Library guide on Harvard Referencing

Library guide on Harvard Referencing ................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 2
CHOOSING A REFERENCE STYLE ........................................................................................................................... 2
WHAT IS REFERENCING? ...................................................................................................................................... 2
WHY REFERENCE?............................................................................................................................................... 2
WHEN TO REFERENCE? (PLAGIARISM) .................................................................................................................. 2
RMIT University definition of plagiarism ........................................................................................................ 3
What constitutes plagiarism? ........................................................................................................................ 3
What is the penalty for plagiarism? ............................................................................................................... 3
IN-TEXT REFERENCES: EXAMPLES......................................................................................................................... 4
REFERENCE LIST ................................................................................................................................................. 5
ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 5
AUTHORS: EXAMPLES .......................................................................................................................................... 6
BOOKS: EXAMPLES .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Book .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Book chapter ................................................................................................................................................. 7
e-book from a database ................................................................................................................................ 8
e-book from the Internet ................................................................................................................................ 8
Encyclopaedia or dictionary .......................................................................................................................... 8
Secondary citation ......................................................................................................................................... 9
No date .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
JOURNAL ARTICLES: EXAMPLES ........................................................................................................................... 9
Journal article ................................................................................................................................................ 9
e-journal article from a database ................................................................................................................. 10
e-journal article from the internet ................................................................................................................ 10
In press article ............................................................................................................................................. 11
Magazine article – no author ....................................................................................................................... 11
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Newspaper article ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Newspaper article from a database ............................................................................................................ 11
INTERNET SOURCES ........................................................................................................................................... 12
Discussion list message .............................................................................................................................. 12
Newsgroup message................................................................................................................................... 12
Blogs............................................................................................................................................................ 12
Website documents ..................................................................................................................................... 12
COURSE READINGS ............................................................................................................................................ 13
Course readings from RMIT University Library reserve .............................................................................. 13
Course readings from RMIT University Library e-reserve........................................................................... 13
Course readings from RMIT University Learning Hub ................................................................................ 13
REPORTS .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Government publications ............................................................................................................................ 13
Parliamentary debates ................................................................................................................................ 14
Australian Bureau of Statistics .................................................................................................................... 14
LEGISLATION AND LEGAL CASES ........................................................................................................................ 14
Legislation ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Legal cases ................................................................................................................................................. 15
OTHER SOURCES ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Conference paper ........................................................................................................................................ 15
Thesis .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
Patent .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
CD-ROM ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
Film, video, TV and radio program .............................................................................................................. 16
Media release .............................................................................................................................................. 16
Personal communication ............................................................................................................................. 16
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................. 17

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Introduction
The author-date system originated at Harvard University, and although they no longer produce a
standard guide to referencing, a version of the author-date system is still commonly referred to as the
Harvard style. Other author-date referencing styles include: Chicago, APA and MLA.
The Harvard Style of referencing is widely accepted in scholarly circles. Each reference is indicated
in the text by the author and date of the publication cited, sometimes with added information such as
page numbers. The full details of these references are listed at the end of the text in a Reference list.
There are many different styles or ways of using the Harvard or author-date system. This document
is meant only as a guide. It is important that you check with your School as to what they require for
referencing. You may be penalised for not conforming to your School‟s requirements.
Further details and examples may be found in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers
(2002). Electronic resources are not adequately addressed in the Style manual for authors, editors
and printers (2002) and so the principles of author-date citing have been applied in developing those
examples.
The information and examples are derived from the following source:

Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia.

Choosing a reference style

The style (i.e. order in which the details of a reference are cited) may vary depending on the
requirements of your department, lecturer or supervisor. Some Schools produce their own guidelines
for citing references. Check with your School whether they have a preferred Referencing Style.

What is referencing?
Referencing an information source used in an academic work means to employ a standardised
method of acknowledging that source. The full details of the source must be given. All information
used in your assignment, thesis, etc., whether published, or unpublished, must be referenced.

Why reference?
When writing a piece of academic work (ie. essay, thesis, etc.) you are required to acknowledge the
sources of information that you have used:
 to prove that your work has a substantial, factual basis
 to show the research you've done to reach your conclusions
 to allow your readers to identify and retrieve the references for their own use
Information obtained from the Internet is covered by copyright law. For this reason it is important to
cite Internet references just as you would cite print references. Many style guide producers have
extended the system used for print resources and applied this to electronic resources. A date of
access is very useful as Internet resources change rapidly.

