mier damatebiTi fesvebis warmoqmnis unari.
3. gadawidvniT (horizontaluri amonayrebiT) gamravleba. sanergeebSi klo-
nur saZireebs zogjer horizontaluri amonayrebiTac (gadawidvniT) amra-
vleben. buCqis orive mxares rigis gaswvriv Wrian 8_10 sm sigrZis Txrilebs
da masSi gadaawvenen winaswar momzadebul 1/3 an 1/2 damoklebul erTwlian
nazards, romelsac niadagSi amagreben xis an mavTulis kavebiT. gadawve-
nili totis zeda mxridan ganviTarebul ylortebs 3_4-jer ayrian miwas.
Semodgomaze gadawidnul tots moacileben deda - mcenares da Wrian cal-
keul amonayrebad.
4. fesvis amonayriT gamravleba. mTel rig kulturebs, rogorebicaa alu-
bali, Jolo, qliavis zogierTi saxeoba, axasiaTebT fesvis amonayari. amo-
nayars acileben deda - mcenares da rgaven mudmiv adgilze. aseTi wesiT
gamravleba sasurveli ar aris, radgan mcenareebi sustad izrdebian,
sustdeba deda - mcenarec da aseT mcenareebs TviTonac uamravi amonayari
axasiaTebT, rac aZnelebs baRSi sxvadsxva agroRonisZiebaTa gatarebas.

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5. ulvaSebiT gamravleba. ulvaSi ewodeba saxeSecvlil Reros, romelic
warmoiqmneba mcenaris mokle nazardebze foTlis iRliidan. igi izrdeba
horizontalurad niadagis gaswriv da erT-erTi muxlidan warmoqmnis axal
mcenares, romelic Semdeg unda gadairgos. aRniSnuli wesiT amravleben
marwyvs da xendros.
6. buCqis dayofiT gamravleba. am wesiT mravldeba yvela is mcenare, romel-
Tac axasiaTebT fesvis yelidan didi raodenobiT amonayari: xurtkmeli, mo-
cxari, nagala vaSlis tipebi, Txili, romlebisTvisac saWiroa mTeli mce-
naris amoTxra da ramdenime nawilad dayofa ise, rom TiToeul nawils sak-
mao raodenobis Ffesvebi da miwa gahyves. es wesi gamoiyeneba maSin, Tu
plantacias auqmeben da saWiroa mcenareebis axal adgilas gadatana.
mynoba aris erTi mcenaris gadanergva meoreze da Sedgeba ori kom-
ponentisagan - sanamyenis da saZirisagan. mynoba gamoiyeneba Semdegi mizne-
bisaTvis:
1. iseTi klonebis SenarCunebisaTvis, romelTa gamravleba vegetaciuri gam-
ravlebis sxva wesiT Znelia an sasargeblo ar aris.
2. saZiris dadebiTi Tvisebebis gamosayeneblad. zogierT SemTxvevaSi jiSi
SeiZleba advilad gamravldes kalmiT, magram upiratesoba eZleva mis myno-
bas iseT saZireze, romlis fesvTa sistemasac axasiaTebs sasurveli Tvise-
bebi. magaliTad, cud niadagur pirobebTan Segueba, avadmyofobisa da mavne-
blebis winaamRdeg gamZleoba, sasurveli zrdis siZliere da sxv.
3. Sualeduri siZlieris dadebiTi Tvisebebis gamosayeneblad.
4. jiSis Sesacvlelad did mcenareebSi es SeiZleba dagvWirdes maSin, ro-
desac baRi gaSenebulia Zveli jiSebiT, romlebzec moTxovnileba aRar
aris, an araproduqtiuli jiSebia.
5. SerCeuli naTesrebis msxmoiarobis dasaCqareblad. naTesarebma SeiZleba
msxmoiaroba daiwyon 8-15 wlis Semdeg, mynoba ki aCqarebs msxmoiarobaSi
Sesvlis dros.
kvirtiT mynoba – mynobis iseTi wesia, rodesac saZireze gadaaqvT kul-
turuli jiSis mxolod erTi kvirti, qerqis patara fariT. Sesrulebis
teqnikis simartivisa da damynobili kvirtebis Sexorcebis maRali pro-
centis gamo, kvirtiT mynoba warmoadgens xexilis mynobiT gamravlebis
ZiriTad wess.
kvirtiT mynobis Semdegi wesebi arsebobs:
1. T-sebur WrilSi mynoba;
2. kvirtis miWdomiT mynoba;
3. ormagi mynoba Sualeduri fariT;
4. rgoliT mynoba.
kvirtiT mynobis ZiriTadi vadaa zafxuli, Tumca igi SeiZleba Catar-
des gazafxulzec. zafxulSi mynoba barSi tardeba 15 ivlisidan, 15 seq-
tembramde. mTian zonaSi ki - 1 agvistodan 1 seqtembramde. pirvel rigSi,
unda daimynos kurkovani kulturebi, Semdeg ki _ Teslovani.
gazafxulze mynoba tardeba saZireSi wvenTa moZraobis dawyebis Semdeg.
gazafxulze mynobisaTvis samynobi masala unda davamzadoT mcenaris mos-
venebis periodSi da mynobis dawyebamde SevinaxoT gril adgilas. rogorc
zafxulSi, ise gazafxulze mynobis warmatebiT Casatareblad aucilebelia
rom saZire iyos aqtiuri sanamyene ki (kvirti, kalami) - mosvenebul mdgoma-
reobaSi.
mynobisaTvis saWiro kvirti unda damzaddes virusul da sxva sakaran-
tino mavnebeli daavadebebisagan Tavisufali, uxvmosavliani xeebidan. sam-

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ynobad unda aiWras kargad ganviTarebuli da momwifebuli mimdinare wlis
nazardi, radgan ylortis wversa da bazalur nawilSi kvirtebi cudad
aris ganviTarebuli, amitom kalams (samynobad aWril ylorts kalami ewo-
deba) unda waeWras Tavi da bolo aorTqlebis gamo gamoSrobis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT. kalams aWrisTanave unda movaciloT foTlis firfita,
yunwis nawili ki davtovoT kalamze. igi saWiroa kvirtis WrilobaSi Casa-
smelad da Sexorcebis procesis Sesamowmeblad. aseTi wesiT damzadebuli
kalami unda gavaxvioT svel tiloSi da mynobamde SevinaxoT gril, nestian
adgilas. ukeTesia, Tu kalams davamzadebT uSualod mynobis an mis wina
dRes.
mexileobis praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba T-sebur WrilSi mynoba.
1. T-sebur WrilSi mynobis dros Tanamimdevrulad unda Sesruldes Semdegi
operaciebi: T-seburi Wrilis gakeTeba saZireze, kvirtis aWra, kvirtis Casma
WrilSi da Sexveva.
mynobis dros mynobeli marcxena xelSi iWers kalams ise, rom kvirtis
wverebi misken iyos mimarTuli, kvirti ki, romelic unda aiWras, eyrdno-
bodes gaSlil saCvenebel TiTs. kvirtis aWra iwyeba kvirtis fuZidan 0,5
sm-iT qveviT. aRniSnul adgils, kalmis perpendikularulad vadebT danis
pirs da mcire dawoliT vWriT kans, Semdeg dana gadagvaqvs horizontalur
mdgomareobaSi da veweviT Cvensken da marjvniv ise, rom kvirtis aWraSi
monawileoba miiRos danis mTelma pirma (kanis CaWra xdeba danis piris fu-
ZiT, aWra ki mTavrdeba danis wverTan). aWra unda damTavrdes kvirtis wve-
ridan 0,5-1 sm zeviT (aWrili kvirtis sigrZe SeiZleba iyos sul 2,5-3 sm,
sigane 3-4 mm). kanis nawils, romelic kvirts moyveba, fari ewodeba. aWril
kvirts qerqis farTan erTad SeiZleba gayves merqnis patara nawili
kvirtis mopirdapire mxares. aWril kvirts iWeren datovebuli yunwiT da
rac SeiZleba swrafad svamen saZireze gakeTebul T-sebur WrilSi. T-seburi
Wrilis gakeTebis dros jer unda Sesruldes vertikaluri (T-s fexi),
Semdeg ki _ horizontaluri Wrili. Tu faris zeda nawili ver Caetia
WrilSi, zedmeti nawili iWreba daniT. Wriloba swrafad ixveva polieTi-
lenis saxveviT (1 sm, siganisa da 25-30sm sigrZis lentiT). Sexveva iwyeba
zevidan qveviT ise, rom Wriloba mTlianad daifaros, WrilSi Casmuli
kvirti ki daufaravi unda darCes.
mynobidan 12-15 dRis Semdeg amowmeben namyeni kvirtis Sexorcebas. Tu
kvirtze datovebuli yunwi gayviTlda da Camovarda, an Camovarda TiTis
SexebiT, kvirti Sexorcebulia. Tu daWkna da ar Camovarda, Sexorceba ar
momxdara da saWiroa xelmeore mynoba.
2. kvirtiT miWdobiT mynoba. kvirtis miWdobiT mynobas mimarTaven maSin,
rodesac saZires raime mizeziT kani ar Zvreba. aseTi mynobisaTvis kvirtis
aWra xdeba zemoT aRwerili wesiT, saZires ki aaTlian kans iseTi zomiTa
da formiT, rogorc aWril kvirts aqvs, anaTalze miadeben aWril kvirts
da Seaxveven.
3. rgoliT mynoba. rgoliT mynoba gamoiyeneba kaklisa da zogierTi sxva
sqelkaniani kulturebis samynobad. am dros specialuri orpiriani danis
saSualebiT (pirebs Soris manZili unda iyos 25-30 mm) saZireze SemoaWrian
da Semoaclian kans rgolis saxiT, mis adgilas svamen sanamyenedan aWril
imave zomis kvirtian kans. mynobis Semdeg Wriloba unda daifaros baRis
malamoTi da Seixves. mynobisaTvis saWiroa saZiresa da sanamyenes erTnairi
diametri, dasaSvebia odnav msxvili sanamyene.

