Summarizing and outlining

Summarizing:
Summarizing is an important studying skill.
It is a shortened version of a passage written in ones words.
A summary always covers the essential points of the original passage.
It presents large chunks of information in short, cohesive sentences.
Summarizing is defined as taking a lot of information and creating a condensed
version that covers the main points.

An example of summarizing is writing a three or four-sentence description that

touches upon the main points of a long book.
I'll just summarize the  main points  of the argument in a few words.

A summary is written by the reader after the article/book/etc has been completed. It is what the reader
has understood described breifly. When you want to know more about a book, but do not want to read
the whole book, you want to read the "book's summary". It is often written in complete sentences as a
paragraph. Outlining is about the organization of the paper. Summarizing is about the content.

Uses:
 It is used:
 To sum up information
 To present information concisely
 To state the main or essential points without any detailed explanation
 To refer to a body of work
 To give examples of several points of view on one subjects.
 Guidelines of summarizing passage:
 Read the passage
 Make a note of key worlds, main points or arguments and topic sentences.
 Try to form a brief outline of the passage.
 Use the outline to form a summary of the passage.
 However use your own language to convey the ideas.
 Use some key word in a summary and accordingly give a title for the summary.
 Avoid technical language. Write in simple and understandable English.
 The summary must be objective and written in third person.
 Illustrations, examples, quotation, etc. can be omitted.
 Replace long phrases with single words and use participle clauses instead of full clauses.
 Write a rough draft, edit it and adjust the length.
 Follow the original organization of the passage.
 Compare the summary to original passage for accuracy.
 Check the draft for spelling mistakes , punctuation and grammatical errors
 Form a fair draft of a summary
 Outlining:
The line by which a figure or object is defined or bounded; contour.

a drawing or sketch restricted to line without shading or modeling of form.

general sketch, account, or report, indicating only the main features, as of a book, subject, or project :an
outline of medieval history; an outline of a speech.
Outlines , the essential features or main aspects of something under discussion :At the first meeting, we
gave her only the outlines of the project

Description
. An outline is generally written by the writer before one starts writing an article/book/etc. It is the basic
skeleton that the writer wants to stick to while s/he is writing a larger piece of writing. It is often written in
bullet points.

Writing a topic outline

Generally, outlines have a following parts:
Title:
Your outline should have a title , but you do not actually say a title in a speech.
Introduction and conclusion:
The elements are so special in a speech that they deserve special attention .these elements are independent
of the body of the speech and have their own numbering system.
Body:
Each main point is identified by roman numerals.
Transitions:
Transitions are words phrases or sentences that help the listener to understand the logic connection between
idea and thoughts transition are labeled and place in parentheses. Transition are not include in a numbering
system of the outline.
Bibliography:
This section list the sources that you used in the speech. Use a standard format.
Visual aids:
Briefly describe the visual aids you plan to use.

Outline:
An outline is generally written by the writer before one starts writing an
article/book/etc. It is the basic skeleton that the writer wants to stick to while s/he is writing a larger piece
of writing. It is often written in bullet points.

 Topic outline
  Sentence outline
Topic outline:
A listing of topics arranged according to some useful and logical organization.
A topic outline hierarchically arranges the sequence of the main and sub-points. As the name
implies, it identifies the topic you need to discuss in your paper. However, topic outlines don’t need
full sentences as it is just a list of the of words or phrases that best describes the topic.  
Sentence outline:
A sentence outline requires full sentences to be written under each topic. It expresses the
complete and specific idea for each section under a topic. If done thoroughly and correctly, it
represents almost as a first draft of your paper.

Summary:
A brief statement of important points of a text in a key words

Use own words/ideas

No personal opinion given

Difference between outlining and summarizing :

Outlining is about the organization of the

paper. Summarizing is about the content. An outline is often written, or at least
started, before you write the paper itself. It identifies which major points or topics
you will cover, and the minor points you will use to support...