When to reference? (Plagiarism)

You must reference all sources used in a particular work whether you are:
 directly copying the words of another author (quoting), or
 putting their ideas into your own words (paraphrasing)
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If you do not acknowledge these sources, then you are plagiarising their work. Plagiarism is defined
as the taking, using, and passing off as your own, the ideas or words of another. It is a very serious
academic offence, and may result in your work being failed automatically. There is more information
on this subject in Copyright, plagiarism and fair use (http://www.rmit.edu.au/library/info-
trek/copyright).

RMIT University definition of plagiarism

RMIT has an assessment charter, which elaborates key responsibilities common to all staff and
students in relation to assessment and defines the University‟s policy on plagiarism. Plagiarism is
defined (RMIT 2003a) as stealing somebody‟s intellectual property (IP) by presenting their work,
thoughts or ideas as though they are your own. It is cheating. It is a serious academic offence and
can lead to expulsion from RMIT.
Plagiarism can take many forms - written, graphic and visual forms, and includes use of electronic
data and material used in oral presentations. Plagiarism may even occur unintentionally, such as
when the origin of the material used is not properly cited.

What constitutes plagiarism?

Under the charter, you may be accused of plagiarism if you do any of the following:
 Copy sentences or paragraphs word-for-word from any source, whether published or
unpublished (including, but not limited to books, journals, reports, theses, websites,
conference papers, course notes, etc.) without proper citation.
 Closely paraphrase sentences, paragraphs, ideas or themes without proper citation.
 Piece together text from one or more sources and add only linking sentences without
proper citation.
 Copy or submit whole or parts of computer files without acknowledging their source.
 Copy designs or works of art and submit them as your original work.
 Copy a whole or any part of another student‟s work.
 Submit work as your own that someone else has done for you.
Enabling Plagiarism is the act of assisting or allowing another person to plagiarise your own work
(RMIT 2003a). It is also a serious academic offence. More detail on what constitutes plagiarism is
found in the January 2003 Policy: Plagiarism (http://mams.rmit.edu.au/1oavdg0bdd1.pdf).

What is the penalty for plagiarism?

Plagiarism is not permitted in RMIT University. Any use of another person‟s work or ideas must be
acknowledged. If you fail to do this, you may be charged with academic misconduct and face a
penalty under RMIT Regulations 6.1.1 – Student Discipline
(http://mams.rmit.edu.au/j4lb68xx36oj1.pdf.)
Penalties for plagiarism (RMIT 2003c) include:
 recording of a failure for the assignment or course
 cancellation of any or all results
 suspension from the program
 expulsion from the program
Acknowledgement: The information in this section on Plagiarism has been supplied from the Written
reports and essays: guidelines for referencing and presentation (RMIT Business 2006, p. 5).

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In-text references: examples
In the text of your essay or thesis you should identify your source by giving, in parentheses, the
author's name and year of publication of the work to which reference has been made. From the
textual reference, the reader can turn to the alphabetical list of references for full publication details.
There are two ways of referencing in-text:
1. Paraphrasing
2. Direct quotes
Paraphrasing
When paraphrasing, the ideas of the author(s) are expressed in your own words. Paraphrasing is
used to indicate to the reader:
 your understanding of the content in the reference you are using
 your ability to relevantly and appropriately use ideas and information to support an argument
or an opinion
Include the author‟s name and date of publication by either:
 adding the citation at the end of the sentence
 using the author‟s name as part of your sentence

Lack of variability in a product is an important measure of its quality (Shannon 2003).

Shannon (2003) describes the role of statistics in minimising product variability.

Direct quotes
When quoting, the exact words of the author(s) are used. Direct quotes should be kept to a minimum.
When using direct quotes include the author‟s name, date of publication and page number. If directly
quoting from a work use single quotation marks around the text being quoted.
Include the author‟s name and date of publication by either:
 adding the citation at the end of the sentence
 using the author‟s name as part of your sentence

Statistical thinking can be defined as a „set of thought processes and value systems that focus on
understanding, managing and reducing variation in the output of the firm‟ (Shannon 2003, p. 5).