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 kalmiT mynobis wesebi, teqnikuri siZneleebisa da sxva naklovanebaTa
gamo, gamoiyeneba mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, gadazrdili
saZireebis dasamynobad, arasasurveli jiSebis Sesacvlelad da sxv.
kalmiT mynobis mraval wess Soris gavrcelebulia da mexileobaSi
gamoiyeneba:
1. kopulireba (Cveulebrivi da gaumjobesebuli)
2. kanqveS mynoba;
3. gapobiT mynoba;
4. mynoba gverdiT ganaWerSi;
5. xidiT mynoba.
kopulireba. Cveulebrivi kopulireba iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. mexileo-
baSi gaumjobesebul, anu enakebiT kopulirebas mimarTaven zamTris mynobis
dros. amisaTvis saZiresa da sanamyenes almacerad Wrian, gadanaWerze uke-
Teben enakebs da aerTeben erTmaneTTan ise, rom saZirisa da sanamyenes kam-
bialuri qsovilebi erTmaneTs daemTxves. mynobisaTvis aucilebelia, rom
saZire da sanamyene erTnairi sisqis iyos.
kanqveS mynoba. mynobis es wesi swrafia da advilad Sesasrulebeli.
iZleva gaxarebis maRal procents. misi gamoyeneba SeiZleba 2,5-dan 30-sm-mde
da meti diametris mqone totebis gadasamynobad. mynoba SeiZleba CavataroT
maSin, rodesac mcenareSi wvenTa Zlieri moZraoba iwyeba, radgan igi aadvi-
lebs kanis aZrobas. mynobisaTvis saZires gaWrian sworad, Caseraven sig-
rZeze da kans frTxilad acileben merqans, Semdeg kalams iribad wauT-
lian qveda nawils da Casvamen kanis qveS. Wrilobas dafaraven baRis mala-
moTi da mWidrod axveven.
gapobiT mynoba. misi gamoyeneba ukeTesia iseT mcenareebze, romlebsac
axasiaTebT merqnis sworfenovani wyoba. am dros miiReba swori naxleCi.
mynoba SeiZleba Catardes mosvenebis nebismier periodSi, magram ukeTesi
Sedegebi miiReba adre gazafxulze, kvirtebis dabervis periodSi.
mynobis Casatareblad saZires gadaWrian, gadanaWers moasufTaveben bas-
ri daniT da frTxilad gaapoben. Semdeg kalmis bolo nawils 3-4 sm sig-
rZeze CaWrian soliviT (solis gare mxares unda darCes kanis zoli) da
Casvamen ganaxleCSi ise, rom kalmisa da saZires kani da kambialuri qsovi-
lebi daemTxvnen erTmaneTs. Tu saZire sqelia, mopirdapire mxares SeiZleba
Caisvas meore kalami. mynobis damTavrebisTanave gadanaWeri unda daifaros
baRis malamoTi da Seixves mWidrod.
mynoba gverdiT ganaWerSi. mynobisaTvis saZireze akeTeben irib CanaWers
20-300 kuTxiT. sanamyene unda iyos 7-8 sm sigrZis da hqondes ori-sami kvir-
ti. sanamyenes qveda boloze akeTeben 2,5 sm-is sigrZis sols. kalmis Casmis
SemTxvevaSi, saZire da sanamyene mWidrod erTdebian, Semdeg Wriloba unda
daifarosObaRis malamoTi.
xidiT mynoba. xSirad mcenares uziandeba Stambi da deda-totebi. dazi-
anebuli adgilebis aRdgenis mizniT mimarTaven xidiT mynobas, rac imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom dazianebuli adgilis qvemoT da zemoT kans seraven, aW-
rian Sesaferisi sigrZis kalams, cerad wauTlian Tavsa da bolos, Casvamen
gakeTebul WrilobaSi, dazianebul adgils gaasufTaveben, dafaraven baRis
malamoTi da Seaxveven. Sexorcebis Semdeg wvenTa moZraoba aRdgeni-
liAiqneba kalmebiT.
miaxloebiTi mynoba. miaxloebiTi mynobis dros samynobi komponentebi
erTmaneTs uerTdebian deda-mcenarisagan moucileblad. erT-erTi komponen-
tis (sanamyenes) deda-mcenarisagan mocileba SeiZleba mxolod sruli Sexo-

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rcebis Semdeg. es wesi, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba Znelad Sesaxorcebeli mce-
nareebis samynobad.
samynob mcenareebs zrdian erTmaneTis gverdiT qoTnebSi an sxva Wur-
WelSi. saZiresa da sanamyenes gverdebze erT simaRleze ukeTdebaT anaTa-
lebi, am adgilebs aerTeben erTmaneTTan da mWidrod axveven. Sexorcebis
Semdeg, saZires gadaWrian Sexorcebuli adgilis zeviT, sanamyenes ki Sexo-
rcebuli adgilis qveviT.

