Construction and Demolition Waste Tool

WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNO-ECONOMIC DECISION SUPPORT TOO
DISCLAIMER:
The following decision support tools are designed to provide users with guidance to make continuous a
their waste management systems and to inform investment decisions relating to sustainable waste recy
Users are encouraged to revisit and review these decision support tools over time to ensure that the mo
captured. The guidance encourages your company to attempt to move towards management options wh
environmental or social benefits. This follows the principle of the waste management hierarchy ('three
such that the company should first attempt to reduce (or avoid generating waste), re-use or recycle prio
incineration, waste-to-energy or landfill disposal options that in almost all cases pose some risk to publ
Note that some recommendations may not be feasible or relevant to your specific use-case or in your sp
due to technical, infrastructural or institutional constraints. If in doubt, you are advised to obtain speci
or investing in a new waste management solution.
Please note that this tool was designed to be interactive and therefore is not fit for printi
WASTE CHARACTERISATION STUDY GUIDANCE
IMPORTANT
CDC highly recommends that partner companies conduct a waste characterisation study prior to review
Collecting and analysing waste characterisation data (e.g. the weight/proportion of each waste type in y
will greatly assist the company in identifying and investing in the most suitable waste management and
in your location.
Below is a simple waste register tool that allows you to quantify the volume of waste you produce. Usin
select the most appropriate decision tool. Please click the icon below.
WASTE REGISTRY
Key benefits of collecting waste characterisation data include:
• Helping the company determine whether investments in on-site recycling or recovery technologies ar
enough raw material is being produced to make efficient use of production and operating capacities and
• Helping the company secure beneficial partnerships with third party recycling companies. The compa
itself effectively as a potential raw material supplier to recycling companies and negotiate trading rates
materials.
• Understanding the average quantity of organic waste and natural waste that is generated in the compa
suitable composting, waste-to-energy or safe disposal solutions, while also helping to minimise the rate
organic waste may cause to other waste types (e.g. the contamination of dry paper recyclables, by wet o
• Segregating all waste produced via a waste characterisation study can help the company to identify an
previously unidentified or accidently mixed into the general waste stream. This allows the company to i
to safely and legally manage hazardous/dangerous waste.
WASTE CHARACTERISATION METHODOLOGIES
The key benefit for the company in relation to the CDC Decision Support Tools will be to understand w
you are producing and in what quantities. This will allow you to make informed decisions on the most a
way to manage your solid waste.
To do so, the company can use one or all the methodologies suggested below. In addition, it can use the
further guidance (if needed):
1. US-EPA Guidance
2. UNEP Guidance
METHODOLOGY DESCRIPTION PROS

• Wide-participation from
company.
Company staff/employees or senior
• Useful benchmark when
management conduct a survey on
comparing against a
1. Qualitative Surveying their perceptions of waste
quantitative study (e.g.
characterisation (e.g. main waste
comparing perceptions on
streams and estimated quantities).
waste generation against actual
figures and characterisation).
All company staff/employees

participate in segragating the waste
• Wide-participation from
as soon as it is generating using the
2. Waste separation by company.
various bins provided in line with the
company staff (at individual • Accurate data concerning
waste characterisation categories.
level) characterisation and quantity
These are then weighted by a
of waste produced.
designated person to determine exact
amount of waste generated.
A dedicated team separates waste • Most accurate form of data

into different containers (in line with collection, provided that study
3. Waste separation by
the waste characterisation categories) team have been offered
dedicated team (at company
and weighs these when full in at a training or guidance on how to
level)
central location (e.g. waste and refuse differentiate between various
room of company). typologies and operate a scale.
C DECISION SUPPORT TOOL (CDC) SELECTI
1. WHAT TYPE OF WASTE DO YOU

GENERATE?
guidance to make continuous and iterative improvements to
elating to sustainable waste recycling or recovery options.
over time to ensure that the most up-to-date information is

owards management options which generate the greatest
management hierarchy ('three Rs': reduce, reuse, recycle)
ng waste), re-use or recycle prior to considering
all cases pose some risk to public and environmental health.
ur specific use-case or in your specific location (geography)

you are advised to obtain specialist advice before attempting 2. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE, REFER
TO THE INFOGRPAHIC BELOW
THAT CLEARLY IDENTIFIES EACH
WASTE STREAM USING IMAGES
herefore is not fit for printing.
N STUDY GUIDANCE
cterisation study prior to reviewing guidance in this tool.

