Study of Perfumes

CHEMISTRY
PROJECT
STUDY OF
PERFUMES
Made By:
Devansh Gupta
S7A
INTRODUCTION
PERFUMES:
WHAT ARE THEY?
The word perfume has been originated from the Latin word
‘PERFUMUM’ meaning through smoke. Perfumes, fragrances etc
are all part of our daily lives. The sense of smell is very important
as it helps us enjoy many experiences.
The nose can detect 7 primary smells :
1.) Camphorous.
2.) Musky.
3.) Floral.
4.) Pepperminty.
5.) Ethereal.
6.) Pungent.
7.) Putrid.
WHAT IS A GOOD PERFUME?
Anything that just smell nice can’t be called a perfume.

The essential requirements of a good perfume are
1.) Harmonius smell.
2.) Stability.
3.) Lsting fragrance.
4.) Diffussiveness.
5.) Ability to get fixed in the required product.
SOURCES OF PERFUMES :
Many of the fragrances made into perfumes originate

from plants . the fragrances come from parts like
flowers(rose), seeds (cardamom), roots(angelica), wood
(sandal), peels (orange). However due to the limited
supply of natural materials, perfumes have been
synthesized synthetically.
HISTORY OF PERFUMES
The history of the perfumes goes back over 4000 years

into the past. Humans used it for the hygiene and hair
care.
The perfume as me know it today became between the
end of 19th century and at the beginning of 20th century.
The smell of humans also was at the same time, indication
of its class affiliation, because not yet all social classes
attached importance on hygiene. The smells became
stronger, because in the increasing anonymity of the large
are wanted to make impression on its fellowmen.
SOME OF THE RENOWNED PERFUMES

TODAY COMPRISE:
1.) Perfume: 8-25% smelling materials with 95%

alcohol.
2.) Eau de perfume: A weaker variant of the perfume.
3.) Eau de toilette: 5-8% alcohol solution is the simplest
one.
4.) Eau de cologne: 2-5% perfume oil in 70-80% alcohol.
5.) Perfume of gels: Little alcohol gel pictures and 5-7%
perfume oil.
THE CHEMISTRY OF PERFUMES
A perfume contains mainly three components:
1.) ODORIFEROUS CONSTITUENTS:

These are the functional groups, which give the
perfumes its characteristic odour. They may include
alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, esters, lactones,
castor oil products, terpenes, paraffins and
heterocycles of these aromatic aldehydes, ketones,
heterocycles and terpenes are the most important.
2.) FIXATIVE:
These are the substances which make the perfume last
longer by reducing its volatility.
3.) DILUTANT:
It is invariably ethyl alcohol, server to dilute the
fended perfume to the desired odour strength.
SYNTHESIZING THE SMELLS :
[GENERAL PREPARATIONS]
Formulation and blending of perfumes is by no means an

easy task. The perfumer must be a chemist with a highly
developed sense of smell so that he can recognize and
distinguish between thousands of different odours and
notes. The smells for odours can be stated as below :
Man smells: freshly (cool water), bluing freshly (escape),

spicy (old spice), chirp (bass).
MANUFACTURING METHODS:
COLD EXTRACTION: For this one cuts up for example:

orange blows and grind her with little alcohol until a mash
developed. Subsequently, one filters the mixture off.
EFFEURAGE: For this petals are presented on odourless

fat and pressed between two glass plates. The fat takes up
the smell of the blooms. This procedure last 24hrs. with a
bloom fright then replaces one the blooms several times at
least, until the fat is satisfied. Subsequently, the fat with
alcohol is mixed. The odoriferous substances change into the
alcohol.
STRUCTURES OF SOME COMMON PERFUMES:-
METHYL SALICYLATE:
ETHYL SALICYLATE:
ETHYL BENZOATE:
BENZOPHENONE:
METHOXY NAPTHELENE:
METHYL CINNAMATE:
USE OF PERFUMES:
Perfumes have a wide range of applications, which are

specified as under:
1.) All of them are used in perfumery and flavouring of

cosmetic, soaps and other articles.
2.) Camphor (Terpene) is used in medicine.
3.) O-terpineol is used as perfume in disinfectants.
4.) Benzyl alcohol is used as a solvent for synthetic

musk.
5.) Methyl salicylate is used as modifier of floral

banquets.
6.) Thymol is used in antiseptics and germicide in

dental preparations.
Experiment -1
Aim and objective:

To prepare a perfume ‘METHYL SALICYLATE’.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Test tube, burner, beaker, tripod stand, wire gauge, test
tube holder.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Salicylic acid: 1gm, methyl alcohol: 2gm, conc. Sulphuric
acid, water.
REACTION:
SALICYLIC ACID + METHYL ALCOHOL + CONC.

SULPHURIC ACID METHYL SALICYLATE
PROCEDURE:
STEP 1:
Take salicylic acid in a boiling tube and add to it methyl
alcohol plus 1-2 drops of conc. Sulphuric acid.
STEP 2:
Heat the test tube in a boiling water bath for 20-25 min.
and then pour its contents in a beaker containing 2 cm
thick layer of water.
STEP 3:
Note the odour, which is that of pungent wintergreen.
EXPERIMENT – 2
AIM AND OBJECTIVE:

To prepare a perfume ‘ETHYL SALICYLATE’.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
tube holder.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Salicylic acid: 1gm, Ethyl alcohol: 2gm, conc. Sulphuric
acid, water.
REACTION:
SALICYLIC ACID + ETHYL ALCOHOL + CONC.