xexilis sanerge

intensiuri mexileobis ganviTareba damokidebulia sargavi masalis rao-

denobasa da xarisxze. xexilis sargav masalas nergi ewodeba, xolo meur-
neobas, sadac nergis aRzrda warmoebs, sanerge meurneoba. sanerge meur-
neobis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa awarmoos xexil-kenkrovani kulturebis sta-
ndartuli da perspeqtiuli, elituri sargavi masala.
sanerge meurneobis ganyofilebebia: 1. sadede nargaobis ganyofileba,
romelic Sedgeba sadede - saTesle baRisagan, saidanac meurneoba iRebs
saZireebs gamosazrdelad saWiro Tesls da sadede sakalme baRisagan,
sadac gaSenebuli unda iyos gasamravlebeli kulturebis standartuli da
perspeqtiuli jiSebi. man unda uzrunvelyos meurneoba sakvirte masaliT.
sadede baRebi unda gaSendes uviruso masaliT.
2. gasamravlebeli ganyofileba, romlis daniSnulebaa saZireebis miReba. es
ganyofileba Tavis mxriv ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: naTesarTa skolisgan,
sadac saZireebs TesliT amravleben da vegetaciuri gamravlebis nakveTi-
sagan, sadac gaSenebulia sadede plantacia klonur saZireTa amonayrebiT
gasamravleblad. sadede plantacia erT adgilze SeiZleba arsebobdes ara
umetes 15 wlisa.
3. formirebis ganyofileba, sadac warmoebs gasamravlebel ganyofilebaSi
aRzrdili saZireebis dargva, mynoba, namyenis aRzrda da formireba. formi-
rebis ganyofileba sami mindvrisagan Sedgeba, romlebic erTmaneTisagan
aRsazrdeli namyenis xnovanebiT gansxvavdebian (kurkovnebisaTvis igi or-
indvriania).
pirvel mindorze gazafxulze an wina wlis Semodgomaze rgaven saZi-
reebs, an Tesaven kurkovnebis Tesls, romelsac zafxulSi amynoben, amitom
am mindors okulantebis mindorsac uwodeben.
meore, anu erTwlianebis mindorze, xdeba gasuli wlis okulantebis
Stambze gadaWra, erTwliani namyenis aRzrda da kurkovanTa namyenis amoRe-
ba sarealizaciod.
mesame mindorze xdeba orwliani namyenis aRzrda, formireba da namyenis
amoReba. amitom am mindors xSirad formirebis mindors, an salikvidacio
mindorsac uwodeben.
sanergisaTvis adgilis SerCevisaTvis saWiroa vicodeT Tu ra mocu-
lobis farTobi dasWirdeba TiToeul ganyofilebas da mTlianad sanerges.
Tu sanerge, romelsac vaSenebT, dagegmilia 1 milion cal TeslovanTa
namyenis sawarmoeblad, maSin mas dasWirdeba 33,3 ha pirveli mindori (ha-ze
30 aTasi cali standartuli namyenis miRebis SemTxvevaSi), xolo Teslbrun-
vis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic formirebis ganyofilebisTvis yvelaze xSi-
rad rva mindvriania _ 266,6 ha (33,3X8).
arsebobs pirveli mindvris gaSenebis ramdenime wesi. yvelaze xSirad
pirvel mindors aSeneben saZireebis dargviT (Teslovani kuturebisTvis),

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Teslis TesviT (kurkovani kulturebisTvis) da zamTris mynobiT miRebuli
okulantebiT. saZireebis dargva SeiZleba SemodgomiT da gazafxulze.
Semodgomaze Tesen mSral (Werami, nuSi, nawilobriv atami) an naxevrad
stratificirebul Tesls (balamwara, balRoji, tyemali, drogana yviTeli).
Tesva warmoebs mwkrivSi, mwkrivTaSoris manZili da Tesvis vadebi igivea,
rac saZireebis dargvis dros.
dargvis Semdeg saZireebis movlis ZiriTadi amocanaa is, rom saZireebs
hqondeT Zlieri zrda da maRali kambialuri aqtivoba. amisaTvis saWiroa
sarevelebTan brZola niadagis xSiri gafxvierebiT, morwyva da mavnebel
daavadebebTan brZola.
rodesac saZireebi miaRweven standartul zomas, unda Catardes mynoba,
mynobis dawyebamde unda gaviTvaliswinoT sanamyenos kvirtis momwifebis
done. mynobis dros niadagi Zalze itkepneba, amitom mynobis damTavrebis-
Tanave saWiroa niadagi gafxvierdes da moirwyas. mynobis damTavrebidan 10-
15 dRis Semdeg unda Catardes namyenis gaxarebis Semowmeba. Tu kvirtze
datovebuli yunwi gayviTlda da Camovarda, an advilad vardeba TiTis
SexebiT, aseTi kvirti Sexorcebulia, Tu yunwi damWknaria da kvirts ar
scildeba, es niSnavs, imas rom namyeni ar Sexorcebula.
sanergis meore mindorze warmoebs wina wlis okulantebis gadaWra da
erTwliani standartuli zomis namyenis aRzrda. adre gazafxulze, sanam
namyeni kvirti gaiRviZebdes, amowmeben gaxarebuli kvirtebis raodenobas
(gazafxulis revizia) da yvela kvirtmiRebul saZires Wrian cerze an
ucerod.
ceris ZiriTadi amocanaa namyenis swori, vertikaluri aRzrda da Camox-
leCvis Tavidan acileba, magram igi dakavSirebulia zedmet xarjebTan
(cerze akvra, ceris gasufTaveba amonayrebisagan, ceris amoWra) da Zalze
Sromatevadia. amitom, xexil-sanergeebma ZiriTadad uari Tqves namyenis
ceriT aRzrdaze da maT ucerod zrdian.
sanergis mesame mindvris ZiriTadi amocanaa namyenis Stambis gamoyvana da
varjis Casaxva, sabolood ki kargad formirebuli standartuli, orwliani
sargavi masalis miReba.
xexilovani kulturebis saZireebi. saZires unda axasiaTebdes Semdegi
Tvisebebi: uxvi da myari mosavlis miRebis uzrunvelyofa; advilad gamrav-
leba sanergeSi da standartuli nergis miReba; raionis niadagur-klima-
tur pirobebTan Segueba.
saZireebis amoReba xdeba SemodgomiT, noember-dekembramde. Tu amoRebis
dros saZires foToli ara aqvs Camoyrili, mas xeliT aclian, rac Zalze
Sromatevadi samuSaoa. zogierT meurneobaSi foTlis xeliT Seclis magiv-
rad praqtikaSi danergilia saZireebis miwiszeda nawilis gaTibva (gaTibvas
awarmoeben 20 sm simaRleze, Tivis saTibi manqaniT KCK _ 2,1.). saZireebs
iReben kavis tipis guTniT. amosaRebi saSualebis SerCeva xdeba dargvis
sqemis mixedviT. erTrigiani naTesis amosaRebad gamodgeba mevenaxeobaSi
gamoyenebuli kavi.
sanergis pirvel mindorze darguli saZireebis xarisxi gadamwyvet
gavlenas axdens namyenis gamosavlianobaze - rac ufro cud pirobebSi
xdeba namyenis gamozrda (Raribi niadagebi, mSrali klimati, mokle
savegetacio periodi), miT ufro kargi ganviTarebis unda iyos pirvel
mindorze darguli saZire.
saZireebs or jgufad axarisxeben: pirveli xarisxis saZireebs fesvis
yeli 6-7mm da meti diametri simsxosi unda hqondeT (kaklis SemTxvevaSi 10

189
mm), fesvTa sistema kargad ganviTarebuli sami ZiriTadi gantotvili
fesviT, uxvi bususa fesvebiT. meore xarisxis saZireebis fesvis yelis
sisqe 5-7mm toli unda iyos.