Shannon defines statistical thinking as a „set of thought processes and value systems that focus on
understanding, managing and reducing variation in the output of the firm‟ (2003, p. 5).

Acknowledgement: The information in this section on In-text referencing has been supplied from the Written
reports and essays: guidelines for referencing and presentation (RMIT Business, 2007, p. 5).

Multiple works
If citing multiple works at one point in the text it is recommended that the authors‟ names be ordered
alphabetically inside the parentheses, with a semicolon to separate them.

Other studies of globalization focus on its cultural and human implications (Bauman 1998; Tomlinson
1999).

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Electronic sources
Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format. If quoting or
paraphrasing from a website, that is NOT a PDF, then use as part of the in-text reference either:
 a section heading, (eg. United Nations 2007, article 1)
 a paragraph number (eg. United Nations 2007, para.10)

Reference List

 You must use a variety of sources in your written work e.g. books, journals and websites etc.
This indicates that you have researched widely.
 The publication details of every item cited / used in your writing need to be included in the
reference list at the end of your paper. Any websites used must also be documented in full.
This enables the reader to locate the source if they wish.
 Each reference list entry requires a specific format depending on the reference type i.e.
whether it is a book, book chapter, journal article, website, etc.
 In general the order of elements contained within each reference should include: author – date
– title of work – title of larger work (if any) – publishing details – date of access (if electronic).
 Apart from the author and date, each element is separated from the others with a comma and
the citation finishes with a full stop.
 The Reference List is arranged alphabetically by author, and thereafter chronologically,
starting with the earliest date.
 In the Harvard Style sources that are not cited in the text but are relevant to the subject may
be listed separately as a bibliography.

What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?

 A reference list details in alphabetical order by author family name all the works and data
sources you have cited in your written work.
 A bibliography lists, in alphabetical order by author family name, all the works and data
sources you have used or accessed to create your written work.

Abbreviations
Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications include:
app. appendix
c. circa
ch. chapter
ed. (eds.) editor (Editors)
edn. edition
and others
et al.
no date
n.d. no place
n.p. number
no. page/s
p., pp. paragraph
para. part
pt. revised
rev. supplement
suppl. volume (as in Vol.4)
vol. volumes (as in 4 volumes)
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vols.

Authors: examples
Whatever type of work you are referencing, the way you list the authors‟ names depends on the
number of authors.

In-text citation Reference list

One author (Jones 1995) Jones, B 1995, Sleepers,

or wake!: technology and the
Jones (1995) states…… future of work, 4th edn,
Oxford University Press,
Melbourne.

Two or three authors (Stein & Reynolds 2000) Stein, B & Reynolds, JS
or 2000, Mechanical and
Where there is more than
Stein and Reynolds (2000) electrical equipment for
one author, the in-text
argue….. buildings, 9th edn, John
citation in parentheses will
Wiley & Sons, New York.
use an ampersand (&) to join
them, whilst if the reference
is part of the sentence you
use the word „ and .‟

Four or more authors (Yarbro et al. 2000) Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH,
or Goodman, M & Groenwald,
If there are four or more
Yarbro et al. (2000) have SL 2000, Cancer nursing, 5th
authors only include the first
found…… edn, Jones and Bartlett,
author in your in-text citation,
Boston.
adding the words „ et al. ‟
meaning „and others.‟
However the Reference List
should include all authors.

Multiple works at one point in (Bauman 1998; Tomlinson Bauman, Z 1998,

the text 1999) Globalization and culture,
Authors‟ names should be Polity Press, Oxford.
ordered alphabetically inside
the parentheses, with a Tomlinson, J 1999,
semicolon to separate them. Globalization: the human
consequences, Routledge,
London.
Several works by same (Heyland 2001) Heyland, DK 2001, „In search
first author and year or of the magic nutraceutical:
Heyland (2001) reports….. problems with current
Single author entries
approaches‟, Journal of
precede references with
nutrition, vol. 131, no. 9, p.
multiple authors beginning
2591S.
with the same name.
------ & Novak, F 2001,
A 2-em rule can be used to (Heyland & Novak 2001)
„Immunonutrition in the
replace the authors‟ name(s) or
critically ill patient: more
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that are repeated. Heyland and Novak (2001) harm than good?‟, JPEN:
reports….. Journal of parenteral and
enteral nutrition, vol. 25, no.
2, p. S51.