oportion of each waste type in your general waste stream)
suitable waste management and recovery options available
ume of waste you produce. Using this information, you can

ling or recovery technologies are worthwhile (e.g. whether
ion and operating capacities and costs).
ecycling companies. The company will be able to present

nies and negotiate trading rates for various recyclable
e that is generated in the company can help to identify

lso helping to minimise the rate of contamination that
dry paper recyclables, by wet organic material).
help the company to identify any hazardous wastes that were

m. This allows the company to initiate the necessary actions
N METHODOLOGIES
rt Tools will be to understand which general waste type/class

nformed decisions on the most appropriate and cost-effective
below. In addition, it can use the following documents for
PROS CONS
Wide-participation from
mpany. • Based on personal opinions
Useful benchmark when and perceptions.
mparing against a • May be inaccurate.
uantitative study (e.g. • Staff/employees may not
mparing perceptions on know how to participate or
aste generation against actual carry out the study.
gures and characterisation).
• Prone to the risk of

staff/employees not
Wide-participation from
participating or following
mpany.
guidance.
Accurate data concerning
• Staff/employees may not
haracterisation and quantity
know how to participate.
waste produced.
• Staff time/costs associated
with conducting the study
• Low participation levels from

company. Data collection and
Most accurate form of data
analysis is conducted by small
llection, provided that study
study team.
am have been offered
• Staff time/costs associated
aining or guidance on how to
with conducting the study
fferentiate between various
(higher than when attempting
pologies and operate a scale.
to separate waste at source -
see above)
SCR
SELECTING THE RIGHT TOOL BASED ON THE WASTE PRODUCED
1. WHAT TYPE OF WASTE DO YOU

GENERATE? a. CONSTRUCITON AND
d. HAZARDOUS (E-WASTE)
DEMOLITION
b. MIXED PAPER e. HAZARDOUS (CHEMICAL)
c. MIXED PLASTICS f. HAZARDOUS (MEDICAL)
2. IF YOU ARE NOT SURE, REFER 3. ONCE YOU HAVE 4. IF MORE THAN ONE WASTE
TO THE INFOGRPAHIC BELOW IDENTIFIED THE CORRECT STREAM WAS IDENTIFIED, OPEN
THAT CLEARLY IDENTIFIES EACH WASTE STREAM, OPEN EACH FILE ACCORDINGLY.
WASTE STREAM USING IMAGES AND READ THROUGH THE
RELEVANT FILE.
WASTE STREAM VISUAL CLASSIFICATION

SCROLL RIGHT
STE PRODUCED
The waste hierarchy is an international best pract

management option with the greatest environmenta
-WASTE)
g. NATURAL & PROCESSED designed to reflect this waste hierarchy. The questio
ORGANIC
method for avoiding or managing waste produced fr
to see if you can avoid waste management options at
and recycling over time.
HEMICAL)
MEDICAL)
REDUCE
WASTE 5. FOLLOW THE TOOL AND
IED, OPEN COMPLETE THE STEPS OF
GLY. THE WASTE HIERARCHY
(SEE BELOW). REUSE
ION
METHOD DESC
The minimisation of waste

quantity required to be tre
REDUCE usually achieved through b
process management
The reuse of waste and non

REUSE times as possible, to avoid
these items.
The reuse of waste and non
REUSE times as possible, to avoid
these items.
The recycling of waste ma

commodities (e.g. baled pa
RECYCLE manufacturing of new-line
and recycled products (e.g
The recovery of energy or h

RECOVERY burning, digestion or other
The sanitary dumping of w

DISPOSAL landfills.
SCROLL RIGHT
WASTE HIERARCHY
n international best practice hierarchy for waste management. It is designed to guide you towards the waste
he greatest environmental benefit/positive impact first (where feasible). The decision support tree below is
te hierarchy. The questions should be followed in order, from top to bottom, until you find the most appropriate
naging waste produced from the company's operations. You should continuously review and revisit these options
e management options at lower levels of the decision tree/waste hierarchy; and increase waste reduction, reuse
Most
favoured
REDUCE option
REUSE
RECYCLE
RECOVER
Least
favoured
option
DISPOSE
DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
Working with suppliers and distribution partners to
reduce the quantity of raw material needed for
he minimisation of waste at its source to minimise the production or adopting technologies which result in less
uantity required to be treated and disposed of. This is wasteful operational processes (e.g. using electric hand
ually achieved through better product design and/or dryers over paper towels to reduce the amount of paper
ocess management waste).
he reuse of waste and non-waste materials as many