xexilis baRi

mexileobis ganviTarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebad iTvleba misi inten-

sifikacia. intensiuri baRis gaSenebisas saWiroa ramdenime pirobis dacva:
farTobis erTeulze mcenareTa raodenobis gazrda, jiSebis SerCeva, rom-
lebic adre Sedian msxmoiarobaSi da gvaZleven uxv mosavals, saZireebis
SerCeva, romlebic gvaZleven mcire moculobis mcenareebs, aCqareben msxmo-
iarobas da zrdian mosavlianobas. baRSi samuSaoTa maqsimaluri meqaniza-
cia, qimizaciis da melioraciis maqsimaluri gamoyeneba.
arsebobs intensiuri nargaobis ramdenime tipi: CaxSirebuli nargaoba
momrgvalo-mobrtyo varjiT; nagala tipis; spuris tipis; palmeturi nar-
gaoba; gruzbekis; pilaris an TiTistariseburi; mdelos baRis tipis nar-
gaoba da sxv.
intensiuri tipis msxvili samrewvelo baRis gaSenebamde saWiroa mrava-
li sakiTxis kompleqsuri gadawyveta, rogorebicaa: mexileobis mimarTule-
ba da amocanebi, misi SeTanawyoba sxva dargebTan, adgilis SerCeva baRi-
saTvis, teritoriis organizacia, jurebis da jiSebis Semadgenlobis gan-
sazRvra da varjis tipebi, xilis warmoebis teqnologiuri sqema.
baRis gasaSenebeli adgilis sworad SerCevas uaRresad didi mniSvne-
loba aqvs, radgan igi gansazRvravs xexilovani mcenareebis zrda-ganviTa-
rebis xasiaTs, mosavlis raodenobas, mis xarisxsa da, aqedan gamomdinare,
baRis ekonomikur efeqtianobas. adgilis SerCevis dros unda SeviswavloT
klimati, reliefi da niadagi.
reliefs erT-erTi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs sabaRe adgilis SerCe-
vis dros. reliefi gamoixateba sami elementis erTobliobiT, esenia: wyal-
gamyofi zegani, dablobi vake da maTi SemaerTebeli ferdobebi.
niadagis Sefasebis dros yuradReba unda mieqces Semdeg elementebs:
sakvebi nivTierebebis (organuli da mineraluri elementebis) raodenobas;
gruntis Semadgenlobas; fesvebis momcveli fenis sisqes; simkvrives; mavne
marilebis raodenobas; niadagis reaqcias (Ph) da gruntis wylis dones.
zogadad ki, xexilis baRis gasaSeneblad saWiroa kargi aeraciisa da tenis
mqone Rrma struqturuli niadagebi. gruntis wyali niadagis zedapirTan ar
unda iyos 2,5 – 3 m-ze ufro axlos.
niadagur-klimaturi pirobebis Sefasebis Semdeg unda moxdes baRisaTvis
gamoyofili teritoriis organizacia.
baRSi teritoriis organizacia gulisxmobs: farTobis gamoyofas admini-
straciuli, sameurneo, gadamamuSavebeli da sxva damxmare nagebobisaTvis,
sarwyavi da sagzao qselis racionalur ganlagebas, qarsafarebis tipis,
maT Soris manZilisa da mimarTulebis dadgenas, kvartlis zomisa da masSi
nargaobis tipis gansazRvras, kvartalSi jiSebis SerCevas da kvebis ares
dadgena.
dargvis win sabaRe nakveTi unda moswordes (moSandakdes) da daplan-
taJdes. plantaJis siRrme damokidebulia niadagis tipze. Rrma Savmiwebze,
aluviur, mdelosa da tyis yavisfer niadagze plantaJi unda Catardes 60-70
sm-is siRrmeze. fxvier, qviSnar niadagze plantaJis Catareba araefeqturia.

190
am SemTxvevaSi tardeba Cveulebrivi xvna. saplantaJo xvna unda CavataroT
dargvamde 3-4 TviT adre.
plantaJis dros sasuqebis Setanis normebi diferencirebulia. zonisa
da niadagis tipis mixedviT nakeli SeaqvT 30-40 tonidan 80-100 tonamde 1 ha-
ze. fosfori da kaliumi - 90-120 kg (moqmed nivTierebaze gadaangariSebiT).
baRSi mcenareTa ganlagebis swori sistemis SerCevasa da kvebes ares
sididisa da konfiguraciis gansazRvrazea damokidebuli mosavlis raode-
noba, xarisxi, mcenareTa meqanizebuli movlis pirobebi da krefis samuSao-
ebis Sesruleba. mexileobis praqtikaSi yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli
baRSi mcenareTa ganlagebis Semdegi wesebi: kvadratuli, sworkuTxovani,
Wadrakuli da konturuli.

baRSi niadagis movlis sistemebi

baRSi niadagis gasanoyiereblad iyeneben: organul, mineralur da baqte-

riul sasuqebs.
organul sasuqebs miekuTvnebian: nakeli, wunwuxi, torfi, komposti da
mwvane sasuqi (sideratebi).
mineralur sasuqebs miekuTvnebian azotiani (sulfat amoniumi, amoniumis
gvarjila, Sardovana, kaliumis gvarjila), fosforiani (superfosfati,
fosforitis fqvili, Tomasis wida), kaliumiani (kaliumis qloridi, gogir-
dmJava kaliumi, silviniti) sasuqebi da mikro sasuqebi (boris mJava, manga-
numis sulfati, Savi qvis Slami, TuTiis sulfati, spilenZis sulfati da
sxv.).
baqteriuli sasuqebidan iyeneben azotbaqterins, nitragins, fosforobaq-
terins.
sasuqis dozebis dadgenisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT niadagis tipi, mce-
naris asaki, mosavlis raodenoba da baRSi niadagis movlis wesi. niadagi,
tipebis mixedviT, msxmoiare baRebisaTvis, rekomendebulia: azoti 90-120 kg,
fosfori 60-160 kg, kaliumi 60-160 kg/ha (moqmed nivTierebaze gadaangariSe-
biT).
sasuqis dozebi izrdeba mcenaris asakisa da mosavlis raodenobis
proporciulad.
fosforian-kaliumiani sasuqi da nakeli (40-60 t/ha 3-4 weliwadSi erT-
xel) niadagSi Segvaqvs Semodgomaze, Rrmad damuSavebis win. azotiani sasu-
qi Segvaqvs gazafxulze. umjobesia, Tu msxmoiare baRSi azots SevitanT
sam vadaSi: pirvel dozas vegetaciis dasawyisSi; meore dozas nayofis
damsxvilebis periodSi da mesame dozas – sayvavile kvirtebis diferencia-
ciis fazaSi.
xexilis baRis morwyva warmoebs sxvadasxva wesiT: moRvarviT, jamebSi,
kvlebSi, anu gaJonviT, dawvimebiT, miwisqveSa wveTuri da tendamagrovebeli
morwyviT.
baRSi morwyvis wess ganapirobebs nargaobis tipi da asaki, niadagis qimi-
uri da fizikuri Tvisebebi, nakveTis reliefi da sxv.
moRvarviT morwyvis dros niadagi mTlianad unda daifaros wylis fe-
niT, rac mTel rig uaryofiT movlenebTanaa dakavSirebuli: saWiroa wylis
didi raodenoba, adgili aqvs niadagis gadarecxvas, morwyvis Semdeg nia-
dagi ikravs pirs, rac auaresebs aeracias, aseve SeiZleba gamoiwvios damla-
Seba.