Several works by same (Porter 2001a) Porter, ME 2001a, 'Japan:

author and year (Porter 2001b) what went wrong', Wall
or Street Journal - Eastern
If you are referring to several
Porter (2001a) states…. Edition, vol. 237, no. 56, p.
works by the same author or
or A22.
group of authors from the
according to Porter (2001b)
same year, designate these ---- 2001b, 'Strategy and the
…
a, b, c, …. with the order of Internet', Harvard Business
the listing based on the Review, vol. 79, no. 3, p. 62.
letter-by-letter alphabetical
order of the title of the work.

No author given Style manual for authors, Style manual for authors,
editors and printers (2002) editors and printers 2002, 6th
Where an item has no
or edn, John Wiley & Sons,
named author it is cited by its
According to the Style Australia.
title.
manual for authors, editors
and printers (2002) …

Editor/s (eds. Muller, Cloete & Badat Muller, J, Cloete, N & Badat,
2001) S (eds.) 2001, Challenges of
Use the abbreviation ed. for
or globalisation: South African
editor or eds. for multiple
edited by Muller, Cloete and debates with Manuel
editors.
Badat (2001) Castells, Maskew Miller
Longman, Pinelands, Cape
Town.

Books: examples

Book
Author‟s surname, Initials Year, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication.

Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake!: technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University Press,
Melbourne.

Book chapter
Author‟s surname, Initials Year, „Title of chapter‟, [in] Author of book (if different), Title of book,
Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, Page number(s).

Crawford, RJ 1998, 'Plastics available to the designer', in Plastics engineering, 3rd edn, Heinemann-
Butterworth, Oxford, pp. 6-18.

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or
Christians, CG 2000, „Ethics and politics in qualitative research‟, in Denzin NK & Lincoln YS
Handbook of qualitative research, 2nd edn, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 133-154.

e-book from a database

Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between printed
sources and those sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing e-
books.
If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. in an Acrobat
(PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed book. Where alternative formats are available, it is
recommended to choose page image format.
If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain
text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers,
etc. may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, or if it
is from the internet give the URL.
Author‟s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication,
viewed day month year, database name.

Kung, SY, Mak, MW & Lin, SH 2004, Biometric authentication: a machine learning approach,
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ., viewed 5 August 2005, Safari Tech Books Online.

e-book from the Internet

Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between printed
sources and those sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for referencing e-
books.
If an e-book is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. in an Acrobat
(PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed book. Where alternative formats are available, it is
recommended to choose page image format.
If an e-book is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or plain
text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page numbers,
etc. may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database name, or if it
is from the internet give the URL.
Author‟s surname, Initials Year of publication, „Title of chapter‟, [in] Author of book (if different), Title
of book, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, viewed day month year, <URL>.

Chen, C & Farruggia, S 2002, „Culture and adolescent development‟, in Lonner, WJ, Dinnel, DL,
Hayes, SA & Sattler, DN (eds.), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 11, Chapter 2,
Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA,
viewed 15 September 2005, <http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~culture/Chen_Farruggia.htm>.

Encyclopaedia or dictionary
Encyclopaedias and dictionaries should be cited in the in-text reference only, NOT in the Reference
List.

(Literacy in America: an encyclopedia 2001, p.25) states……

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The Macquarie dictionary (1997) defines it as……

Secondary citation
While primary sources are essential, sometimes the source you wish to refer to may be unavailable
and you must refer to someone else's citation of that source. This is a secondary source and in this
case you must include both names in the in-text reference. The Reference List example would
include only the source you have seen.

Intext
MacDonald (1993, cited in Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 48) states …
or
(MacDonald 1993, cited in Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2003, p. 48)

Reference List
Saunders, M, Lewis, P & Thornhill, A 2003, Research methods for business students, 3rd edn,
Pearson Educational, Essex, p. 48.

No date
Works that do not have a publication date may be cited using the expression n.d. (no date).

In-text
(Brown n.d.)
or
Brown (n.d.)

Reference List
Brown, S n.d. B. B. Bernard, Sunshine Press, London.

Journal articles: examples

Note: Capitalise the first letter of the first word, and each of the major words of the journal name. Do
not use capital letters for words such as on, for, in, and. eg. The Australian Journal of Language and
Literacy

Journal article
Author(s) of article - surname and initials Year of publication, „Title of article‟, Journal name, volume
number, issue number, page number(s).