For example the reuse of sand, soil and concrete
mes as possible, to avoid any requirement to dispose of
aggregates as new feedstock for production processes.
ese items.
he reuse of waste and non-waste materials as many
For example the reuse of sand, soil and concrete
mes as possible, to avoid any requirement to dispose of
aggregates as new feedstock for production processes.
ese items.
Investment in recycling equipment/technology to

he recycling of waste materials into tradable process waste material into a form in which there is
mmodities (e.g. baled paper, shredded plastic) or the market demand for its re-use. e.g. shredding used
anufacturing of new-line items from heavily processed plastic bottles into plastic chips for re-sale into recycling
nd recycled products (e.g. extrusion). markets.
he recovery of energy or heat through controlled For example the adoption of biomass stoves or the use
urning, digestion or other processing of waste material. of industrial waste-to-energy plants.
Legal contracting of licensed waste transporters and

he sanitary dumping of waste at specially engineered dumpers, that provide clear evidence of dumping at
ndfills. approved, sanitary landfills (e.g. dumping receipts,
weigh bridge slips).
SCROLL RIGHT
you towards the waste

support tree below is
u find the most appropriate
ew and revisit these options
ase waste reduction, reuse
MPLES
d distribution partners to
material needed for
hnologies which result in less
ses (e.g. using electric hand
reduce the amount of paper
nd, soil and concrete

k for production processes.
uipment/technology to
a form in which there is
se. e.g. shredding used
hips for re-sale into recycling
f biomass stoves or the use

gy plants.
d waste transporters and

evidence of dumping at
(e.g. dumping receipts,
C&D WASTE HIERARCHY DECISION TREE
The tool provides in-depth guidance to the reduction, reuse and safe disposal options for various types
Below you will find the Decision Tree which will act as a map, directing you through the guidance con
presented in the Decision Tree, you can follow links to more detailed guidance by clicking on the boxes,
The tool is designed so that you can explore best practice options for managing C&D waste. You can s
management option or 'use case' for which you require further information.
DECISION TREE – C&D WASTE MANAGEM
Does the Company produce mixed C&D waste NO Please refer to the waste
(e.g. aggregates)?
stream visual classification
on the 'Homepage' tab
Refer to 'C&D Waste' diagram (right)
YES
NO
Are you aware of current legal requirements to
Refer to 'Legislation' tab
managing C&D waste in your country?
YES
NO Refer to 'Reduce' tab

Have you explored any waste minimisation
options for C&D waste? Investigate various options
available.
YES
Do you use any type of the materials in your Refer to 'Reuse | Recycling'
C&D waste as a raw input in your operations e.g. YES tab
in either their processed or unprocessed form in Are you able to reuse any of the
construction? C&D waste?
NO
Refer to 'Reuse | Recycling'

Is there any demand from other firms, YES tab
organisations or individuals for the C&D waste
Are you able to sell or give away
that you generate ? the waste for immediate reuse?
NO
Refer to 'Dispose' tab
Prioritise dumping at a sanitary landfill where

available.
Refer to 'Dispose' tab
Prioritise dumping at a sanitary landfill where

available.
N.B.
If final disposal options are limited /
unsuitable please review options for
managing your waste.
Could you reduce, reuse, or recycle more of

your waste?
ADDITIONAL DEFINITIONS (TERMINOLOGY)

None
HY DECISION TREE
options for various types of C&D waste.
through the guidance contained in the tool. As you follow the questions
by clicking on the boxes, depending on how you answer each question.
g C&D waste. You can skip sections of the guidance if you have a waste
TE MANAGEMENT
lease refer to the waste

eam visual classification
on the 'Homepage' tab
efer to 'Legislation' tab
Refer to 'Reduce' tab
nvestigate various options

available.
fer to 'Reuse | Recycling'

tab
e you able to reuse any of the
C&D waste?
fer to 'Reuse | Recycling'

tab
you able to sell or give away
waste for immediate reuse?
NS (TERMINOLOGY)
e
LEGISLATION
The following resource outlines general laws and regulations for managing non-hazardous waste.
Geographies with available legal guidance:
Africa: Ghana, Nigeria, Malawi, Zambia, Kenya, Tanzania

Asia: India, Bangladesh
Please be advised that all laws and regulations of countries not included in this document should be res
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
General Legislative Masterplan &