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 jamebSi morwyva SedarebiT efeqturia axalgazrda baRebisaTvis, yoveli
mcenaris Stambis irgvliv keTdeba 1-1,5 m diametrisa da 20-25 sm-is siRrmis
wreebi, romlebic Tanmimdevrulad ivseba wyliT.
kvlebSi an gaJonviT morwyvis dros rigTaSorisebSi, erTmaneTisagan 80-
120 sm-is daSorebiT gahyavT 20-30sm siRrmisa da 100-150m sigrZis kvlebi; rac
ufro msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgenilobisaa niadagi, kvlebi miT ufro axlo-
axlo da Rrmad unda gaviyvanoT. maTSi gaSvebuli wyali gaiJoneba orive
mxares da daatenianebs mTel farTobs.
dawvimebiT morwyva - morwyvis Tanamedrove progresiuli wesia. baRebSi
idgmeba stacionaluri dasawvimebeli aparatebi, romelTa saSualebiTac,
wvimis saxiT, xdeba wylis Tanabari da zomieri ganawileba mTel terito-
riaze.
miwisqveSa morwyva SezRudulad gamoiyeneba, rac gamowveulia miwisqveSa
sistemis siZviriTa da konstruqciis sirTuliT. aseTi morwyvis dros miwa-
Si Calagebuli perforirebuli milebis wvrili naxvretebidan wyali da
zogierT SemTxvevaSi masSi gaxsnili sasuqi, saWiro raodenobiT miewodeba
uSualod aqtiur fesvebs maTi gavrcelebis zonaSi. morwyvis aseTi wesi
Txoulobs did danaxarjebs, xSiria naxvretebis dacoba an sxva dabrko-
leba, rac aZnelebs mis eqspluatacias.
wveTuri morwyvis dros yovel mcenares wyali miewodeba individual-
lurad, minimaluri doziT. aseTi morwyvisaTvis wyali gulmodgined unda
iqnes gawmendili. igi gaivlis wnevis stabilizators da Stambis simaRleze
ganlagebuli 10-20mm diametris plastmasis milebiT miemarTeba rigis gasw-
vriv yovel mcenaresTan. arsebuli sawveTurebidan gamoedineba saaTSi 2-dan
12 l-mde wyali. wveTuri morwyva rwyvis yvelaze perspeqtiuli wesia, magram
misi mowyoba moiTxovs did danaxarjebs.
tendamgrovebeli rwyva tardeba mosavlis aRebis Semdeg. mas didi mni-
Svneloba aqvs mosavlianobis gadidebisa da mcenaris yinvagamZleobis
uzrunvelyofisaTvis. igi adidebs niadagis tenianobas da qmnis fesvebis
zrdis ukeTes pirobebs mosavlis krefis Semdeg. es ki dadebiTad moqmedebs
Semodgoma-zamTris periodSi mcenareSi organuli azotis dagrovebasa da
mis yinvagamZleobaze.
morwyvis vadebi da normebi damokidebulia fesvebis momcvel fenaSi ar-
sebul wylis maragze. baRi unda movrwyaT maSin, rodesac niadagis zRvru-
li savele tentevadoba daiwevs: mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobis niadagebze
80-75%-ze dabla; saSualod meqanikuri Sedgenilobis niadagebze 75-70%-ze
dabla da msubuqi meqanikuri Sedgenilobis niadagebze - 65-60 %-ze dabla.
morwyvis Semdegi saorientacio vadebia: pirveli rwyva unda Catardes
yvavilobamde 2-3 kviriT adre; meore – ivnisis naskvTacvenis Semdeg, mesame –
nayofisa da ylortebis gaZlierebuli zrdis periodSi; meoTxe morwyva
unda Catardes mosavlis aRebis Semdeg da bolos gvian SemodgomiT, an
zamTarSi mosvenebis periodSi.
morwyvis norma aseve unda dadgindes analizis safuZvelze, saSualod
miRebulia, rom erTi heqtaris mosarwyavad saWiroa: qviSian niadagze 400-450
m3, msubuq Tixnarebze – 600-700 m3, saSualo Tixnarebze 800-900 m3, mZime
Tixnarebze – 900-1000 m3 wyali.

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 xexilovani mcenareebis varjis formireba da sxvla

gasxvla da formireba metad rTuli da sapasuxismgeblo agroteqni-

kuri RonisZiebaa. sxvlis amocanaa mcenareebis zrdis da msxmoiarobis pro-
cesebis regulireba, formirebis sasurveli formis micema, varjis da Stam-
bis Camoyalibeba.
saerTo jamSi sxvlis da formirebis daniSnulebaa:
1. xexilis varjisaTvis kompaqturi formis micema movlis operaciebis
gaadvilebis mizniT.
2. xexilis ConCxis nawilebis simkvrive da simyare;
3. varjis Sida nawilebis optimaluri gaSuqeba da aeracia;
4. msxmoiarobis droulad dawyeba;
5. meqanizaciis gamoyenebis gaadvileba.
sxvla damokidebulia mcenaris morfologiur agebulebaze, biologiur
Taviseburebebze (zrdis da msxmoiarobis Taviseburebebi); asakobriv perio-
debze.
formirebis wesebi unda SeirCes juris, jiSis da klimaturi pirobebis
Sesabamisad. ar SeiZleba Sablonuri sxvla da formireba.
arsebobs gasxvlis ori ZiriTadi wesi: damokleba da gamoxSirva. sa-
Wiroa gasxvlis da formirebis dros am orive wesis SeTanwyobili gamo-
yeneba.
gamoxSirvis dros toti mTlianad iWreba rgolze. damoklebis dros iW-
reba totis nawili.
xexilis sxvla tardeba Semodgomaze, foTolcvenidan 20-25 dRis Semdeg
da adre, gazafxulze vegetaciis dawyebamde. Tu kargi pirobebia, sxvla
SeiZleba Catardes zamTarSic. rac Seexeba formirebas, igi iwyeba sanergeSi
da SeiZleba gagrZeldes xexilis baRSi.
gasxvlis dros mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli agreTve, zrdisa da
msxmoiarobis Taviseburebani. magaliTad, vaSlis jiSebi, romelTac axasia-
TebT didi raodenobiT meWeWa totebze msxmoiaroba da iviTareben Sedare-
biT mcire raodenobiT wliur nazardebs, unda gaisxlas Semdegnairad: wli-
uri nazardebi saWiroa damokldes daaxloebiT 1/2 _ 1/3 sigrZemde da regu-
larulad Catardes meWeWa totebis nawilobrivad gamosxvla. vaSlis
jiSebidan aseTi msxmoiarobis tipi axasiaTebs Sampanur renets, zamTris
oqros parmens, vagneris jildos. msxlebidan ki-bere-ardanpons, zamTris
dehans da kiferis Teslnergs.
kurkovan kulturaTa sxvlis dros, iseve rogorc Teslovanebisas,
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos xis asaki. kurkovanTa axalgazrda xeebis
sxvlis daniSnulebaa varjis formireba, risTvisac unda moxdes ZiriTadi
totebis damokleba da varjis gamoxSirva saRi da Zlieri ganviTarebis
deda totebis gamoyvanis mizniT.
srul msxmoiarobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg kurkovanTa gasxvlis dros gaTva-
liswinebuli unda iyos ama Tu im kulturisa da jiSis biologiuri
Taviseburebani.
magaliTad atmis gasxvla Zlier gansxvavdeba kurkovanTa danarCen kul-
turaTa sxvlisagan. atami msxmoiarobs ZiriTadad erTwlian nazardebze da
mcire raodenobiT - sanayofe Taigulebzec. amitom, mosavlis erTxel moce-
mis Semdeg, toti unayofod rCeba, xolo mis gverdze gawyobili sazrdeli
kvirtebidan viTardebian gverdiTi totebi, romlebzedac xdeba Semdeg
wlebSi msxmoiare zedapiris gadanacvleba.

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 amgvarad, atmis xeebis gausxlavad datoveba an maTze yovelTvis susti
gasxvlis Catareba miuRebelia, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi misi totebi
SiSvldeba da msxmoiarobac klebulobs.
xexilovani kulturebidan im kulturebis gasxvla ar aris miRebuli,
romlebic: msxmoiaroben mimdinare wlis nazardebze an wliuri totebis
wverze, rogorebicaa: leRvi, Txili, kakali, TuTa da sxv. aseT kulturaTa
xeebze unda Catardes xmeli da dazianebuli totebis SeWra da totebis
gamoxSirva saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.

