Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 144 views

    Crayon

    Uploaded by

    ZA Rebadomia
    Crayons are colored sticks of wax, charcoal, chalk or other materials used for writing or drawing. They were invented in Europe in the early 19th century using charcoal or powdered pigments mixed with wax or oil. In the late 19th century, American companies like Crayola began mass-producing crayons for children and artists using paraffin wax and a variety of pigments, helping popularize crayons worldwide. Today crayons come in many colors and varieties like washable for children.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Crayon

    Uploaded by

    ZA Rebadomia
    144 views3 pages
    Crayons are colored sticks of wax, charcoal, chalk or other materials used for writing or drawing. They were invented in Europe in the early 19th century using charcoal or powdered pigments mixed with wax or oil. In the late 19th century, American companies like Crayola began mass-producing crayons for children and artists using paraffin wax and a variety of pigments, helping popularize crayons worldwide. Today crayons come in many colors and varieties like washable for children.

    Original Description:

    krayola

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Crayons are colored sticks of wax, charcoal, chalk or other materials used for writing or drawing. They were invented in Europe in the early 19th century using charcoal or powdered pigments mixed with wax or oil. In the late 19th century, American companies like Crayola began mass-producing crayons for children and artists using paraffin wax and a variety of pigments, helping popularize crayons worldwide. Today crayons come in many colors and varieties like washable for children.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    144 views3 pages

    Crayon

    Uploaded by

    ZA Rebadomia
    Crayons are colored sticks of wax, charcoal, chalk or other materials used for writing or drawing. They were invented in Europe in the early 19th century using charcoal or powdered pigments mixed with wax or oil. In the late 19th century, American companies like Crayola began mass-producing crayons for children and artists using paraffin wax and a variety of pigments, helping popularize crayons worldwide. Today crayons come in many colors and varieties like washable for children.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Crayon

    Description
    A crayon is a stick of colored wax, charcoal, chalk or other material used for writing or drawing. A
    crayon made of pigment with a dry binder is a pastel; when made of oiled chalk, it is called an oil
    pastel. A grease pencil or Chinese marker is made of colored hardened grease. Wikipedia

    Invent date: 1902

    Crayon
    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Jump to navigationJump to search

    For other uses, see Crayon (disambiguation).

    A selection of colorful crayons.

    A crayon (or wax pastel) is a stick of colored wax, charcoal, chalk or other material used for writing
    or drawing. A crayon made of pigment with a dry binder is a pastel; when made of oiled chalk, it is
    called an oil pastel. A grease pencil or Chinese marker (UK chinagraph pencil) is made of colored
    hardened grease. There are also watercolor crayons, sometimes called water-soluble crayons.
    Crayons are available at a range of prices and are easy to work with. They are less messy than most
    paints and markers, blunt (removing the risk of sharp points present when using a pencil or pen),
    typically nontoxic, and available in a wide variety of colors. These characteristics make them
    particularly good instruments for teaching small children to draw in addition to being used widely by
    student and professional artists.

    Contents

     1Composition
     2History
     3American crayon companies
    o 3.1Crayola
    o 3.2E. Steiger & Co.
    o 3.3Franklin Mfg Co.
    o 3.4Eberhard Faber
    o 3.5Charles A. Bowley
    o 3.6Joseph Dixon Crucible Co.
    o 3.7Prang Educational Company
    o 3.8B.B. Crayons
    o 3.9Milton Bradley Co.
    o 3.10Standard Crayon Company
    o 3.11American Crayon
    o 3.12Eagle Pencil Company
    o 3.13L. & C. Hardtmuth
    o 3.14New England Crayon Company
    o 3.15Albert H. Munsell
    o 3.16Others
    o 3.17Today
     4Artists
     5See also
     6References
     7External links

    Composition
    In the modern English-speaking world, the term crayon is commonly associated with the standard
    wax crayon, such as those widely available for use by children. Such crayons are usually
    approximately 3.5 inches (89 mm) in length and made mostly of paraffin wax. Paraffin wax is heated
    and cooled to achieve the correct temperature at which a usable wax substance can be dyed and
    then manufactured and shipped for use around the world. Paraffin waxes are used for cosmetics,
    candles, for the preparation of printing ink, fruit preserving, in the pharmaceutical industry, for
    lubricating purposes, and crayons.[1]
    Colin Snedeker, a chemist for Binney & Smith (the then-parent company of Crayola), developed the
    first washable crayons in response to consumer complaints regarding stained fabrics and
    walls.[2] A patent for the washable solid marking composition utilized in the washable crayons was
    awarded to Snedeker in 1990.[2]

    History

    A wide variety of crayon boxes have been produced over the years

    The history of the crayon is not entirely clear. The word "crayon" dates to 1644, coming from the
    French word craie (chalk) and the Latin word creta (Earth).[3]
    The notion to combine a form of wax with pigment actually goes back thousands of years. Encaustic
    painting is a technique that uses hot beeswax combined with colored pigment to bind color into
    stone. A heat source was then used to "burn in" and fix the image in place.[4] Pliny the Elder, a
    Roman scholar, was thought to describe the first techniques of wax crayon drawings.[5]
    This method, employed by the Egyptians, Romans, Greeks and even indigenous people in
    the Philippines, is still used today. However, the process wasn't used to make crayons into a form
    intended to be held and colored with and was therefore ineffective to use in a classroom or as crafts
    for children.[6]
    Contemporary crayons are purported to have originated in Europe, where some of the first cylinder-
    shaped crayons were made with charcoal and oil.[7] Pastels are an art medium having roots with the
    modern crayon and stem back to Leonardo da Vinci in 1495. Conté crayons, out of Paris, are a
    hybrid between a pastel and a conventional crayon, used since the late 1790s as a drawing crayon
    for artists.[8] Later, various hues of powdered pigment eventually replaced the primary charcoal
    ingredient found in most early 19th century products. References to crayons in literature appear as
    early as 1813 in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. Joseph Lemercier (born in Paris 1803—died
    1884), considered by some of his contemporaries to be "the soul of lithography", was also one of the
    founders of the modern crayon. Through his Paris business circa 1828 he produced a variety of
    crayon and color related products.[9] But even as those in Europe were discovering that substituting
    wax for the oil strengthened the crayon, various efforts in the United States were also developing.

    You might also like