Frameworks Strategy Policy
TION
n-hazardous waste.
document should be researched by the user of this toolkit.
RESOURCES
Masterplan &
Strategy Policy
WASTE TYPE CONSIDERA
WASTE TYPE CONSIDERATIONS
Construction sector: The production of natural aggregate waste during excavati

minimised or channelled to reuse options. While natural aggregates may n
or public health, they are a finite resource and should be sourced sustainably an
NATURAL
AGGREGATE
Manufacturing sectors: Where such materials form an important part of the ma
product, seek opportunities to reduce the amount of material used, or rep
material option. Also, refer to other tools for specific guidance.
Construction sector: The production of processed aggregates should be conduct

excess amount of material (e.g. cement) is not produced unnecessarily. Pro
natural environment and public health and are very difficult to dispose of in
PROCESSED
AGGREGATE
Construction sector: The production or use of wood and metal waste should be
that an excess amount of material is not produced unnecessarily. As wood
in all of the geographies, accurate demand forecasting should be simple to
WOOD/METAL
ADDITIONAL
A number of international guidelines developed by the US-Environmental Protection Agency and the E
https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-manag
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/w
ASTE TYPE CONSIDERATIONS: REDUCE
NSIDERATIONS
egate waste during excavation, mining or transport should be

ile natural aggregates may not pose severe risks to the environment
d be sourced sustainably and responsibly.
an important part of the manufacturing process of the company's

t of material used, or replace with the next best alternative
c guidance.
c guidance.
ggregates should be conducted with well defined plans so that an

duced unnecessarily. Processed aggregates pose risks to the
y difficult to dispose of in a cost efficient manner.

c guidance.
and metal waste should be conducted with well defined plans so
d unnecessarily. As wood and metal are normally readily available
asting should be simple to put in place.

c guidance.
c guidance.
Protection Agency and the European Commission also provide useful guidance for reducing C&D waste, including:
ov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials
c.europa.eu/environment/waste/construction_demolition.htm
STEP-BY-STEP ACTION GUIDANCE
1. Where applicable, prior to demolition, conduct a pre-

demolition audit to identify key materials in the project,
opportunities for reuse and recycling, and overall diversion
from landfill for all key materials.
2. Prior to commencing construction on site, conduct an

audit to asses whether the company has optimised the design
of buildings and infrastructure such that it minimises the
amount of construction and demolition waste.
3. During construction, ensure that a Resource Management

Plan (RMP) is used to allow the contractor to separate all key
waste groups and identify appropiate means of disposal.
4. Conduct an audit to assess whether the company and its

subcontractors are using an optimum method for extracting
aggregates during demolition and construction phases.
5. Where the company relies on such materials for the

production of one or some of their products, conduct an
audit to see whether there is an opportunity to reduce or
replace the material used.
6. Discuss sustainable working practices with other relevant

stakeholders to determine whether resourcing or training can
be shared.
4. Conduct an audit to assess whether the company and its
subcontractors are using an optimum method for extracting
aggregates during demolition and construction phases.

production of one or some of their products, conduct an
audit to see whether there is an opportunity to reduce or
replace the material used.
6. Discuss sustainable working practices with other relevant

stakeholders to determine whether resourcing or training can
be shared.
Please follow Steps 1 to 3 above before proceeding to number

4 below.
4. Conduct a company wide audit to asses whether the

company is using an optimum amount of processed
aggregate.

production of one or some of their prodcuts, conduct an audit
to see whether there is an opportunity to reduce or replace
the material used
6. Agree a process for forecasting demand for processed

aggregates in the future to prevent production of unnecessary
waste.
7. Determine the training and human resourcing

requirements for formulating and implementing
plans/demand forecasts.
8. Communicate changes to staff and clients and pilot the

new system through a phased approach.
waste.


1. Where applicable, prior to demolition, conduct a pre-

demolition audit to identify key materials in the project,
opportunities for reuse and recycling, and overall diversion
from landfill for all key materials.
2. Prior to commencing construction on site, conduct an

audit to asses whether the company has optimised the design
of buildings and infrastructure such that it minimises the
amount of construction and demolition waste.
3. During construction, ensure that a Resource Management

Plan (RMP) is used to allow the contractor to separate all key
waste groups and identify appropiate means of disposal.
4. Conduct a company wide audit to asses whether the

company is using an optimum amount of wood and metal.

production of one or some of their prodcuts, conduct an audit
the material used.
6. Agree a process for forecasting demand for wood and

metal in the future to prevent production of unnecessary
waste.


the material used.
6. Agree a process for forecasting demand for wood and

metal in the future to prevent production of unnecessary
waste.


vide useful guidance for reducing C&D waste, including:
olition-materials
n.htm
WASTE TYPE CONSIDERATION
WASTE TYPE CONSIDERATIONS
Construction sector: C&D operators can normally reintroduce natural aggre

NATURAL
manufacturing line (e.g. crushing, mixing equipment) to mitigate costs of having
AGGREGATE
raw materials.
Construction sector: C&D operators can normally reintroduce processed agg