xexilis mosavlis aReba da movla

mosavlis krefa savegetacio periodis ganmavlobaSi baRSi gatarebuli

agroRonisZiebebidan yvelaze sapasuxismgeblo da Sromatevadia. mis swor
organizaciaze didad aris damokidebuli xilis sasaqonlo Rirebuleba.
xilis krefis vadis zust gansazRvras udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs pro-
duqciis xarisxisa da Senaxvis unarianobis gazrdisTvis. arCeven xilis sak-
ref, teqnikur da mosaxmar simwifes. nayofis sakrefi simwife dgeba maSin,
rodesac igi miaRwevs jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zomas, Sefervas da advi-
lad scildeba nayofs. simwifis xarisxis gansazRvra, garda garegnuli niS-
nebisa, ukanasknel xanebSi warmoebs nayofSi saxameblis raodenobis mixe-
dviT.
teqnikuri simwife niSnavs imas, rom nayofi vargisia gadamuSavebisa da
Sor manZilze transportirebisaTvis. simwifis es xarisxi praqtikulad
dgeba sakref simwifeze 2_4 dRiT gvian. nayofis mosaxmari simwife dgeba
maSin, rodesac nayofSi dasruldeba damwifebis fiziologiuri procesi da
nayofi SeiZens jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gemur Tvisebebs, Sefervas da
konsistencias.
naadrevad dakrefili xilis danakargebi wonaSi jiSebis mixedviT Sead-
gens 10-15%, xolo Saqrebis -30-50%.
xilis krefis simwifis vadis zustad gansazRvra metad mniSvnelovania.
krefis simwife ganisazRvreba nayofis morfologiuri, biologiuri, fizi-
kuri da qimiuri niSnebis mixedviT.
Teslovnebi simwifis periodebis mixedviT aris sazafxulo, saSemod-
gomo da zamTris simwifis periodis. kurkovnebi, simwifis periodebis mixe-
dviT iyofian sam mTavar jgufad: saadreo, saSualo da sagviano.
mosavlis drouli aReba didad aris damokidebuli Sromis swor orga-
nizaciaze. krefis dawyebamde unda iqnes momaragebuli sxvadasxva kibeebi,
xilis sakrefi CanTebi, yuTebi, konteinerebi da sxv.
xexilis baRSi iyeneben xilis krefis or wess:
1. xeliT krefas _ romlis drosac gamoiyeneben martiv saSualebebs:
sakref magidebs, kibeebs, sxvadasxva konstruqciis TviTmaval an misabmel
baqnebs.
2. meqanizebuls _ specialuri sakrefi manqanebis gamoyenebiT.
Teslovani kulturebis Sesanaxad gaTvaliswinebuli jiSebis krefa
warmoebs mxolod xeliT.
krefis dros unda davicvaT Semdegi wesebi: 1. krefa unda Catardes
mSral amindSi; 2. krefa unda daiwyos xis qveda totebidan; 3. nayofebi
aucileblad unda moikrifos yunwiT; 4. krefis dros ar SeiZleba xeze
asvla, 5. unda veridoT krefis dros nayofis kanis dazianebas; 6. unda
gavufrTxildeT (ar davamtvrioT) sanayofe warmonaqmnebs.

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 saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli zogierTi xexilovani kulturis
standartuli jiSebi

v a S l i. vaSlis standartuli jiSebia: astraxanuli wiTeli, suisleperi,

zamTris oqros parmeni, kanaduri reneti, Sampamuri reneti, kexura, golden
deliSesi, qarTuli sinapi, zamTris banani, londonis pepini, goruli sinapi,
korei, pepinparkeri. perspeqtiuli jiSebia: yviTeli belflori, red-
deliSesi, iveria, starkspuri, goldspuri, starkrimsoni.
m s x a l i. msxlis standartuli jiSebia: viliamsi, bere_boski, be-
re_ardanponi, kiferis Teslnergi.
k o m S i. komSis standartuli jiSebia: sakompote, malaCini, Silduri,
qarTuli mJave.
a t a m i. atmis standartul jiSebs miekuTvneba: sakonservo saadreo, eri-
sTavis vardisferi, amsdeni, krimCaki, lebedevi, elberTa, xidisTauri TeTri,
xidisTauri vardisferi, bestavaSvili, narinji, berebis atami, gudauTis sa-
konservo, kaxuri TeTri, xidisTauri yviTeli sagviano.
q l i a v i. qliavis standartuli jiSebia: atmiseburi, altanis renklodi,
aJanis ungrula, italiuri ungrula, Savi qliavi.
g a r g a r i. gargalis standartuli jiSebia: Salaxi, alipriala, aRja-
nabadi.
b a l i. blis standartuli jiSebia: drogana yviTeli, yirimis Savi, xaris-
gula.
a l u b a l i. alublis standartuli jiSebia: vladimirskaia, podbelski,
qarTuli alubali. perspeqtiuli jiSia keleri.
T x i l i. Txilis standartul jiSebs miekuTvneba: ulSiSvela, Svelisyu-
ra, xaWapura, ganja, fuTqurami.
l e R v i. leRvis standartul jiSebs miekuTvneba: kaxuri TeTri, smena,
sari 103, Cafla, afxazuri iisferi, yviTeli damamtverianebeli.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. daasaxeleT vazis biologiuri ganviTarebis fazebi.
2. rogoria bunebrivi faqtorebis gavlena vazze?
3. vazis gamravlebis romel wesebs icnobT?
4. rogor xdeba venaxis gaSeneba?
5. daasaxeleT vazis gasxvla-formirebis wesebi.
6. CamoTvaleT venaxis movlis ZiriTadi RonisZiebebi.
7. rogor xdeba xexilovani mcenareebis gamravleba?
8. CamoTvaleT vegetaciuri gamravlebis wesebi.
9. rogor xdeba xexilis sanergis momzadeba ?
10. daasaxeleT xexilis baRSi niadagis movlis sistemebi.
11. rogor xdeba xexilovani mcenareebis varjis formireba da sxvla

195
 saqarTveloSi gasavrceleblad daSvebuli zogierTi
xexilovani kultura

196
197
198
199
200
201
202
 mindvris kulturebis mavneblebis, daavadebebisa da sarevelebis
winaaRmdeg gamosayenebeli ZiriTadi preparatebi
inseqticidebi

gamoyenebis Tavisebureba
gamoyenebis xerxi, dro,

damuSavebul farTobze
(gamoyenebis jeradoba)
kultura damuSavebis

samuSa. dawyebis dro

(l/ha, kg/ha, kg/t)

lodinis periodi

xeliT (meqaniz.)
preparatis

preparatis
dasaxeleba

mavnebeli
xarjvis

obieqti
norma

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
arrivo 0,32 simindi bambis xvatari Sesxureba vegetaciis 20 (2) 7 (3)
250 g/l simindis farvana periodSi
0,2 xorbali bugrebi
mavne kusebura Sesxureba vegetaciis 20 (2) _(3)
Wia wurbela periodSi
rwyilebi
Trifsebi
aqtara 0,06-0,1 kartofili kolorados xoWo Sesxur.eba 14 (2) _,,_
xorbali mavne kusebura vegetaciis (10)
lobio bzualebi periodSi
parkosnebi puris xoWo
memarcvlia
bugrebi
bi-58 axali 1-1,5 xorbali mavne kusebura Sesxureba vegetaciis
380 g/l 0,5-0,9 qeri Wia wurbela periodSi 30 (2) _(4)
samarcvle marcvlo. buzebi
parkosnebi bugrebi
alurebi
valsamba 0,2-0,4 xorbali qeri puris xoWo Sesxureba vegetaciis
50 g/l simindi Trifsebi periodSi 20(1) 10(4)
soia rwyilebi
mavne kusebura
bugrebi
simindis farvana
tkipebi
decisi 0,25 xorbali qeri mavne kusebura Sesxureba vegetaciis
25 g/l simindi Wia wurbela periodSi
0,5-0,7 mzesumzira bugrebi
0,25 kartofili xoWoebi
0,15 lobio rwyilebi 20(2) 7(3)
0,2 barda bambis xvatari
kolorados xoWo
memarcvlia
bugrebi
karate zeoni 0,2 xorbali xoWoebi Sesxureba vegetaciis 20(1) 10(4)
50 g/l qeri Trifsebi periodSi
simindi rwyilebi
Wia wurbela
simindis farvana
prometi 25 simindi mavTula Wiebi da niadagis Teslis inkrustacia
400 g/l 35 Saqris Warxali sxva mavneblebi Tesvis win specialuri _(1) _(_)
30 mzesumzira danadgarebiT
aRmonacenis sxva mavneblebi

mavTula Wiebi
Trifsebi

fastaki 100g/l 0,1-0,2 kartofili kolorados xoWo

0,-0,15 xorbali mavne kusebura 20(2) 7(3)
qeri WiWinobelebi 15(2) 10(4)
kartofili kolorados xoWo
barda memarcvlia