Types of outline:
Working outline:
A working outline is an outline you use for developing your speech. It
undergoes many changes on its way to completion. This is the outline where you lay out the basic
structure of your speech. You must have a general and specific purpose; an introduction, including a
grabber; and a concrete, specific thesis statement and preview. You also need three main points, a
conclusion, and a list of references.

FULL-SENTENCE OUTLINE
Your full-sentence outline should contain full sentences only.
There are several reasons why this kind of outline is important. First, you have a full plan of everything
you intend to say to your audience, so that you will not have to struggle with wordings or examples.
Second, you have a clear idea of how much time it will take to present your speech. Third, it contributes a
fundamental ingredient of good preparation, part of your ethical responsibility to your audience. This
 how a full-sentence outline looks: Increase Font Size

               

1. 1. Arrangement

        An outline, whether sentence or topic, is divided into points and subpoints.  Subpoints always go
under the main points of which they are a part and which they support.  For example:
          I.Kinds of apples
           A. Jonathan
           B. Granny Smith
           C. Macintosh

        The divisions in any series should be of equal importance.  That is, the heads numbered I, II, III, IV,
etc., should be the main divisions of a paper; divisions lettered with capitals should be sub-divisions of
heads and numbered with Roman numerals.  For example:

           Improperly Divided                    Properly Divided

         I.   The executive branch            I.   The executive branch
        II.  The President                       A.The President
        III.The Cabinet                            B. The Cabinet
        IV.  The legislative branch          II.  The legislative branch
        V.   The House                           A.The House
        VI.  The Senate                          B.The Senate
        VII.The judicial branch             III.The judicial branch
        VIII. The Supreme Court                  A.The Supreme Court
        IX.  The lower courts                    B. The lower courts

  2.   Co-ordination

        Points of equal importance should be coordinated-that is, given an equal and parallel ranking.  It
would be illogical to outline our national defenses thus:

        I.The armed services

           A. The Army
           B. The Navy
           C. The Marines
        II. The Air Force
 
       The four divisions, being of equal importance, should be parallel:
        I.The armed services
           A. The Army
           B. The Navy
           C. The Marines
           D. The Air Force

     3. Overlapping 

        Parallel points in an outline should not overlap, as they do, for example, in the following:
         I.American automobiles
        II. Ford
          The following would be better:
         I.American automobiles
           A. Ford
           B. Chevrolet
        II. Foreign automobiles

       4.Single subpoint

        Do not use single subpoints in an outline.  When you divide anything, you always have at least two
parts.  Thus, if you have an A., you should have a B.; a 1. should be followed by a 2.  If you think that you
have only one subtopic, include it in the topic above.  For example, instead of writing:
          I.Large, sparsely populated states are hard for salesmen to cover.
           A. Montana is one of these states.
        Write:
          I.Large, sparsely populated states like Montana are hard for salesmen to cover.

  5.Parallelism
         If I.  is a pronoun, II. should be a pronoun; if A. under I. is an adjective, B. under I. should also be
an adjective. 

  6.   Consistency            
       In a topic outline, all points and subpoints must be words, phrases, or clauses.  In a sentence outline,
all points must be sentences.  In other words, do not mix topic and sentence outlines.

  7. Numbering and lettering 

 Periods, not dashes, should be placed after these figures and letters.
  8.   Capitalization

            Capitalize the first word of every point and subpoint and only such other words as would naturally
be capitalized. 
  9.   Punctuation
        Use a period after each number or letter indicating a point.  Do not use a period at the end of a line
unless the point or subpoint is a sentence.
 10. Indentation
        Indent equally headings of the same rank.  Corresponding letters or numbers--I, II, III; A, B, C; 1, 2, 3-
should be kept in vertical columns.  If a subtopic is too long for one line, the second line should line up
under the first word of the line above.  Do not write directly under the symbol when a line runs over;
i.e., use hanging indents.
   
                            I._______________________________________________
                                   A.______________________________________________
                                   B.______________________________________________

                                           1. ________________________________________________
                                           2. ________________________________________________
                                           3._________________________________________________
                                                     a. ____________________________________________
                                                     b.____________________________________________
                                                             i.________________________________________
                                                             ii.________________________________________
                             II.______________________________________________