PROCESSED
manufacturing line (e.g. crushing, mixing equipment) to mitigate costs of having
AGGREGATE
transport to source raw materials.
Construction sector: Spoil can, under certain cirumstances, be safely reused fo
SPOIL and other on-site construction requirements. Companies should follow gui
type they have produced is safe for reuse and what actions they may need to take
Construction sector: C&D operators can normally stock and store wood and m
WOOD/METAL projects. Many C&D operators also partner with informal actors, to distribute th
community/informal sector (e.g. metal waste used as informal building material,
ADDITIONA
Additional resources below outline how companies can engage the informal sector for the management
have already been separated and attract higher values in recycling markets (e.g. metals, plastics). Inform
construction or home use (e.g. firewood).
A number of international guidelines developed by the US-Environmental Protection Agency and the E
https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-man
http://ec.europa.eu/environment
ENGAGING THE
Where formal waste collection systems do not exist, informal sector recycling waste facilities should be
E TYPE CONSIDERATIONS: REUSE & RECYCLING
NSIDERATIONS
eintroduce natural aggregate waste into their processing or

t) to mitigate costs of having to unnecessarily spend on sourcing
eintroduce processed aggregate waste into their processing or

t) to mitigate costs of having to make spend unnecessarily on
stances, be safely reused for land reclamation, backfilling
Companies should follow guidance to determine whether the spoil
ctions they may need to take to safely reintroduce spoil waste.
tock and store wood and metal waste for use in other
formal actors, to distribute these waste materials to the local
s informal building material, wood used for charcoal production).
al sector for the management of C&D waste. Companies can expect the informal sector to take greater interest i
s (e.g. metals, plastics). Informal sector actors may be interested in recycling items such as wood, sand and broken
Protection Agency and the European Commission also provide useful guidance on reuse options for C&D waste, i
a.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials
//ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/construction_demolition.htm
ENGAGING THE INFORMAL SECTOR
ing waste facilities should be approached. The document below outlines how companies can engage an informal re
Engaging the
informal sector
G
STEP-BY-STEP ACTION GUIDANCE
1. For all new construction and demolition, set out a site Resource
Management Plan to identify the various materials produced on
site, means of separating these and plan of diverting waste from
landfill.
2. Where such materials are an outcome of the production of a

specific product, identify means of safely and efficiently
introducing these into production line. Speak with operational
staff and consult expert advice in regard to the specific equipment
and machinery used (e.g. equipment user manuals, equipment
manufacturers).
3. Set feasible targets on site for reuse and recycling of such

materials such that these are diverted from landfill. Where
feasible, assess the adherence to construction schemes such as
BREEAM or LEED, or specifically refer to their guidance on
construction waste management.
4. Where such materials cannot be used on site, identify potential

third parties in need of such products (i.e. recycled aggregates for
the construction of roads or building bricks)
5. Undertake a cost-benefit analysis to determine the likely costs of

reusing natural aggregates in the production line. Do the costs
outweigh the benefits?
6. Does the current workforce have the capacity to manage the

logistics of reintroducing aggregate waste into the processing line?
1. Segregate spoil waste that has been produced from certain
mining activities (e.g. coal and oil shale production). This spoil will
often contain a high proportion of hydrocarbons and coal dust,
presenting a combustion and fire risk—it may need to be disposed
of as a hazardous waste or pre-treated.
2. Where spoil waste is reintroduced into the surrounding

environment (e.g. as a spoil mound, slope), mix the spoil waste
with geotextiles to mitigate the risks of trapped solar heat (e.g.
combustion risks), acid rock drainage (e.g. water pollution). Spoil
waste that is left untreated / non-mixed is highly prone to erosion
(due to it’s difficulty to support natural vegetation) and poses a
serious injury and environmental risk.
1. For all new construction and demolition, set out a site Resource
Management Plan to identify the various materials produced on
site, means of separating these and plan of diverting waste from
landfill. Establish a dry, clean and guarded area on-site that can be
used for stocking metal and wood waste.
2. Where such materials are an outcome of the production of a

specific product, identify means of safely and efficiently
introducing these into production line. Speak with operational
staff and consult expert advice in regard to the specific equipment
and machinery used (e.g. equipment user manuals, equipment
manufacturers).
3. Set feasible targets on site for reuse and recycling of such

materials such that these are diverted from landfill. Where
feasible, assess the adherence to construction schemes such as
BREEAM or LEED, or specifically refer to their guidance on
construction waste management.
4. Where such materials cannot be used on site, identify potential

the construction of roads or building bricks). Explore options of
engaging the informal sector to facilitate reuse and recycling.
5. Where feasible, assess whether the current workforce have the

capacity to manage the logistics of reintroducing aggregate waste
into the processing line.
the construction of roads or building bricks). Explore options of
engaging the informal sector to facilitate reuse and recycling.
5. Where feasible, assess whether the current workforce have the