203
 fungicidebi

(meqanizebuli) samuSaoebis
gamoyenebis Tavisebureba

damuSavebul farTobze
(gamoyenebis jeradoba)
preparatis dasaxeleba

damuSavebis xerxi.dro
norma l/ha, kg/ha t/ha
preparatis xarjvis

lodinis periodi
dasamuSavebeli

dawyebis dro
kultura

daavadeba
obieqti
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
abiga-piki 2,3-3 kartofili fitoftoriozi Sesxureba vege-
400 g/l Saqris Warxali altenariozi taciis periodSi
baqteriozi 0,5%-iani samu-
cerkosporiozi Sao xsnariT 20(4) 3(1)
alto superi 0,4-0,5 sagazafxulo da saSemod- nacari Sesxureba vege- 40(1) _(_)
250+80 gomo xorbali yviTeli, mura yviTeli da taciis periodSi
g/l Reros Janga lideri foTlis
sagazafxulo da saSemo- septoriozi fazaSi da TavTa-
dgomo qeri TavTavis fuzariozi vebis dasawyisSi
cerkosporiozi xsnaris xarjva
saSSemodgomo Wvavi helminTosporiozi 300 l/ha
Svria silaqave
juja da Reros Janga _(_)
kladosporiozi 40(1-2)
bailetoni 0,5-1 sagazafxulo da saSemo- mura, Reros da yviTeli Janga. Sesxureba vege- 20(2) _(3)
250 g/kg dgomo xorbali nacari taciis period-
septoriozi Si
qeri gvirgvina Janga
0,5-0,9 mura da wiTeli laqianoba. 30(1) _(3)
gudafSutebi
simindi taros obi
0,5
saTesle nakve- 20(1)
Tebis Sexsureba _(3)
Saqris Warxali fesvis sidample vegetaciis peri-
0,6 fuzariozi odSi
nacari

tiltipremiumi 0,33 sagazafxulo da nacari Sesxureba vege- 40(1-2) _(3)

375 g/kg saSemodgomo xorbali mura yviTeli da Reros Janga taciis periodSi
helminTosporiozi
sagazafxulo laqianoba
qeri fuzariozi
badura laqianoba

204
 Teslis Sesawamli inseqticidebi da fungicidebi

(meqanizebuli) samuSaoebis
kultura dasamuSavebeli

gamoyenebis Tavisebureba

damuSavebul farTobze
(gamoyenebis jeradoba)
preparatis dasaxeleba

norma l/ha, kg/ha t/ha

gamoyenebis xerxi.dro
preparatis xarjvis

mavnebeli, daavadeba

lodinis periodi

dawyebis dro
obieqti
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 kartofili inseqticidebi sargavi masala _(1) _(_)
kolorados xoWo dargvis win
prestiJi bugrebi
290k
140+150 g/l
aproni- goldi 0,5-2 Saqris Warxali fungicidebi Teslis Sewa- _(1) _(_)
350 g/kg aRmonacenTa fesviWamia mvla(8-15 l/t
perenosporozi Teslze)
3 mzesumzira perenosporiozi Teslis Sewa- _(1) _(_)
mvla (5-7l/t
Teslze)
dividendi 1 sagazafxulo da sa- magari da mtvriana gudafSuta Teslis Sewa- _(1) _(_)
stari Semodgomo xorbali septoriozi mvla dasvele-
30+6,0 g/l helminTosporiozi bis meTodiT
fuzariozuli fesvis sidample uSualod Tes-
Teslis obi vis win an
winaswar(10l/
t Teslze)
qeri ,, ,, ,, ,,
Svria ,, ,, ,, ,,
vitavaqsi 2-3 sagazafxulo da sa- mtvriana da magari gudafSuta Teslis Sewa- +(1) _(_)
200+200 Semodgomo xorbali helminTosporiozi mvla daTesvam-
g/l fuzariozuli sidample de an winasar
Teslis obi (10l/t Tesl-
ze)
2,5-3 qeri ,,
simindi buStara da mtvriana Teslis Tesvis _(1) _(_)
gudafSuta. wina damuSav.
Teslis obi (5 l/t Tesl-
ze)
raqsili 0,4 sagaz.afxulo da mtvriana da magari gudafSuta Teslis _(1) _(_)
60 g/l saSemodgomo xor- septoriozi Sewamvla
bali helminTosporiozi (10 l/t
fuzariozuli fesvis sidample Teslze)
Teslis obi
0,4 qeri ,,
0,4 Svria ,,

205
 herbicidebi

norma (l/ha, kg/ha,

gamoyenebis xerxi,

lodinis periodi

farTobze xeliT
dasamuSavebeli

dawyebis dro
(meqanizebul)
Tavisebureba

damuSavebul
(gamoyenebis

samuSaoebis
preparatis

preparatis
dasaxeleba

gamoyenebis
l/t kg/t)

jeradoba)
kultura

sarevela
xarjvis

obieqti
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2,4 dimeTili 0,8-1,2 xorbali erTwliani orlebniani naTesebis Sesxur- _(1) _(3)
aminis marili qeri eba mcenaris 3-4
Svria foTlis fazidan
aRerebamde.
0,8-1,2 simini ,, naTesebis Sesxu- _(1)
reba 3-5 f.faza
1,1-1,7 mdelos wivana da erTwliani orlebnianebi naTesebis Sesxu- _(1) 20(3)
sxva marcvlovani reba kulturis
balaxebi 2-3 f. fazaSi
bazagrani 2-4 sagazafxulo da sa- erTwliani orlebniani m.S. naTesebis Sesxu- _(1)
480 m/l Semodgomo xorbali 2,4 d-s mimarT gamZle reba kulturis
bartyobis fazaSi,
Svria naTesebis Sesxu-
qeri reba kulturis
simindi 3-5 f. fazaSi
1,5-3,0 soia erTwliani orlebniani naTesebis Sesxu- _(1)
(birka) reba kulturis
2-3 namdvili f.
fazaSi
3,0-4,0 saTesle erTwliani orlebniani naTesebis Sesxu- _(1) _(3)
barda (gvirila) reba kulturis
5-6 namdvili f.
fazaSi
2,0-3,0 samyura _””_

2,0 ionja _””_

(vegetaciis 1 weli)
1,0 koindari _””_ naTesebis Sesxu- _(1)
erTwliani reba kulturis
aRerebis fazaSi
granstari 15-20g/ha sagazafxulo da sa- erTwliani orlebniani m.S. naTesebis Sesxu- _(1) _(3)
Semodgomo xorbali 2,4 d-s mimarT gamZle reba sarevelis
2-3 f. fazaSi
qeri
Wvavi

diupon 20-25 sagazafxulo da sa- erTwliani orlebniani m.S. naTesebis Sesxu- _(1) _(3)
de nemuri g/ha Semodgomo xorbali 2,4 d-s mimarT gamZle, min- reba sarevelis
qeri dvris nari, xovera, begi- 2-3 f. fazaSi.
Wvavi auri kulturis bart-
yobis damTavreba-
mde

falsamini 0-8,1 sagazafxulo da sa- erTwliani orlebnianebi naTesebis Sesxu- _(1)

360 g/l Semodgomo xorbali reba bartyobis
qeri fazaSi
Wvavi

simindi naTesebis Sesxu- _(1)

reba 3-5 f. faza-
Si
topiki 0,3-0,4 sagazafxulo da sa- Svriuka naTesebis Sesxu- _(1) _(3)

206
80+20g/l Semodgomo xorbali reba sarevelis
ganviTarebis adre-
ul (2-3 foTlis
stadiaSi

0,5-0,75 _””_ erTwliani marcvlovnebi naTesebis Sexure- _(1) _(3)

(burCxa, Zurwas saxeoba) ba 2-3 namdvili
f. fazaSi. kul-
turis milSi ga-
mosvlamde

fuziladi 0,75-1,5 soio erTwliani marcvlovnebi naTesebis Sexu-

forte sakvebi parkosnebi reba sarevelebis
150 g/l yviTeli xanWkola 2-4 foTlis fa-
Saqrisa da sufris zaSi. miuxedavad
Warxali kulturis ganvi-
Tarebis fazisa
kartofili

zesumzira mravalwlovani marcvlovnebi 20(1) 7(3)

0,75-1,5 TeTri samyura (mxoxavi Wanga) naTesebis Sesxu-

lobio reba sarevelebis
soia 10-15 sm-is simaR- 33(1) 7(3)
lisas. miuxeda-
vad kulturuli
mcenaris ganviTa-
rebis fazisagan
damoukideblad
∗ - me-5 svetSi miTiTebuli cifrebi niSnavs–samuSao xsnaris xarjvis normas.
∗ - me-6 dro bolo damuSavebidan mosavlis arebamde. frCxilebSi mocemulia gamoyenebis maqsimaluri jeradoba.
∗ - me-7 svetSi naCvenebia pesticidebis gamoyenebis Semdeg damuSavebul farTobze xeliT (an meqanizebulad) samuSaoebis
Sesasruleblad gamosvlis dro dReebSi.

