1) The document provides background information on Anatolia (Asia Minor) from 547 BC, including its geography, peoples, and the rise of the Hittite kingdom.
2) It describes the Proto-Hittite period until around 1600 BC, the establishment of the Old Hittite Kingdom under King Labarnas I, and expansion under later kings like Khattusilis I and Mursilis I.
3) From around 1450-1200 BC, the Hittite Empire arose through kings like Tudkhaliyas II and Suppiluliumas I who rebuilt the capital and expanded Hittite territories in Syria and beyond, establishing Hittite dominance in the region.
1) The document provides background information on Anatolia (Asia Minor) from 547 BC, including its geography, peoples, and the rise of the Hittite kingdom.
2) It describes the Proto-Hittite period until around 1600 BC, the establishment of the Old Hittite Kingdom under King Labarnas I, and expansion under later kings like Khattusilis I and Mursilis I.
3) From around 1450-1200 BC, the Hittite Empire arose through kings like Tudkhaliyas II and Suppiluliumas I who rebuilt the capital and expanded Hittite territories in Syria and beyond, establishing Hittite dominance in the region.
1) The document provides background information on Anatolia (Asia Minor) from 547 BC, including its geography, peoples, and the rise of the Hittite kingdom.
2) It describes the Proto-Hittite period until around 1600 BC, the establishment of the Old Hittite Kingdom under King Labarnas I, and expansion under later kings like Khattusilis I and Mursilis I.
3) From around 1450-1200 BC, the Hittite Empire arose through kings like Tudkhaliyas II and Suppiluliumas I who rebuilt the capital and expanded Hittite territories in Syria and beyond, establishing Hittite dominance in the region.
1) The document provides background information on Anatolia (Asia Minor) from 547 BC, including its geography, peoples, and the rise of the Hittite kingdom.
2) It describes the Proto-Hittite period until around 1600 BC, the establishment of the Old Hittite Kingdom under King Labarnas I, and expansion under later kings like Khattusilis I and Mursilis I.
3) From around 1450-1200 BC, the Hittite Empire arose through kings like Tudkhaliyas II and Suppiluliumas I who rebuilt the capital and expanded Hittite territories in Syria and beyond, establishing Hittite dominance in the region.
a. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE Proto-Khattic Taru, the equivalent of Hurrian Teshup. The chief event of the official cult was The peninsula of Anatolia or Asia Minor the purulli festival, evidently a New Year’s festi stretches westward from the Armenian moun val, celebrating the combat of the storm-god tains to the Aegean Sea. It is separated from with the dragon Illuyankas. Syria by the Taurus range on the south, and c. 1800-1700. The Cappadocian Texts. Our from Upper Mesopotamia by the Anti-Taurus, earliest real historical knowledge of the Ana a chain running northeastward to the Armenian tolian plateau stems from the Assyrian mer massif. The central highland or plateau is chant colonies in Cappadocia. At the end of ringed about with mountains, and near its cen the age of the colonies, contemporary with ter sinks into a basin which traps drainage Shamshi-Adad I of Assyria (1748-1716), we waters in a salt lake (Tuz Gdl). The people of learn of a certain Pitkhana and his son Anit- ancient Anatolia were dominantly broad tas, kings of Kussar. They destroyed Hat- headed Armenoids, but owing to repeated inva tusas, and established their capital at Nesa sions became mixed, especially with people of (possibly Kanish, modern Kultepe). Mediterranean affinities. c. 1600-1500. The Old Hittite Kingdom. Tudkhaliyas I and Pusarma, who flourished in b. THE HITTITES, TO c. 1200 b.c. the late 17th century, are little more than names. Labarnas I (c. 1600) was credited with The founders of the great Hittite state are founding the Hittite kingdom, and his bound called after the name of their land Khattu, aries were said to reach the sea. His name “Hittites.” Actually this designation more ap and that of his queen Tawannannas were propriately applies to one stratum of the Hit borne by his successors and their queens as if tite population, no doubt the predecessors of they were titles. Khattusilis I (Labarnas II, the Hittites, now called “Proto-Khattians.” The c. 1580) evidently shifted the capital to Khat Proto-Khattic language, known from religious tusas. He continued the Hittite expansion, texts, is without affinities to other known lan conquering Alalakh and attacking Arzawa. guage groups. The Hittites themselves spoke a His successor Mursilis I (c. 1550-1530) sub language which belongs to the Indo-European jugated northern Syria, destroying Aleppo. family. They called it Nesian after the city of He then boldly marched on Babylon, pillaged Nesa. Other languages closely affiliated include it and brought down the 1st Dynasty of Bab Luwian, the language of southeastern and south ylon (c. 1531). He returned home to be as western Anatolia (ancient Kizzuwatna and sassinated. A time of troubles followed, petty Arzawa) and Palaic, a northern dialect. A king following petty king: Khantilis, Zidan- form of Luwian is recorded in the Hittite hiero tas, Ammunas, and Khuzzias. Telepinus came glyphic script used in inscriptions of the later to the throne about 1500 and halted the decline. kings and especially in the monuments of Late He pushed back the Hurrians and made a Hittite city states. A large part of our knowl treaty with Kizzuwatna. Telepinus composed edge of Hittite history and religion stems from an edict proclaiming a law of succession that the many thousands of documents found in stabilized the crown. The Hittite law code also Khattusas (modern Boghazkoy), the capital of dates from this general period. the Hittite state located in the bend of the c. 1450-1200. THE HITTITE EMPIRE. Halys River. c. 1450-1380. The Early Kings. Tudkhaliyas II The mixture of peoples in the Hittite home established a new dynasty destined to build an land was ruled by an Indo-European aristo empire. The reigns of the early kings gave cracy. The great king, called the “Sun” in the no promise of this. In the reigns of Khat later titulary, was military leader, high priest, tusilis II, Tudkhaliyas III, and Arnuwandas I, and judge. The nobility and the state were the state came into a time of grave danger. It extensions of his person. Hittite religion is was threatened by the Kingdom of Mitanni on peculiarly syncretistic. Proto-Khattic, Hurrian, the east, Arzawa on the west, and the hordes and Akkado-Sumerian gods and myths are of Kashka people on the north. The Kashka mixed with Luwian and Hittite counterparts in actually reached Khattusas and sacked it. a bewildering fashion. The state cult centered c. 1380-1346. The Reign of Suppiluliumas. about the sun goddess of Arinna. Her Proto- Suppiluliumas, a younger son of Tudkhaliyas, Khattic name was Wurusemu. In the Empire took the throne. He fortified and rebuilt his she was identified with Hurrian Khepat. Her capital and reorganized the home territories. consort was the storm-god, Luwian Tarkhunt, Then he marched into Syria. His first encoun-
Journal of The American Oriental Society Volume 117 Issue 2 1997 (Doi 10.2307/605488) Dov Gera and Wayne Horowitz - Antiochus IV in Life and Death - Evidence From The Babylonian Astronomical Diaries