capacity to manage the logistics of reintroducing aggregate waste
into the processing line.
an expect the informal sector to take greater interest in waste products that
rested in recycling items such as wood, sand and broken aggregates for light
ovide useful guidance on reuse options for C&D waste, including:
emolition-materials
tion.htm
below outlines how companies can engage an informal recycling waste facility
DISPOSE: DUMPSITE / LANDFILL TY
The management or disposal of C&D waste at landfills or dumpsites is not recommended

or re-use C&D waste before considering disposal at a dumpsite or landfill.
C&D waste is a high-volume, high-cost waste type to transport, dump and manage. Transport service an
management of other categories of waste. In addition, because of the volume and weight/density of C&
landfill. Companies should also carefully note and identify the differences between common C&D waste
spoil (soil contaminated with other types of C&D waste) and non-hazardous (e.g. wood, rocks, sand) wh
parties for disposal services, it is strongly recommended that the company request or take initiative to b
documentation and records that you should request from their service providers include:
• Copies of the transportation dumping or waste operators license that a waste contractor must normal
• Copies of official dumping slips that a waste contractor will normally receive from the authority mana
normally include information on weight/volumes of waste that can help you to understand the quantity
authority (confirming that the waste has been dumped at an official and publicly managed site).
TYPE OF LANDFILL
You should understand the differences between the various types of dumpsites or landfills that may be
where to despose your waste. The table below outlines key defining characteristics of each type of dump
sanitary landfill, listed first:
A sanitary landfill is the safest disposal facility available as this is where waste is isola
biologically, chemically and physically. In practice what this means that the site must
1) Full or partial isolation of waste from the surrounding soil/groundwater;

2) Have been formally 'engineered';
3) Be permanently controlled by staff based at the landfill;
4) Waste should be placed, compacted and covered to minimise exposure and make it le
You should at all costs avoid dumping your waste at facilities listed in the orange or red rows of the ta
result in risk to environmental or public health. If you are unsure what type of dumpsite is located close
you confirm. For further more detailed guidance, see the link below:
GIZ. Operator Models - Disp

OPERATION & LEACHATE
DUMPSITE / LANDFILL
ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
Registration and placement/

compaction of waste; uses daily Containment and
cover and closure; proper leachate treatment (often
Sanitary landfill
siting, infrastructure; liner and biological and physical-
leachate treatment in place and chemical treatment).
post- closure plan.

Contaminant and some
compaction of waste; uses daily
level of leachate
Engineered landfill / cover material; surface and
treatment; reduced
controlled landfill groundwater monitoring;
leachate volume through
infrastructure and liner in
waste cover.
place.

compaction of waste; surface Unrestricted contaminant
Controlled dumpsite
water monitoring; no release
engineering measures.
Few controls; some directed

Semi-controlled placement of waste; informal Unrestricted contaminant
dumpsite waste picking; no engineering release
measures.
No controls; informal waste

Uncontrolled Unrestricted contaminant
picking; no engineering
dumpsite release
measures.
COUNTRY SPECIFIC GUID
Examples of different types of landfills and dumpsites available in Tanzania, Nigeria, Ghana, Zambia, K
and environmental risks are provided below. Further information and guidance on dumpsites globally
Waste Atlas is highlighted as a useful resource for determining the legal and environmental status of du
landfills themselves.
D-WASTE. WASTE ATLA
Online link to the atlas (click h
DESCRIPTION OF DISPOSAL SITES IN SEL

UMPSITE / LANDFILL TYPE GUIDANCE
ites is not recommended except as a last resort. Attempts should have been made to reduce
r landfill.
manage. Transport service and dumping fees are normally higher than those associated with the
me and weight/density of C&D waste landfill airspace is rapidly reduced when this waste is dumped at a
between common C&D waste materials that are hazardous (e.g. asbestos, chemical containers, oily sand,
s (e.g. wood, rocks, sand) which would require controlled disposal. Where companies contract third
request or take initiative to build a clear and consistent record of disposal activities. Specific
iders include:
aste contractor must normally maintain and renew with their respective environmental authority.
ive from the authority managing the dumpsite upon entering the dumpsite or landfill. These slips
u to understand the quantity of waste they are disposing of as well as an official stamp from the municipal
blicly managed site).
TYPE OF LANDFILL
ites or landfills that may be operating in your city/country to help you reach an informed decision on
eristics of each type of dumpsite/landfill/disposal facility with the most environmentally friendly option,
s is where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe i.e. completely degraded
means that the site must meet four basic conditions:
roundwater;
exposure and make it less accessible to pests and vermin.
range or red rows of the table below as the environmental impact of doing so will be greater and likely
e of dumpsite is located close to you, you should use the definition of 'physical characteristics' to help
GIZ. Operator Models - Disposal

LANDFILL GAS MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATION
Use only where reduce,

Flaring or utilisation with or
reuse and recycling options
without energy recovery
are unfeasible.
Use only where reduce,

Passive ventilation or flaring reuse and recycling options
are unfeasible.
Avoid entirely if possible,

this is a hazardous &
None
unsanitary method for
waste disposal.