Zivkovic, B & Fujii, I 2001, 'An analysis of isothermal phase change of phase change material within
rectangular and cylindrical containers', Solar Energy, vol. 70, no.1, pp. 51-61.

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e-journal article from a database
Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between journal
articles from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested
procedure for referencing electronic journal articles.
If a journal article is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. as an
Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed article. Where alternative formats are
available, it is recommended to choose page image format.
If a journal article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as HTML or
plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts, page
numbers, etc may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the database
name, not the URL.
Author(s) of article - surname and initials Year of publication, „Title of article‟, Journal name, volume
number, issue number, page number(s), viewed day month year, database name.

Easthope, G 2004, 'Consuming health: the market for complementary and alternative medicine',
Australian Journal of Primary Health, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 68-75, viewed 30 March 2005, Australian
Public Affairs Full Text.

e-journal article from the internet

Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between journal
articles from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested
procedure for referencing electronic journal articles.
If a journal article is retrieved from the internet where it is available only in HTML, and not PDF, you
should cite the source you used along with the viewed date and the URL.
As page numbers are not available for HTML format then if quoting or paraphrasing from the internet
use as part of the in-text reference either:
 a section heading, (eg. Courtney 2005, Diagnosis section)
 a paragraph number (eg. Courtney 2005, para.4)

Author(s) of article - surname and initials Year of publication, „Title of article‟, Journal name, volume
number, issue number, viewed day month year, URL.

Reference list example:

Courtney, AU, McCarter, DF & Pollart, SM 2005, „Childhood asthma: treatment update‟, American
Family Physician, vol. 71, no. 10, viewed 1 May 2008, http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050515/1959.html.

In-text citation example:

It is stated that: “Asthma causes airway hyperresponsiveness, airflow limitation, and persistent
respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath”
(Courtney 2005, Diagnosis section)
or
It is stated that: “Asthma causes airway hyperresponsiveness, airflow limitation, and persistent
respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath”
(Courtney 2005, para. 4)
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In press article
Author(s) of article - surname and initials in press, „Title of article‟, Journal name, viewed day month
year, database name (if applicable).

Mundermann, A, Wakeling, JM, Nigg, BM, Humble, RN & Stefanyshyn, DJ in press, 'Foot orthoses
affect frequency components of muscle activity in the lower extremity ', Gait and posture, viewed 15
September 2005, ScienceDirect.

Magazine article – no author

Note: if the magazine article does NOT have an author then provide details as an in-text citation
only, NOT in the Reference List.
For example: Electronics Weekly (11 July 2007, p.4) states……

Newspaper articles
Note: Capitalise the first letter of the first word, and each of the major words of the newspaper name.
Note: if the newspaper article does NOT have an author then provide details as an in-text citation
only, NOT in the Reference List.
For example: The Australian (10 July 2002, p.1) states……

Newspaper article
Author‟s surname, Initials Year of publication, „Title of article‟, Newspaper name, day month, page
number(s).

Tobler, K & Kerin, J 2002, „Hormone alert for cancer‟, The Australian, 10 July, p. 1.

Newspaper article from a database

Note: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) does not distinguish between articles
from printed sources and articles sourced electronically. The following is a suggested procedure for
referencing electronic newspaper articles.
If a newspaper article is retrieved electronically from a library database in page image format, eg. as
an Acrobat (PDF) file, cite it the same as the original printed article. Where alternative formats are
available, it is recommended to choose page image format.
If a newspaper article is retrieved from a library database where it has been reformatted, eg. as
HTML or plain text, or from a website, you should cite the source you have used, as images, charts,
page numbers, etc may have been removed. Where the source is a library database give the
database name, not the URL.
Author‟s surname, Initials Year of publication, „Title of article‟, Newspaper name, day month, page
number(s), viewed day month year, name of database.

Timmins, N 2005, „Delay raises doubt in public sector‟, Financial Times, 20 July, viewed 21 July
2005, Factiva.

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Internet sources

Discussion list message

Author <author‟s email address> Year of posting, „Title of posting‟, description of posting, date and
month of posting, name of list owner, viewed day month year, <URL>.

