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    An Introduction To C++ Programming

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    Antony
    The document introduces programming concepts including the history of programming languages from machine languages to modern high-level languages. It describes programmers and their roles. The key control structures - sequence, selection, and repetition - are explained and examples are given of how each directs the flow of a program. The summary restates the purpose of programs and algorithms and reviews the three basic control structures.

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    © All Rights Reserved

    An Introduction To C++ Programming

    Uploaded by

    Antony
    194 views22 pages
    The document introduces programming concepts including the history of programming languages from machine languages to modern high-level languages. It describes programmers and their roles. The key control structures - sequence, selection, and repetition - are explained and examples are given of how each directs the flow of a program. The summary restates the purpose of programs and algorithms and reviews the three basic control structures.

    Original Description:

    An Introduction to C++ Programming

    Original Title

    An Introduction to C++ Programming

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document introduces programming concepts including the history of programming languages from machine languages to modern high-level languages. It describes programmers and their roles. The key control structures - sequence, selection, and repetition - are explained and examples are given of how each directs the flow of a program. The summary restates the purpose of programs and algorithms and reviews the three basic control structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    194 views22 pages

    An Introduction To C++ Programming

    Uploaded by

    Antony
    The document introduces programming concepts including the history of programming languages from machine languages to modern high-level languages. It describes programmers and their roles. The key control structures - sequence, selection, and repetition - are explained and examples are given of how each directs the flow of a program. The summary restates the purpose of programs and algorithms and reviews the three basic control structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    of 22
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that programming involves writing step-by-step instructions for computers, programmers use programming languages to communicate with computers, and there are different types of programming languages and control structures.

    The different types of programming languages discussed are machine languages, assembly languages, and high-level languages.

    The three main control structures mentioned are sequence, selection, and repetition.

    An Introduction to

    Programming with C++


    Fifth Edition

    Chapter 1
    An Introduction to Programming
    Objectives

    • Explain the history of programming languages


    • Explain the sequence, selection, and repetition
    structures
    • Write simple algorithms using the sequence,
    selection, and repetition structures

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 2


    Concept Lesson

    • Programmers
    • A Brief History of Programming Languages
    • Control Structures
    • Summary

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 3


    Programmers

    • Programs are the directions given to computers


    • Programmers are the people who write computer
    programs
    – Applications programmers write, maintain, and/or
    customize programs that handle a specific task
    – Systems programmers write and maintain
    programs that help the computer carry out its basic
    operating functions

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 4


    A Brief History of Programming
    Languages
    • Programming languages are the languages used
    to communicate with a computer
    – E.g., C++, C#, Java, Visual Basic, Perl, C, COBOL
    – Types
    • Machine languages
    • Assembly languages
    • High-level languages

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 5


    Machine Languages

    • The first programmers had to write the program


    instructions using only combinations of 0s and 1s
    – E.g., 00101 10001 10000
    • Instructions written in 0s and 1s are called
    machine language or machine code
    • Each type of machine has its own language
    • Machine languages are the only way to
    communicate directly with the computer
    • Programming in machine language is tedious and
    error-prone; requires highly trained programmers
    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 6
    Assembly Languages

    • Assembly languages simplify programmer’s job


    • Can use mnemonics instead of 0s and 1s
    – E.g., ADD bx, ax
    • Assembly programs require an assembler to
    convert instructions into machine code
    • Easier to write programs in assembly language
    – But still tedious and requires highly trained
    programmers

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 7


    High-Level Languages

    • High-level languages allow programmer to use


    English-like instructions
    – E.g., grossPay = hours * rate
    – High-level languages are more machine-independent
    • Programs written in a high-level language can be used
    on many different types of computers
    • Compilers convert the instructions into 0s and 1s
    • Interpreters translate the program line by line as
    the program is running

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 8


    High-Level Languages (continued)

    • When writing a procedure-oriented program, the


    programmer concentrates on the major tasks that
    the program needs to perform
    – Examples: COBOL, BASIC, C
    • An object-oriented program requires programmer
    to focus on the objects that the program can use to
    accomplish its goal
    – Examples: C++, Visual Basic, Java, C#

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 9


    Control Structures

    • Programs are written using three basic structures


    – Sequence
    • Used in every program you write
    – Repetition
    • Used in most programs you write
    – Selection
    • Used in most programs you write
    • Called control structures or logic structures

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 10


    The Sequence Structure

    • The sequence structure directs the computer to


    process the program instructions, one after
    another, in the order listed in the program

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 11


    The Sequence Structure (continued)

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 12


    The Repetition Structure

    • Repetition structure: directs computer to repeat


    one or more instructions until some condition is met
    – Also called a loop or iteration

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 13


    The Repetition Structure (continued)

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 14


    The Repetition Structure (continued)

    • What could you do if you don’t know precisely how


    many steps separate Rob from the chair?

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 15


    The Repetition Structure (continued)

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 16


    The Selection Structure

    • Selection structure: makes a decision and then


    takes an appropriate action based on that decision
    – Also called the decision structure

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 17


    The Selection Structure (continued)

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 18


    The Selection Structure (continued)

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 19


    Summary
    • Programs: step-by-step instructions that tell a
    computer how to perform a task
    • Programmers use programming languages to
    communicate with the computer
    – First programming languages were machine languages
    – High-level languages can be used to create procedure-
    oriented programs or object-oriented programs
    • Algorithm: step-by-step instructions that accomplish a
    task (not written in a programming language)
    – Algorithms contain one or more of the following control
    structures: sequence, selection, and repetition
    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 20
    Summary (continued)
    • Sequence structure: process the instructions, one
    after another, in the order listed
    • Repetition structure: repeat one or more
    instructions until some condition is met
    • Selection structure: directs the computer to make a
    decision, and then to select an appropriate action
    based on that decision

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 21


    Application Lesson: Using the Control
    Structures
    • Lab 1.1: Stop and Analyze

    • Lab 1.2: salespeople selling more than $2,000


    receive 3.5% bonus; all others receive 3% bonus
    • Lab 1.3:

    An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 22

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