None
waste disposal.

None
waste disposal.
UNTRY SPECIFIC GUIDANCE
a, Nigeria, Ghana, Zambia, Kenya, India and Bangladesh and how businesses should act in respect of legal
ance on dumpsites globally can also be found in the following database managed by D-Waste. While the
d environmental status of dumpsites and landfills, companies should assess and verify dumpsites and
D-WASTE. WASTE ATLAS
nline link to the atlas (click here)
DISPOSAL SITES IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
Document
pts should have been made to reduce
er than those associated with the

reduced when this waste is dumped at a
asbestos, chemical containers, oily sand,
sal. Where companies contract third
of disposal activities. Specific
spective environmental authority.
he dumpsite or landfill. These slips

well as an official stamp from the municipal
elp you reach an informed decision on

the most environmentally friendly option,
il it is safe i.e. completely degraded
min.
pact of doing so will be greater and likely

on of 'physical characteristics' to help
PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
• Fencing, demarcation around

perimeter of landfill
• Flood management
infrastructure (e.g. drainage
canals)
• Energy recovery or methane
mitigation (e.g. flaring, WtE)
• Weighbridge and
administration (e.g. office,
security)
• Fencing, demarcation around

perimeter of dumpsite
• Weighbridge and dumpsite
administration (e.g. security)
• Few controls; some directed

placement of waste; informal
waste picking; no engineering
measures.
ow businesses should act in respect of legal

database managed by D-Waste. While the
hould assess and verify dumpsites and
KEY MARKET ACTORS
The following table provides a selection of high-level public and private sector actors working within the w
India.
Key Market Actors (Geography: W

City Actor Actor Type Duties
Lagos Waste
Municipal Licensing, contracting, municipal
Lagos Management
Government by laws
Authority
West Africa Operator of largest materials

Lagos Corporate
ENRG recovery facility
SME performing waste collection

and recycling solutions to small
Lagos Wecyclers SME
businesses and informal
residential properties
SME performing waste collection

and recycling solutions to small
Lagos RecyclePoints SME
businesses and informal
residential properties
National government authority

responsible for enforcement and
Abuja NESREA Government
oversight of legislative
frameworks.
Dedicated collection networks for

e-waste, registers and supports
Lagos Sunray Ventures SME informal value chain participants
and develops processing facilities
for the collected e-waste
Key Market Actors (Geography: E
Recycling services to large waste

Dar es Salaam The Recycler SME
producers (hotels, industries)
Dar es Salaam Nipe Fagio SME Advocacy and policy guidance
Support to civil society and

Dar es Salaam BORDA NGO
informal sector waste collectors
Management of public waste

Dar es Salaam Municipal
Dar es Salaam collection services, infrastructure
City Council Government
and enforcement of bylaws
National authority responsible for

enforcing national environmental
legislation and approving
Dar es Salaam NEMA Government
relevant permits and
environmental permissions (e.g.
EIAs).
Bespoke waste management for

Dar es Salaam Phenix Recycling SME
businesses
Environmentally safe and secure

Nairobi EnviroServe SME
recycling services
Offers environmentally friendly
recycling services to the general
Nairobi WEEE Centre SME public, business, learning
institutions, government offices
and NGOs.
Provide a safe disposal option

Nairobi EWIK NGO across the country through our
networks
Collects and recycles waste paper

Kamongo Waste across Eastern Africa. Provide
Nairobi SME
Paper door to door transport services all
over Kenya.
Key Market Actors (Geography

Coordination of the Safai Sena

New Delhi Chintan NGO, Cooperative
Waste Pickers Cooperative
Advocacy, policy guidance and

New Delhi HRA eWaste Civil Society direct safe disposal services for
electronic waste.
Enable responsible disposal of

Mumbai RESPOSE SME different types of waste through
enviro-clean recycling methods
Provides end-to-end seamlessly

Mumbai Ecoreco SME integrated solution for e-waste
management
Key Market Actors - Operate from outsi

Supports the management of e-

waste, secondary resources and
Weybridge Sofies SME
urban mining and municipal and
industrial waste.
Global Off-Grid Lighting