SULPHURIC ACID ETHYL SALICYLATE
PROCEDURE:
STEP 1:
Take salicylic acid in a boiling tube and add to it ethyl
STEP 2:
STEP 3:
Note the odour, which is that of faint wintergreen.
EXPERIMENT – 3
AIM AND OBJECTIVE:

To prepare a perfume ‘ETHYL BENZOATE’.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
tube holder.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Benzoic acid: 1gm, Ethyl alcohol: 2gm, conc. Sulphuric
acid, water.
REACTION:
BENZOIC ACID + ETHYL ALCOHOL + CONC.

SULPHURIC ACID ETHYL BENZOATE
PROCEDURE:
STEP 1:
Take benzoic acid in a boiling tube and add to it ethyl
STEP 2:
STEP 3:
Note the odour, which is pungent and fruity.
SOME OTHER PERFUMES
Some other perfumes that can be prepared in the

laboratory by similar procedure are:
1.) METHYL CINNAMATE: Fruity and balsamic as

strawberry.
2.) ETHYL CINNAMATE: Sweet balsamic honey note.
3.) ETHYL ANISATE: Light fruity anise odour.
4.) METHYL ANISATE: Sweet odour of new mown (cut).
5.) CYNNAMYL ACETATE: Sweet balsamic (creamy)

floral odour.
MOSCHUS-NATURE’S PERFUME
Moschus, a class of deer shows outstanding fixing

characters and hence has added itself to the count of popular
perfumes. The deer has exocrine smell glands in the
proximity of the male sex organs and is settled in the high
valleys of Himalayas. Their extremely strong smelling
secretion serves on the one hand the marking of its territory,
on the other hand it makes the attraction for the female kind
comrade possible over large distance.
The smell determining component contains

Makrocylen along with Ambrettolid and Zebeton. The Zibet
is extracted from the bag like glands of the Zibetkatze. The
secretion is out scraped twice weekly by means of a horn
spoon from the bags. Each scrapping supplies approximate
20-30 gm Zibet per month.
Due to high price and the large demand for Moschus,

synthetic maschusriechstappe is being manufactured. Both
the natural and synthetic form of Moschus perfume is highly
respectable though unfortunately it is highly expensive.
The synthetic perfume however has some disadvantage as
well.
 They pass high bioaccumulation ability as they deposit
themselves in the fatty tissue of organisms.
 It is considered as very difficult degradable.
 It adds to the carcinogenic characteristics in mother’s
milk.
CONCLUSION
The following perfumes were successfully prepared in the

laboratory:
1.) METHYL SALICYLATE: This is an ESTER, which has

pungent and characteristic odour of wintergreen and has
following structure:
It is used as a modifier of Floral Banquets.
2.) ETHYL SALICYLATE: This is an ESTER, which has

wintergreen odour and the following structure:
It is used for Acacia, Classic and clang perfumes.
3.) ETHYL BENZOATE: This is an ESTER, which has

fruity odour and the following structure
It is used in soap perfumery.

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CHEMISTRY

The nose can detect 7 primary smells :

Anything that just smell nice can’t be called a perfume.

Many of the fragrances made into perfumes originate

The history of the perfumes goes back over 4000 years

SOME OF THE RENOWNED PERFUMES

1.) Perfume: 8-25% smelling materials with 95%

A perfume contains mainly three components:

1.) ODORIFEROUS CONSTITUENTS:

Formulation and blending of perfumes is by no means an

Man smells: freshly (cool water), bluing freshly (escape),

COLD EXTRACTION: For this one cuts up for example:

EFFEURAGE: For this petals are presented on odourless

Perfumes have a wide range of applications, which are

1.) All of them are used in perfumery and flavouring of

2.) Camphor (Terpene) is used in medicine.

3.) O-terpineol is used as perfume in disinfectants.

4.) Benzyl alcohol is used as a solvent for synthetic

5.) Methyl salicylate is used as modifier of floral

6.) Thymol is used in antiseptics and germicide in

Aim and objective:

SALICYLIC ACID + METHYL ALCOHOL + CONC.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE:

SALICYLIC ACID + ETHYL ALCOHOL + CONC.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE:

BENZOIC ACID + ETHYL ALCOHOL + CONC.

Some other perfumes that can be prepared in the

1.) METHYL CINNAMATE: Fruity and balsamic as

2.) ETHYL CINNAMATE: Sweet balsamic honey note.

3.) ETHYL ANISATE: Light fruity anise odour.

4.) METHYL ANISATE: Sweet odour of new mown (cut).

5.) CYNNAMYL ACETATE: Sweet balsamic (creamy)

Moschus, a class of deer shows outstanding fixing

The smell determining component contains

Due to high price and the large demand for Moschus,

The following perfumes were successfully prepared in the

1.) METHYL SALICYLATE: This is an ESTER, which has

It is used as a modifier of Floral Banquets.

2.) ETHYL SALICYLATE: This is an ESTER, which has

It is used for Acacia, Classic and clang perfumes.

3.) ETHYL BENZOATE: This is an ESTER, which has

It is used in soap perfumery.

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