Shively, E <chminf-l@listserv.indiana.edu> 1997, „CA pre-1967 information‟, list server, 1 July,

Chemical Information Sources Discussion List, viewed 3 July 2003,
<http://listserv.indiana.edu/archives/chminf-l.html>.

Newsgroup message
Author <author‟s email address> Year of posting, „Title of posting‟, description of posting, date and
month of posting, name of newsgroup owner, viewed day month year, <URL>.

Milinkovich, M 2005, „Oracle PL/SQL in Eclipse‟, newsgroup, 12 July, News.Eclipse.Technology, 15

September 2005, <http://dev.eclipse.org/newslists/news.eclipse.technology/msg01045.html>,

Blogs
Author <author‟s email address> Year of posting, „Title of posting‟, description of posting, date and
month of posting, name of list owner, viewed day month year, <URL>.

Steffen, A 2005, „Bird flu can we out-collaborate a pandemic?‟ blog, 15 August, World Changing:
another world is here, viewed 15 September 2005,
<http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/003310.html>.

Website documents
Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format. If quoting or
paraphrasing from a website, that is NOT a PDF, then use as part of the in-text reference either:
 a section heading, (eg. Stone 2004, Usage and prognosis section)
 a paragraph number (eg. Stone 2004, para.11)
Author/editor. Year of document, Title of document, name of the sponsor of the source, date of
viewing, <URL>.

Reference list example:

Stone, A 2004, Headaches due to Wind Cold, Al Stone Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Herbal
Medicines, viewed 10 September 2006, < http://beyondwellbeing.com/headaches/wind-cold.shtml >.

In-text citation example:

It is stated that: “this formula is about 85% targeting the symptoms of headache and stuffy nose,
while only 15% directly addresses the cold or allergies” (Stone 2004, Usage and prognosis section)
or

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It is stated that: “this formula is about 85% targeting the symptoms of headache and stuffy nose,
while only 15% directly addresses the cold or allergies” (Stone 2004, para. 11)

Course readings

Course readings from RMIT University Library reserve

Author‟s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher,
Place of publication, viewed day month year, RMIT University Library.

Dixon, C 2002, Mechanical design 2: project resource material, course readings fromMIET1068,
RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University Library.

Course readings from RMIT University Library e-reserve

Author‟s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher,
Place of publication, viewed day month year, RMIT University Library <URL>.

Holland, J 2004, Lecture notes 3: bulldozers and land clearing, course readings from CIVE1057,
RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University Library
<http://eresources.lib.rmit.edu.au/ereserve/notes02/cive1057/31259006935782.pdf>.

Course readings from RMIT University Learning Hub

Author‟s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of work, course notes from (number), Publisher,
Place of publication, viewed day month year, RMIT University Learning Hub.

Smith, H 2005, Metadata, course readings from ISYS6655, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 8
July 2005, RMIT University Learning Hub.

Reports

Government publications
These may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review
and committees of parliament.
Author‟s surname, Initials Year of publication, Title of report, Report series code and number,
Sponsoring body or body issuing report series, Publisher, Place of publication.

Kogan, P, Moses, I & El-Khawas, EH 1994, Staffing higher education : meeting new challenges :
report of the IMHE project on policies for academic staffing in higher education, Higher education
policy series, no. 27, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London.

OR

Australia, Parliament 1976, Department of Foreign Affairs annual report 1975, Parl. Paper 142,
Canberra.

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Many government publications are available on the Internet. The following document appeared as a
Parliamentary paper, but is also available from the relevant authority's website. The way you access
a document may affect your citation.

Australia, Parliament 2003, Fraud control arrangements in the Australian Customs Service, Parl.
Paper 32, Canberra.

AND

Australian National Audit Office 2003, Fraud control arrangements in the Australian Customs Service,
viewed August 4 2003, <http://www.anao.gov.au/WebSite.nsf/
Publications/2F8FE1D39613A8B8CA256CF300709A62>.

Parliamentary debates
For parliamentary debates and the official records of what has been said in parliament.

Australia, Senate 2000, Debates, Vol S25, p. 65.

Australian Bureau of Statistics

Author‟s name, Year of publication, Title of report, cat. no., Publisher, Place of publication.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005, Australian social trends 2005, cat. no. 4102.0, ABS, Canberra.