Utrecht GOGLA SME
Association
MARKET ACTORS
tors working within the waste management and recycling sector in West Africa, East Africa and
ors (Geography: West Africa)

Contact Post Department Telephone/Email
Bode Fanamo HoD R&D +2348033857271
Material Recovery
Paul O'Callaghan CEO +2348159197600
Facility
Bilikiss Adebiyi Recyclable Materials

CEO +2348188218217
Abiola Collection
Recyclable Materials
Alison Ukonu CEO +2347064064744
Collection
Miranda Amachree Director Waste Management +2348033222205
Christian Wessels Director Circular Economy christian.h.wessels@gmail.com

ors (Geography: East Africa)
Contact Post Department Telephone/Email
Matthew Haden Director Recycling +255788241137
Tania Hamilton Director Advocacy +255767708088
Larissa Duma Director Management +255783292770
Municipal Cleaning &

Richard Mbaku Director +2557133241615
Infrastructure
Environmental
Rajabu Ngoda Director Permitting & +255713568435
Enforcement
Athina
Director Waste Management athina@phenixrecycling.com
Kriakopoulou
+254 735 617 057

Shaun Mumford Director Technical Department
shaun@enviroserve.co.ke
Seth Munyambu Manager E-Waste Management seth@weeecentre.com'+254 20 2060919.
Lawrence Thuo Director E-Waste Management +254782969219
Social Media Paper waste

Daniel Khaoya info@kamongo.co.ke+25420555240 +2542055326
Manager Management
Actors (Geography: India)

Contact Post Department Telephone/email
Programme
Chintan Purohit Waste Management +911146574171
Manager
Electronic Waste
Shashi Bhushan Director +919968413109
Management
+919594312506
Electronic Waste
DB Prabhu Director prabhu.db@resposeindia.co
Management
m
Electronic Waste
B.K. Soni Director +9118001021020bksoni@ecoreco.com
Management
Operate from outside these regions

Contact Post Department Telephone/email
+41 22 338 15 24
Managing
Federico Magalini Waste Management federico.magalini@sofiesgro
Director
up.com
Programme +31 304 100 914

Drew Corbyn Sustainability
Manager d.corbyn@gogla.org

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WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNO-ECONOMIC DECISION SUPPORT TOO

WASTE CHARACTERISATION STUDY GUIDANCE

WASTE CHARACTERISATION METHODOLOGIES

METHODOLOGY DESCRIPTION PROS

All company staff/employees

A dedicated team separates waste • Most accurate form of data

1. WHAT TYPE OF WASTE DO YOU

over time to ensure that the most up-to-date information is

ur specific use-case or in your specific location (geography)

cterisation study prior to reviewing guidance in this tool.

ume of waste you produce. Using this information, you can

ecycling companies. The company will be able to present

e that is generated in the company can help to identify

help the company to identify any hazardous wastes that were

rt Tools will be to understand which general waste type/class

below. In addition, it can use the following documents for

• Prone to the risk of

• Low participation levels from

SELECTING THE RIGHT TOOL BASED ON THE WASTE PRODUCED

1. WHAT TYPE OF WASTE DO YOU

b. MIXED PAPER e. HAZARDOUS (CHEMICAL)

c. MIXED PLASTICS f. HAZARDOUS (MEDICAL)

WASTE STREAM VISUAL CLASSIFICATION

The waste hierarchy is an international best pract

The minimisation of waste

The reuse of waste and non

The recycling of waste ma

The recovery of energy or h

The sanitary dumping of w

he reuse of waste and non-waste materials as many

Investment in recycling equipment/technology to

Legal contracting of licensed waste transporters and

you towards the waste

nd, soil and concrete

f biomass stoves or the use

d waste transporters and

DECISION TREE – C&D WASTE MANAGEM

NO Refer to 'Reduce' tab

Refer to 'Reuse | Recycling'

Refer to 'Dispose' tab

Prioritise dumping at a sanitary landfill where

Prioritise dumping at a sanitary landfill where

Could you reduce, reuse, or recycle more of

ADDITIONAL DEFINITIONS (TERMINOLOGY)

options for various types of C&D waste.

lease refer to the waste

efer to 'Legislation' tab

Refer to 'Reduce' tab

nvestigate various options

fer to 'Reuse | Recycling'

fer to 'Reuse | Recycling'

Geographies with available legal guidance:

Africa: Ghana, Nigeria, Malawi, Zambia, Kenya, Tanzania

General Legislative Masterplan &

document should be researched by the user of this toolkit.

WASTE TYPE CONSIDERATIONS

Construction sector: The production of natural aggregate waste during excavati

Construction sector: The production of processed aggregates should be conduct