207
 l i t e r a t u r a
1. Н.Н.Третьякова – Основы Агрономии - Москва Издательский центр ,,Академия’’ 2008
2. Г.И.Баздырев-Сорные растения и мер борьбы с ними в современном земледелии. М. МСХА 1995
3. Н.Ф.Ганжара – Почвоведение - М. Агроконсалт 2001,
4. o. zardaliSvili, g. caguriSvili, j. mindeli – agronomiis safuZvlebi,
Tbilisi 2002
5. o. zardaliSvili, m. varZelaSvili – agronomiis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi 2002
6. z. tyebuCava, c. samadaSvili da sxv. – soflis meurneobis safuZvlebi I-II nawili,
Tbilisi 2008
7. Гриценко В. Калошина - Семеноведение полевых культур. Москва ,,Колос’’ 1984
8. Картофель- под редакцией проф. Н. Бацанова изд. ,,Колос”М. 1970
9. Куперман Ф. – Морфофизиология растений, Москва ,,Высшая шлола” 1977
10. l. yanCavelis `zogadi fitopaTologia~, 1978.
11.Пересыпкин – Сельскохозяйственная фитопатология Москва ,,Колос” 1974
12. Растениеводство – под. редак. акад. ВАСХНИЛ. проф. П. Вавилова ,, Агропрмиздат ,” М. 1986
13. Русско-Англиский сельскохозяйственный словарь. Минск. ,, Международная ассоциация
переводчиков”, 1997
14. nasyidaSvili p. nasyidaSvili m. sixaruliZe m. surgulaZe S. – kultu-rul
mcenareTa seleqcia, meTesleoba da Teslmcodneoba. ,,ganaTleba” Tbi-lisi 2002
15. ,,saqarTveloSi 2005-2009 ww. gamosayeneblad nebadarTuli pesticidebis
(mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebis da zrdis stimuliatorebis) saxelmwifo
katalogis damtkicebis Taobaze” saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne #86 20.07.2005
16. qevxiSvili vl. – xorbali agroteqnika, gamomcemloba ,,axali saqarTve-lo”,
Tbilisi 2001
17. qevxiSvili vl. – mzesumziris warmoebis teqnologia, gamomcemloba ,,axa-li
saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi 2003
18. caguriSvili g. qeSelaSvili g. mTvareliSvili S. feraZe i. manjaviZe m. –
miwaTmoqmedeba ,,ganaTleba” Tbilisi 1990
19. jafariZe a. teqnikuri kulturebi ,,ganaTleba” Tbilisi 1971
20. g. badriSvili, i. zedginiZe, r. ZiZiSvili - memcenareoba Teslmcodneobis
safuZvlebiT, Tbilisi 2009
21. saqarTvelos mexileoba, t.t.III-IV (mT. red. n. xomizuraSvili) Tb.1973-79
22. varZelaSvili m. _ baRSi niadagis movlis wesebi da herbicidebis gamoyeneba.
meToduri miTiTeba Tb. 2002.
23. varZelaSvili m. _ mexileoba, xexilis baRis gaSeneba da niadagis movla. Tb.
1983.
24. oniani j. _ baRis niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebis mecnieruli safuZvlebi. Tb.
2003.
25. g. jafariZe _ mebostneoba. Tbilisi 1948;
26. g. kvaWaZe _ mebostneoba. Tbilisi 1965;
27. v. qanTaria, m. ramiSvili. mevenaxeoba - saxelmZRvanelo Tbilisi 1983
28. mevenaxeobis agrowesebi. Tbilisi 1985
29. a. lorTqifaniZe - batanika. I naw. 1971, II naw. Tbilisi 1975.
30. l. tabiZe, i. yaralaSvili, d. kalatoziSvili - botanika - morfologia
da anatomia. Tbilisi 2005.
31. g. CxaiZe. mcenareTa fiziologia. Tbilisi. 2003 w. 391 g.
32. A. Schaller. SS 05-Pflanzenpyisiologie I. Einfuhrung in die Pflanzenphysiologie. 2005. p. 125.
33. G. N. Agrios – Plant pathology. 2000
34. g. aleqsiZe, o. qufaraSvili. mcenareTa mavnebel-daavadebebi da maTTan brZola.
Tbilisi, 2001.
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208
 sarCevi
Sesavali
nawili I
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa maRali mosavlis miRebis
Teoriuli safuZvlebi
T a v i I
mcenareTa botanika da fiziologia
ujredis dayofa
mcenareuli qsovilebi
mcenareTa organoebi, maTi funqciebi da agebuleba
mcenareTa sistematika
mcenareTa gamravleba
mcenareTa fiziologia
T a v i 2
Aagrometeorologiis safuZvlebi
T a v i 3
Mniadagmcodneoba
T a v i 4
miwaTmoqmedeba
sarevela mcenareebi da maT winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebebi
niadagis damuSaveba
niadagis Tesviswina damuSavebis sistema
saxnavi miwebis eroziisagan dacvis agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi
Teslbrunva
kulturaTa morigeobis mecnieruli safuZvlebi.
ZiriTad kulturaTa winamorbedebi
Teslbrunvebis klasifikacia
miwaTmoqmedebis sistemebi
T a v i 5
sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis melioracia
T a v i 6
agroqimia
T a v i 7
seleqcia-meTesleobis safuZvlebi
T a v i 8
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis Tesli da Tesva
Teslis xarisxi
T a v i 9
mcenareTa dacva mavnebel-daavadebebisagan
mcenareTa mavneblebisa da daavadebebisagan dacvis meTodebi
mcenareTa daavadebebTan brZolis meTodebi
nawili 2
ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis biologiisa da agroteqnikis Taviseburebani
T a v i 10
marcvleuli kulturebi
marcvleuli kulturebis zogadi daxasiaTeba
saSemodgomo pureulebi
saburRule fetvnairi pureuli
samarcvle parkosani kulturebi
T a v i 11
teqnikuri kulturebi
eTerzeTovani mcenareebi
sarTavi mcenareebi
T a v i 12
kartofili
T a v i 13
Zirxvenebi da tuberianebi
T a v i 14
sakvebi balaxebi
T a v i 15

209
Ria gruntis bostneuli kulturebi
T a v i 16
nayofiani mcenareebi
T a v i 17
vazi da xexilovani kulturebi
vazis biologiuri ganviTarebis fazebi
bunebrivi faqtorebis gavlena vazze
vazis gamravlebis wesebi
venaxis gaSeneba
vazis gasxvla-formireba
venaxis movlis RonisZiebebi
mexileoba
xexilovani mcenareebis gamravleba
xexilis sanerge
xexilis baRi
baRSi niadagis movlis sistemebi
xexilovani mcenareebis varjis formireba da sxvla
xexilis mosavlis aReba da movla
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli zogierTi xexilovani kulturis standartuli jiSebi

210
 ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 30.07.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 21.08.2009. qaRaldis

zoma 60X84 1/8. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 13. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77