OR
Author‟s name, Year of publication, Title of report, cat. no., Publisher, Place of publication, viewed
day month year, URL.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2004, Mental Health In Australia: A Snapshot, cat. no. 4824.0.55.001,
ABS, Canberra, viewed 18 August 2005, <http://www.abs.gov.au/>.

Legislation and Legal cases

Legislation
When referring to Commonwealth Acts, Ordinances and Regulations, the title must be reproduced
exactly, without changing the capitalisation or spelling. The words Act and Bill are generally written
with a capital letter.
An Act or Ordinance may be cited by the short title, which is usually drafted into modern legislation.
The first reference must always include the short title in italics. Subsequent references may refer to it
by an undated, descriptive title in roman type.
Legislation is usually numbered as well as dated. The number follows the date.
For Australian State legislation, the State must be included in roman type.
Acts of Parliaments of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada and the United States, use roman
type.
Bills currently before Parliament are presented in roman type, not italics.

 Interstate Road Transport Act 1985 (Cwlth)

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 Interstate Road Transport Act

 Air Navigation Act 1920 (No. 50) (Cwlth)

 Firearms Act 1936 (NSW)

 Badgers Act 1974 (UK)

Legal cases
To fully cite legal authorities‟ list name of case; (date) or volume number, or both; abbreviated name
of report series; and beginning page.

Greutner v. Everard (1960) 103 CLR 177

Other sources

Conference paper
Author‟s surname, Initials Year of publication, „Title of paper‟, [in] Editor (if applicable), Title of
published proceeding which may include place held and date(s), Publisher, Place of publication,
page number(s).

Kovacs, GL 1994, „Simulation-scheduling system using hybrid software technology‟, in Computer

Integrated Manufacturing and Automation Technology: Proceedings of the 4th International
conference, Troy, New York, October 10-12, 1994, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos,
California, pp.351-356.

Thesis
Author‟s surname, Initials Year of preparation of thesis, „Title of thesis‟, Award, Institution under
whose auspices the study was taken.

Garland, CP 1986, „Structure and removal of non-cellulosic components of eucalypt woods‟,

MApplSci thesis, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology.

Patent
Name(s) of inventor. Name(s) of assignees, Patent title, Patent number Date of patent (including day
and month).

Wilmott, JM & Znaiden, AP Avon Products Inc., Cosmetic preparation incorporating stabilized
ascorbic acid, U.S. patent 4,983,382 Jan. 8 1991.

CD-ROM
Author/editor‟s name, Initials Year, Title, Edition, CD-ROM, Publisher, Place of publication.

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Young, B & Heath, J 2000, Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas, 4th edn, CD-ROM,
Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

Film, video, TV and radio program

Title of program Date of recording, format, publisher, place of recording, date viewed.

What are we going to do with the money? 1997, television program, SBS Television, Sydney, 8
August.

Or

Swiss ball: exercises for performance and function 1999, video recording, Galaxy Leisure
Corporation, 3 February.

Note: the in-text reference would be to the title of the program, also in italics.

Media release
Name of person who delivered media release Year released, Title, media release, Name of
organisation/professional body represented, Place released, day month.

Watersmith, C 2000, BHP enters new era, media release, BHP Limited, Melbourne, 1 March.

Or

Smith, A (Minister for Justice and Customs) 1999, Coastwatch initiative bears fruit, media release,
Parliament House, Canberra, 21 July.

Personal communication
Information gained through personal communication, either – face-to-face interview or conversation,
telephone call, facsimile, letter, email, etc. – should be provided as an in-text citation. Details of
personal communications do not need to be included in the Reference List.
The information, including day, month and year, is provided in the text, or parenthically. Details of the
organisation that the person represents may also be included. Note that initials precede the family
name.

 When interviewed on 24 April 1999, Ms S Savieri confirmed…..

 Ms S Savieri confirmed this by facsimile on 24 April 1999.

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 It has been confirmed that an outbreak occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri 1999, pers. comm., 24
April).

 Ms S Savieri (Australian Institute of Criminology) confirmed this by email on 24 April 1999.

 It has been confirmed that an outbreak occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri [Australian Institute of
Criminology] 1999, pers. comm., 24 April).

Bibliography
RMIT Business 2007, Written reports and essays: guidelines for referencing and presentation in
RMIT Business, RMIT University, Melbourne.
Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia.

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